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Kimura I, Kanegae T. A phytochrome/phototropin chimeric photoreceptor promotes growth of fern gametophytes under limited light conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2403-2416. [PMID: 38189579 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Many ferns thrive even in low-light niches such as under an angiosperm forest canopy. However, the shade adaptation strategy of ferns is not well understood. Phytochrome 3/neochrome (phy3/neo) is an unconventional photoreceptor, found in the fern Adiantum capillus-veneris, that controls both red and blue light-dependent phototropism and chloroplast photorelocation, which are considered to improve photosynthetic efficiency in ferns. Here we show that phy3/neo localizes not only at the plasma membrane but also in the nucleus. Since both phototropism and chloroplast photorelocation are mediated by membrane-associated phototropin photoreceptors, we speculated that nucleus-localized phy3/neo possesses a previously undescribed biological function. We reveal that phy3/neo directly interacts with Adiantum cryptochrome 3 (cry3) in the nucleus. Plant cryptochromes are blue light receptors that transcriptionally regulate photomorphogenesis; therefore, phy3/neo may function via cry3 to synchronize light-mediated development with phototropism and chloroplast photorelocation to promote fern growth under low-light conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that phy3/neo regulates the expression of the Cyclin-like gene AcCyc1 and promotes prothallium expansion growth. These findings provide insight into the shade adaptation strategy of ferns and suggest that phy3/neo plays a substantial role in the survival and growth of ferns during the tiny gametophytic stage under low-light conditions, such as those on the forest floor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Kimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanegae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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2
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John SP, Svihla ZT, Hasenstein KH. Changes in endogenous abscisic acid and stomata of the resurrection fern, Pleopeltis polypodioides, in response to de- and rehydration. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16152. [PMID: 36896495 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE While angiosperms respond uniformly to abscisic acid (ABA) by stomatal closure, the response of ferns to ABA is ambiguous. We evaluated the effect of endogenous ABA, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), nitric oxide (NO), and Ca2+ , low and high light intensities, and blue light (BL) on stomatal opening of Pleopeltis polypodioides. METHODS Endogenous ABA was quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; microscopy results and stomatal responses to light and chemical treatments were analyzed with Image J. RESULTS The ABA content increases during initial dehydration, peaks at 15 h and then decreases to one fourth of the ABA content of hydrated fronds. Following rehydration, ABA content increases within 24 h to the level of hydrated tissue. The stomatal aperture opens under BL and remains open even in the presence of ABA. Closure was strongly affected by BL, NO, and Ca2+ , regardless of ABA, H2 O2 effect was weak. CONCLUSIONS The decrease in the ABA content during extended dehydration and insensitivity of the stomata to ABA suggests that the drought tolerance mechanism of Pleopeltis polypodioides is independent of ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan P John
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70503, USA
| | - Zachary T Svihla
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70503, USA
| | - Karl H Hasenstein
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70503, USA
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3
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Lin X, Wu B, Wang J, Wang G, Chen Z, Liang Y, Liu J, Wang H. Effects of Geographical and Climatic Factors on the Intrinsic Water Use Efficiency of Tropical Plants: Evidence from Leaf 13C. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:951. [PMID: 36840299 PMCID: PMC9962877 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the water use efficiency (WUE) and adaptation strategies of plants in high-temperature and rainy areas is essential under global climate change. The leaf carbon content (LCC) and intrinsic WUE of 424 plant samples (from 312 plant species) on Hainan Island were measured to examine their relationship with geographical and climatic factors in herbs, trees, vines and ferns. The LCC ranged from 306.30 to 559.20 mg g-1, with an average of 418.85 mg g-1, and decreased with increasing mean annual temperature (MAT). The range of intrinsic WUE was 8.61 to 123.39 μmol mol-1 with an average value of 60.66 μmol mol-1. The intrinsic WUE decreased with increasing altitude and relative humidity (RH) and wind speed (WS), but increased with increasing latitude, MAT and rainy season temperature (RST), indicating that geographical and climatic factors affect the intrinsic WUE. Stepwise regression suggested that in tropical regions with high temperature and humidity, the change in plant intrinsic WUE was mainly driven by WS. In addition, the main factors affecting the intrinsic WUE of different plant functional types of plants are unique, implying that plants of different plant functional types have distinctive adaptive strategies to environmental change. The present study may provide an insight in water management in tropical rainforest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Lin
- School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Opening Project Fund of Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops/Danzhou Investigation and Experiment Station of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Bingsun Wu
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Opening Project Fund of Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops/Danzhou Investigation and Experiment Station of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Opening Project Fund of Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops/Danzhou Investigation and Experiment Station of Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Danzhou 571700, China
| | - Guoan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zixun Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongyi Liang
- School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jiexi Liu
- School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institutes of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- College of International Studies, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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4
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Long SP, Taylor SH, Burgess SJ, Carmo-Silva E, Lawson T, De Souza AP, Leonelli L, Wang Y. Into the Shadows and Back into Sunlight: Photosynthesis in Fluctuating Light. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:617-648. [PMID: 35595290 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070221-024745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is an important remaining opportunity for further improvement in the genetic yield potential of our major crops. Measurement, analysis, and improvement of leaf CO2 assimilation (A) have focused largely on photosynthetic rates under light-saturated steady-state conditions. However, in modern crop canopies of several leaf layers, light is rarely constant, and the majority of leaves experience marked light fluctuations throughout the day. It takes several minutes for photosynthesis to regain efficiency in both sun-shade and shade-sun transitions, costing a calculated 10-40% of potential crop CO2 assimilation. Transgenic manipulations to accelerate the adjustment in sun-shade transitions have already shown a substantial productivity increase in field trials. Here, we explore means to further accelerate these adjustments and minimize these losses through transgenic manipulation, gene editing, and exploitation of natural variation. Measurement andanalysis of photosynthesis in sun-shade and shade-sun transitions are explained. Factors limiting speeds of adjustment and how they could be modified to effect improved efficiency are reviewed, specifically nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), Rubisco activation, and stomatal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Long
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
- Departments of Plant Biology and Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel H Taylor
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Burgess
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
| | | | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda P De Souza
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
| | - Lauriebeth Leonelli
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
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5
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Enhancing In Vitro Production of the Tree Fern Cyathea delgadii and Modifying Secondary Metabolite Profiles by LED Lighting. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030486. [PMID: 35159295 PMCID: PMC8834616 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The tree ferns are an important component of tropical forests. In view of this, the enhancement of in vitro production of these plants is needed. Thus, the effect of different light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as well as control fluorescent lamps (Fl) and a 3-week-long period of darkness at the beginning of in vitro culture on micropropagation of the tree fern Cyathea delgadii Sternb. was analysed. Moreover, the photosynthetic pigment content and secondary metabolite profiles were estimated. The period of darkness contributed to a high production of somatic embryo-derived sporophytes and a low production of gametophytes. The formation of new sporophytes was stimulated by RBY (35% red, 15% blue, and 50% yellow) and B (100% blue) lights when the stipe explants or whole young sporophytes were used in the culture, respectively. The elongation of the roots and leaves was stimulated by RBfR light (35% red, 15% blue, and 50% far red), while root production increased under RBY light. The RB (70% red and 30% blue) and B lights stimulated the accumulation of chlorophyll better than Fl light. The most abundant metabolite found in the plant extracts was trans-5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (1.013 µg/mg of dry weight). The extract obtained from plants growing in a greenhouse had the best antioxidant activity.
