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Gao Y, Wang L, Li D, Qi D, Fang F, Luo Y, Zhang H, Zhang S. Genome-wide characterization of the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase family genes and their response to plant hormone in sugar beet. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108239. [PMID: 38113720 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) play a crucial role in plant growth and development. However, their functional response to phytohormone in sugar beet still remains obscure. In this study, we identified 30 putative BvXTH genes in the sugar beet genome. Phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship analysis revealed that they were clustered into three groups and have gone through eight tandem duplication events under purifying selection. Gene structure and motif composition analysis demonstrated that they were highly conserved and all contained one conserved glycoside hydrolase family 16 domain (Glyco_hydro_16) and one xyloglucan endotransglycosylase C-terminus (XET_C) domain. Transcriptional expression analysis exhibited that all BvXTHs were ubiquitously expressed in leaves, root hairs and tuberous roots, and most of them were up-regulated by brassinolide (BR), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA3). Further mutant complementary experiment demonstrated that expression of BvXTH17 rescued the retarded growth phenotype of xth22, an Arabidopsis knock out mutant of AtXTH22. The findings in our work provide fundamental information on the structure and evolutionary relationship of the XTH family genes in sugar beet, and reveal the potential function of BvXTH17 in plant growth and hormone response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachao Gao
- Sugar Beet Physiological Research Institute, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Limin Wang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China.
| | - Dong Li
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China
| | - Dazhuang Qi
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China.
| | - Fengyan Fang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China.
| | - Yuankai Luo
- Sugar Beet Physiological Research Institute, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China.
| | - Shaoying Zhang
- Sugar Beet Physiological Research Institute, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China.
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Han J, Liu Y, Shen Y, Li W. A Surprising Diversity of Xyloglucan Endotransglucosylase/Hydrolase in Wheat: New in Sight to the Roles in Drought Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9886. [PMID: 37373033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought has become a major limiting factor for wheat productivity, and its negative impact on crop growth is anticipated to increase with climate deterioration in arid areas. Xyloglucan endoglycosylases/hydrolases (XTHs) are involved in constructing and remodeling cell wall structures and play an essential role in regulating cell wall extensibility and stress responses. However, there are no systematic studies on the wheat XTH gene family. In this study, 71 wheat XTH genes (TaXTHs) were characterized and classified into three subgroups through phylogenetic analysis. Genomic replication promoted the expansion of TaXTHs. We found a catalytically active motif and a potential N-linked glycosylation domain in all TaXTHs. Further expression analysis revealed that many TaXTHs in the roots and shoots were significantly associated with drought stress. The wheat TaXTH12.5a gene was transferred into Arabidopsis to verify a possible role of TaXTHs in stress response. The transgenic plants possessed higher seed germination rates and longer roots and exhibited improved tolerance to drought. In conclusion, bioinformatics and gene expression pattern analysis indicated that the TaXTH genes played a role in regulating drought response in wheat. The expression of TaXTH12.5a enhanced drought tolerance in Arabidopsis and supported the XTH genes' role in regulating drought stress response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Han
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yichen Liu
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yiting Shen
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Weihua Li
- College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
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Wu X, Yuan D, Bian X, Huo R, Lü G, Gong B, Li J, Liu S, Gao H. Transcriptome analysis showed that tomato-rootstock enhanced salt tolerance of grafted seedlings was accompanied by multiple metabolic processes and gene differences. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1167145. [PMID: 37332726 PMCID: PMC10272605 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1167145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Grafting is a commonly used cultural practice to counteract salt stress and is especially important for vegetable production. However, it is not clear which metabolic processes and genes are involved in the response of tomato rootstocks to salt stress. Methods To elucidate the regulatory mechanism through which grafting enhances salt tolerance, we first evaluated the salt damage index, electrolyte permeability and Na+ accumulation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves of grafted seedlings (GSs) and nongrafted seedlings (NGSs) subjected to 175 mmol·L- 1 NaCl for 0-96 h, covering the front, middle and rear ranges. Results Compared with the NGS, the GSs were more salt tolerant, and the Na+ content in the leaves decreased significantly. Through transcriptome sequencing data analysis of 36 samples, we found that GSs exhibited more stable gene expression patterns, with a lower number of DEGs. WRKY and PosF21 transcription factors were significantly upregulated in the GSs compared to the NGSs. Moreover, the GSs presented more amino acids, a higher photosynthetic index and a higher content of growth-promoting hormones. The main differences between GSs and NGSs were in the expression levels of genes involved in the BR signaling pathway, with significant upregulation of XTHs. The above results show that the metabolic pathways of "photosynthetic antenna protein", "amino acid biosynthesis" and "plant hormone signal transduction" participate in the salt tolerance response of grafted seedlings at different stages of salt stress, maintaining the stability of the photosynthetic system and increasing the contents of amino acids and growth-promoting hormones (especially BRs). In this process, the transcription factors WRKYs, PosF21 and XTHs might play an important role at the molecular level. Discussion The results of this study demonstrates that grafting on salt tolerant rootstocks can bring different metabolic processes and transcription levels changes to scion leaves, thereby the scion leaves show stronger salt tolerance. This information provides new insight into the mechanism underlying tolerance to salt stress regulation and provides useful molecular biological basis for improving plant salt resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of North China Water-saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Ding Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of North China Water-saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Xinyu Bian
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of North China Water-saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Ruixiao Huo
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of North China Water-saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Guiyun Lü
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of North China Water-saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Binbin Gong
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of North China Water-saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Jingrui Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of North China Water-saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Sichao Liu
- Chengde Vegetable Technology Promotion Station, Chengde, China
| | - Hongbo Gao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of North China Water-saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hebei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Baoding, China
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Wu Y, Wang X, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Liu X, Zhang Y. The critical role of biochar to mitigate the adverse impacts of drought and salinity stress in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1163451. [PMID: 37223815 PMCID: PMC10200947 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1163451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress (DS) is a potential abiotic stress that is substantially reducing crop productivity across the globe. Likewise, salinity stress (SS) is another serious abiotic stress that is also a major threat to global crop productivity. The rapid climate change increased the intensity of both stresses which pose a serious threat to global food security; therefore, it is urgently needed to tackle both stresses to ensure better crop production. Globally, different measures are being used to improve crop productivity under stress conditions. Among these measures, biochar (BC) has been widely used to improve soil health and promote crop yield under stress conditions. The application of BC improves soil organic matter, soil structure, soil aggregate stability, water and nutrient holding capacity, and the activity of both beneficial microbes and fungi, which leads to an appreciable increase in tolerance to both damaging and abiotic stresses. BC biochar protects membrane stability, improves water uptake, maintains nutrient homeostasis, and reduces reactive oxygen species production (ROS) through enhanced antioxidant activities, thereby substantially improving tolerance to both stresses. Moreover, BC-mediated improvements in soil properties also substantially improve photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll synthesis, gene expression, the activity of stress-responsive proteins, and maintain the osmolytes and hormonal balance, which in turn improve tolerance against osmotic and ionic stresses. In conclusion, BC could be a promising amendment to bring tolerance against both drought and salinity stresses. Therefore, in the present review, we have discussed various mechanisms through which BC improves drought and salt tolerance. This review will help readers to learn more about the role of biochar in causing drought and salinity stress in plants, and it will also provide new suggestions on how this current knowledge about biochar can be used to develop drought and salinity tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Wu
- Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center for National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center for National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, China
| | - Long Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjie Zheng
- Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center for National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinliang Liu
- Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center for National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, China
| | - Yueting Zhang
- Camphor Engineering Technology Research Center for National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang, China
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Xiong B, Wang T, Huang S, Liao L, Wang X, Deng H, Zhang M, He J, Sun G, He S, Wang Z. Analysis of Codon Usage Bias in Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase (XET) Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076108. [PMID: 37047091 PMCID: PMC10094191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) genes are widely distributed in most plants, but the codon usage bias of XET genes has remained uncharacterized. Thus, we analyzed the codon usage bias using 4500 codons of 20 XET genes to elucidate the genetic and evolutionary patterns. Phylogenetic and hierarchical cluster analyses revealed that the 20 XET genes belonged to two groups. The closer the genetic distance, the more similar the codon usage preference. The codon usage bias of most XET genes was weak, but there was also some codon usage bias. AGA, AGG, AUC, and GUG were the top four codons (RSCU > 1.5) in the 20 XET genes. CitXET had a stronger codon usage bias, and there were eight optimal codons of CitXET (i.e., AGA, AUU, UCU, CUU, CCA, GCU, GUU, and AAA). The RSCU values underwent a correspondence analysis. The two main factors affecting codon usage bias (i.e., Axes 1 and 2) accounted for 54.8% and 17.6% of the total variation, respectively. Multiple correspondence analysis revealed that XET genes were widely distributed, with Group 1 genes being closer to Axis 1 than Group 2 genes, which were closer to Axis 2. Codons with A/U at the third codon position were distributed closer to Axis 1 than codons with G/C at the third codon position. PgXET, ZmXET, VlXET, VrXET, and PcXET were biased toward codons ending with G/C. In contrast, CitXET, DpXET, and BrpXET were strongly biased toward codons ending with A/U, indicating that these XET genes have a strong codon usage bias. Translational selection and base composition (especially A and U at the third codon position), followed by mutation pressure and natural selection, may be the most important factors affecting codon usage of 20 XET genes. These results may be useful in clarifying the codon usage bias of XET genes and the relevant evolutionary characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tie Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shengjia Huang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ling Liao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Honghong Deng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mingfei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiaxian He
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guochao Sun
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Siya He
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Ma X, Chen Y, Liu M, Xue X, Zhang X, Xu L, Lai Z, Lin Y. Genome-wide analysis of the XTH gene family and functional analysis of DlXTH23.5/25 during early longan somatic embryogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1043464. [PMID: 36507400 PMCID: PMC9727300 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1043464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET)/hydrolase (XTH) is a cell wall-modifying protein that affects cell expansion and loosening of the cell wall. RESULTS This study focused on the regulatory mechanism of DlXTH genes during early somatic embryogenesis (SE) and the heat stress response in longan. Mining of the available D. longan genome sequence yielded 25 putative XTH genes. Transcript profiles based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data showed that most of the 17 detected DlXTH genes were highly expressed in the embryogenic callus (EC) (8) and globular embryo (GE) (8), and 13 of them responded significantly to heat stress. The assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) data analysis showed that in terms of chromatin accessibility, 22 of the 25 DlXTH genes were open during early SE, and most of the peak DlXTH genes with transcription differences during early SE were associated with high levels of H3K4me1. The most differentially expressed genes, DlXTH23.5 and DlXTH25, were selected for analysis. According to subcellular localization and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, DlXTH23.5/25, which encode cell membrane-localized proteins, were expressed at the highest level in the GE and significantly responded to heat stress. Dual-luciferase assays and transient transformation showed that the transcription factors (TFs) DlWRKY31, DlERF1, and DlERF5 might bind to the DlXTH23.5/25 promoters to activate gene transcription. Transient overexpression of TFs and DlXTH23.5/25 induced XET activity in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Under heat stress in the longan EC, the XET activities and expression levels of TFs and DlXTH23.5/25 were significantly increased, and a high concentration of XET might inhibit longan SE. DISCUSSIONS Thus, the regulatory network composed of DlXTH23.5/25 and its related TFs may regulate early longan SE and participate in the regulatory pathway of longan under heat stress via cell wall repair through the action of XET.
