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Heyns IM, Arora M, Ganugula R, Allamreddy SR, Tiwari S, Shah DK, Basu R, Ravi Kumar MNV. Polyester Nanoparticles with Controlled Topography for Peroral Drug Delivery Using Insulin as a Model Protein. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11863-11875. [PMID: 38622996 PMCID: PMC11145941 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Receptor-mediated polyester drug delivery systems have tremendous potential for improving the clinical performance of existing pharmaceutical drugs. Despite significant progress made in this area, it remains unclear how and to what extent the polyester nanoparticle surface topography would affect the in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo performance of a drug, and if there exists a correlation between in vitro and in vivo, as well as healthy versus pathophysiological states. Herein, we report a systematic investigation of the interactions between ligands and receptors as a function of the linker length, two-carbon (2C) versus four-carbon (4C). The in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo in healthy models validate the hypothesis that 4C has better reach and binding to the receptors. The results indicate that 4C offered better performance over 2C in vivo in improving the oral bioavailability of insulin (INS) by 1.1-fold (3.5-fold compared to unfunctionalized nanoparticles) in a healthy rat model. Similar observations were made in pathophysiological models; however, the effects were less prominent compared to those in healthy models. Throughout, ligand decorated nanoparticles outperformed unfunctionalized nanoparticles. Finally, a semimechanistic pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model was developed using the experimental data sets to quantitatively evaluate the effect of P2Ns-GA on oral bioavailability and efficacy of insulin. The study presents a sophisticated oral delivery system for INS or hydrophilic therapeutic cargo, highlighting the significant impact on bioavailability that minor adjustments to the surface chemistry can have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Marie Heyns
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Division of Translational Science and Medicine, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Alabama Life Research Institute, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
| | - Meenakshi Arora
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Division of Translational Science and Medicine, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Alabama Life Research Institute, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, SEC 1325, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States
| | - Raghu Ganugula
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Division of Translational Science and Medicine, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Alabama Life Research Institute, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, SEC 1325, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States
| | - Swetha Reddy Allamreddy
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Division of Translational Science and Medicine, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Alabama Life Research Institute, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
| | - Shrusti Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Dhaval K. Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 455 Pharmacy Building, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Rita Basu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
| | - M. N. V. Ravi Kumar
- The Center for Convergent Bioscience and Medicine (CCBM), The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Division of Translational Science and Medicine, College of Community Health Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Alabama Life Research Institute, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama, SEC 1325, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, SEC 3448, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, United States
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
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Ahmed DY, Adam LN, Ahmed RA, Mirza MK. Assessment of liver enzymes as diagnostic biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study in Zakho, Iraq. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2024; 19:179-185. [PMID: 38050336 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2023.2291146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to identify the prevalence and factors associated with abnormal liver enzyme profiles in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Zakho, to assess the association between demographic characteristics, clinical parameters, kidney function tests, lipid profiles, glucose levels, and T2D, and to identify resident risk factors. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional analysis of T2D patients admitted to Zakho General Hospital was conducted utilizing hospital records. The primary endpoint of interest was attaining HbA1C levels ≥ 6.5%. Analytical methodologies encompassed linear and multivariate logistic regression analyses, with due consideration of the association between diverse parameters and glycemic alterations. Further, the predictive value of biomarkers was evaluated through Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves and Area Under the Curve (AUC) analyses, complemented by Spearman correlation analysis to explore relationships among laboratory parameters. RESULTS The study found that 89.4% of participants had HbA1C levels above 6.5%, with a preference for T2D among older individuals (mean age: 52.93-49.89 respectively) and females. Age, glucose levels, and liver enzymes positively correlated with HbA1C. CONCLUSIONS The study emphasizes the diagnostic importance of liver enzymes in individuals with type 2 diabetes, suggesting that these biomarkers could be valuable indicators of disease severity and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilveen Y Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zakho, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Lina N Adam
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zakho, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Resan A Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zakho, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Mohammed K Mirza
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zakho, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