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6
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Kubásek J, Hájek T, Duckett J, Pressel S, Šantrůček J. Moss stomata do not respond to light and CO 2 concentration but facilitate carbon uptake by sporophytes: a gas exchange, stomatal aperture, and 13 C-labelling study. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1815-1828. [PMID: 33458818 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Stomata exert control on fluxes of CO2 and water (H2 O) in the majority of vascular plants and thus are pivotal for planetary fluxes of carbon and H2 O. However, in mosses, the significance and possible function of the sporophytic stomata are not well understood, hindering understanding of the ancestral function and evolution of these key structures of land plants. Infrared gas analysis and 13 CO2 labelling, with supporting data from gravimetry and optical and scanning electron microscopy, were used to measure CO2 assimilation and water exchange on young, green, ± fully expanded capsules of 11 moss species with a range of stomatal numbers, distributions, and aperture sizes. Moss sporophytes are effectively homoiohydric. In line with their open fixed apertures, moss stomata, contrary to those in tracheophytes, do not respond to light and CO2 concentration. Whereas the sporophyte cuticle is highly impermeable to gases, stomata are the predominant sites of 13 CO2 entry and H2 O loss in moss sporophytes, and CO2 assimilation is closely linked to total stomatal surface areas. Higher photosynthetic autonomy of moss sporophytes, consequent on the presence of numerous stomata, may have been the key to our understanding of evolution of large, gametophyte-independent sporophytes at the onset of plant terrestrialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kubásek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, 1760/31, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, 1760/31, Czech Republic
| | - Jeffrey Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská, České Budějovice, 1760/31, Czech Republic
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7
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Chater CCC. Light in the darkness: how ferns flourished in the ancestral angiosperm forest. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:886-888. [PMID: 33725385 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caspar C C Chater
- Department of Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
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8
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Cai S, Huang Y, Chen F, Zhang X, Sessa E, Zhao C, Marchant DB, Xue D, Chen G, Dai F, Leebens‐Mack JH, Zhang G, Shabala S, Christie JM, Blatt MR, Nevo E, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Franks PJ, Wu F, Chen Z. Evolution of rapid blue-light response linked to explosive diversification of ferns in angiosperm forests. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1201-1213. [PMID: 33280113 PMCID: PMC8048903 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ferns appear in the fossil record some 200 Myr before angiosperms. However, as angiosperm-dominated forest canopies emerged in the Cretaceous period there was an explosive diversification of modern (leptosporangiate) ferns, which thrived in low, blue-enhanced light beneath angiosperm canopies. A mechanistic explanation for this transformative event in the diversification of ferns has remained elusive. We used physiological assays, transcriptome analysis and evolutionary bioinformatics to investigate a potential connection between the evolution of enhanced stomatal sensitivity to blue light in modern ferns and the rise of angiosperm-dominated forests in the geological record. We demonstrate that members of the largest subclade of leptosporangiate ferns, Polypodiales, have significantly faster stomatal response to blue light than more ancient fern lineages and a representative angiosperm. We link this higher sensitivity to levels of differentially expressed genes in blue-light signaling, particularly in the cryptochrome (CRY) signaling pathway. Moreover, CRYs of the Polypodiales examined show gene duplication events between 212.9-196.9 and 164.4-151.8 Ma, when angiosperms were emerging, which are lacking in other major clades of extant land plants. These findings suggest that evolution of stomatal blue-light sensitivity helped modern ferns exploit the shady habitat beneath angiosperm forest canopies, fueling their Cretaceous hyperdiversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengguan Cai
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
- School of ScienceWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Yuqing Huang
- School of ScienceWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - Fei Chen
- School of ScienceWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou310036China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Emily Sessa
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32611USA
| | - Chenchen Zhao
- School of ScienceWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
| | - D. Blaine Marchant
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32611USA
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32611USA
- Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Dawei Xue
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou310036China
| | - Guang Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Centre for Grain IndustryCollege of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhou434025China
| | - Fei Dai
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | | | - Guoping Zhang
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of AgricultureUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTAS7004Australia
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane BiologyFoshan UniversityFoshan528041China
| | - John M. Christie
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Michael R. Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Eviatar Nevo
- Institute of EvolutionUniversity of HaifaMount CarmelHaifa34988384Israel
| | - Pamela S. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32611USA
| | - Douglas E. Soltis
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32611USA
- Florida Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFL32611USA
| | - Peter J. Franks
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | - Feibo Wu
- College of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Zhong‐Hua Chen
- School of ScienceWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2751Australia
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9
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Abstract
The control of gaseous exchange between the leaf and external atmosphere is governed by stomatal conductance (gs); therefore, stomata play a critical role in photosynthesis and transpiration and overall plant productivity. Stomatal conductance is determined by both anatomical features and behavioral characteristics. Here we review some of the osmoregulatory pathways in guard cell metabolism, genes and signals that determine stomatal function and patterning, and the recent work that explores coordination between gs and carbon assimilation (A) and the influence of spatial distribution of functional stomata on underlying mesophyll anatomy. We also evaluate the current literature on mesophyll-driven signals that may coordinate stomatal behavior with mesophyll carbon assimilation and explore stomatal kinetics as a possible target to improve A and water use efficiency. By understanding these processes, we can start to provide insight into manipulation of these regulatory pathways to improve stomatal behavior and identify novel unexploited targets for altering stomatal behavior and improving crop plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Science, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom;
| | - Jack Matthews
- School of Life Science, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom;
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10
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Matthews JSA, Vialet-Chabrand S, Lawson T. Role of blue and red light in stomatal dynamic behaviour. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2253-2269. [PMID: 31872212 PMCID: PMC7134916 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants experience changes in light intensity and quality due to variations in solar angle and shading from clouds and overlapping leaves. Stomatal opening to increasing irradiance is often an order of magnitude slower than photosynthetic responses, which can result in CO2 diffusional limitations on leaf photosynthesis, as well as unnecessary water loss when stomata continue to open after photosynthesis has reached saturation. Stomatal opening to light is driven by two distinct pathways; the 'red' or photosynthetic response that occurs at high fluence rates and saturates with photosynthesis, and is thought to be the main mechanism that coordinates stomatal behaviour with photosynthesis; and the guard cell-specific 'blue' light response that saturates at low fluence rates, and is often considered independent of photosynthesis, and important for early morning stomatal opening. Here we review the literature on these complicated signal transduction pathways and osmoregulatory processes in guard cells that are influenced by the light environment. We discuss the possibility of tuning the sensitivity and magnitude of stomatal response to blue light which potentially represents a novel target to develop ideotypes with the 'ideal' balance between carbon gain, evaporative cooling, and maintenance of hydraulic status that is crucial for maximizing crop performance and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack S A Matthews