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Comparative Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Lignin Accumulation Affects Peanut Pod Size. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113533. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pod size is one of the important factors affecting peanut yield. However, the metabolites relating to pod size and their biosynthesis regulatory mechanisms are still unclear. In the present study, two peanut varieties (Tif and Lps) with contrasting pod sizes were used for a comparative metabolome and transcriptome analysis. Developing peanut pods were sampled at 10, 20 and 30 days after pegging (DAP). A total of 720 metabolites were detected, most of which were lipids (20.3%), followed by phenolic acids (17.8%). There were 43, 64 and 99 metabolites identified as differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) at 10, 20 and 30 DAP, respectively, and flavonoids were the major DAMs between Tif and Lps at all three growth stages. Multi-omics analysis revealed that DAMs and DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were significantly enriched in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (ko00940) pathway, the main pathway of lignin biosynthesis, in each comparison group. The comparisons of the metabolites in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway accumulating in Tif and Lps at different growth stages revealed that the accumulation of p-coumaryl alcohol (H-monolignol) in Tif was significantly greater than that in Lps at 30 DAP. The differential expression of gene-LOC112771695, which is highly correlated with p-coumaryl alcohol and involved in the biosynthesis of monolignols, between Tif and Lps might explain the differential accumulation of p-coumaryl alcohol. The content of H-lignin in genetically diverse peanut varieties demonstrated that H-lignin content affected peanut pod size. Our findings would provide insights into the metabolic factors influencing peanut pod size and guidance for the genetic improvement of the peanut.
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Zhang Q, Deng A, Xiang M, Lan Q, Li X, Yuan S, Gou X, Hao S, Du J, Xiao C. The Root Hair Development of Pectin Polygalacturonase PGX2 Activation Tagging Line in Response to Phosphate Deficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:862171. [PMID: 35586221 PMCID: PMC9108675 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.862171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose constitute the primary cell wall in eudicots and function in multiple developmental processes in plants. Root hairs are outgrowths of specialized epidermal cells that absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Cell wall architecture influences root hair development, but how cell wall remodeling might enable enhanced root hair formation in response to phosphate (P) deficiency remains relatively unclear. Here, we found that POLYGALACTURONASE INVOLVED IN EXPANSION 2 (PGX2) functions in conditional root hair development. Under low P conditions, a PGX2 activation tagged line (PGX2AT ) displays bubble-like root hairs and abnormal callose deposition and superoxide accumulation in roots. We found that the polar localization and trafficking of PIN2 are altered in PGX2AT roots in response to P deficiency. We also found that actin filaments were less compact but more stable in PGX2AT root hair cells and that actin filament skewness in PGX2AT root hairs was recovered by treatment with 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), an auxin transport inhibitor. These results demonstrate that activation tagging of PGX2 affects cell wall remodeling, auxin signaling, and actin microfilament orientation, which may cooperatively regulate root hair development in response to P starvation.
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Ishida K, Yokoyama R. Reconsidering the function of the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase family. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:145-156. [PMID: 35000024 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01361-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess an outer cell layer called the cell wall. This matrix comprises various molecules, such as polysaccharides and proteins, and serves a wide array of physiologically important functions. This structure is not static but rather flexible in response to the environment. One of the factors responsible for this plasticity is the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) family, which cleaves and reconnects xyloglucan molecules. Since xyloglucan molecules have been hypothesised to tether cellulose microfibrils forming the main load-bearing network in the primary cell wall, XTHs have been thought to play a central role in cell wall loosening for plant cell expansion. However, multiple lines of recent evidence have questioned this classic model. Nevertheless, reverse genetic analyses have proven the biological importance of XTHs; therefore, a major challenge at present is to reconsider the role of XTHs in planta. Recent advances in analytical techniques have allowed for gathering rich information on the structure of the primary cell wall. Thus, the integration of accumulated knowledge in current XTH studies may offer a turning point for unveiling the precise functions of XTHs. In the present review, we redefine the biological function of the XTH family based on the recent architectural model of the cell wall. We highlight three key findings regarding this enzyme family: (1) XTHs are not strictly required for cell wall loosening during plant cell expansion but play vital roles in response to specific biotic or abiotic stresses; (2) in addition to their transglycosylase activity, the hydrolase activity of XTHs is involved in physiological benefits; and (3) XTHs can recognise a wide range of polysaccharides other than xyloglucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konan Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QE, UK
| | - Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
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Dedow LK, Oren E, Braybrook SA. Fake news blues: A GUS staining protocol to reduce false-negative data. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e367. [PMID: 35198848 PMCID: PMC8842172 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The β-glucuronidase gene, uidA (GUS), has remained a favorite reporter gene in plants since its introduction in 1987 for its stability and versatility in a variety of fluorometric, spectrophotometric, and histochemical techniques. One of the most popular uses is as a reporter gene for visualizing endogenous promoter activities within plant tissues. Despite this popularity, specific protocols for minimizing nonrepresentative staining patterns, including false negatives, in challenging tissue types are not common. This became a large issue during our work on dark-grown Arabidopsis hypocotyls, and we set out to develop a protocol that would ensure accurate staining in a tissue that is biologically resistant to reagent penetration. Through extensive testing using a variety of constitutive and endogenous promoter::GUS fusion lines, we have developed an optimized GUS staining protocol that combines the use of acetone as a fixative, deliberate physical damage, and proper positive and negative controls to help ensure accurate staining along the hypocotyl while minimizing false negatives. Hopefully, our recommendations will allow for improved staining that more accurately reflects the true activity of cloned endogenous promoters and thus facilitate a more accurate understanding of promoter activity in Arabidopsis hypocotyls and other hard-to-stain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K. Dedow
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Emily Oren
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Siobhan A. Braybrook
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
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Yang Z, Zhang R, Zhou Z. The XTH Gene Family in Schima superba: Genome-Wide Identification, Expression Profiles, and Functional Interaction Network Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:911761. [PMID: 35783982 PMCID: PMC9243642 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.911761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH), belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 16, is one of the key enzymes in plant cell wall remodeling. Schima superba is an important timber and fireproof tree species in southern China. However, little is known about XTHs in S. superba. In the present study, a total of 34 SsuXTHs were obtained, which were classified into three subfamilies based on the phylogenetic relationship and unevenly distributed on 18 chromosomes. Furthermore, the intron-exon structure and conserved motif composition of them supported the classification and the members belonging to the same subfamily shared similar gene structures. Segmental and tandem duplication events did not lead to SsuXTH gene family expansion, and strong purifying selection pressures during evolution led to similar structure and function of SsuXTH gene family. The interaction network and cis-acting regulatory elements analysis revealed the SsuXTH expression might be regulated by multiple hormones, abiotic stresses and transcription factors. Finally, expression profiles and GO enrichment analysis showed most of the tandem repeat genes were mainly expressed in the phloem and xylem and they mainly participated in glycoside metabolic processes through the transfer and hydrolysis of xyloglucan in the cell wall and then regulated fiber elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Yang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Zhang,
| | - Zhichun Zhou
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, China
- Zhichun Zhou,
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12
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Gaddam SR, Bhatia C, Sharma A, Badola PK, Saxena G, Trivedi PK. miR775 integrates light, sucrose and auxin associated pathways to regulate root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111073. [PMID: 34763865 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of single-stranded non-coding RNA of 20-24 nucleotides, regulate gene expression by target gene transcript cleavage or translation inhibition. The phytohormone auxin is a crucial regulator of almost every process involved in plant growth and development. Several studies have demonstrated the involvement of miRNA(s) in the regulation of the auxin signaling pathway and plant development. However, very few studies have identified the auxin-mediated regulation of miRNA(s). In this study, we reveal the detailed mechanism of auxin-mediated regulation of the cell wall-related miR775- Galactosyl transferase (GalT) module, which plays an important role in root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. We also showed two interdependent mechanisms by which miR775 regulates root growth: miR775-GalT and light-mediated sucrose-dependent pathways. Treatment of GUS reporter lines with Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), sucrose, and light apparently enhanced the abundance of miR775 in root tissue. miR775 overexpressing (miR775OX) lines showed changes in root architecture, including increased primary root growth and root hair, by targeting GalT. miR775OX lines also showed tolerance toward low Pi. These results provide new insights into the auxin regulation of cell wall-related miR775 and suggest its significant role in plant root growth and development by modifying the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Reddy Gaddam
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Chitra Bhatia
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ashish Sharma
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Poorwa Kamal Badola
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Gauri Saxena
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Prabodh Kumar Trivedi
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR-NBRI), Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP) P.O. CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226 015, India.