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Oh MR, Jung SJ, Chae SW, Park BH, Lee SO. Lycium chinense Miller fruit extract lowers liver enzyme levels in subjects with mild hepatic dysfunction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1415-1425. [PMID: 36629892 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03075-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In our previous study, we showed that Lycium chinense Miller fruit extract (LFE) exerted hepatoprotective effects in mice. In the current study, we examined the effect of LFE on liver enzyme levels in subjects with mild hepatic dysfunction. METHODS A total of 90 subjects, aged 19 to 70 years old, with abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, were randomly placed into either an LFE (n = 45) treatment group or a placebo group (n = 45). During the 12-week clinical trial, subjects in each group received either LFE or placebo capsules, and were instructed to take four tablets per day (1760 mg/day). The primary outcome of the study was the changes of ALT and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels in each subject. The safety of LFE supplementation was assessed and adverse events were recorded. RESULTS LFE supplementation for 12 weeks resulted in a significant reduction of ALT (P = 0.0498) and GGT (P = 0.0368) levels in comparison to the placebo. No clinically significant changes were observed in any safety parameters. CONCLUSION These results suggest that LFE can be applied to subjects with mild hepatic dysfunction with no possible side effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered at the Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS) as no. KCT0003985.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ra Oh
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Jung
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54907, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Wan Chae
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54907, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54907, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Ok Lee
- Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54907, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54907, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Rafaqat S, Sattar A, Khalid A, Rafaqat S. Role of liver parameters in diabetes mellitus - a narrative review. Endocr Regul 2023; 57:200-220. [PMID: 37715985 DOI: 10.2478/enr-2023-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia and abnormalities in insulin secretion and function. This review article focuses on various liver parameters, including albumin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alpha fetoprotein (AFP), alpha 1 antitrypsin (AAT), ammonia, bilirubin, bile acid, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), immunoglobulin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and total protein. These parameters play significant roles in the development of different types of diabetes such as type 1 diabetes (T1DM), type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and gestational diabetes (GDM). The article highlights that low albumin levels may indicate inflammation, while increased ALT and AST levels are associated with liver inflammation or injury, particularly in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Elevated ALP levels can be influenced by liver inflammation, biliary dysfunction, or bone metabolism changes. High bilirubin levels are independently linked to albuminuria in T1DM and an increased risk of T2DM. Elevated GGT levels are proposed as markers of oxidative stress and liver dysfunction in T2DM. In GDM, decreased serum AFP levels may indicate impaired embryo growth. Decreased AFP levels in T2DM can hinder the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hyperammonemia can cause encephalopathy in diabetic ketoacidosis, and children with T1DM and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder often exhibit higher ammonia levels. T2DM disrupts the regulation of nitrogen-related metabolites, leading to increased blood ammonia levels. Bile acids affect glucose regulation by activating receptors on cell surfaces and nuclei, and changes in bile acid metabolism are observed in T2DM. Increased LDH activity reflects metabolic disturbances in glucose utilization and lactate production, contributing to diabetic complications. Poor glycemic management may be associated with elevated levels of IgA and IgG serum antibodies, and increased immunoglobulin levels are also associated with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Rafaqat
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Sattar
- 2Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Amber Khalid
- 3Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Saira Rafaqat
- 2Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
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Lee KS, Rim JH, Lee YH, Lee SG, Lim JB, Kim JH. Association of circulating metabolites with incident type 2 diabetes in an obese population from a national cohort. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 180:109077. [PMID: 34599972 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Obesity is the most common risk factor for type 2 diabetes. However, not all obese individuals develop diabetes. In the era of precision medicine, metabolomics may reveal the fundamental metabolic status of an individual. Our aim was to assess the association of metabolites with incident type 2 diabetes in obese individuals using Korean Genome and Epidemiology Cohort Study. METHODS Using 12 years of metabolomic data from 2,580 individuals, we performed a metabolomic study to define metabolically healthy obesity in an obese population (n = 704) with incident type 2 diabetes. Cox proportional hazards regression model and survival analysis were performed adjusted for the traditional risk factors of type 2 diabetes. RESULTS Our study revealed that spermine, acyl-alkyl phosphatidylcholines (C34:3, C36:3, C42:1), hydroxy sphingomyelin (C22:2, C14:1), and sphingomyelin (C16:0) were associated with incident type 2 diabetes in obese individuals after the adjustment for risk factors and correction of multiple comparisons by Bonferroni method. Five metabolites (except hydroxy sphingomyelin C14:1 and sphingomyelin C16:0) were also significantly associated with incident type 2 diabetes in lean individuals. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the need for defining metabolically healthy obesity based on serum metabolites and elucidates potential biomarkers for type 2 diabetes in an obese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Seob Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hoon Rim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Endocrine Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Guk Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Baeck Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ali N, Sumon AH, Fariha KA, Asaduzzaman M, Kathak RR, Molla NH, Mou AD, Barman Z, Hasan M, Miah R, Islam F. Assessment of the relationship of serum liver enzymes activity with general and abdominal obesity in an urban Bangladeshi population. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6640. [PMID: 33758311 PMCID: PMC7988042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global health concern because of its increasing trend both in developed and developing countries. A limited number of studies have evaluated the association of liver enzymes with both general and abdominal obesity in the general population; data for the Bangladeshi population are not available yet. This study aimed to assess the relationship of serum liver enzymes activity with both general and abdominal obesity in Bangladeshi adults. In total, 540 blood samples were obtained from the participants (388 males and 152 females) and analyzed for serum levels of ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP using standard methods. General obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥ 27.5 kg/m2 and abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference (WC) ≥ 90 cm in males and ≥ 80 cm in females. The relationship between liver enzymes and obesity was evaluated by multivariate logistic regression models. Overall, 58% of participants in the general obesity group and 55% of the participants in the abdominal obesity group had at least one or more elevated levels of liver enzymes. The prevalence of elevated liver enzymes was significantly higher in the obesity group compared to the normal BMI and WC groups (p < 0.05 for all cases). The mean level of serum ALT, AST and GGT were significantly higher in the obesity group than the normal BMI group (p < 0.05). In the WC groups, mean AST and GGT were significantly higher in the obesity group compared to the normal group (p < 0.05). In regression analysis, serum levels of ALT showed an independent and significant association with general obesity, whereas, serum GGT showed a significant association with both general and abdominal obesity. In conclusion, a high prevalence of elevated liver enzymes was observed among participants included in the present study. Of the four enzymes, serum GGT was independently associated with both general and abdominal obesity. Further studies are required to understand the complex relationship between liver enzymes and obesity in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh.
| | - Abu Hasan Sumon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Khandaker Atkia Fariha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Md Asaduzzaman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Rahanuma Raihanu Kathak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Noyan Hossain Molla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Ananya Dutta Mou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Zitu Barman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Rakib Miah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Farjana Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114, Bangladesh
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Paoli A, Cenci L, Pompei P, Sahin N, Bianco A, Neri M, Caprio M, Moro T. Effects of Two Months of Very Low Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, Muscle Area, and Blood Parameters in Competitive Natural Body Builders. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020374. [PMID: 33530512 PMCID: PMC7911670 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ketogenic diet (KD) is a nutritional approach that restricts daily carbohydrates, replacing most of the reduced energy with fat, while maintaining an adequate quantity of protein. Despite the widespread use of KD in weight loss in athletes, there are still many concerns about its use in sports requiring muscle mass accrual. Thus, the present study sought to investigate the influence of a KD in competitive natural body builders. Methods: Nineteen volunteers (27.4 ± 10.5 years) were randomly assigned to ketogenic diet (KD) or to a western diet (WD). Body composition, muscle strength and basal metabolic rate were measured before and after two months of intervention. Standard blood biochemistry, testosterone, IGF-1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL1β, TNFα) were also measured. Results: Body fat significantly decreased in KD (p = 0.030); whilst lean mass increased significantly only in WD (p < 0.001). Maximal strength increased similarly in both groups. KD showed a significant decrease of blood triglycerides (p < 0.001), glucose (p = 0.001), insulin (p < 0.001) and inflammatory cytokines compared to WD whilst BDNF increased in both groups with significant greater changes in KD (p < 0.001). Conclusions: KD may be used during body building preparation for health and leaning purposes but with the caution that hypertrophic muscle response could be blunted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Cenci
- Brain, Mind and Computer Science Doctoral Program, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
| | - PierLuigi Pompei
- Unit of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Nese Sahin
- Faculty of Sport Science, Ankara University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Marco Neri
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy; (M.N.); (M.C.)
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-827-5306
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El-Sayed MH, Thabet RA, Hamza MT, Hussein MS, El Saeed MM. Liver disease in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A link between glycemic control and hepatopathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2020; 170:108458. [PMID: 32979416 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of liver disease in children and adolescents with type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) by detection of elevated liver transaminases, confirmed by fibroscan and ultrasound. The secondary objective was to assess the effect of glycemic control on improvement of liver functions. METHODS One hundred and seven children and adolescents with T1DM were investigated by liver transaminases, mean HbA1c and pelviabdominal ultrasound while fibroscan was done for those with elevated liver transaminases only. Patients with elevated liver enzymes were reassessed after one year. RESULTS Only nine (8.4%) of the studied patients have exhibited liver dysfunction in the form of elevated liver transaminases with median ALT 140 U/L and AST 191 U/L and hepatomegaly by ultrasound; The HbA1c (median = 10.8%) and fibroscan abnormalities (median fibrosis score 1) were significantly higher in patients with elevated liver transaminases (p < 0.001). Adequate glycemic control resulted in a significant decrease in liver transaminases (median ALT = 25 U/L and AST = 29 U/L), fibroscan fibrosis score (median = 0) and HbA1c (median = 9%) (p = 0.003), (p = 0.01) and (p = 0.003) respectively. CONCLUSION Adequate glycemic control was associated with improvement of liver disease in children and adolescents with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal H El-Sayed
- The Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt.