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
| | | | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, UK
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11
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Brodribb TJ, Sussmilch F, McAdam SAM. From reproduction to production, stomata are the master regulators. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:756-767. [PMID: 31596990 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The best predictor of leaf level photosynthetic rate is the porosity of the leaf surface, as determined by the number and aperture of stomata on the leaf. This remarkable correlation between stomatal porosity (or diffusive conductance to water vapour gs ) and CO2 assimilation rate (A) applies to all major lineages of vascular plants (Figure 1) and is sufficiently predictable that it provides the basis for the model most widely used to predict water and CO2 fluxes from leaves and canopies. Yet the Ball-Berry formulation is only a phenomenological approximation that captures the emergent character of stomatal behaviour. Progressing to a more mechanistic prediction of plant gas exchange is challenging because of the diversity of biological components regulating stomatal action. These processes are the product of more than 400 million years of co-evolution between stomatal, vascular and photosynthetic tissues. Both molecular and structural components link the abiotic world of the whole plant with the turgor pressure of the epidermis and guard cells, which ultimately determine stomatal pore size and porosity to water and CO2 exchange (New Phytol., 168, 2005, 275). In this review we seek to simplify stomatal behaviour by using an evolutionary perspective to understand the principal selective pressures involved in stomatal evolution, thus identifying the primary regulators of stomatal aperture. We start by considering the adaptive process that has locked together the regulation of water and carbon fluxes in vascular plants, finally examining specific evidence for evolution in the proteins responsible for regulating guard cell turgor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Frances Sussmilch
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wurzburg, Wuerzburg, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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12
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Kübarsepp L, Laanisto L, Niinemets Ü, Talts E, Tosens T. Are stomata in ferns and allies sluggish? Stomatal responses to CO 2 , humidity and light and their scaling with size and density. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:183-195. [PMID: 31479517 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fast stomatal reactions enable plants to successfully cope with a constantly changing environment yet there is an ongoing debate on the stomatal regulation mechanisms in basal plant groups. We measured stomatal morphological parameters in 29 fern and allied species from temperate to tropical biomes and two outgroup angiosperm species. Stomatal dynamic responses to environmental drivers were measured in 16 ferns and the two angiosperms using a gas-exchange system. Principal components analyses were used to further reveal the structure-function relationships in stomata. We show a > 10-fold variation for stomatal opening delays and 20-fold variation for stomatal closing delays in ferns. Across species, stomatal responses to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) were the fastest, while light and [CO2 ] responses were slower. In most cases the outgroup species' reaction speeds to changes in environmental variables were similar to those of ferns. Correlations between stomatal response rate and size were apparent for stomatal opening in light and low [CO2 ] while not evident for closing reactions and changes in VPD. No correlations between stomatal density and response speed were observed. Together, this study demonstrates different mechanisms controlling stomatal reactions in ferns at different environmental stimuli, which should be considered in future studies relating stomatal morphology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa Kübarsepp
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Lauri Laanisto
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn, 10130, Estonia
| | - Eero Talts
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Tiina Tosens
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
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13
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Grantz DA, Linscheid BS, Grulke NE. Differential responses of stomatal kinetics and steady-state conductance to abscisic acid in a fern: comparison with a gymnosperm and an angiosperm. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1883-1892. [PMID: 30740702 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Origins of abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated metabolic control of stomatal conductance have been suggested to be recent, based on a gradualistic model of stomatal evolution. In ferns, steady-state stomatal conductance (gs ) was unresponsive to ABA in some studies, supporting this model. Stomatal kinetic responses to ABA have not been considered. We used dynamic gas exchange methods to characterise half times of stomatal opening and closing in response to step changes in light, across a range of ABA exposures in three diverse taxa. All taxa had asymmetric kinetics, with closure slower than opening in fern and cedar, but faster than opening in soybean. Closing was fastest in soybean but opening was slowest. Stomatal kinetics, particularly for closure, responded to ABA in all three taxa. Steady-state gs did not respond significantly to ABA in fern or cedar but responded strongly in soybean. Stomatal kinetics were responsive to ABA in fern. This finding supports a contrasting, single origin model, with ABA-mediated regulation of stomata arising early, in conjunction with stomata themselves. Stomatal kinetics are underutilised. Differential responses of opening and closing rates to environmental and hormonal stimuli may provide insights into phylogeny and stomatal regulatory strategies with potential application to selection for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Grantz
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Kearney Agricultural Center, University of California at Riverside, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA
| | - Brandon S Linscheid
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Kearney Agricultural Center, University of California at Riverside, Parlier, CA, 93648, USA
| | - Nancy E Grulke
- Pacific Northwest Research Station, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Bend, OR, 97702, USA
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14
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Sussmilch FC, Schultz J, Hedrich R, Roelfsema MRG. Acquiring Control: The Evolution of Stomatal Signalling Pathways. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:342-351. [PMID: 30797685 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In vascular plants, stomata balance two opposing functions: they open to facilitate CO2 uptake and close to prevent excessive water loss. Here, we discuss the evolution of three major signalling pathways that are known to control stomatal movements in angiosperms in response to light, CO2, and abscisic acid (ABA). We examine the evolutionary origins of key signalling genes involved in these pathways, and compare their expression patterns between an angiosperm and moss. We propose that variation in stomatal sensitivity to stimuli between plant groups are rooted in differences in: (i) gene presence/absence, (ii) specificity of gene spatial expression pattern, and (iii) protein characteristics and functional interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances C Sussmilch
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Schultz
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, D-97218 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M Rob G Roelfsema
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany.