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Li Y, Zheng X, Wang C, Hou D, Li T, Li D, Ma C, Sun Z, Tian Y. Pear xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases PcBRU1 promotes stem growth through regulating cell wall elongation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 312:111026. [PMID: 34620431 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play numerous important roles in plant growth and development. Previous studies reported that BRs could promote stem growth by regulating the expression of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs). However, the mechanism of XTHs involved in stem growth remains unclear. In this study, PcBRU1, which belonged to the XTH family, was upregulated by exogenous BL treatment in Pyrus communis. The expression of PcBRU1 was highest in stems and lowest in leaves. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that PcBRU1 was located in the plasma membrane. Furthermore, overexpressing PcBRU1 in tobaccos promoted the plant height and internode length. Electron microscopy and anatomical structure analysis showed that the cell wall was significantly thinner and the cells were slenderer in transgenic tobacco lines overexpressing PcBRU1 than in wild-type tobaccos. PcBRU1 promoted stem growth as it loosened the cell wall, leading to the change in cell morphology. In addition, overexpressing PcBRU1 altered the root development and leaf shape of transgenic tobaccos. Taken together, the results could provide a theoretical basis for the XTH family in regulating cell-wall elongation and stem growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Dongliang Hou
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Tingting Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Dingli Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Changqing Ma
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zhijuan Sun
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109, China; College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yike Tian
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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14
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Wu Z, Cui C, Xing A, Xu X, Sun Y, Tian Z, Li X, Zhu J, Wang G, Wang Y. Identification and response analysis of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolases (XTH) family to fluoride and aluminum treatment in Camellia sinensis. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:761. [PMID: 34696727 PMCID: PMC8547062 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolases (XTH) can disrupt and reconnect the xyloglucan chains, modify the cellulose-xyloglucan complex structure in the cell wall to reconstruct the cell wall. Previous studies have reported that XTH plays a key role in the aluminum (Al) tolerance of tea plants (Camellia sinensis), which is a typical plant that accumulates Al and fluoride (F), but its role in F resistance has not been reported. RESULTS Here, 14 CsXTH genes were identified from C. sinensis and named as CsXTH1-14. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that CsXTH members were divided into 3 subclasses, and conserved motif analysis showed that all these members included catalytic active region. Furthermore, the expressions of all CsXTH genes showed tissue-specific and were regulated by Al3+ and F- treatments. CsXTH1, CsXTH4, CsXTH6-8 and CsXTH11-14 were up-regulated under Al3+ treatments; CsXTH1-10 and CsXTH12-14 responded to different concentrations of F- treatments. The content of xyloglucan oligosaccharide determined by immunofluorescence labeling increased to the highest level at low concentrations of Al3+ or F- treatments (0.4 mM Al3+ or 8 mg/L F-), accompanying by the activity of XET (Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase) peaked. CONCLUSION In conclusion, CsXTH activities were regulated by Al or F via controlling the expressions of CsXTH genes and the content of xyloglucan oligosaccharide in C. sinensis roots was affected by Al or F, which might finally influence the elongation of roots and the growth of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Wu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chuanlei Cui
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Anqi Xing
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaohan Xu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yi Sun
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhiqiang Tian
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xuyan Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiangyuan Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Genmei Wang
- Co-innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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15
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Velasquez SM, Guo X, Gallemi M, Aryal B, Venhuizen P, Barbez E, Dünser KA, Darino M, Pĕnčík A, Novák O, Kalyna M, Mouille G, Benková E, P. Bhalerao R, Mravec J, Kleine-Vehn J. Xyloglucan Remodeling Defines Auxin-Dependent Differential Tissue Expansion in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9222. [PMID: 34502129 PMCID: PMC8430841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Size control is a fundamental question in biology, showing incremental complexity in plants, whose cells possess a rigid cell wall. The phytohormone auxin is a vital growth regulator with central importance for differential growth control. Our results indicate that auxin-reliant growth programs affect the molecular complexity of xyloglucans, the major type of cell wall hemicellulose in eudicots. Auxin-dependent induction and repression of growth coincide with reduced and enhanced molecular complexity of xyloglucans, respectively. In agreement with a proposed function in growth control, genetic interference with xyloglucan side decorations distinctly modulates auxin-dependent differential growth rates. Our work proposes that auxin-dependent growth programs have a spatially defined effect on xyloglucan's molecular structure, which in turn affects cell wall mechanics and specifies differential, gravitropic hypocotyl growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Melina Velasquez
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (P.V.); (E.B.); (K.A.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.)
| | - Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (X.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Marçal Gallemi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; (M.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Bibek Aryal
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (B.A.); (O.N.); (R.P.B.)
| | - Peter Venhuizen
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (P.V.); (E.B.); (K.A.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.)
| | - Elke Barbez
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (P.V.); (E.B.); (K.A.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.)
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Alexander Dünser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (P.V.); (E.B.); (K.A.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.)
| | - Martin Darino
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (P.V.); (E.B.); (K.A.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.)
| | - Aleš Pĕnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (B.A.); (O.N.); (R.P.B.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Maria Kalyna
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; (P.V.); (E.B.); (K.A.D.); (M.D.); (M.K.)
| | - Gregory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, CEDEX, 78026 Versailles, France;
| | - Eva Benková
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria; (M.G.); (E.B.)
| | - Rishikesh P. Bhalerao
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (B.A.); (O.N.); (R.P.B.)
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (X.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Kumar V, Singh D, Majee A, Singh S, Asif MH, Sane AP, Sane VA. Identification of tomato root growth regulatory genes and transcription factors through comparative transcriptomic profiling of different tissues. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1173-1189. [PMID: 34177143 PMCID: PMC8212336 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tomato is an economically important vegetable crop and a model for development and stress response studies. Although studied extensively for understanding fruit ripening and pathogen responses, its role as a model for root development remains less explored. In this study, an Illumina-based comparative differential transcriptomic analysis of tomato root with different aerial tissues was carried out to identify genes that are predominantly expressed during root growth. Sequential comparisons revealed ~ 15,000 commonly expressed genes and ~ 3000 genes of several classes that were mainly expressed or regulated in roots. These included 1069 transcription factors (TFs) of which 100 were differentially regulated. Prominent amongst these were members of families encoding Zn finger, MYB, ARM, bHLH, AP2/ERF, WRKY and NAC proteins. A large number of kinases, phosphatases and F-box proteins were also expressed in the root transcriptome. The major hormones regulating root growth were represented by the auxin, ethylene, JA, ABA and GA pathways with root-specific expression of certain components. Genes encoding carbon metabolism and photosynthetic components showed reduced expression while several protease inhibitors were amongst the most highly expressed. Overall, the study sheds light on genes governing root growth in tomato and provides a resource for manipulation of root growth for plant improvement. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01015-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Integral University, Lucknow, 226026 India
| | - Adity Majee
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Shikha Singh
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
| | - Mehar Hasan Asif
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Aniruddha P. Sane
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Vidhu A. Sane
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
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Wang J, Zhang M, Dong R, Liu C, Guan H, Liu Q, Liu T, Wang L, Qi S, He C. Heterologous expression of ZmGS5 enhances organ size and seed weight by regulating cell expansion in Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene 2021; 793:145749. [PMID: 34077776 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Maize ZmGS5 was reported to be positively associated with kernel-related traits, however, its regulatory mechanism on plant development and seed size remains unknown. In this study, ZmGS5 was demonstrated to be widely expressed in various maize tissues with the highest expression level in developing embryos, indicating its critical roles in early kernel development process. The ZmGS5 protein was subcellularly localized to both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing ZmGS5 under the control of either the constitutive maize Ubiquitin1 promotor or native ZmGS5 promoter resulted in increased plant size, biomass, seed size and weight, although no significant difference was observed between transgenic lines harboring the two constructs. In contrast, the antisense-ZmGS5 transgene resulted in opposite phenotypes. Our cytological data suggested that ZmGS5 enlarged petal size through enhancing cell expansion. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that ZmGS5 might enhance cell expansion and grain filling by upregulating expression levels of particular EXPA or SWEET genes. Collectively, these findings help us further understand the biological function and regulatory mechanism of ZmGS5 in improving organ size and seed weight, which imply its great potential for high-yield breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Maolin Zhang
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Rui Dong
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Haiying Guan
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tieshan Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shijun Qi
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Chunmei He
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory of Wheat and Maize/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Northern Yellow-huai River Plain, Ministry of Agriculture, Jinan 250100, China.
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18
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Ding T, Zhang F, Wang J, Wang F, Liu J, Xie C, Hu Y, Shani E, Kong X, Ding Z, Tian H. Cell-type action specificity of auxin on Arabidopsis root growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:928-941. [PMID: 33609310 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin plays a critical role in root growth and development; however, the contributions or specific roles of cell-type auxin signals in root growth and development are not well understood. Here, we mapped tissue and cell types that are important for auxin-mediated root growth and development by manipulating the local response and synthesis of auxin. Repressing auxin signaling in the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle or stele strongly inhibited root growth, with the largest effect observed in the endodermis. Enhancing auxin signaling in the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle or stele also caused reduced root growth, albeit to a lesser extent. Moreover, we established that root growth was inhibited by enhancement of auxin synthesis in specific cell types of the epidermis, cortex and endodermis, whereas increased auxin synthesis in the pericycle and stele had only minor effects on root growth. Our study thus establishes an association between cellular identity and cell type-specific auxin signaling that guides root growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Junxia Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fengxia Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chuantian Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yangjie Hu
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Eilon Shani
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Xiangpei Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Huiyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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19
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Shao A, Wang W, Fan S, Xu X, Yin Y, Erick A, Li X, Wang G, Wang H, Fu J. Comprehensive transcriptional analysis reveals salt stress-regulated key pathways, hub genes and time-specific responsive gene categories in common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) roots. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:175. [PMID: 33838660 PMCID: PMC8035780 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02939-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its good salt-tolerance level, key genes and pathways involved with temporal salt response of common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) have not been explored. Therefore, in this study, to understand the underlying regulatory mechanism following the different period of salt exposure, a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of the bermudagrass roots was conducted. RESULTS The transcripts regulated after 1 h, 6 h, or 24 h of hydroponic exposure to 200 mM NaCl in the roots of bermudagrass were investigated. Dataset series analysis revealed 16 distinct temporal salt-responsive expression profiles. Enrichment analysis identified potentially important salt responsive genes belonging to specific categories, such as hormonal metabolism, secondary metabolism, misc., cell wall, transcription factors and genes encoded a series of transporters. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that lavenderblush2 and brown4 modules were significantly positively correlated with the proline content and peroxidase activity and hub genes within these two modules were further determined. Besides, after 1 h of salt treatment, genes belonging to categories such as signalling receptor kinase, transcription factors, tetrapyrrole synthesis and lipid metabolism were immediately and exclusively up-enriched compared to the subsequent time points, which indicated fast-acting and immediate physiological responses. Genes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis such as simple phenols, glucosinolates, isoflavones and tocopherol biosynthesis were exclusively up-regulated after 24 h of salt treatment, suggesting a slightly slower reaction of metabolic adjustment. CONCLUSION Here, we revealed salt-responsive genes belonging to categories that were commonly or differentially expressed in short-term salt stress, suggesting possible adaptive salt response mechanisms in roots. Also, the distinctive salt-response pathways and potential salt-tolerant hub genes investigated can provide useful future references to explore the molecular mechanisms of bermudagrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Shao
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shugao Fan
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Yin
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Amombo Erick
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyang Wang
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongli Wang
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinmin Fu
