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Jia Y, Wu Q, Li Y, Ma M, Song W, Chen R, Yao Y, Nair V, Zhang N, Liao M, Dai M. Revealing novel and conservative T-cell epitopes with MHC B2 restriction on H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV). J Biol Chem 2024:107395. [PMID: 38768812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
B2 haplotype MHC has been extensively reported to confer resistance to various avian diseases. But its peptide-binding motif is unknown and the presenting peptide is rarely identified. Here, we identified the peptide-binding motif of B2 haplotype MHC Ⅰ molecules (X-A/V/I/L/P/S/G-X-X-X-X-X-X-V/I/L) in vitro using Random Peptide Library-based MHC-Ⅰ LC-MS/MS analysis. To further clarify the structure basis of the peptide binding motif, we determined the crystal structure of the BF2*02:01-PB2552-560 complex at 1.9 Å resolution. We found that BF2*02:01 had a relatively wide antigen-binding groove, and the structural characterization of pockets of BF2*02:01 was consistent with the characterization of peptide-binding motif. The wider features of the peptide-binding motif and increased number of peptides bound by BF2*02:01 than BF2*04:01 might resolve the puzzles for the presence of potential H9N2 resistance in B2 chickens. Afterwards, we explored the H9N2 AIV-induced cellular immune response in B2 haplotype chickens in vivo. We found that ratio of CD8+ T cell and kinetic expression of cytotoxicity genes including Granzyme K, IFN-γ, NK lysin, and PARP in PBMCs were significantly increased in defending against H9N2 AIV infection. Especially, we selected 411 epitopes as candidate epitopes based on the peptide-binding motif and further identified four CD8+ T-cell epitopes on H9N2 AIV including NS198-106, PB2552-560, NP182-190, and NP455-463 via ELI-spot IFN-γ detections after stimulating memory lymphocytes with peptides. More importantly, these epitopes were found to be conserved in H7N9 AIV and H9N2 AIV. These findings provide direction for developing effective T cell epitope vaccines using well-conserved internal viral antigens in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Jia
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qingxin Wu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yilin Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mulin Ma
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Song
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rongmao Chen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nianzhi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Manman Dai
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Gallardo RA, da Silva AP. Immune Responses and B Complex Associated Resistance to Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Chickens. Avian Dis 2021; 65:612-618. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A. Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ana P. da Silva
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
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Carnaccini S, Palmieri C, Stoute S, Crispo M, Shivaprasad HL. Infectious laryngotracheitis of chickens: Pathologic and immunohistochemistry findings. Vet Pathol 2021; 59:112-119. [PMID: 34463177 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211035388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an important upper respiratory disease of chickens. Gross and histologic lesions of ILT in chickens are compared to immunohistochemistry to evaluate the diagnostic test sensitivity. A total of 31 separate ILT-confirmed necropsy submissions (12 commercial meat-type flocks, 13 egg-type producers, and 6 backyard flocks) were arbitrarily selected. Each submission ranged from 1 to 18 birds, for a total of 246 chickens. Cases with available formalin-fixed tissues were selected to include a range of bird production types, ages, clinical histories, and severity of macroscopic and histologic lesions. Macroscopic findings in the respiratory tract varied from increased mucus (55.6%) to fibrinonecrotic exudate (20.3%) and hemorrhages in the larynx and trachea (13.0%). Syncytia with intranuclear inclusion bodies were present in the respiratory tract epithelium with or without hemorrhages. Sections of conjunctiva, sinus, larynx, trachea, lung, and air sac were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect gallid alphaherpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) antigen. Positive immunolabeling was detected in the cytoplasm and nuclei of syncytia and epithelial cells in 18/22 conjunctivae (82%), 12/13 sinuses (92%), 18/22 larynxes (82%), 23/25 tracheas (92%), 10/21 lungs (57%), and 3/8 air sacs (37%). Of the 34 tissues with no visible syncytia or inclusion bodies, 8 were positive by IHC. In conclusion, IHC was useful to study the viral antigen tissue distribution and support the diagnosis of ILT when the histopathologic interpretation was doubtful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carnaccini
- University of California Davis, Turlock, CA, USA.,University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Chiara Palmieri
- The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Manuela Crispo