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IfedibaluChukwu EI, Aparoop D, Kamaruz Z. Antidiabetic, anthelmintic and antioxidation properties of novel and new phytocompounds isolated from the methanolic stem-bark of Vernonia amygdalina Delile (Asteraceae). SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Adeyemi WJ, Olayaki LA, Abdussalam TA, Ige SF, Okesina BK, Abolarin PO, Usman H, Tiamiyu AO, Seidu MO, Opabode AO. Comparative evaluation of the pharmacological value of virgin coconut oil, omega 3 fatty acids, and orlistat in experimental study on obesity with normo/hyper-lipidaemic diet. PHARMANUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Jalali M, Rahimlou M, Mahmoodi M, Moosavian SP, Symonds ME, Jalali R, Zare M, Imanieh MH, Stasi C. The effects of metformin administration on liver enzymes and body composition in non-diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and/or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: An up-to date systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104799. [PMID: 32278041 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide. One treatment is the use of metformin but its efficacy remains to be established. OBJECTIVE The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide a more robust examination of the evidence for the effectiveness of metformin for treating non-diabetic NAFLD patients. METHODS An extensive literature search was undertaken using online databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library) to detect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of metformin administration on liver enzymes and body composition in non-diabetic NAFLD patients up to 10 December 2019. A random-effects or fixed-effect models were performed to pool weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Six RCTs involving 307 individuals were included to the present meta-analysis. Compared to controls, metformin significantly reduced body mass index (BMI) (WMD: -0.77 kg/m2, 95 % CI = [-1.46, -0.07], P = 0.03, I2 = 0.0 %) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (WMD: -5.94 U/L, 95 % CI = [-11.51, -0.38], P = 0.03, I2 = 67.6 %). Also, body weight (WMD: -2.70 kg, 95 % CI = [-5.49, 0.09], P = 0.05, I2 = 33.7%) was marginally significant and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) (WMD: -5.04 U/L, 95 % CI = [-13.92, 3.84], P = 0.26, I2 = 60.9 %) was not statistically significant affected by metformin administration. There was no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSION In summary, the present study emphasizes the clinical importance of metformin administration for improving liver function and body composition in non-diabetic NAFLD patients. Moreover, the further large-scale and well-designed RCTs are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jalali
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehran Rahimlou
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mahmoodi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Parisa Moosavian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Michael E Symonds
- The Early Life Research Unit, Academic Division of Child Health, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, The School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Ronak Jalali
- Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Morteza Zare
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Imanieh
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Cristina Stasi
- Interdepartmental Hepatology Center MASVE, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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Adeyemi WJ, Olayaki LA, Abdussalam TA, Toriola AP, Olowu AB, Yakub AJ, Raji AO. Investigation of the effects of dietary modification in experimental obesity: low dose of virgin coconut oil has a potent therapeutic value. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110110. [PMID: 32244146 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no report in literature on possible physiological changes that accompany dietary modification in obese condition. Moreover, there is no conclusive evidence on the optimal amount of virgin coconut oil (VCO) that could be of health benefit, although it is known to enhance lipid metabolism. Therefore, we investigated the antiobesitogenic action of graded doses of VCO (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) in obese rats fed with normo/hyper-lipidaemic diet. Sixty rats (n = 10) were divided into 6 groups and treated as follows: the control and high fat diet (HFD) groups were administered normal saline (0.1 mL/day, p.o.) during the last four weeks of the study, and were fed with normal and HFD respectively throughout the twenty weeks duration of the experiment. Groups 3-6 were fed with HFD for 16 weeks, then normal diet during the next 4 weeks. While group - 3 received saline (0.1 mL/day, p.o.) during the last four weeks, groups 4-6 received graded doses of VCO. The results showed that HFD-induced obesity caused impaired glucose homeostasis, distorted hepatic histoarchitecture, selected deviations in hepatic function indices, pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant, and dsylipidaemic effects. There were evidence of escalated and reversed pathological actions following the replacement of HFD with normal diet. VCO showed no effect on glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, total protein, uric acid and TAC; but equitable effects on CAT, IL-6, CRP, ALT, AST & GGT, irrespective of the dose. Compared to the effects of VCO at 400 and 600 mg/kg, at 200 mg/kg, VCO had more significant therapeutic effects on LDH, MDA, SOD, GPX, TC, TG, LDL-C, total bilirubin, atherogenic and lee indices and hepatic histoarchitecture. Conclusively, VCO, preferably at a low dose could be used to reverse hepatic structural alteration and some biochemical deviations following dietary modifications in obese condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tahir Ahmad Abdussalam
- Anatomy and Physiology Department, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Regan JA, Golubski B, Gilbert EB, Sullivan B, McCall SJ, Sata SS. Glycogenic Hepatopathy Causing Elevated Lactic Acid and Liver Enzymes. Am J Med 2020; 133:191-194. [PMID: 31369721 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Regan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Bryan Golubski
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Elizabeth B Gilbert
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Brian Sullivan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Shannon J McCall
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Suchita S Sata
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC.