- Coastal Salinity Tolerant Grass Engineering and Technology Research Center, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Takahashi D, Johnson KL, Hao P, Tuong T, Erban A, Sampathkumar A, Bacic A, Livingston DP, Kopka J, Kuroha T, Yokoyama R, Nishitani K, Zuther E, Hincha DK. Cell wall modification by the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase XTH19 influences freezing tolerance after cold and sub-zero acclimation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:915-930. [PMID: 33190295 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Freezing triggers extracellular ice formation leading to cell dehydration and deformation during a freeze-thaw cycle. Many plant species increase their freezing tolerance during exposure to low, non-freezing temperatures, a process termed cold acclimation. In addition, exposure to mild freezing temperatures after cold acclimation evokes a further increase in freezing tolerance (sub-zero acclimation). Previous transcriptome and proteome analyses indicate that cell wall remodelling may be particularly important for sub-zero acclimation. In the present study, we used a combination of immunohistochemical, chemical and spectroscopic analyses to characterize the cell walls of Arabidopsis thaliana and characterized a mutant in the XTH19 gene, encoding a xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH). The mutant showed reduced freezing tolerance after both cold and sub-zero acclimation, compared to the Col-0 wild type, which was associated with differences in cell wall composition and structure. Most strikingly, immunohistochemistry in combination with 3D reconstruction of centres of rosette indicated that epitopes of the xyloglucan-specific antibody LM25 were highly abundant in the vasculature of Col-0 plants after sub-zero acclimation but absent in the XTH19 mutant. Taken together, our data shed new light on the potential roles of cell wall remodelling for the increased freezing tolerance observed after low temperature acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
- Graduate School of Science & Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama City, Saitama
| | - Kim L Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Sino-Australian Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Hao
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Sino-Australian Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tan Tuong
- USDA and Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
- Sino-Australian Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - David P Livingston
- USDA and Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Takeshi Kuroha
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Applied Genetics, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nishitani
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Ellen Zuther
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Dirk K Hincha
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam, Germany
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21
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Yokoyama R. A Genomic Perspective on the Evolutionary Diversity of the Plant Cell Wall. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1195. [PMID: 32932717 PMCID: PMC7570368 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a complex and dynamic structure composed of numerous different molecules that play multiple roles in all aspects of plant life. Currently, a new frontier in biotechnology is opening up, which is providing new insights into the structural and functional diversity of cell walls, and is thus serving to re-emphasize the significance of cell wall divergence in the evolutionary history of plant species. The ever-increasing availability of plant genome datasets will thus provide an invaluable basis for enhancing our knowledge regarding the diversity of cell walls among different plant species. In this review, as an example of a comparative genomics approach, I examine the diverse patterns of cell wall gene families among 100 species of green plants, and illustrate the evident benefits of using genome databases for studying cell wall divergence. Given that the growth and development of all types of plant cells are intimately associated with cell wall dynamics, gaining a further understanding of the functional diversity of cell walls in relation to diverse biological events will make significant contributions to a broad range of plant sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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22
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Ezquer I, Salameh I, Colombo L, Kalaitzis P. Plant Cell Walls Tackling Climate Change: Insights into Plant Cell Wall Remodeling, Its Regulation, and Biotechnological Strategies to Improve Crop Adaptations and Photosynthesis in Response to Global Warming. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E212. [PMID: 32041306 PMCID: PMC7076711 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell wall (CW) is a complex and intricate structure that performs several functions throughout the plant life cycle. The CW of plants is critical to the maintenance of cells' structural integrity by resisting internal hydrostatic pressures, providing flexibility to support cell division and expansion during tissue differentiation, and acting as an environmental barrier that protects the cells in response to abiotic stress. Plant CW, comprised primarily of polysaccharides, represents the largest sink for photosynthetically fixed carbon, both in plants and in the biosphere. The CW structure is highly varied, not only between plant species but also among different organs, tissues, and cell types in the same organism. During the developmental processes, the main CW components, i.e., cellulose, pectins, hemicelluloses, and different types of CW-glycoproteins, interact constantly with each other and with the environment to maintain cell homeostasis. Differentiation processes are altered by positional effect and are also tightly linked to environmental changes, affecting CW both at the molecular and biochemical levels. The negative effect of climate change on the environment is multifaceted, from high temperatures, altered concentrations of greenhouse gases such as increasing CO2 in the atmosphere, soil salinity, and drought, to increasing frequency of extreme weather events taking place concomitantly, therefore, climate change affects crop productivity in multiple ways. Rising CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is expected to increase photosynthetic rates, especially at high temperatures and under water-limited conditions. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge regarding the effects of climate change on CW biogenesis and modification. We discuss specific cases in crops of interest carrying cell wall modifications that enhance tolerance to climate change-related stresses; from cereals such as rice, wheat, barley, or maize to dicots of interest such as brassica oilseed, cotton, soybean, tomato, or potato. This information could be used for the rational design of genetic engineering traits that aim to increase the stress tolerance in key crops. Future growing conditions expose plants to variable and extreme climate change factors, which negatively impact global agriculture, and therefore further research in this area is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Ilige Salameh
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece; (I.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Lucia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania (MAICh), P.O. Box 85, 73100 Chania, Greece; (I.S.); (P.K.)
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Li M, Xie F, He Q, Li J, Liu J, Sun B, Luo Y, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Zhang F, Gong R, Wang Y, Wang X, Tang H. Expression Analysis of XTH in Stem Swelling of Stem Mustard and Selection of Reference Genes. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11010113. [PMID: 31968559 PMCID: PMC7016721 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate analysis of gene expression requires selection of appropriate reference genes. In this study, we report analysis of eight candidate reference genes (ACTIN, UBQ, EF-1α, UBC, IF-4α, TUB, PP2A, and HIS), which were screened from the genome and transcriptome data in Brassica juncea. Four statistical analysis softwares geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder were used to test the reliability and stability of gene expression of the reference genes. To further validate the stability of reference genes, the expression levels of two CYCD3 genes (BjuB045330 and BjuA003219) were studied. In addition, all genes in the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) family were identified in B. juncea and their patterns at different periods of stem enlargement were analyzed. Results indicated that UBC and TUB genes showed stable levels of expression and are recommended for future research. In addition, XTH genes were involved in regulation of stem enlargement expression. These results provide new insights for future research aiming at exploring important functional genes, their expression patterns and regulatory mechanisms for mustard development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.L.); (F.X.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Fangjie Xie
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.L.); (F.X.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Qi He
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.L.); (F.X.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Jie Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.L.); (F.X.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Jiali Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.L.); (F.X.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Bo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.L.); (F.X.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Ya Luo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.L.); (F.X.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.L.); (F.X.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.L.); (F.X.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Fen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.L.); (F.X.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Ronggao Gong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.L.); (F.X.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.W.)
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.L.); (F.X.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.W.)
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.L.); (F.X.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.W.)
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Haoru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (M.L.); (F.X.); (J.L.); (B.S.); (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Q.C.); (F.Z.); (Y.W.); (X.W.)
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-288-629-1949
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24
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Jiang Y, Li Y, Lu C, Tang Y, Jiang X, Gai Y. Isolation and characterization of Populus xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) involved in osmotic stress responses. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 155:1277-1287. [PMID: 31730960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) belongs to the GH16 subfamily of the glycoside hydrolases of carbohydrate active enzymes and plays an important role in the structure and function of plant cell walls. In this study, 11 members of the XTH gene family were cloned from Populus tomentosa. A bioinformatics analysis revealed that 11 PtoXTHs could be classified into three groups, where PtoXTH27 and PtoXTH34 were most likely to exhibit XTH activity. Biochemical analyses of purified PtoXTHs demonstrated that PtoXTH27 and PtoXTH34 had detectable xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity, while the others did not exhibit XET or XEH activity. Moreover, enzymatic assays revealed that the optimum reaction temperature of both PtoXTH27 and PtoXTH34 was 37 °C, while their optimum pH values differed, such that PtoXTH27 was 6.0 and PtoXTH34 was 5.0. Enzyme kinetic parameters indicated that PtoXTH34 had higher affinity for the receptor substrate, XXXG, implying that PtoXTH34 and PtoXTH27 in plants have different substrate structure specificity. Finally, heterologous expression of XTH significantly increased intracellular total sugar content and osmotolerance of yeast cells, indicating that PtoXTH27 and PtoXTH34 are potentially involved in osmotic stress responses. These results clearly demonstrate the enzymatic characteristics and putative role of XTH in osmotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Chen Lu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Yanni Tang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xiangning Jiang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China; The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Ying Gai
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China; The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.
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25
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Fan HM, Liu BW, Ma FF, Sun X, Zheng CS. Proteomic profiling of root system development proteins in chrysanthemum overexpressing the CmTCP20 gene. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 287:110175. [PMID: 31481217 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant root systems ensure the efficient absorption of water and nutrients and provide anchoring into the soil. Although root systems are a highly plastic set of traits that vary both between and among species, the basic root system morphology is controlled by inherent genetic factors. TCP20 has been identified as a key regulator of root development in plants, and yet its underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated, especially in chrysanthemum. We found that overexpression of the CmTCP20 gene promoted both adventitious and lateral root development in chrysanthemum. To get further insight into the molecular mechanisms controlling root system development, we conducted a study employing tandem mass tag proteomic to characterize the differential root system development proteomes from CmTCP20-overexpressing and wild-type chrysanthemum root samples. Of the proteins identified, 234 proteins were found to be differentially abundant (>1.5-fold cut off, p < 0.05) in CmTCP20-overexpressing versus wild-type chrysanthemum root samples. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the CmTCP20 gene may participate in "phytohormone signal transduction". Our findings provide a valuable perspective on the mechanisms of both adventitious and lateral root development via CmTCP20 modulation at the proteome level in chrysanthemum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Bo-Wen Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Fang-Fang Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xia Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China.
| | - Cheng-Shu Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China.
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26
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Galstyan A, Nemhauser JL. Auxin promotion of seedling growth via ARF5 is dependent on the brassinosteroid-regulated transcription factors BES1 and BEH4. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00166. [PMID: 31508562 PMCID: PMC6722427 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Seedlings must continually calibrate their growth in response to the environment. Auxin and brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones that work together to control growth responses during photomorphogenesis. We used our previous analysis of promoter architecture in an auxin and BR target gene to guide our investigation into the broader molecular bases and biological relevance of transcriptional co-regulation by these hormones. We found that the auxin-regulated transcription factor Auxin Responsive Factor 5 (ARF5) and the brassinosteroid-regulated transcription factor BRI1-EMS-Suppressor 1/Brassinazole Resistant 2 (BES1) co-regulated a subset of growth-promoting genes via conserved bipartite cis-regulatory elements. Moreover, ARF5 binding to DNA could be enriched by increasing BES1 levels. The evolutionary loss of bipartite elements in promoters results in loss of hormone responsiveness. We also identified another member of the BES1/BZR1 family called BEH4 that acts partially redundantly with BES1 to regulate seedling growth. Double mutant analysis showed that BEH4 and not BZR1 were required alongside BES1 for normal auxin response during early seedling development. We propose that an ARF5-BES1/BEH4 transcriptional module acts to promote growth via modulation of a diverse set of growth-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahit Galstyan
- Department of BiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Present address:
Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCarl‐von‐Linné‐Weg 10Cologne50829Germany
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27
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Lenk I, Fisher LHC, Vickers M, Akinyemi A, Didion T, Swain M, Jensen CS, Mur LAJ, Bosch M. Transcriptional and Metabolomic Analyses Indicate that Cell Wall Properties are Associated with Drought Tolerance in Brachypodium distachyon. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1758. [PMID: 30974727 PMCID: PMC6479473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachypodium distachyon is an established model for drought tolerance. We previously identified accessions exhibiting high tolerance, susceptibility and intermediate tolerance to drought; respectively, ABR8, KOZ1 and ABR4. Transcriptomics and metabolomic approaches were used to define tolerance mechanisms. Transcriptional analyses suggested relatively few drought responsive genes in ABR8 compared to KOZ1. Linking these to gene ontology (GO) terms indicated enrichment for "regulated stress response", "plant cell wall" and "oxidative stress" associated genes. Further, tolerance correlated with pre-existing differences in cell wall-associated gene expression including glycoside hydrolases, pectin methylesterases, expansins and a pectin acetylesterase. Metabolomic assessments of the same samples also indicated few significant changes in ABR8 with drought. Instead, pre-existing differences in the cell wall-associated metabolites correlated with drought tolerance. Although other features, e.g., jasmonate signaling were suggested in our study, cell wall-focused events appeared to be predominant. Our data suggests two different modes through which the cell wall could confer drought tolerance: (i) An active response mode linked to stress induced changes in cell wall features, and (ii) an intrinsic mode where innate differences in cell wall composition and architecture are important. Both modes seem to contribute to ABR8 drought tolerance. Identification of the exact mechanisms through which the cell wall confers drought tolerance will be important in order to inform development of drought tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Lenk
- DLF Seeds A/S, Højerupvej 31, 4660 Store Heddinge, Denmark.