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15
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Gotoh E, Oiwamoto K, Inoue SI, Shimazaki KI, Doi M. Stomatal response to blue light in crassulacean acid metabolism plants Kalanchoe pinnata and Kalanchoe daigremontiana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1367-1374. [PMID: 30576518 PMCID: PMC6382328 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Blue light (BL) is a fundamental cue for stomatal opening in both C3 and C4 plants. However, it is unknown whether crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants open their stomata in response to BL. We investigated stomatal BL responses in the obligate CAM plants Kalanchoe pinnata and Kalanchoe daigremontiana that characteristically open their stomata at night and close them for part of the day, as contrasted with C3 and C4 plants. Stomata opened in response to weak BL superimposed on background red light in both intact leaves and detached epidermal peels of K. pinnata and K. daigremontiana. BL-dependent stomatal opening was completely inhibited by tautomycin and vanadate, which repress type 1 protein phosphatase and plasma membrane H+-ATPase, respectively. The plasma membrane H+-ATPase activator fusicoccin induced stomatal opening in the dark. Both BL and fusicoccin induced phosphorylation of the guard cell plasma membrane H+-ATPase in K. pinnata. These results indicate that BL-dependent stomatal opening occurs in the obligate CAM plants K. pinnata and K. daigremontiana independently of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Gotoh
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohei Oiwamoto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Inoue
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Shimazaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michio Doi
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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16
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Smirnakou S, Ouzounis T, Radoglou KM. Continuous Spectrum LEDs Promote Seedling Quality Traits and Performance of Quercus ithaburensis var. macrolepis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:188. [PMID: 28261244 PMCID: PMC5306215 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the growth, development, and quality of plants by the control of light quality has attracted extensive attention worldwide. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of continuous LED spectrum for indoor plant pre-cultivation and to investigate the morphological and physiological responses of a common broadleaved tree species in Mediterranean environment, Quercus ithaburensis var. macrolepis at seedling developmental stage. Thus, the seedlings were pre-cultivated for 28 days, under five different LED light qualities: (1) Fluorescent (FL) as control light (2) L20AP67 (high in green and moderate in far-red), (3) AP673L (high in green and red), (4) G2 (highest in red and far-red), AP67 (high in blue, red, and far-red), and (5) NS1 (highest in blue and green and lowest in far-red) LEDs. Further examination was held at the nursery for 1 year, on several seedling quality traits. Indeed, AP67 and AP673L triggered higher leaf formation, while L20AP67 positively affected seedling shoot development. NS1 and AP67 LED pre-cultivated seedlings showed significantly higher root fibrosity than those of FL light. Furthermore, NS1 and AP673L LEDs induced fourfold increase on seedling root dry weight than FL light. Hence, evaluating the seedling nursery performance attributes, most of those photomorphogenetic responses previously obtained were still detectable. Even more so, LED pre-cultivated seedlings showed higher survival and faster growth indicating better adaptation even under natural light conditions, a fact further reinforced by the significantly higher Dickson's quality index acquired. In conclusion, the goal of each nursery management program is the production of high quality seedlings with those desirable traits, which in turn satisfy the specific needs for a particular reforestation site. Thus, the enhanced oak seedling quality traits formed under continuous LEDs spectrum especially of NS1 and AP673L pre-cultivation may potentially fulfill this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Smirnakou
- Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of ThraceNea Orestiada, Greece
| | - Theoharis Ouzounis
- Horticulture and Product Physiology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Kalliopi M. Radoglou
- Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of ThraceNea Orestiada, Greece
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17
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Franks PJ, Britton-Harper ZJ. No evidence of general CO2 insensitivity in ferns: one stomatal control mechanism for all land plants? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 211:819-27. [PMID: 27214852 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal regulation of plant carbon uptake and water loss under changing environmental conditions was a crucial evolutionary step in the colonization of land by plants. There are currently two conflicting models describing the nature of stomatal regulation across terrestrial vascular plants: the first is characterized by a fundamental mechanistic similarity across all lineages, and the second is characterized by the evolution of major differences in angiosperms compared with more ancient lineages. Specifically, the second model posits that stomata of ferns lack a response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (ca ) and therefore cannot regulate leaf intercellular CO2 concentration (ci ). We compared stomatal sensitivity to changes in ca in three distantly related fern species and a representative angiosperm species. Fern and angiosperm stomata responded strongly and similarly to changes in ca . As a result, ci /ca was maintained within narrow limits during ca changes. Our results challenge the model in which stomata of ferns generally lack a response to elevated ca and that angiosperms evolved new dynamic mechanisms for regulating leaf gas exchange that differ fundamentally from ferns. Instead, the results are consistent with a universal stomatal control mechanism that is fundamentally conserved across ferns and angiosperms, and therefore likely all vascular plant divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Franks
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Zoe J Britton-Harper
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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18
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Schwerbrock R, Leuschner C. Air humidity as key determinant of morphogenesis and productivity of the rare temperate woodland fern Polystichum braunii. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:649-657. [PMID: 26891763 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
(1) Most ferns are restricted to moist and shady habitats, but it is not known whether soil moisture or atmospheric water status are decisive limiting factors, or if both are equally important. (2) Using the rare temperate woodland fern Polystichum braunii, we conducted a three-factorial climate chamber experiment (soil moisture (SM) × air humidity (RH) × air temperature (T)) to test the hypotheses that: (i) atmospheric water status (RH) exerts a similarly large influence on the fern's biology as soil moisture, and (ii) both a reduction in RH and an increase in air temperature reduce vigour and growth. (3) Nine of 11 morphological, physiological and growth-related traits were significantly influenced by an increase in RH from 65% to 95%, leading to higher leaf conductance, increased above- and belowground productivity, higher fertility, more epidermal trichomes and fewer leaf deformities under high air humidity. In contrast, soil moisture variation (from 66% to 70% in the moist to ca. 42% in the dry treatment) influenced only one trait (specific leaf area), and temperature variation (15 °C versus 19 °C during daytime) only three traits (leaf conductance, root/shoot ratio, specific leaf area); RH was the only factor affecting productivity. (4) This study is the first experimental proof for a soil moisture-independent air humidity effect on the growth of terrestrial woodland ferns. P. braunii appears to be an air humidity hygrophyte that, whithin the range of realistic environmental conditions set in this study, suffers more from a reduction in RH than in soil moisture. A climate warming-related increase in summer temperatures, however, seems not to directly threaten this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Schwerbrock
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - C Leuschner
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Plant Ecology and Ecosystems Research, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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19
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Ishishita K, Suetsugu N, Hirose Y, Higa T, Doi M, Wada M, Matsushita T, Gotoh E. Functional characterization of blue-light-induced responses and PHOTOTROPIN 1 gene in Welwitschia mirabilis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:175-87. [PMID: 26858202 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The blue light (BL) receptor phototropin (phot) is specifically found in green plants; it regulates various BL-induced responses such as phototropism, chloroplast movement, stomatal opening, and leaf flattening. In Arabidopsis thaliana, two phototropins--phot1 and phot2--respond to blue light in overlapping but distinct ways. These BL-receptor-mediated responses enhance the photosynthetic activity of plants under weak light and minimize photodamage under strong light conditions. Welwitschia mirabilis Hook.f. found in the Namib Desert, and it has adapted to severe environmental stresses such as limiting water and strong sunlight. Although the plant has physiologically and ecologically unique features, it is unknown whether phototropin is functional in this plant. In this study, we assessed the functioning of phot-mediated BL responses in W. mirabilis. BL-dependent phototropism and stomatal opening was observed but light-dependent chloroplast movement was not detected. We performed a functional analysis of the PHOT1 gene of W. mirabilis, WmPHOT1, in Arabidopsis thaliana. We generated transgenic A. thaliana lines expressing WmPHOT1 in a phot1 phot2 double mutant background. Several Wmphot1 transgenic plants showed normal growth, although phot1 phot2 double mutant plants showed stunted growth. Furthermore, Wmphot1 transgenic plants showed normal phot1-mediated responses including phototropism, chloroplast accumulation, stomatal opening, and leaf flattening, but lacked the chloroplast avoidance response that is specifically mediated by phot2. Thus, our findings indicate that W. mirabilis possesses typical phot-mediated BL responses that were at least partially mediated by functional phototropin 1, an ortholog of Atphot1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ishishita
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
- Department of Plant Gene and Totipotency, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirose
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takeshi Higa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
- Department of Plant Gene and Totipotency, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Michio Doi
- Faculty of Art and Science, Kyushu University, Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Wada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Tomonao Matsushita
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Eiji Gotoh
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan.