- University of California Davis, Turlock, CA, USA.,École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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da Silva AP, Gallardo RA. The Chicken MHC: Insights into Genetic Resistance, Immunity, and Inflammation Following Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040637. [PMID: 33147703 PMCID: PMC7711580 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The chicken immune system has provided an immense contribution to basic immunology knowledge by establishing major landmarks and discoveries that defined concepts widely used today. One of many special features on chickens is the presence of a compact and simple major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Despite its simplicity, the chicken MHC maintains the essential counterpart genes of the mammalian MHC, allowing for a strong association to be detected between the MHC and resistance or susceptibility to infectious diseases. This association has been widely studied for several poultry infectious diseases, including infectious bronchitis. In addition to the MHC and its linked genes, other non-MHC loci may play a role in the mechanisms underlying such resistance. It has been reported that innate immune responses, such as macrophage function and inflammation, might be some of the factors driving resistance or susceptibility, consequently influencing the disease outcome in an individual or a population. Information about innate immunity and genetic resistance can be helpful in developing effective preventative measures for diseases such as infectious bronchitis, to which a systemic antibody response is often not associated with disease protection. In this review, we summarize the importance of the chicken MHC in poultry disease resistance, particularly to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infections and the role played by innate immunity and inflammation on disease outcome. We highlight how future studies focusing on the MHC and non-MHC genes can potentially bring clarity to observed resistance in some chicken B haplotype lines.
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Ruan W, An J, Wu Y. Polymorphisms of chicken TLR3 and 7 in different breeds. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119967. [PMID: 25781886 PMCID: PMC4364021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate immune responses via the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), thus playing important roles in host defense. Among the chicken (Ch) TLR family, ChTLR3 and 7 have been shown to recognize viral RNA. In our earlier studies, we have reported polymorphisms of TLR1, 2, 4, 5, 15 and 21. In the present study, we amplified TLR3 and 7 genes from different chicken breeds and analyzed their sequences. We identified 7 amino acid polymorphism sites in ChTLR3 with 6 outer part sites and 1 inner part site, and 4 amino acid polymorphism sites in ChTLR7 with 3 outer part sites and 1 inner part site. These results demonstrate that ChTLR genes are polymorphic among different chicken breeds, suggesting a varied resistance across numerous chicken breeds. This information might help improve chicken health by breeding and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Ruan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
- * E-mail: (WR); (YW)
| | - Jian An
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yanhua Wu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- * E-mail: (WR); (YW)
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Coppo MJC, Hartley CA, Devlin JM. Immune responses to infectious laryngotracheitis virus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:454-462. [PMID: 23567343 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an upper respiratory tract disease in chickens caused by infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), an alphaherpesvirus. Despite the extensive use of attenuated, and more recently recombinant, vaccines for the control of this disease, ILT continues to affect the intensive poultry industries worldwide. Innate and cell-mediated, rather than humoral immune responses, have been identified as responsible for protection against disease. This review examines the current understandings in innate and adaptive immune responses towards ILTV, as well as the role of ILTV glycoprotein G in modulating the host immune response towards infection. Protective immunity induced by ILT vaccines is also examined. The increasing availability of tools and reagents for the characterisation of avian innate and cell-mediated immune responses are expected to further our understanding of immunity against ILTV and drive the development of new generation vaccines towards enhanced control of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio J C Coppo