| | - Lorraine H C Fisher
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK.
| | - Martin Vickers
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK.
| | - Aderemi Akinyemi
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK.
| | - Thomas Didion
- DLF Seeds A/S, Højerupvej 31, 4660 Store Heddinge, Denmark.
| | - Martin Swain
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK.
| | | | - Luis A J Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK.
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EE, UK.
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28
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ZINC-FINGER interactions mediate transcriptional regulation of hypocotyl growth in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E4503-E4511. [PMID: 29686058 PMCID: PMC5948964 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718099115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Light coordinates energy production, growth, and survival throughout plant development. In Arabidopsis, light stimulates transcriptional reprogramming during developmental transitions such as photomorphogenesis and flowering through the action of photoreceptors, transcription factors, and signaling components. Here we assign a function to a member of the zinc-finger homeodomain (ZFHD) transcription factor family in regulating light-induced development. Our findings reveal ZFHD10 to be a missing link in understanding how the recently discovered integrator of light and photoperiodic flowering, TANDEM ZINC-FINGER PLUS3 (TZP), controls the expression of growth-promoting transcriptional regulators via direct association with light-regulated promoter elements. Elucidating how such novel protein complexes coordinate gene expression will allow scientists and breeders to optimize plant growth and development in response to unfavorable environmental conditions. Integration of environmental signals and interactions among photoreceptors and transcriptional regulators is key in shaping plant development. TANDEM ZINC-FINGER PLUS3 (TZP) is an integrator of light and photoperiodic signaling that promotes flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we elucidate the molecular role of TZP as a positive regulator of hypocotyl elongation. We identify an interacting partner for TZP, the transcription factor ZINC-FINGER HOMEODOMAIN 10 (ZFHD10), and characterize its function in coregulating the expression of blue-light–dependent transcriptional regulators and growth-promoting genes. By employing a genome-wide approach, we reveal that ZFHD10 and TZP coassociate with promoter targets enriched in light-regulated elements. Furthermore, using a targeted approach, we show that ZFHD10 recruits TZP to the promoters of key coregulated genes. Our findings not only unveil the mechanism of TZP action in promoting hypocotyl elongation at the transcriptional level but also assign a function to an uncharacterized member of the ZFHD transcription factor family in promoting plant growth.
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Pan CL, Yao SC, Xiong WJ, Luo SZ, Wang YL, Wang AQ, Xiao D, Zhan J, He LF. Nitric Oxide Inhibits Al-Induced Programmed Cell Death in Root Tips of Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) by Affecting Physiological Properties of Antioxidants Systems and Cell Wall. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1037. [PMID: 29311970 PMCID: PMC5742856 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that nitric oxide (NO) is a negative regulator of aluminum (Al)-induced programmed cell death (PCD) in peanut root tips. However, the inhibiting mechanism of NO on Al-induced PCD is unclear. In order to investigate the mechanism by which NO inhibits Al-induced PCD, the effects of co-treatment Al with the exogenous NO donor or the NO-specific scavenger on peanut root tips, the physiological properties of antioxidants systems and cell wall (CW) in root tip cells of NO inhibiting Al-induced PCD were studied with two peanut cultivars. The results showed that Al exposure induced endogenous NO accumulation, and endogenous NO burst increased antioxidant enzyme activity in response to Al stress. The addition of NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) relieved Al-induced root elongation inhibition, cell death and Al adsorption in CW, as well as oxidative damage and ROS accumulation. Furthermore, co-treatment with the exogenous NO donor decreased MDA content, LOX activity and pectin methylesterase (PME) activity, increased xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity and relative expression of the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH-32) gene. Taken together, exogenous NO alleviated Al-induced PCD by inhibiting Al adsorption in CW, enhancing antioxidant defense and reducing peroxidation of membrane lipids, alleviating the inhibition of Al on root elongation by maintaining the extensibility of CW, decreasing PME activity, and increasing XET activity and relative XTH-32 expression of CW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Liu Pan
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Guangxi Colleges and Universities, Nanning, China
| | - Shao-Chang Yao
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Guangxi Colleges and Universities, Nanning, China
| | | | - Shu-Zhen Luo
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ya-Lun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ai-Qin Wang
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Guangxi Colleges and Universities, Nanning, China
| | - Dong Xiao
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Guangxi Colleges and Universities, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Zhan
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Long-Fei He
- College of Agronomy, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Tillage, Guangxi Colleges and Universities, Nanning, China
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Cajero Sánchez W, García-Ponce B, Sánchez MDLP, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A. Identifying the transition to the maturation zone in three ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Commun Integr Biol 2017; 11:e1395993. [PMID: 29497470 PMCID: PMC5824961 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1395993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana (hereafter Arabidopsis) root has become a useful model for studying how organ morphogenesis emerge from the coordination and balance of cell proliferation and differentiation, as both processes may be observed and quantified in the root at different stages of development. Hence, being able to objectively identify and delimit the different stages of root development has been very important. Up to now, three different zones along the longitudinal axis of the primary root of Arabidopsis, have been identified: the root apical meristematic zone (RAM) with two domains [the proliferative (PD) and the transition domain (TD)], the elongation zone (EZ) and the maturation zone (MZ). We previously reported a method to quantify the length of the cells of the meristematic and the elongation zone, as well as the boundaries or transitions between the root domains along the growing part of the Arabidopsis root. In this study, we provide a more accurate criterion to identify the MZ. Traditionally, the transition between the EZ to the MZ has been established by the emergence of the first root-hair bulge in the epidermis, because this emergence coincides with cell maturation in this cell type. But we have found here that after the emergence of the first root-hair bulge some cells continue to elongate and we have confirmed this in three different Arabidopsis ecotypes. We established the limit between the EZ and the MZ by looking for the closest cortical cell with a longer length than the average cell length of 10 cells after the cortical cell closest to the epidermal cell with the first root-hair bulge in these three ecotypes. In Col-0 and Ws this cell is four cells above the one with the root hair bulge and, in the Ler ecotype, this cell is five cells above. To unambiguously identifying the site at which cells stop elongating and attain their final length and fate at the MZ, we propose to calculate the length of completely elongated cortical cells counting 10 cells starting from the sixth cell above the cortical cell closest to the epidermal cell with the first root-hair bulge. We validated this proposal in the three ecotypes analyzed and consider that this proposal may aid at having a more objective way to characterize root phenotypes and compare among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Cajero Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo, Evolución y Epigenética de Plantas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior junto al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo, Evolución y Epigenética de Plantas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior junto al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo, Evolución y Epigenética de Plantas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior junto al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elena R Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo, Evolución y Epigenética de Plantas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior junto al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo, Evolución y Epigenética de Plantas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito Exterior junto al Jardín Botánico, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Xiong B, Gu X, Qiu X, Dong Z, Ye S, Sun G, Huang S, Liu X, Xi L, Wang Z. Variability in CitXET expression and XET activity in Citrus cultivar Huangguogan seedlings with differed degrees of etiolation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178973. [PMID: 28617857 PMCID: PMC5472283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the known effects of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET) on plant growth and development, we aimed to determine whether XETs help to regulate the growth and elongation of Huangguogan shoots and roots. We confirmed a possible role for XET during seedling etiolation. Our results revealed that the roots of etiolated seedlings (H-E) were longer than those of green seedlings (H-G). However, shoot length exhibited the opposite pattern. We also observed positive and negative effects on the xyloglucan-degrading activity of XET in the root sub-apical region and shoots of etiolated Huangguogan seedling, respectively. There was a significant down-regulation in CitXET expression in the etiolated shoots at 15 days after seed germination. On the contrary, it was significantly increased in the root sub-apical region of etiolated and multicolored seedlings at 15 days after seed germination. The XET coding sequence (i.e., CitXET) was cloned from Huangguogan seedlings using gene-specific primers. The encoded amino acid sequence was predicted by using bioinformatics-based methods. The 990-bp CitXET gene was highly homologous to other XET genes. The CitXET protein was predicted to contain 319 amino acids, with a molecular mass of 37.45 kDa and an isoelectric point of 9.05. The predicted molecular formula was C1724H2548N448O466S14, and the resulting protein included only one transmembrane structure. The CitXET secondary structure consisted of four main structures (i.e., 21% α-helix, 30.72% extended strand, 9.09% β-turn, and 39.18% random coil). Analyses involving the NCBI Conserved Domains Database (NCBI-CDD), InterPro, and ScanProsite revealed that CitXET was a member of the glycosyl hydrolase family 16 (GH16), and included the DEIDFEFLG motif. Our results indicate that the differed degrees of etiolation influenced the CitXET expression pattern and XET activity in Huangguogan seedlings. The differential changes in XET activity and CitXET expression levels in Huangguogan seedlings may influence the regulation of root and shoot development, and may be important for seedling etiolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianjie Gu
- Mianyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Qiu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhixiang Dong
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuang Ye
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guochao Sun
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shengjia Huang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinya Liu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijuan Xi
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Ajigboye OO, Lu C, Murchie EH, Schlatter C, Swart G, Ray RV. Altered gene expression by sedaxane increases PSII efficiency, photosynthesis and growth and improves tolerance to drought in wheat seedlings. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 137:49-61. [PMID: 28364804 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides have been shown to increase PSII efficiency and photosynthesis under drought stress in the absence of disease to enhance the biomass and yield of winter wheat. However, the molecular mechanism of improved photosynthetic efficiency observed in SDHI-treated wheat has not been previously elucidated. Here we used a combination of chlorophyll fluorescence, gas exchange and gene expression analysis, to aid our understanding of the basis of the physiological responses of wheat seedlings under drought conditions to sedaxane, a novel SDHI seed treatment. We show that sedaxane increased the efficiency of PSII photochemistry, reduced non-photochemical quenching and improved the photosynthesis and biomass in wheat correlating with systemic changes in the expression of genes involved in defense, chlorophyll synthesis and cell wall modification. We applied a coexpression network-based approach using differentially expressed genes of leaves, roots and pregerminated seeds from our wheat array datasets to identify the most important hub genes, with top ranked correlation (higher gene association value and z-score) involved in cell wall expansion and strengthening, wax and pigment biosynthesis and defense. The results indicate that sedaxane confers tolerant responses of wheat plants grown under drought conditions by redirecting metabolites from defense/stress responses towards growth and adaptive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubukola O Ajigboye