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14
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Abbasi M, Asadi A, Musavi H. Association of Liver Aminotransferases with Lipid Profile in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/mlj.13.6.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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15
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Sattar N, Fitchett D, Hantel S, George JT, Zinman B. Empagliflozin is associated with improvements in liver enzymes potentially consistent with reductions in liver fat: results from randomised trials including the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® trial. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2155-2163. [PMID: 30066148 PMCID: PMC6133166 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS In addition to beneficial effects on glycaemia and cardiovascular death, empagliflozin improves adiposity indices. We investigated the effect of empagliflozin on aminotransferases (correlates of liver fat) in individuals with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Changes from baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were assessed in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® trial (n = 7020), pooled data from four 24-week placebo-controlled trials (n = 2477) and a trial of empagliflozin vs glimepiride over 104 weeks (n = 1545). Analyses were performed using data from all participants and by tertiles of baseline aminotransferases. RESULTS In the EMPA-REG OUTCOME® trial, mean ± SE changes from baseline ALT at week 28 were -2.96 ± 0.18 and -0.73 ± 0.25 U/l with empagliflozin and placebo, respectively (adjusted mean difference: -2.22 [95% CI -2.83, -1.62]; p < 0.0001). Reductions in ALT were greatest in the highest ALT tertile (placebo-adjusted mean difference at week 28: -4.36 U/l [95% CI -5.51, -3.21]; p < 0.0001). The adjusted mean difference in change in ALT was -3.15 U/l (95% CI -4.11, -2.18) with empagliflozin vs placebo at week 24 in pooled 24-week data, and -4.88 U/l (95% CI -6.68, -3.09) with empagliflozin vs glimepiride at week 28. ALT reductions were largely independent of changes in weight or HbA1c. AST changes showed similar patterns to ALT, but the reductions were considerably lower. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These highly consistent results suggest that empagliflozin reduces aminotransferases in individuals with type 2 diabetes, in a pattern (reductions in ALT>AST) that is potentially consistent with a reduction in liver fat, especially when ALT levels are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Sattar
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
| | - David Fitchett
- St Michael's Hospital, Division of Cardiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stefan Hantel
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | | | - Bernard Zinman
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Das G, Geen J, Johnson R, Abusahmin H. Abnormal serum alanine transaminase levels in adult patients with type 1 diabetes. PRACTICAL DIABETES 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pdi.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Das
- Department of Endocrinology, Prince Charles Hospital; Cwm Taf University Health Board; Merthyr Tydfil UK
| | - John Geen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Prince Charles Hospital; Cwm Taf University Health Board; Merthyr Tydfil UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Education; University of South Wales; Pontypridd UK
| | - Rebekah Johnson
- Department of Endocrinology, Prince Charles Hospital; Cwm Taf University Health Board; Merthyr Tydfil UK
| | - Hussam Abusahmin
- Department of Endocrinology, Prince Charles Hospital; Cwm Taf University Health Board; Merthyr Tydfil UK
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17
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Krauskopf J, Kleinjans JC, de Kok TM. Circulating MicroRNAs as Novel Biomarkers of Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7677-5_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Xu C, Zhao J, Zhou X, Zhang R, Xie T, Zou Z, Liao L, Dong J. Thiazolidinediones versus metformin on improving abnormal liver enzymes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12389-12399. [PMID: 29552319 PMCID: PMC5844755 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver enzyme abnormalities are common in patients with type 2 diabetes. Currently, the inverse relationship between elevated liver enzymes and antidiabetics intake may be explained by rigorous treatment and good control. However, few studies have directly explored the influence of antidiabetics on abnormal liver function, especially the comparison between two insulin sensitizers—thiazolidinediones and metformin. Materials And Methods Databases, including PubMed, Cochrane, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP were searched. Two reviewers performed independently. Meta-analysis was used when studies were homogeneous enough. Results Six studies, including 4726 patients with type 2 diabetes, were involved in this systematic review. Compared with metformin, thiazolidinediones significantly reduced the alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Further subgroup analysis suggested that pioglitazone-treated participants showed vast improvement in decreasing alanine transaminase (MD = -13.70; 95% CI = -16.91 to -10.52; P < 0.00001; I2 = 1%), aspartate aminotransferase (MD = -3.51; 95% CI = -5.74 to –1.28; P = 0.002; I2 = 0%) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (MD = -5.41; 95% CI = -9.40 to -1.42; P = 0.008; I2 = 0%), while rosiglitazone exhibited no difference in lowering corresponding liver enzyme