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20
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Haworth M, Killi D, Materassi A, Raschi A. Coordination of stomatal physiological behavior and morphology with carbon dioxide determines stomatal control. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:677-88. [PMID: 26022482 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Stomatal control is determined by the ability to alter stomatal aperture and/or the number of stomata on the surface of new leaves in response to growth conditions. The development of stomatal control mechanisms to the concentration of CO₂within the atmosphere ([CO₂]) is fundamental to our understanding of plant evolutionary history and the prediction of gas exchange responses to future [CO₂]. METHODS In a controlled environment, fern and angiosperm species were grown in atmospheres of ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (2000 ppm) [CO₂]. Physiological stomatal behavior was compared with the stomatal morphological response to [CO₂]. KEY RESULTS An increase in [CO₂] or darkness induced physiological stomatal responses ranging from reductions (active) to no change (passive) in stomatal conductance. Those species with passive stomatal behavior exhibited pronounced reductions of stomatal density in new foliage when grown in elevated [CO₂], whereas species with active stomata showed little morphological response to [CO₂]. Analysis of the physiological and morphological stomatal responses of a wider range of species suggests that patterns of stomatal control to [CO₂] do not follow a phylogenetic pattern associated with plant evolution. CONCLUSIONS Selective pressures may have driven the development of divergent stomatal control strategies to increased [CO₂]. Those species that are able to actively regulate guard cell turgor are more likely to respond to [CO₂] through a change in stomatal aperture than stomatal number. We propose a model of stomatal control strategies in response to [CO₂] characterized by a trade-off between short-term physiological behavior and longer-term morphological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Haworth
- CNR-Istituto di Biometeorologia (IBIMET), Via Giovanni Caproni 8 50145 Florence, Italy
| | - Dilek Killi
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences (DiSPAA), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28 50144 Florence, Italy Institute of Natural and Applied Science, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University 17020 Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Alessandro Materassi
- CNR-Istituto di Biometeorologia (IBIMET), Via Giovanni Caproni 8 50145 Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Raschi
- CNR-Istituto di Biometeorologia (IBIMET), Via Giovanni Caproni 8 50145 Florence, Italy
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21
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McAdam SAM, Brodribb TJ. The evolution of mechanisms driving the stomatal response to vapor pressure deficit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:833-43. [PMID: 25637454 PMCID: PMC4348763 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.252940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal responses to vapor pressure deficit (VPD) are a principal means by which vascular land plants regulate daytime transpiration. While much work has focused on characterizing and modeling this response, there remains no consensus as to the mechanism that drives it. Explanations range from passive regulation by leaf hydration to biochemical regulation by the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). We monitored ABA levels, leaf gas exchange, and water status in a diversity of vascular land plants exposed to a symmetrical, mild transition in VPD. The stomata in basal lineages of vascular plants, including gymnosperms, appeared to respond passively to changes in leaf water status induced by VPD perturbation, with minimal changes in foliar ABA levels and no hysteresis in stomatal action. In contrast, foliar ABA appeared to drive the stomatal response to VPD in our angiosperm samples. Increased foliar ABA level at high VPD in angiosperm species resulted in hysteresis in the recovery of stomatal conductance; this was most pronounced in herbaceous species. Increased levels of ABA in the leaf epidermis were found to originate from sites of synthesis in other parts of the leaf rather than from the guard cells themselves. The transition from a passive regulation to ABA regulation of the stomatal response to VPD in the earliest angiosperms is likely to have had critical implications for the ecological success of this lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A M McAdam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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22
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Costa JM, Monnet F, Jannaud D, Leonhardt N, Ksas B, Reiter IM, Pantin F, Genty B. Open All Night Long: the dark side of stomatal control. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:289-94. [PMID: 25527716 PMCID: PMC4326751 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.253369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Isolation of Arabidopsis mutants that maintain stomata open all night long credits the existence of dedicated regulators for stomatal closure in darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Miguel Costa
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.),Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), andUniversité Aix-Marseille (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France;Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84000 Avignon, France (F.M.); andCentro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (J.M.C.)
| | - Fabien Monnet
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.),Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), andUniversité Aix-Marseille (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France;Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84000 Avignon, France (F.M.); andCentro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (J.M.C.)
| | - Dorothée Jannaud
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.),Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), andUniversité Aix-Marseille (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France;Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84000 Avignon, France (F.M.); andCentro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (J.M.C.)
| | - Nathalie Leonhardt
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.),Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), andUniversité Aix-Marseille (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France;Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84000 Avignon, France (F.M.); andCentro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (J.M.C.)
| | - Brigitte Ksas
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.),Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), andUniversité Aix-Marseille (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France;Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84000 Avignon, France (F.M.); andCentro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (J.M.C.)
| | - Ilja M Reiter
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.),Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), andUniversité Aix-Marseille (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France;Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84000 Avignon, France (F.M.); andCentro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (J.M.C.)
| | - Florent Pantin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.),Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), andUniversité Aix-Marseille (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France;Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84000 Avignon, France (F.M.); andCentro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (J.M.C.)
| | - Bernard Genty
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.),Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265 (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), andUniversité Aix-Marseille (J.M.C., F.M., D.J., N.L., B.K., I.M.R., F.P., B.G.), Biologie Végétale et Microbiologie Environnementales, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France;Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse, 84000 Avignon, France (F.M.); andCentro de Botânica Aplicada à Agricultura, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal (J.M.C.)
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Creese C, Oberbauer S, Rundel P, Sack L. Are fern stomatal responses to different stimuli coordinated? Testing responses to light, vapor pressure deficit, and CO2 for diverse species grown under contrasting irradiances. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 204:92-104. [PMID: 25077933 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The stomatal behavior of ferns provides an excellent system for disentangling responses to different environmental signals, which balance carbon gain against water loss. Here, we measured responses of stomatal conductance (gs ) to irradiance, CO2 , and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) for 13 phylogenetically diverse species native to open and shaded habitats, grown under high- and low-irradiance treatments. We tested two main hypotheses: that plants adapted and grown in high-irradiance environments would have greater responsiveness to all stimuli given higher flux rates; and that species' responsiveness to different factors would be correlated because of the relative simplicity of fern stomatal control. We found that species with higher light-saturated gs had larger responses, and that plants grown under high irradiance were more responsive to all stimuli. Open habitat species showed greater responsiveness to irradiance and CO2 , but lower responsiveness to VPD; a case of plasticity and adaptation tending in different directions. Responses of gs to irradiance and VPD were positively correlated across species, but CO2 responses were independent and highly variable. The novel finding of correlations among stomatal responses to different stimuli suggests coordination of hydraulic and photosynthetic signaling networks modulating fern stomatal responses, which show distinct optimization at growth and evolutionary time-scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Creese
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA
| | - Steve Oberbauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Phil Rundel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Box 951606, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA
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24
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McAdam SA, Brodribb TJ. Separating active and passive influences on stomatal control of transpiration. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1578-86. [PMID: 24488969 PMCID: PMC3982724 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.231944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by studies suggesting that the stomata of ferns and lycophytes do not conform to the standard active abscisic acid (ABA) -mediated stomatal control model, we examined stomatal behavior in a conifer species (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) that is phylogenetically midway between the fern and angiosperm clades. Similar to ferns, daytime stomatal closure in response to moderate water stress seemed to be a passive hydraulic process in M. glyptostroboides immediately alleviated by rehydrating excised shoots. Only after prolonged exposure to more extreme water stress did active ABA-mediated stomatal closure become important, because foliar ABA production was triggered after leaf turgor loss. The influence of foliar ABA on stomatal conductance and stomatal aperture was highly predictable and additive with the passive hydraulic influence. M. glyptostroboides thus occupies a stomatal behavior type intermediate between the passively controlled ferns and the characteristic ABA-dependent stomatal closure described in angiosperm herbs. These results highlight the importance of considering phylogeny as a major determinant of stomatal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A.M. McAdam
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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25
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Raven JA, Edwards D. Photosynthesis in Early Land Plants: Adapting to the Terrestrial Environment. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6988-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Phosphorylation of BLUS1 kinase by phototropins is a primary step in stomatal opening. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2094. [PMID: 23811955 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Opening of stomata in the plant facilitates photosynthetic CO2 fixation and transpiration. Blue-light perception by phototropins (phot1, phot2) activates the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase, causing stomata to open. Here we describe a regulator that connects these components, a Ser/Thr protein kinase, BLUS1 (BLUE LIGHT SIGNALING1), which mediates a primary step for phototropin signalling in guard cells. blus1 mutants identified by infrared thermography result in a loss of blue light-dependent stomatal opening. BLUS1 encodes a protein kinase that is directly phosphorylated by phot1 in vitro and in vivo at Ser-348 within its C-terminus. Both phosphorylation of Ser-348 and BLUS1 kinase activity are essential for activation of the H(+)-ATPase. blus1 mutants show lower stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation than wild-type plants under decreased ambient CO2. Together, our analyses demonstrate that BLUS1 functions as a phototropin substrate and primary regulator of stomatal control to enhance photosynthetic CO2 assimilation under natural light conditions.