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Chungui Lu
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Erik H Murchie
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gina Swart
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Schwarzwaldallee 215, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rumiana V Ray
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
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Kuluev B, Mikhaylova E, Berezhneva Z, Nikonorov Y, Postrigan B, Kudoyarova G, Chemeris A. Expression profiles and hormonal regulation of tobacco NtEXGT gene and its involvement in abiotic stress response. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 111:203-215. [PMID: 27940271 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the intensive study of xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases, their multifaceted role in plant growth regulation in changing environmental conditions is not yet clarified. The functional role of the large number of genes encoding this group of enzymes is also still unclear. NtEXGT gene encodes one of xyloglucan endotransglucosylases/hydrolases (XTHs) of Nicotiana tabacum L. The highest level of NtEXGT gene expression was detected in young flowers and leaves near the shoot apex. Expression of the NtEXGT gene in leaves was induced by cytokinins, auxins, brassinosteroids and gibberellins. NtEXGT gene was also up-regulated by salinity, drought, cold, cadmium and 10 μM abscisic acid treatments and down-regulated in response to 0 °C and 100 μM abscisic acid. Pretreatment of leaves with fluridone contributed to smaller increase in the level of NtEXGT transcripts in response to drought stress. These data suggest that NtEXGT gene is ABA-regulated and probably implicated in ABA-dependent signaling in response to stress factors. 35S::NtEXGT plants of tobacco showed higher rate of root growth under salt-stress conditions, greater frost and heat tolerance as compared with the wild type tobacco plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulat Kuluev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG USC RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia; Bashkir State University (BSU), Z. Validi str. 32, 450074, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Elena Mikhaylova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG USC RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia; Bashkir State University (BSU), Z. Validi str. 32, 450074, Ufa, Russia
| | - Zoya Berezhneva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG USC RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Yuri Nikonorov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG USC RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Bogdan Postrigan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG USC RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Guzel Kudoyarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences (UIB RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 69, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Aleksey Chemeris
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBG USC RAS), pr. Oktyabrya 71, 450054, Ufa, Russia
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Yan X, Yan Z, Han Y. RRP42, a Subunit of Exosome, Plays an Important Role in Female Gametophytes Development and Mesophyll Cell Morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:981. [PMID: 28642780 PMCID: PMC5463273 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The exosome complex plays a central and essential role in RNA metabolism. However, current research on functions of exosome subunit in plants is limited. Here, we used an egg cell-specific promoter-controlled CRISPR/Cas9 system to knock out RRP42 which encodes a core subunit of the Arabidopsis exosome and presented evidence that RRP42 is essential for the development of female gametophytes. Next, we designed three different amiRNAs targeting RRP42. The rrp42 knock-down mutants mainly displayed variegated and serrated leaves, especially in cauline leaves. The internal anatomy of cauline leaves displayed irregularly shaped palisade cells and a reduced density of mesophyll cells. Interestingly, we detected highly accumulated mRNAs that encode xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) and expansins (EXPAs) during later growth stages in rrp42 knock-down mutants. The mRNA decay kinetics analysis for XTH19, EXPA10, and EXPA11 revealed that RRP42 had a role in the decay of these mRNAs in the cytoplasm. RRP42 is localized to both the nucleus and cytoplasm, and RRP42 is preferentially expressed in cauline leaves during later growth stages. Altogether, our results demonstrate that RRP42 is essential for the development of female gametophytes and plays an important role in mesophyll cell morphogenesis.
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Iurlaro A, De Caroli M, Sabella E, De Pascali M, Rampino P, De Bellis L, Perrotta C, Dalessandro G, Piro G, Fry SC, Lenucci MS. Drought and Heat Differentially Affect XTH Expression and XET Activity and Action in 3-Day-Old Seedlings of Durum Wheat Cultivars with Different Stress Susceptibility. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1686. [PMID: 27891140 PMCID: PMC5102909 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Heat and drought stress have emerged as major constraints for durum wheat production. In the Mediterranean area, their negative effect on crop productivity is expected to be exacerbated by the occurring climate change. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) are chief enzymes in cell wall remodeling, whose relevance in cell expansion and morphogenesis suggests a central role in stress responses. In this work the potential role of XTHs in abiotic stress tolerance was investigated in durum wheat. The separate effects of dehydration and heat exposure on XTH expression and its endotransglucosylase (XET) in vitro activity and in vivo action have been monitored, up to 24 h, in the apical and sub-apical root regions and shoots excised from 3-day-old seedlings of durum wheat cultivars differing in stress susceptibility/tolerance. Dehydration and heat stress differentially influence the XTH expression profiles and the activity and action of XET in the wheat seedlings, depending on the degree of susceptibility/tolerance of the cultivars, the organ, the topological region of the root and, within the root, on the gradient of cell differentiation. The root apical region was the zone mainly affected by both treatments in all assayed cultivars, while no change in XET activity was observed at shoot level, irrespective of susceptibility/tolerance, confirming the pivotal role of the root in stress perception, signaling, and response. Conflicting effects were observed depending on stress type: dehydration evoked an overall increase, at least in the apical region of the root, of XET activity and action, while a significant inhibition was caused by heat treatment in most cultivars. The data suggest that differential changes in XET action in defined portions of the root of young durum wheat seedlings may have a role as a response to drought and heat stress, thus contributing to seedling survival and crop establishment. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying these variations could represent the theoretical basis for implementing breeding strategies to develop new highly productive hybrids adapted to future climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Iurlaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Monica De Caroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Erika Sabella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria De Pascali
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rampino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Carla Perrotta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Dalessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Gabriella Piro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
| | - Stephen C. Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Marcello S. Lenucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Università del SalentoLecce, Italy
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Kirchenbauer D, Viczián A, Ádám É, Hegedűs Z, Klose C, Leppert M, Hiltbrunner A, Kircher S, Schäfer E, Nagy F. Characterization of photomorphogenic responses and signaling cascades controlled by phytochrome-A expressed in different tissues. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:584-98. [PMID: 27027866 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The photoreceptor phytochrome A acts as a light-dependent molecular switch and regulates responses initiated by very low fluences of light (VLFR) and high fluences (HIR) of far-red light. PhyA is expressed ubiquitously, but how phyA signaling is orchestrated to regulate photomorphogenesis is poorly understood. To address this issue, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana phyA-201 mutant lines expressing the biologically active phyA-YFP photoreceptor in different tissues, and analyzed the expression of several reporter genes, including ProHY5:HY5-GFP and Pro35S:CFP-PIF1, and various FR-HIR-dependent physiological responses. We show that phyA action in one tissue is critical and sufficient to regulate flowering time and root growth; control of cotyledon and hypocotyl growth requires simultaneous phyA activity in different tissues; and changes detected in the expression of reporters are not restricted to phyA-containing cells. We conclude that FR-HIR-controlled morphogenesis in Arabidopsis is mediated partly by tissue-specific and partly by intercellular signaling initiated by phyA. Intercellular signaling is critical for many FR-HIR induced responses, yet it appears that phyA modulates the abundance and activity of key regulatory transcription factors in a tissue-autonomous fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kirchenbauer
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - András Viczián
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt.62, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Éva Ádám
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt.62, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hegedűs
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt.62, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Cornelia Klose
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Leppert
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiltbrunner
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Schäfer
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Ferenc Nagy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt.62, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
- Institute of Molecular Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
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Dun X, Tao Z, Wang J, Wang X, Liu G, Wang H. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Primary Roots of Brassica napus Seedlings with Extremely Different Primary Root Lengths Using RNA Sequencing. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1238. [PMID: 27594860 PMCID: PMC4990598 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Primary root (PR) development is a crucial developmental process that is essential for plant survival. The elucidation of the PR transcriptome provides insight into the genetic mechanism controlling PR development in crops. In this study, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis to investigate the genome-wide gene expression profiles of the seedling PRs of four Brassica napus genotypes that were divided into two groups, short group (D43 and D61), and long group (D69 and D72), according to their extremely different primary root lengths (PRLs). The results generated 55,341,366-64,631,336 clean reads aligned to 62,562 genes (61.9% of the current annotated genes) in the B. napus genome. We provide evidence that at least 44,986 genes are actively expressed in the B. napus PR. The majority of the genes that were expressed during seedling PR development were associated with metabolism, cellular processes, response to stimulus, biological regulation, and signaling. Using a pairwise comparison approach, 509 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; absolute value of log2 fold-change ≥1 and p ≤ 0.05) between the long and short groups were revealed, including phytohormone-related genes, protein kinases and phosphatases, oxygenase, cytochrome P450 proteins, etc. Combining GO functional category, KEGG, and MapMan pathway analyses indicated that the DEGs involved in cell wall metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, secondary metabolism, protein modification and degradation, hormone pathways and signaling pathways were the main causes of the observed PRL differences. We also identified 16 differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs) involved in PR development. Taken together, these transcriptomic datasets may serve as a foundation for the identification of candidate genes and may provide valuable information for understanding the molecular and cellular events related to PR development.