levels. Besides, thiazolidinediones similarly decreased fasting plasma glucose. However, thiazolidinediones were inferior to metformin in lowering HbA1C and alkaline phosphatase. Additionally, no significant publication bias was seen. Conclusions Thiazolidinediones may confer modest biological improvement of liver function in people with type 2 diabetes than metformin. But owing to the limited methodological quality, more clinical researches are warranted in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Junyu Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tianyue Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiwei Zou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianjun Dong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Stadler M, Bollow E, Fritsch M, Kerner W, Schuetz-Fuhrmann I, Krakow D, Merger S, Riedl M, Jehle P, Holl RW. Prevalence of elevated liver enzymes in adults with type 1 diabetes: A multicentre analysis of the German/Austrian DPV database. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:1171-1178. [PMID: 28256088 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the prevalence of elevated liver enzymes in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in routine clinical care and the association with cardiovascular risk profile in the Diabetes-Prospective-Documentation (DPV) network in Germany and Austria. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This cross sectional observational study from the DPV registry includes data from 45 519 adults with T1DM at 478 centres up to September 2016. Liver enzyme measurements were available in 9226 (29%) patients at 270 centres and were analysed for increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT; men >50 U/L, women >35U/L) and/or aspartate aminotransferase (AST; men >50 U/L, women >35U/L) and/or gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT; men >60U/L, women >40 U/L). A subgroup analysis in patients for whom 2 or more ALT measurements were available (n = 2335, 25%) and whose ALT was increased at least twice (men >30 U/L, women >19U/L) was performed. Associations with glycaemic control, cardiovascular risk factors and late complications were investigated with multiple regression analyses. RESULTS Twenty percent (19.8%, n = 1824) had increased liver enzyme(s) on one or more occasions. Increased liver enzymes were associated with worse glycaemic control and higher BMI (both P < .0001), dyslipidemia (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.54-2.0), hypertension (OR, 1.48; 95% CI: 1.31-1.68), myocardial infarction (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.17-1.91) and end stage renal disease (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.17-2.17). ALT was increased twice in 29% and was associated with worse glycaemic control (P < .0001), higher BMI (P < .0001), hypertension (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.26-1.97) and dyslipidemia (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.51-2.37). CONCLUSIONS In this clinical audit in adults with T1DM, elevated liver enzymes on routine assessment were associated with a less favourable cardiovascular risk profile and with poorer glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Stadler
- Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, London, UK
- 3rd Medical Department, Hietzing Hospital Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Esther Bollow
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria Fritsch
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kerner
- Klinik für Diabetes & Stoffwechselkrankheiten, Klinikum Karlsburg der Klinikgruppe Dr. Guth GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Sigrun Merger
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Department, Klinikum Coburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Riedl
- Internal Medicine III, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Jehle
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Ev. Krankenhaus Paul-Gerhardt-Stift, Paul-Gerhardt-Diakonie Krankenhaus und Pflege GmbH, Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Reinhard W Holl
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
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20
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Fernández-Gaxiola AC, Valdés-Ramos R, Fulda KG, López ALG, Martínez-Carrillo BE, Franks SF, Fernando S. Liver Biomarkers and Lipid Profiles in Mexican and Mexican-American 10- to 14-Year-Old Adolescents at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:4262536. [PMID: 28929119 PMCID: PMC5592011 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4262536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) are markers for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); alkaline phosphatase is a marker of liver disease. Mexican-American adolescents are disproportionately affected by T2DM, while in Mexico its prevalence is emerging. We assessed liver biomarkers and lipid profiles among Mexican and Mexican-American adolescents 10-14 years old with high/low risk of T2DM through a cross-sectional, descriptive study (Texas n = 144; Mexico n = 149). We included family medical histories, anthropometry, and blood pressure. Obesity was present in one-third of subjects in both sites. ALT (UL) was higher (p < 0.001) in high-risk adolescents (23.5 ± 19.5 versus 17.2 ± 13.4 for males, 19.7 ± 11.6 versus 15.1 ± 5.5 for females), in Toluca and in Texas (26.0 ± 14.7 versus 20.0 ± 13.2 for males, 18.2 ± 13.4 versus 14.6 ± 10.1 for females), as well as GGT (UL) (p < 0.001) (18.7 ± 11.1 versus 12.4 ± 2.3 for males, 13.6 ± 5.8 versus 11.5 ± 3.9 for Mexican females; 21.0 ± 6.8 versus 15.4 ± 5.5 for males, 14.3 ± 5.0 versus 13.8 ± 5.3 for females in Texas). We found no differences by sex or BMI. Total cholesterol and HDL were higher among Mexican-Americans (p < 0.001). In conclusion, multiple risk factors were present in the sample. We found differences by gender and between high and low risk for T2DM adolescents in all liver enzymes in both sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cecilia Fernández-Gaxiola