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27
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Gago J, Coopman RE, Cabrera HM, Hermida C, Molins A, Conesa MÀ, Galmés J, Ribas-Carbó M, Flexas J. Photosynthesis limitations in three fern species. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 149:599-611. [PMID: 23692357 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Maximum photosynthesis rates in ferns are generally lower than those of seed plants, but little is known about the limiting factors, which are crucial to understand the evolution of photosynthesis in land plants. To address this issue, a gas exchange/chlorophyll fluorescence analysis was performed in three fern species spanning high phylogenetic range within Polypodiopsida (Osmunda regalis, Blechnum gibbum and Nephrolepis exaltata) to determine their maximum net photosynthesis (AN ), stomatal (gs ) and mesophyll (gm ) conductances to CO2 , and the maximum velocity of carboxylation (Vc,max ). The in vitro Rubisco specificity factor (SC /O ) was also determined. All three species had values for SC /O similar to those typical of seed plants, but values of AN , gs , gm and Vc,max were within the lowest range of those observed in seed plants. In addition, gs was unresponsive to light and CO2 , as already described in other fern species. On the contrary, gm varied with changes CO2 . A quantitative photosynthesis limitation analysis suggested that early land plants (ferns) presented not only stomatal limitations-which were less adjustable to the environment-but also restricted gm and Vc,max , resulting in limited maximum photosynthesis rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Gago
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Rafael E Coopman
- Forest Ecophysiology Laboratory, Conservation, Biodiversity and Territory Institute, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Carmen Hermida
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Arántzazu Molins
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Miquel À Conesa
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Jeroni Galmés
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Miquel Ribas-Carbó
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Grup de Recerca en Biologia de les Plantes en Condicions Mediterrànies, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
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28
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Ran JH, Shen TT, Liu WJ, Wang XQ. Evolution of the bHLH genes involved in stomatal development: implications for the expansion of developmental complexity of stomata in land plants. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78997. [PMID: 24244399 PMCID: PMC3823973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomata play significant roles in plant evolution. A trio of closely related basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) subgroup Ia genes, SPCH, MUTE and FAMA, mediate sequential steps of stomatal development, and their functions may be conserved in land plants. However, the evolutionary history of the putative SPCH/MUTE/FAMA genes is still greatly controversial, especially the phylogenetic positions of the bHLH Ia members from basal land plants. To better understand the evolutionary pattern and functional diversity of the bHLH genes involved in stomatal development, we made a comprehensive evolutionary analysis of the homologous genes from 54 species representing the major lineages of green plants. The phylogenetic analysis indicated: (1) All bHLH Ia genes from the two basal land plants Physcomitrella and Selaginella were closely related to the FAMA genes of seed plants; and (2) the gymnosperm 'SPCH' genes were sister to a clade comprising the angiosperm SPCH and MUTE genes, while the FAMA genes of gymnosperms and angiosperms had a sister relationship. The revealed phylogenetic relationships are also supported by the distribution of gene structures and previous functional studies. Therefore, we deduce that the function of FAMA might be ancestral in the bHLH Ia subgroup. In addition, the gymnosperm "SPCH" genes may represent an ancestral state and have a dual function of SPCH and MUTE, two genes that could have originated from a duplication event in the common ancestor of angiosperms. Moreover, in angiosperms, SPCHs have experienced more duplications and harbor more copies than MUTEs and FAMAs, which, together with variation of the stomatal development in the entry division, implies that SPCH might have contributed greatly to the diversity of stomatal development. Based on the above, we proposed a model for the correlation between the evolution of stomatal development and the genes involved in this developmental process in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hua Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Juan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Quan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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29
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Sessa EB, Givnish TJ. Leaf form and photosynthetic physiology ofDryopterisspecies distributed along light gradients in eastern North America. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily B. Sessa
- Department of Botany; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 430 Lincoln Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Thomas J. Givnish
- Department of Botany; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 430 Lincoln Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
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30
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Leaf physiological response to light environment of three tree fern species in a Mexican cloud forest. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467413000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Abundance and physiology of three understorey tree fern species were compared in a Mexican cloud forest. We hypothesized that the distribution of species would be associated with canopy openness and leaf physiological characteristics. In gullies (1–2% full sun), Alsophila firma was abundant, Cyathea divergens was distributed in moderately open places (4–9%), and Lophosoria quadripinnata preferred more open canopy (9–30%). Although 11 leaf traits of five plants of each species growing under closed and open canopies over 1 y did not differ within species, there were significant interspecific differences. Alsophila firma had comparatively low maximum electron transport rate ETRmax (26.8 ± 1.81 μmol m−2 s−1) and ETR light saturation point (ETRLSP: 261 ± 36.1 μmol m−2 s−1), high specific leaf area (SLA), thin leaves and decreased quantum yield during a leaf desiccation experiment. Cyathea divergens had relatively high maximum quantum yield (0.84 ± 0.004), ETRmax (37.3 ± 1.8 μmol m−2 s−1) and ETRLSP (409 ± 40.0 μmol m−2 s−1). Lophosoria quadripinnata had comparatively thick leaves, low SLA, high predawn water potential, high density (606 ± 25.5 mm−2) and small length (0.026 ± 0.002 mm) stomata. The results support the hypothesis that light sensitivity shapes tree fern distribution in the cloud forest.