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Somssich M, Khan GA, Persson S. Cell Wall Heterogeneity in Root Development of Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1242. [PMID: 27582757 PMCID: PMC4987334 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls provide stability and protection to plant cells. During growth and development the composition of cell walls changes, but provides enough strength to withstand the turgor of the cells. Hence, cell walls are highly flexible and diverse in nature. These characteristics are important during root growth, as plant roots consist of radial patterns of cells that have diverse functions and that are at different developmental stages along the growth axis. Young stem cell daughters undergo a series of rapid cell divisions, during which new cell walls are formed that are highly dynamic, and that support rapid anisotropic cell expansion. Once the cells have differentiated, the walls of specific cell types need to comply with and support different cell functions. For example, a newly formed root hair needs to be able to break through the surrounding soil, while endodermal cells modify their walls at distinct positions to form Casparian strips between them. Hence, the cell walls are modified and rebuilt while cells transit through different developmental stages. In addition, the cell walls of roots readjust to their environment to support growth and to maximize nutrient uptake. Many of these modifications are likely driven by different developmental and stress signaling pathways. However, our understanding of how such pathways affect cell wall modifications and what enzymes are involved remain largely unknown. In this review we aim to compile data linking cell wall content and re-modeling to developmental stages of root cells, and dissect how root cell walls respond to certain environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Somssich
- School of Biosciences, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Staffan Persson,
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Avramova V, Sprangers K, Beemster GTS. The Maize Leaf: Another Perspective on Growth Regulation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:787-797. [PMID: 26490722 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana root tip has been a key experimental system to study organ growth regulation. It has clear advantages for genetic, transcriptomic, and cell biological studies that focus on the control of cell division and expansion along its longitudinal axis. However, the system shows some limitations for methods that currently require too much tissue to perform them at subzonal resolution, including quantification of proteins, enzyme activity, hormone, and metabolite levels and cell wall extensibility. By contrast, the larger size of the maize leaf does allow such analyses. Here we highlight exciting new possibilities to advance mechanistic understanding of plant growth regulation by using the maize leaf as a complimentary system to the Arabidopsis root tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Avramova
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katrien Sprangers
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gerrit T S Beemster
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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de Wit M, Ljung K, Fankhauser C. Contrasting growth responses in lamina and petiole during neighbor detection depend on differential auxin responsiveness rather than different auxin levels. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:198-209. [PMID: 25963518 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Foliar shade triggers rapid growth of specific structures that facilitate access of the plant to direct sunlight. In leaves of many plant species, this growth response is complex because, although shade triggers the elongation of petioles, it reduces the growth of the lamina. How the same external cue leads to these contrasting growth responses in different parts of the leaf is not understood. Using mutant analysis, pharmacological treatment and gene expression analyses, we investigated the role of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR7 (PIF7) and the growth-promoting hormone auxin in these contrasting leaf growth responses. Both petiole elongation and lamina growth reduction are dependent on PIF7. The induction of auxin production is both necessary and sufficient to induce opposite growth responses in petioles vs lamina. However, these contrasting growth responses are not caused by different auxin concentrations in the two leaf parts. Our work suggests that a transient increase in auxin levels triggers tissue-specific growth responses in different leaf parts. We provide evidence suggesting that this may be caused by the different sensitivity to auxin in the petiole vs the blade and by tissue-specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke de Wit
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christian Fankhauser
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Wilson MH, Holman TJ, Sørensen I, Cancho-Sanchez E, Wells DM, Swarup R, Knox JP, Willats WGT, Ubeda-Tomás S, Holdsworth M, Bennett MJ, Vissenberg K, Hodgman TC. Multi-omics analysis identifies genes mediating the extension of cell walls in the Arabidopsis thaliana root elongation zone. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:10. [PMID: 25750913 PMCID: PMC4335395 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell wall composition is important for regulating growth rates, especially in roots. However, neither analyses of cell wall composition nor transcriptomes on their own can comprehensively reveal which genes and processes are mediating growth and cell elongation rates. This study reveals the benefits of carrying out multiple analyses in combination. Sections of roots from five anatomically and functionally defined zones in Arabidopsis thaliana were prepared and divided into three biological replicates. We used glycan microarrays and antibodies to identify the major classes of glycans and glycoproteins present in the cell walls of these sections, and identified the expected decrease in pectin and increase in xylan from the meristematic zone (MS), through the rapid and late elongation zones (REZ, LEZ) to the maturation zone and the rest of the root, including the emerging lateral roots. Other compositional changes included extensin and xyloglucan levels peaking in the REZ and increasing levels of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGP) epitopes from the MS to the LEZ, which remained high through the subsequent mature zones. Immuno-staining using the same antibodies identified the tissue and (sub)cellular localization of many epitopes. Extensins were localized in epidermal and cortex cell walls, while AGP glycans were specific to different tissues from root-hair cells to the stele. The transcriptome analysis found several gene families peaking in the REZ. These included a large family of peroxidases (which produce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) needed for cell expansion), and three xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase genes (XTH17, XTH18, and XTH19). The significance of the latter may be related to a role in breaking and re-joining xyloglucan cross-bridges between cellulose microfibrils, a process which is required for wall expansion. Knockdowns of these XTHs resulted in shorter root lengths, confirming a role of the corresponding proteins in root extension growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Wilson
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Tara J. Holman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Glycobiology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ester Cancho-Sanchez
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Darren M. Wells
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - J. Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
| | - William G. T. Willats
- Plant Glycobiology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana Ubeda-Tomás
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Michael Holdsworth
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Malcolm J. Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Laboratory of Plant Growth and Development, Department of Biology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - T. Charlie Hodgman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamSutton Bonington, UK
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Wilson MH, Holman TJ, Sørensen I, Cancho-Sanchez E, Wells DM, Swarup R, Knox JP, Willats WGT, Ubeda-Tomás S, Holdsworth M, Bennett MJ, Vissenberg K, Hodgman TC. Multi-omics analysis identifies genes mediating the extension of cell walls in the Arabidopsis thaliana root elongation zone. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015. [PMID: 25750913 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00010/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell wall composition is important for regulating growth rates, especially in roots. However, neither analyses of cell wall composition nor transcriptomes on their own can comprehensively reveal which genes and processes are mediating growth and cell elongation rates. This study reveals the benefits of carrying out multiple analyses in combination. Sections of roots from five anatomically and functionally defined zones in Arabidopsis thaliana were prepared and divided into three biological replicates. We used glycan microarrays and antibodies to identify the major classes of glycans and glycoproteins present in the cell walls of these sections, and identified the expected decrease in pectin and increase in xylan from the meristematic zone (MS), through the rapid and late elongation zones (REZ, LEZ) to the maturation zone and the rest of the root, including the emerging lateral roots. Other compositional changes included extensin and xyloglucan levels peaking in the REZ and increasing levels of arabinogalactan-proteins (AGP) epitopes from the MS to the LEZ, which remained high through the subsequent mature zones. Immuno-staining using the same antibodies identified the tissue and (sub)cellular localization of many epitopes. Extensins were localized in epidermal and cortex cell walls, while AGP glycans were specific to different tissues from root-hair cells to the stele. The transcriptome analysis found several gene families peaking in the REZ. These included a large family of peroxidases (which produce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) needed for cell expansion), and three xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase/hydrolase genes (XTH17, XTH18, and XTH19). The significance of the latter may be related to a role in breaking and re-joining xyloglucan cross-bridges between cellulose microfibrils, a process which is required for wall expansion. Knockdowns of these XTHs resulted in shorter root lengths, confirming a role of the corresponding proteins in root extension growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Wilson
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Tara J Holman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Iben Sørensen
- Plant Glycobiology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ester Cancho-Sanchez
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Darren M Wells
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Ranjan Swarup
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
| | - William G T Willats
- Plant Glycobiology Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana Ubeda-Tomás
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Michael Holdsworth
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Laboratory of Plant Growth and Development, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
| | - T Charlie Hodgman
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington, UK
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Cole RA, McInally SA, Fowler JE. Developmentally distinct activities of the exocyst enable rapid cell elongation and determine meristem size during primary root growth in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:386. [PMID: 25551204 PMCID: PMC4302519 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exocytosis is integral to root growth: trafficking components of systems that control growth (e.g., PIN auxin transport proteins) to the plasma membrane, and secreting materials that expand the cell wall to the apoplast. Spatiotemporal regulation of exocytosis in eukaryotes often involves the exocyst, an octameric complex that tethers selected secretory vesicles to specific sites on the plasma membrane and facilitates their exocytosis. We evaluated Arabidopsis lines with mutations in four exocyst components (SEC5, SEC8, EXO70A1 and EXO84B) to explore exocyst function in primary root growth. RESULTS The mutants have root growth rates that are 82% to 11% of wild-type. Even in lines with the most severe defects, the organization of the quiescent center and tissue layers at the root tips appears similar to wild-type, although meristematic, transition, and elongation zones are shorter. Reduced cell production rates in the mutants are due to the shorter meristems, but not to lengthened cell cycles. Additionally, mutants demonstrate reduced anisotropic cell expansion in the elongation zone, but not the meristematic zone, resulting in shorter mature cells that are similar in shape to wild-type. As expected, hypersensitivity to brefeldin A links the mutant root growth defect to altered vesicular trafficking. Several experimental approaches (e.g., dose-response measurements, localization of signaling components) failed to identify aberrant auxin or brassinosteroid signaling as a primary driver for reduced root growth in exocyst mutants. CONCLUSIONS The exocyst participates in two spatially distinct developmental processes, apparently by mechanisms not directly linked to auxin or brassinosteroid signaling pathways, to help establish root meristem size, and to facilitate rapid cell expansion in the elongation zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex A Cole
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, 97331 OR USA
| | - Samantha A McInally
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, 97331 OR USA
| | - John E Fowler
- Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, 2082 Cordley Hall, Corvallis, 97331 OR USA
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Pitaksaringkarn W, Matsuoka K, Asahina M, Miura K, Sage-Ono K, Ono M, Yokoyama R, Nishitani K, Ishii T, Iwai H, Satoh S. XTH20 and XTH19 regulated by ANAC071 under auxin flow are involved in cell proliferation in incised Arabidopsis inflorescence stems. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 80:604-14. [PMID: 25182467 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
One week after partial incision of Arabidopsis inflorescence stems, the repair process in damaged tissue includes pith cell proliferation. Auxin is a key factor driving this process, and ANAC071, a transcription factor gene, is upregulated in the distal region of the incised stem. Here we show that XTH20 and the closely related XTH19, members of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases family catalyzing molecular grafting and/or hydrolysis of cell wall xyloglucans, were also upregulated in the distal part of the incised stem, similar to ANAC071. XTH19 was expressed in the proximal incision region after 3 days or after auxin application to the decapitated stem. Horizontal positioning of the plant with the incised side up resulted in decreased ProDR 5 :GUS, ANAC071, XTH20, and XTH19 expression and reduced pith cell proliferation. In incised stems of Pro35S :ANAC071-SRDX plants, expression of XTH20 and XTH19 was substantially and moderately decreased, respectively. XTH20 and XTH19 expression and pith cell proliferation were suppressed in anac071 plants and were increased in Pro35S :ANAC071 plants. Pith cell proliferation was also inhibited in the xth20xth19 double mutant. Furthermore, ANAC071 bound to the XTH20 and XTH19 promoters to induce their expression. This study revealed XTH20 and XTH19 induction by auxin via ANAC071 in the distal part of an incised stem and their involvement in cell proliferation in the tissue reunion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerasak Pitaksaringkarn