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan Esq. Jesús Carranza. Col. Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, MEX, Mexico
| | - Roxana Valdés-Ramos
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan Esq. Jesús Carranza. Col. Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, MEX, Mexico
| | - Kimberly G. Fulda
- Department of Family Medicine, Texas Prevention Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Ana Laura Guadarrama López
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan Esq. Jesús Carranza. Col. Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, MEX, Mexico
| | - Beatriz E. Martínez-Carrillo
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan Esq. Jesús Carranza. Col. Moderna de la Cruz, 50180 Toluca, MEX, Mexico
| | - Susan F. Franks
- Department of Family Medicine, Texas Prevention Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Shane Fernando
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Prevention Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Surendar J, Indulekha K, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Immunomodulation by helminths: Similar impact on type 1 and type 2 diabetes? Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 27862000 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is drastically increasing, and it is predicted that the global prevalence of diabetes will reach almost 600 million cases by 2035. Even though the pathogenesis of both types of diabetes is distinct, the immune system is actively involved in both forms of the disease. Genetic and environmental factors determine the risk to develop T1D. On the other hand, sedentary life style, surplus of food intake and other lifestyle changes contribute to the increase of T2D incidence. Improved sanitation with high-quality medical treatment is such an environmental factor that has led to a continuous reduction of infectious diseases including helminth infections over the past decades. Recently, a growing body of evidence has implicated a negative association between helminth infections and diabetes in humans as well as animal models. In this review, we discuss studies that have provided evidence for the beneficial impact of helminth infections on T1D and T2D. Possible mechanisms are presented by which helminths prevent T1D onset by mitigating pancreatic inflammation and confer protection against T2D by improving insulin sensitivity, alleviating inflammation, augmenting browning of adipose tissue and improving lipid metabolism and insulin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Surendar
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - K Indulekha
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - A Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - M P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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22
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Kummer S, Klee D, Kircheis G, Friedt M, Schaper J, Häussinger D, Mayatepek E, Meissner T. Screening for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional analysis. Eur J Pediatr 2017; 176:529-536. [PMID: 28213828 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-017-2876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The liver is intensely involved in glucose metabolism and is thereby closely related to diabetes pathophysiology. Adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) are at an increased risk for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here, we studied the prevalence of NAFLD in a cohort of children and adolescents with type 1 DM in a tertiary care paediatric diabetes centre in Germany. We screened 93 children and adolescents with type 1 DM using ultrasound, laboratory investigations, and liver stiffness measurements (Fibroscan® [FS] and acoustic radiation force imaging [ARFI]). Of these, 82 (88.1%) had completely normal results in all examined aspects. Only one patient (1.1%) fulfilled the criteria as potential NAFLD with ALT > twice the upper limit of normal. Ten of the 93 patients (10.8%) showed any mild abnormality in at least one examined category including ALT, conventional ultrasounds and liver stiffness measurements. However, none of these ten fulfilled the NAFLD case definition criteria. Therefore, these slightly abnormal results were judged to be unspecific or at least of unknown significance in terms of NAFLD indication. CONCLUSION Compared to data from the general population, our results do not indicate a significantly increased prevalence of NAFLD in this cohort, and advocate against the systematic screening for NAFLD in paediatric type 1 DM. What is Known: • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common in adults with type 1 DM, and paediatric patients with type 1 DM in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. What is New: • Our results do not indicate a significantly increased prevalence of NAFLD in a cohort of children and adolescents with type 1 DM from Germany compared to prevalence data from the general population. • This finding advocates against the systematic screening for NAFLD in paediatric type 1 DM in western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kummer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Dirk Klee
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerald Kircheis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Friedt
