1
|
Bhaskar S, Lim S. Engineering protein nanocages as carriers for biomedical applications. NPG ASIA MATERIALS 2017; 9:e371. [PMID: 32218880 PMCID: PMC7091667 DOI: 10.1038/am.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein nanocages have been explored as potential carriers in biomedicine. Formed by the self-assembly of protein subunits, the caged structure has three surfaces that can be engineered: the interior, the exterior and the intersubunit. Therapeutic and diagnostic molecules have been loaded in the interior of nanocages, while their external surfaces have been engineered to enhance their biocompatibility and targeting abilities. Modifications of the intersubunit interactions have been shown to modulate the self-assembly profile with implications for tuning the molecular release. We review natural and synthetic protein nanocages that have been modified using chemical and genetic engineering techniques to impart non-natural functions that are responsive to the complex cellular microenvironment of malignant cells while delivering molecular cargos with improved efficiencies and minimal toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sathyamoorthy Bhaskar
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Sierin Lim
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ren Y, Mu Y, Jiang L, Yu H, Yang S, Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhang H, Sun H, Xiao C, Peng H, Zhou Y, Lu W. Multifunctional TK-VLPs nanocarrier for tumor-targeted delivery. Int J Pharm 2016; 502:249-57. [PMID: 26915810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) have been exploited for various biomedical applications, such as the monitoring, prevention, diagnosis and therapy of disease. In this study, a novel multifunctional VLPs nanocarrier (TK-VLPs) was prepared and used for tumor-targeted delivery. The SPR and cell uptake results indicated that the TK peptide is a "bi-functional ligand" with high affinity for Caco-2, HRT-18 and HUVEC cells through the integrin α6β1 and integrin αvβ3 receptors. The results of the direct immunofluorescence, SDS-PAGE and western blot assays demonstrated that the TK-VLPs were successfully prepared using the baculovirus expression system. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and the flow cytometry analysis validated that the TK-VLPs could target to Caco-2, HRT-18 and HUVEC cells. An in vivo study further confirmed that the TK-VLPs could target and efficiently deliver fluorescein to tumor cells and the tumor vasculature in mice bearing subcutaneous tumors. TK-VLPs-DOX displayed a uniform, spherical shape and an average size of approximately 28nm. The results of the cell uptake and cytotoxicity assays indicated that TK-VLPs-DOX could enhance the selectivity for colorectal cancer cells. Together, our studies provide strong evidence that TK-VLPs could target colon tumor cells and tumor angiogenesis with enhanced permeability and retention effects, suggesting that the TK-VLPs are a multifunctional nanocarrier with potential applications in a colon tumor-targeted drug delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yachao Ren
- Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu Mu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shuman Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine/Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, P216-670 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, R3E 0W2 Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yu Zhang
- Da Lian Institute For Drug Control, Dalian 116021, China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hunan Sun
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Cuihong Xiao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Haisheng Peng
- Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yulong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University & Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schoonen L, van Hest JCM. Functionalization of protein-based nanocages for drug delivery applications. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:7124-41. [PMID: 24860847 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00915k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Traditional drug delivery strategies involve drugs which are not targeted towards the desired tissue. This can lead to undesired side effects, as normal cells are affected by the drugs as well. Therefore, new systems are now being developed which combine targeting functionalities with encapsulation of drug cargo. Protein nanocages are highly promising drug delivery platforms due to their perfectly defined structures, biocompatibility, biodegradability and low toxicity. A variety of protein nanocages have been modified and functionalized for these types of applications. In this review, we aim to give an overview of different types of modifications of protein-based nanocontainers for drug delivery applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lise Schoonen
- Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Teunissen EA, de Raad M, Mastrobattista E. Production and biomedical applications of virus-like particles derived from polyomaviruses. J Control Release 2013; 172:305-321. [PMID: 23999392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs), aggregates of capsid proteins devoid of viral genetic material, show great promise in the fields of vaccine development and gene therapy. These particles spontaneously self-assemble after heterologous expression of viral structural proteins. This review will focus on the use of virus-like particles derived from polyomavirus capsid proteins. Since their first recombinant production 27 years ago these particles have been investigated for a myriad of biomedical applications. These virus-like particles are safe, easy to produce, can be loaded with a broad range of diverse cargoes and can be tailored for specific delivery or epitope presentation. We will highlight the structural characteristics of polyomavirus-derived VLPs and give an overview of their applications in diagnostics, vaccine development and gene delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Teunissen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Markus de Raad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ma Y, Nolte RJM, Cornelissen JJLM. Virus-based nanocarriers for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:811-25. [PMID: 22285585 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