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
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Xu P, Cai XT, Wang Y, Xing L, Chen Q, Xiang CB. HDG11 upregulates cell-wall-loosening protein genes to promote root elongation in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4285-95. [PMID: 24821957 PMCID: PMC4112634 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The gain-of-function mutant edt1 shows significantly enhanced drought tolerance and a well-developed root system including deeper primary roots and more lateral roots. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the improved root system of edt1, we performed transcriptome comparison between the wild-type and edt1 roots. One of the interesting findings from the analysis was that several gene families of cell-wall-loosening proteins were upregulated in the mutant roots, including expansins, extensins, xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs), pectin-related enzymes, and cellulases. Most of these genes contain HD-binding cis-elements in their promoters predominantly with the TTTAATTT sequence, which can be bound by HDG11 in vitro and in vivo. The coordinated expression of these gene families overlaps fast root elongation. Furthermore, overexpression of AtEXPA5, which was dramatically upregulated in edt1, resulted in longer primary roots because cells were more extended longitudinally. When combined by crossing the AtEXPA5-overexpression lines with one pectin methylesterase inhibitor family protein (PMEI) gene (At5g62360)- or one cellulase (CEL) gene (At2g32990)-overexpression lines, the primary roots of the progeny even exceeded both parents in length. Our results demonstrate that HDG11 directly upregulates cell-wall-loosening protein genes, which is correlated with altered root system architecture, and confirm that cell-wall-loosening proteins play important roles in coordinating cell-wall extensibility with root development. The results of transgene experiments showed that expansin works together with PMEI and CEL to generate synergistic effects on primary root elongation, suggesting that different cell-wall-loosening protein families may function in combination to generate optimal effects on root extensibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xiao-Teng Cai
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Lu Xing
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Cheng-Bin Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
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Dangwal M, Kapoor S, Kapoor M. The PpCMT chromomethylase affects cell growth and interacts with the homolog of LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 in the moss Physcomitrella patens. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:589-603. [PMID: 24329971 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chromomethylases (CMTs) are plant-specific cytosine DNA methyltransferases that are involved in maintenance of CpNpG methylation. In seed plants, histone methylation and interaction of CMT with LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN 1 (LHP1) is essential for recruitment of CMT to target sites. LHP1 has been characterized as a putative component of the POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX1 (PRC1) in plants, and functions downstream of PRC2 to maintain genes in repressed state for orchestrated development. In the present study, we show that targeted disruption of PpCMT results in an approximately 50% reduction in global cytosine methylation levels. This affects growth of apical cells, predominantly growth of side branch initials emerging from chloronema cells. In some places, these cells develop thick walls with plasmolyzed cellular contents. Transcript accumulation patterns of genes involved in apical cell extension and metabolism of hemicelluloses, such as xyloglucans, in the primary cell walls decreased many fold in ppcmt mutant lines, as determined by real-time PCR. Using yeast two-hybrid method and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay, we show that PpCMT and PpLHP1 interact through their chromo domains, while PpLHP1 homodimerizes through its chromo shadow domain. The results presented in this study provide insight into the role of the single chromomethylase, PpCMT, in proliferation of protonema filaments, and shed light on the evolutionary conservation of proteins interacting with these methylases in the early land plant, Physcomitrella patens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Dangwal
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India
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Paque S, Mouille G, Grandont L, Alabadí D, Gaertner C, Goyallon A, Muller P, Primard-Brisset C, Sormani R, Blázquez MA, Perrot-Rechenmann C. AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN1 links cell wall remodeling, auxin signaling, and cell expansion in arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:280-95. [PMID: 24424095 PMCID: PMC3963575 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.120048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell expansion is an increase in cell size and thus plays an essential role in plant growth and development. Phytohormones and the primary plant cell wall play major roles in the complex process of cell expansion. In shoot tissues, cell expansion requires the auxin receptor AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN1 (ABP1), but the mechanism by which ABP1 affects expansion remains unknown. We analyzed the effect of functional inactivation of ABP1 on transcriptomic changes in dark-grown hypocotyls and investigated the consequences of gene expression on cell wall composition and cell expansion. Molecular and genetic evidence indicates that ABP1 affects the expression of a broad range of cell wall-related genes, especially cell wall remodeling genes, mainly via an SCF(TIR/AFB)-dependent pathway. ABP1 also functions in the modulation of hemicellulose xyloglucan structure. Furthermore, fucosidase-mediated defucosylation of xyloglucan, but not biosynthesis of nonfucosylated xyloglucan, rescued dark-grown hypocotyl lengthening of ABP1 knockdown seedlings. In muro remodeling of xyloglucan side chains via an ABP1-dependent pathway appears to be of critical importance for temporal and spatial control of cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Paque
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Laurie Grandont
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - David Alabadí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Planta, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cyril Gaertner
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Goyallon
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Muller
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Primard-Brisset
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Rodnay Sormani
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Miguel A. Blázquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Planta, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Catherine Perrot-Rechenmann
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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Miedes E, Suslov D, Vandenbussche F, Kenobi K, Ivakov A, Van Der Straeten D, Lorences EP, Mellerowicz EJ, Verbelen JP, Vissenberg K. Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) overexpression affects growth and cell wall mechanics in etiolated Arabidopsis hypocotyls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2481-97. [PMID: 23585673 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Growth and biomechanics of etiolated hypocotyls from Arabidopsis thaliana lines overexpressing xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase AtXTH18, AtXTH19, AtXTH20, and PttXET16-34 were studied. Overexpression of AtXTH18, AtXTH19, and AtXTH20 stimulated growth of hypocotyls, while PttXET16-34 overexpression did not show this effect. In vitro extension of frozen/thawed hypocotyls measured by a constant-load extensiometer started from a high-amplitude initial deformation followed by a slow time-dependent creep. Creep of growing XTH-overexpressing (OE) hypocotyls was more linear in time compared with the wild type at pH 5.0, reflecting their higher potential for long-term extension. XTH-OE plants deposited 65-84% more cell wall material per hypocotyl cross-sectional area than wild-type plants. As a result, their wall stress under each external load was lower than in the wild-type. Growing XTH-OE hypocotyls had higher values of initial deformation·stress(-1) compared with the wild type. Plotting creep rates for each line under different loads against the respective wall stress values gave straight lines. Their slopes and intercepts with the abscissa correspond to ϕ (in vitro cell wall extensibility) and y (in vitro cell wall yield threshold) values characterizing cell wall material properties. The wall material in XTH-OE lines was more pliant than in the wild type due to lower y values. In contrast, the acid-induced wall extension in vitro resulted from increasing ϕ values. Thus, three factors contributed to the XTH-OE-stimulated growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls: their more linear creep, higher values of initial deformation·stress(-1), and lower y values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Miedes
- Department of Biology, Plant Growth and Development, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
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Markakis MN, De Cnodder T, Lewandowski M, Simon D, Boron A, Balcerowicz D, Doubbo T, Taconnat L, Renou JP, Höfte H, Verbelen JP, Vissenberg K. Identification of genes involved in the ACC-mediated control of root cell elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:208. [PMID: 23134674 PMCID: PMC3502322 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Along the root axis of Arabidopsis thaliana, cells pass through different developmental stages. In the apical meristem repeated cycles of division increase the numbers of cells. Upon leaving the meristem, these cells pass the transition zone where they are physiologically and mechanically prepared to undergo subsequent rapid elongation. During the process of elongation epidermal cells increase their length by 300% in a couple of hours. When elongation ceases, the cells acquire their final size, shape and functions (in the differentiation zone). Ethylene administered as its precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is capable of inhibiting elongation in a concentration-dependent way. Using a microarray analysis, genes and/or processes involved in this elongation arrest are identified. RESULTS Using a CATMA-microarray analysis performed on control and 3h ACC-treated roots, 240 differentially expressed genes were identified. Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR analysis of the 10 most up and down regulated genes combined with literature search confirmed the accurateness of the analysis. This revealed that inhibition of cell elongation is, at least partly, caused by restricting the events that under normal growth conditions initiate elongation and by increasing the processes that normally stop cellular elongation at the end of the elongation/onset of differentiation zone. CONCLUSIONS ACC interferes with cell elongation in the Arabidopsis thaliana roots by inhibiting cells from entering the elongation process and by immediately stimulating the formation of cross-links in cell wall components, diminishing the remaining elongation capacity. From the analysis of the differentially expressed genes, it becomes clear that many genes identified in this response, are also involved in several other kind of stress responses. This suggests that many responses originate from individual elicitors, but that somewhere in the downstream signaling cascade, these are converged to a 'common pathway'. Furthermore, several potential keyplayers, such as transcription factors and auxin-responsive genes, were identified by the microarray analysis. They await further analysis to reveal their exact role in the control of cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Nektarios Markakis
- Biology Dept., Plant Growth and Development, Univ. Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen, 2020, Belgium
| | - Tinne De Cnodder
- Biology Dept., Plant Growth and Development, Univ. Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen, 2020, Belgium
| | - Michal Lewandowski
- Biology Dept., Plant Growth and Development, Univ. Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen, 2020, Belgium
| | - Damien Simon
- Biology Dept., Plant Growth and Development, Univ. Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen, 2020, Belgium
| | - Agnieszka Boron
- Biology Dept., Plant Growth and Development, Univ. Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen, 2020, Belgium
| | - Daria Balcerowicz
- Biology Dept., Plant Growth and Development, Univ. Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen, 2020, Belgium
| | - Thanaa Doubbo
- Biology Dept., Plant Growth and Development, Univ. Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen, 2020, Belgium
| | - Ludivine Taconnat
- Unité Mixte de Recherche de Genomique Végétale, Institut National pour la Recherche Agronomique/Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux-CP 5708. F–91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences UMR1345 (INRA/Agrocampus-ouest/Université d’Angers), Centre Angers-Nantes/INRA-IRHS batiment B, 42 rue Georges Morel – BP 60057 49071, Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de St-Cyr (RD10), F–78026, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Verbelen
- Biology Dept., Plant Growth and Development, Univ. Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen, 2020, Belgium
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Biology Dept., Plant Growth and Development, Univ. Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen, 2020, Belgium
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Kitomi Y, Inahashi H, Takehisa H, Sato Y, Inukai Y. OsIAA13-mediated auxin signaling is involved in lateral root initiation in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 190:116-22. [PMID: 22608525 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin is essential for root formation. After auxin perception, transmission of the auxin signal progresses through the degradation of Aux/IAA proteins. In this study, we newly isolated and characterized a rice gain-of-function mutant, Osiaa13, containing a single amino acid substitution in the core sequence required for the degradation of the OsIAA13 protein. The Osiaa13 mutant displayed typical auxin-related phenotypes: the number of lateral roots was significantly reduced and the root gravitropic response was defective. Osiaa13 mutants also exhibited altered GUS staining controlled by the DR5 promoter in lateral root initiation sites. Furthermore, expression levels of several genes that might be associated with lateral root initiation were altered in Osiaa13. Taken together, our results indicate that OsIAA13 is involved in auxin signaling and controls the expression of genes that are required for lateral root initiation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kitomi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan.
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