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31
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McAdam SAM, Brodribb TJ. Ancestral stomatal control results in a canalization of fern and lycophyte adaptation to drought. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:429-441. [PMID: 23421706 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how a predominantly passive hydraulic stomatal control in ferns and lycophytes might impact water use under stress. Ferns and lycophytes occupy a diverse array of habitats, from deserts to rainforest canopies, raising the question of whether stomatal behaviour is the same under all ecological strategies and imposes ecological or functional constraints on ferns and lycophytes. We examined the stomatal response of a diverse sample of fern and lycophyte species to both soil and atmospheric water stress, assessing the foliar level of the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) over drought and recovery and the critical leaf water potential (Ψl) at which photosynthesis in droughted leaves failed to recover. The stomata of all ferns and lycophytes showed very predictable responses to soil and atmospheric water deficit via Ψl, while stomatal closure was poorly correlated with changes in ABA. We found that all ferns closed stomata at very low levels of water stress and their survival afterwards was limited only by their capacitance and desiccation tolerance. Ferns and lycophytes have constrained stomatal responses to soil and atmospheric water deficit as a consequence of a predominantly passive stomatal regulation. This results in a monotypic strategy in ferns and lycophytes under water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A M McAdam
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
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32
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Soni DK, Ranjan S, Singh R, Khare PB, Pathre UV, Shirke PA. Photosynthetic characteristics and the response of stomata to environmental determinants and ABA in Selaginella bryopteris, a resurrection spike moss species. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 191-192:43-52. [PMID: 22682564 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Selaginella bryopteris is a spike-moss lycophyte species with resurrection capability. These plants have small sized stomata that occur in higher density than in other fern species. The diurnal gas-exchange studies under natural conditions showed a bell shaped net photosynthesis curve. The effective quantum yield of PSII (ΔF/F(m')) showed an inverse relationship with light and recovered to its maximum at sunset. This suggests that there was a complete recovery of PSII efficiency during the late evening hours. S. bryopteris displayed broad temperature optima for net photosynthesis from 28 °C to 37 °C. The stomatal sensitivity in response to vapor pressure deficit (VPD), was maximum at 25 °C temperature while at temperatures from 30 to 35 °C it was low. Our study demonstrates that S. bryopteris plants show a very poor mechanism for its stomatal regulation in response to high light, high temperature, high VPD, high CO₂ and to ABA treatment. At the same time they show a high stomatal conductance leading to unrestricted rates of transpiration and a lack of capacity to optimize water use efficiency (WUE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra K Soni
- Plant Physiology Division, CSIR(1)-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
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33
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Haworth M, Elliott-Kingston C, McElwain JC. Co-ordination of physiological and morphological responses of stomata to elevated [CO2] in vascular plants. Oecologia 2012; 171:71-82. [PMID: 22810089 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant stomata display a wide range of short-term behavioural and long-term morphological responses to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO(2)]). The diversity of responses suggests that plants may have different strategies for controlling gas exchange, yet it is not known whether these strategies are co-ordinated in some way. Here, we test the hypothesis that there is co-ordination of physiological (via aperture change) and morphological (via stomatal density change) control of gas exchange by plants. We examined the response of stomatal conductance (G(s)) to instantaneous changes in external [CO(2)] (C(a)) in an evolutionary cross-section of vascular plants grown in atmospheres of elevated [CO(2)] (1,500 ppm) and sub-ambient [O(2)] (13.0 %) compared to control conditions (380 ppm CO(2), 20.9 % O(2)). We found that active control of stomatal aperture to [CO(2)] above current ambient levels was not restricted to angiosperms, occurring in the gymnosperms Lepidozamia peroffskyana and Nageia nagi. The angiosperm species analysed appeared to possess a greater respiratory demand for stomatal movement than gymnosperm species displaying active stomatal control. Those species with little or no control of stomatal aperture (termed passive) to C(a) were more likely to exhibit a reduction in stomatal density than species with active stomatal control when grown in atmospheres of elevated [CO(2)]. The relationship between the degree of stomatal aperture control to C(a) above ambient and the extent of any reduction in stomatal density may suggest the co-ordination of physiological and morphological responses of stomata to [CO(2)] in the optimisation of water use efficiency. This trade-off between stomatal control strategies may have developed due to selective pressures exerted by the costs associated with passive and active stomatal control.
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Abstract
When stomata first evolved they initiated the greening of terrestrial earth, and now more than 400 million years later these simple bi-cellular valves in the leaf surface regulate global fluxes of water and carbon. Despite their importance and superficial simplicity, the behaviour of stomata remains a great challenge to understand. Different approaches to studying stomatal control have yielded rather disparate models for how stomata respond to environmental stimuli. Much of this discord arises from the diversity of mechanisms apparently involved in changing guard cell turgor and hence the aperture of the stomatal pore. On the one hand, the physical tension produced by dragging water from the soil through the xylem to the leaves directly influences leaf and guard cell turgor, while on the other hand, phytohormone levels (most importantly abscisic acid), light, photosynthesis and atmospheric gases induce active changes in guard cell turgor by triggering ionic pumping. Each stomatal control mechanism has its own champion and no model has ever successfully integrated all components. In such an environment there is great value in examining how different parts of the stomatal control network interact, particularly the competition between 'hydraulic' signals related to leaf water content and 'metabolic' signals related to ambient photosynthetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Brodribb
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Bag 55, Hobart 7001, Australia.
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36
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Aasamaa K, Sõber A. Responses of stomatal conductance to simultaneous changes in two environmental factors. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 31:855-64. [PMID: 21856657 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To clarify interactions between stomatal responses to two simultaneous environmental changes, the rates of change in stomatal conductance were measured after simultaneously changing two environmental factors from the set of air humidity, leaf water potential (hydraulic environmental factors), air CO(2) concentration and light intensity (photosynthetic environmental factors). The stomatal responses to changes in leaf water potential were not significantly modified by any other simultaneous environmental change. A decrease in air humidity was followed by a decrease in stomatal conductance, and an increase in air humidity was followed by an increase in the conductance, irrespective of the character of the simultaneous change in the photosynthetic environmental factor. If the simultaneous change had an opposite effect on stomatal conductance, the rate of change in stomatal conductance was higher than the theoretical summed rate-the sum of the rate following one environmental change and the rate following another environmental change, measured separately. That is, the stomatal response to air humidity dominated over the responses to photosynthetic environmental factors. Yet, if the simultaneous change in photosynthetic factors had a codirectional effect on stomatal conductance, the rate of stomatal conductance change was lower than the theoretical summed rate. After a simultaneous change of two photosynthetic environmental factors, the rate of stomatal conductance change was very similar to the theoretical rate, if both the environmental changes had a codirectional effect on stomatal conductance. If the changes in the photosynthetic factors had opposite effects on stomatal conductance, the conductance increased, irrespective of the character of the increasing environmental factor. In drought-stressed trees, the rates of change in stomatal conductance tended to differ from the theoretical summed rates more than in well-watered trees. Stomatal closure following an increase in CO(2) concentration was the stomatal response that was most strongly suppressed by the response to another simultaneous environmental change. Six species of temperate deciduous trees were shown to be similar in their relations between the stomatal responses to two simultaneous environmental changes. The mechanism and ecological significance of the interactions between the two signal response pathways of stomata are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krõõt Aasamaa
- Department of Silviculture, Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu 51014, Estonia.