New nanocarrier platforms based on natural biological building blocks offer great promises in revolutionalizing medicine. The usage of specific protein cage structures: virus-like particles (VLPs) for drug packaging and targetted delivery is summarized here. Versatile chemical and genetic modifications on the outer surfaces and inner cavities of VLPs facilitate the preparation of new materials that could meet the biocompatibility, solubility and high uptake efficiency requirements for drug delivery. A full evaluation on the toxicity, bio-distribution and immunology of these materials are envisaged to boost their application potentials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ma
- Group of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA(+) Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Federico M. Virus-like particles show promise as candidates for new vaccine strategies. Future Virol 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Federico
- National AIDS Center, Division of Pathogenesis of Retroviruses, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Takahashi RU, Kanesashi SN, Inoue T, Enomoto T, Kawano MA, Tsukamoto H, Takeshita F, Imai T, Ochiya T, Kataoka K, Yamaguchi Y, Handa H. Presentation of functional foreign peptides on the surface of SV40 virus-like particles. J Biotechnol 2008; 135:385-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Voronkova T, Kazaks A, Ose V, Ozel M, Scherneck S, Pumpens P, Ulrich R. Hamster polyomavirus-derived virus-like particles are able to transfer in vitro encapsidated plasmid DNA to mammalian cells. Virus Genes 2006; 34:303-14. [PMID: 16927120 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-006-0028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The authentic major capsid protein 1 (VP1) of hamster polyomavirus (HaPyV) consists of 384 amino acid (aa) residues (42 kDa). Expression from an additional in-frame initiation codon located upstream from the authentic VP1 open reading frame (at position -4) might result in the synthesis of a 388 aa-long, amino-terminally extended VP1 (aa -4 to aa 384; VP1(ext)). In a plasmid-mediated Drosophila Schneider (S2) cell expression system, both VP1 derivatives as well as a VP1(ext) variant with an amino acid exchange of the authentic Met1Gly (VP1(ext-M1)) were expressed to a similar high level. Although all three proteins were detected in nuclear as well as cytoplasmic fractions, formation of virus-like particles (VLPs) was observed exclusively in the nucleus as confirmed by negative staining electron microscopy. The use of a tryptophan promoter-driven Escherichia coli expression system resulted in the efficient synthesis of VP1 and VP1(ext) and formation of VLPs. In addition, establishment of an in vitro disassembly/reassembly system allowed the encapsidation of plasmid DNA into VLPs. Encapsidated DNA was found to be protected against the action of DNase I. Mammalian COS-7 and CHO cells were transfected with HaPyV-VP1-VLPs carrying a plasmid encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). In both cell lines eGFP expression was detected indicating successful transfer of the plasmid into the cells, though at a still low level. Cesium chloride gradient centrifugation allowed the separation of VLPs with encapsidated DNA from "empty" VLPs, which might be useful for further optimization of transfection. Therefore, heterologously expressed HaPyV-VP1 may represent a promising alternative carrier for foreign DNA in gene transfer applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Voronkova
- Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, Riga LV-1067, Latvia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shin YC, Folk WR. Formation of polyomavirus-like particles with different VP1 molecules that bind the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor. J Virol 2003; 77:11491-8. [PMID: 14557634 PMCID: PMC229370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.21.11491-11498.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Icosahedral virus-like particles formed by the self-assembly of polyomavirus capsid proteins (Py-VLPs) can serve as useful nanostructures for delivering nucleic acids, proteins, and pharmaceuticals into animal cells and tissues. Four predominant surface-exposed loops in the VP1 structure offer potential sites to display sequences that might contribute new targeting specificities. Introduction into each of these loops of sequences derived from the amino-terminal fragment of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) or a related phage display peptide reduced the solubility of VP1 molecules when expressed in insect cells, and insertions into the EF loop reduced VP1 solubility least. Coexpression in insect cells of the uPA-VP1 molecules and VP1 containing a FLAG epitope in the HI loop permitted the formation of heterotypic Py-VLPs containing uPA-VP1 and FLAG-VP1. These heterotypic VLPs bound to uPAR on the surfaces of animal cells. Heterotypic Py-VLPs containing ligands for multiple cell surface receptors should be useful for targeting specific cells and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young C Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fender P, Schoehn G, Foucaud-Gamen J, Gout E, Garcel A, Drouet E, Chroboczek J. Adenovirus dodecahedron allows large multimeric protein transduction in human cells. J Virol 2003; 77:4960-4. [PMID: 12663801 PMCID: PMC152161 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.8.4960-4964.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus dodecahedron is a virus-like particle composed of only two viral proteins of human adenovirus serotype 3 that are responsible for virus attachment and internalization. We show here that this dodecameric particle, devoid of genetic information, efficiently penetrates human cells and can deliver large multimeric proteins such as immunoglobulins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Fender
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, 38027 Grenoble, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
We have assembled references of 700 articles published in 2001 that describe work performed using commercially available optical biosensors. To illustrate the technology's diversity, the citation list is divided into reviews, methods and specific applications, as well as instrument type. We noted marked improvements in the utilization of biosensors and the presentation of kinetic data over previous years. These advances reflect a maturing of the technology, which has become a standard method for characterizing biomolecular interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|