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Vagnozzi A, Riblet SM, Zavala G, García M. Optimization of a duplex real-time PCR method for relative quantitation of infectious laryngotracheitis virus. Avian Dis 2012; 56:406-10. [PMID: 22856202 DOI: 10.1637/9883-081111-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis is a highly contagious respiratory disease of chickens controlled by biosecurity and vaccination with live attenuated or recombinant vaccines. Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) infections are characterized by a peak of viral replication in the trachea followed by a steady decrease in replication that results in the establishment of latency. Estimation of viral load is an important tool to determine the stage of ILTV infection. Here, a multiplex real-time PCR was optimized for the quantification of ILTV genomes. Quantification of viral genomes was based on the amplification of the ILTV UL44 gene, and sample variability was normalized using the chicken (Gallusgallus domesticus) alpha2-collagen gene as an endogenous control in a duplex reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Vagnozzi
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Health Population, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Hunt HD, Jadhao S, Swayne DE. Major Histocompatibility Complex and Background Genes in Chickens Influence Susceptibility to High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus. Avian Dis 2010; 54:572-5. [DOI: 10.1637/8888-042409-resnote.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Davison S, Gingerich EN, Casavant S, Eckroade RJ. Evaluation of the efficacy of a live fowlpox-vectored infectious laryngotracheitis/avian encephalomyelitis vaccine against ILT viral challenge. Avian Dis 2006; 50:50-4. [PMID: 16617981 DOI: 10.1637/7398-062105r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is caused by an alphaherpesvirus, and latency can be produced by previous exposure to vaccine virus. The main sites of latency for the ILT virus have been shown to be the trigeminal ganglion and the trachea. Reactivation of latent virus is one factor related to the production of clinical signs. The development of a genetically engineered ILT vaccine has been suggested for many years as a tool to eliminate viral latency. Several approaches have been suggested. Included among them is the development of a thymidine kinase-deficient mutant or the insertion of ILT viral glycoproteins into a viral vector such as a poxvirus. A commercially available, live, fowlpox-vectored infectious laryngotracheitis + avian encephalomyelitis (FP-LT+AE) vaccine was used in field trials in leghorn pullet flocks and evaluated by tracheal challenge in a laboratory setting with the use of the National Veterinary Services Laboratory (Ames, IA) ILT challenge virus. Interference of the pigeon pox vaccine, which is often administered concurrently with fowlpox vaccine, was also evaluated when given in conjunction with the FP-LT+AE vaccine. Overall, the results indicate that the FP-LT+AE vaccine provides adequate protection against ILT viral challenge. Proper administration is essential. In one flock, inadequate protection was most likely a result of either poor vaccine administration or previous exposure to pox virus. In addition, the simultaneous administration of pigeon pox vaccine did not appear to interfere with protection against ILT viral challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherrill Davison
- Laboratory of Avian Medicine and Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square 19348, USA
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Zekarias B, Songserm T, Post J, Kok GL, Pol JMA, Engel B, ter HAAHM. Development of organs and intestinal mucosa leukocytes in four broiler lines that differ in susceptibility to malabsorption syndrome. Poult Sci 2002; 81:1283-8. [PMID: 12269605 DOI: 10.1093/ps/81.9.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth retardation in young broiler chicks due to poor nutrient metabolism, commonly known as malabsorption syndrome (MAS), is a widespread problem caused by enteric infections with a combination of pathogens mainly viruses. Genetic lines of broiler chickens differ in susceptibility to the syndrome. A difference in growth retardation was observed among four broiler lines (BL) after oral inoculation at 1 d of age with intestinal homogenates obtained from MAS-affected birds. Two of the lines that are more susceptible to MAS had severe weight gain depression. To uncover the factors that play a role in the susceptibility to MAS, we analyzed the growth rate of the body and vital organs and the quantity of leukocytes in the peripheral blood and intestinal mucosa. The development of the intestine, liver, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen was similar among the BL. The resistant BL had higher numbers of peripheral blood leukocytes, especially lymphocytes, at 1 d of age. A significant difference was noted in the numbers of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in the intestinal villi. At the ages of 3 and 8 d, the susceptible BL had more CD8+ T cells in the villi, whereas the ratios of CD4+:CD8+ T cells were higher in the resistant BL. This difference in the number of T-cell subpopulations in the intestinal mucosa might be an important factor in the difference in susceptibility to the enteric infections associated with MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zekarias
- Institute for Animal Science and Health, ID-Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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