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Kinoshita T, Hayashi Y. New Insights into the Regulation of Stomatal Opening by Blue Light and Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 289:89-115. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386039-2.00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Mott KA. Opinion: stomatal responses to light and CO(2) depend on the mesophyll. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:1479-86. [PMID: 19627565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which stomata respond to red light and CO(2) are unknown, but much of the current literature assumes that these mechanisms reside wholly within the guard cells. However, responses of guard cells in isolated epidermes are typically much smaller than those in leaves, and there are several lines of evidence in the literature suggesting that the mesophyll is necessary for these responses in leaves. This paper advances the opinion that although guard cells may have small direct responses to red light and CO(2), most of the stomatal response to these factors in leaves is caused by an unknown signal that originates in the mesophyll.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Mott
- Biology Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5305, USA.
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Brodribb TJ, McAdam SAM, Jordan GJ, Feild TS. Evolution of stomatal responsiveness to CO(2) and optimization of water-use efficiency among land plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:839-847. [PMID: 19402882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The stomata of angiosperms respond to changes in ambient atmospheric concentrations of CO(2) (C(a)) in ways that appear to optimize water-use efficiency. It is unknown where in the history of land plants this important stomatal control mechanism evolved. Here, we test the hypothesis that major clades of plants have distinct stomatal sensitivities to C(a) reflecting a relatively recent evolution of water-use optimization in derived angiosperms. Responses of stomatal conductance (g(s)) to step changes between elevated, ambient and low C(a) (600, 380 and 100 micromol mol(-1), respectively) were compared in a phylogenetically and ecologically diverse range of higher angiosperms, conifers, ferns and lycopods. All species responded to low C(a) by increasing g(s) but only angiosperm stomata demonstrated a significant closing response when C(a) was elevated to 600 micromol mol(-1). As a result, angiosperms showed significantly greater increases in water-use efficiency under elevated C(a) than the other lineages. The data suggest that the angiosperms have mechanisms for detecting and responding to increases in C(a) that are absent from earlier diverging lineages, and these mechanisms impart a greater capacity to optimize water-use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Brodribb
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Scott A M McAdam
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Gregory J Jordan
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Taylor S Feild
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37919, USA
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Abstract
Chloroplasts are a key feature of most guard cells; however, the function of these organelles in stomatal responses has been a subject of debate. This review examines evidence for and against a role of guard cell chloroplasts in stimulating stomatal opening. Controversy remains over the extent to which guard cell Calvin cycle activity contributes to stomatal regulation. However, this is only one of four possible functions of guard cell chloroplasts; other roles include supply of ATP, blue-light signalling and starch storage. Evidence exists for all these mechanisms, but is highly dependent upon species and growth/measurement conditions, with inconsistencies between different laboratories reported. Significant plasticity and extreme flexibility in guard cell osmoregulatory, signalling and sensory pathways may be one explanation. The use of chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis of individual guard cells is discussed in assessing guard and mesophyll cell physiology in relation to stomatal function. Developments in transgenic and molecular techniques have recently provided interesting, albeit contrasting, data regarding the role of these highly conserved organelles in stomatal function. Recent studies examining the link between mesophyll photosynthesis and stomatal conductance are discussed. An enhanced understanding of these processes may be fundamental in generating crop plants with greater water use efficiencies, capable of combating future climatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Lawson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
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Doi M, Shimazaki KI. The stomata of the fern Adiantum capillus-veneris do not respond to CO2 in the dark and open by photosynthesis in guard cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:922-30. [PMID: 18467462 PMCID: PMC2409034 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.118950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The stomata of the fern Adiantum capillus-veneris lack a blue light-specific opening response but open in response to red light. We investigated this light response of Adiantum stomata and found that the light wavelength dependence of stomatal opening matched that of photosynthesis. The simultaneous application of red (2 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) and far-red (50 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) light synergistically induced stomatal opening, but application of only one of these wavelengths was ineffective. Adiantum stomata did not respond to CO2 in the dark; the stomata neither opened under a low intercellular CO2 concentration nor closed under high intercellular CO2 concentration. Stomata in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which were used as a control, showed clear sensitivity to CO2. In Adiantum, stomatal conductance showed much higher light sensitivity when the light was applied to the lower leaf surface, where stomata exist, than when it was applied to the upper surface. This suggests that guard cells likely sensed the light required for stomatal opening. In the epidermal fragments, red light induced both stomatal opening and K+ accumulation in guard cells, and both of these responses were inhibited by a photosynthetic inhibitor, 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. The stomatal opening was completely inhibited by CsCl, a K+ channel blocker. In intact fern leaves, red light-induced stomatal opening was also suppressed by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. These results indicate that Adiantum stomata lack sensitivity to CO2 in the dark and that stomatal opening is driven by photosynthetic electron transport in guard cell chloroplasts, probably via K+ uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Doi
- Center for Research and Advancement in Higher Education , Kyushu University, Ropponmatsu, Fukuoka 810-8560, Japan
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42
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Suetsugu N, Wada M. Phytochrome-dependent photomovement responses mediated by phototropin family proteins in cryptogam plants. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 83:87-93. [PMID: 16542113 DOI: 10.1562/2006-02-27-ir-817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the regulation of photomovement responses by phototropin and phytochrome photoreceptors. The blue light receptor phototropin mediates various photomovement responses such as phototropism, chloroplast movement and stomatal opening. In cryptogamic plants including ferns, mosses and green alga, red as well as blue light mediates phototropism and chloroplast movement. The red/far-red light reversibility suggests the involvement of phytochrome in these responses. Thereby, plant growth is presumably promoted by coordinating these photomovements to capture efficiently light for photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Division of Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
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43
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Wada M. The fern as a model system to study photomorphogenesis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2007; 120:3-16. [PMID: 17252173 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-006-0064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The fern gametophyte is a good model system for studying cell biological, physiological, and photobiological aspects of the fundamental processes of plant development and physiological phenomena, because of its autotrophic characteristics and its simple structure. The cells, moreover, are not surrounded by tissue, so observation and manipulation of the cells are very easy. Here I summarize a part of my knowledge of fern systems, which I have studied for nearly 40 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Wada
- Division of Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
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Lake JA, Gray JE. A diversity of scales. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 173:670-673. [PMID: 17286816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janice A Lake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN
| | - Julie E Gray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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45
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Abstract
Phototropins are blue-light receptors controlling a range of responses that serve to optimize the photosynthetic efficiency of plants. These include phototropism, light-induced stomatal opening, and chloroplast movements in response to changes in light intensity. Since the isolation of the Arabidopsis PHOT1 gene in 1997, phototropins have been identified in ferns and mosses where their physiological functions appear to be conserved. Arabidopsis contains two phototropins, phot1 and phot2, that exhibit overlapping functions in addition to having unique physiological roles. Phototropins are light-activated serine/threonine protein kinases. Light sensing by the phototropins is mediated by a repeated motif at the N-terminal region of the protein known as the LOV domain. Photoexcitation of the LOV domain results in receptor autophosphorylation and an initiation of phototropin signaling. Here we summarize the photochemical and biochemical events underlying phototropin activation in addition to the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms associated with photoreceptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Christie
- Plant Science Group, Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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