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Joerg Schaper
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Meissner
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Abstract
Objective: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and gallstones are frequently present in diabetics, but its exact prevalence is not well studied in India. We have done a prevalence study of hepatobiliary involvement in Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and also studied the other risk factors of NAFLD. Materials and Methods: Two hundred diabetics and 200 controls underwent anthropometric measurements, abdominal ultrasonography, (USG) and biochemical tests at a tertiary care hospital. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were done. Results: One hundred and thirty (65%) diabetics and 47 (23.50%) controls were having USG evidence of fatty liver (odds ratio [OR] = 6.046, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.904–9.363 [P < 0.0001]). Raised liver enzymes were present in 42 (21%) diabetics and 16 (8%) controls [OR = 3.057, 95% CI: 1.654–5.648 [P < 0.004]). Gallstones were present in 32 (16%) diabetics and 10 (5%) controls (OR = 2.825; 95% CI: 1.850–4.315 P < 0.0001). In addition, waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) were significantly more in diabetics, but lipid profile was not significantly deranged as compared to controls. Then, all patients with fatty liver were compared with patients with normal liver, and we found that fatty liver group was having raised BMI, WC, liver enzymes, and more dyslipidemia. Multivariate analysis was done which shows the presence of T2DM, elevated liver enzymes, obesity, and elevated WC as independent risk factors of fatty liver. Conclusion: The prevalence of NAFLD and gallstones was higher in diabetics as compared to healthy population. In addition, the presence of T2DM, elevated liver enzymes, obesity, and elevated WC are independent predictors of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Manoria
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sri Aurobindo Medical College and PG Institute, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sameer Inamdar
- Department of Medicine, Sri Aurobindo Medical College and PG Institute, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- Central Research Laboratory, Sri Aurobindo Medical College and PG Institute, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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24
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Lin X, Zhao L, Tang S, Zhou Q, Lin Q, Li X, Zheng H, Gao H. Metabolic effects of basic fibroblast growth factor in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: A 1H NMR-based metabolomics investigation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36474. [PMID: 27808173 PMCID: PMC5093531 DOI: 10.1038/srep36474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) family shows a great potential in the treatment of diabetes, but little attention is paid to basic FGF (bFGF). In this study, to explore the metabolic effects of bFGF on diabetes, metabolic changes in serum and feces were analyzed in the normal rats, the streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and the bFGF-treated diabetic rats using a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic approach. Interestingly, bFGF treatment significantly decreased glucose, lipid and low density lipoprotein/very low density lipoprotein (LDL/VLDL) levels in serum of diabetic rats. Moreover, bFGF treatment corrected diabetes-induced reductions in citrate, lactate, choline, glycine, creatine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and glutamine in serum. Fecal propionate was significantly increased after bFGF treatment. Correlation analysis shows that glucose, lipid and LDL/VLDL were significantly negatively correlated with energy metabolites (citrate, creatine and lactate) and amino acids (alanine, glycine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and glutamine). In addition, a weak but significant correlation was observed between fecal propionate and serum lipid (R = −0.35, P = 0.046). Based on metabolic correlation and pathway analysis, therefore, we suggest that the glucose and lipid lowering effects of bFGF in the STZ-induced diabetic rats may be achieved by activating microbial metabolism, increasing energy metabolism and correcting amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Liangcai Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.,Metabonomics Section of Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine, Wenzhou Medical University-Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shengli Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qiuting Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.,Metabonomics Section of Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine, Wenzhou Medical University-Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.,Metabonomics Section of Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine, Wenzhou Medical University-Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hongchang Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.,Metabonomics Section of Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedicine, Wenzhou Medical University-Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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25
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Chen S, Guo X, Chen Y, Dong S, Sun Y. Prevalence of abnormal serum liver enzymes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study from China. Postgrad Med 2016; 128:770-776. [PMID: 27681272 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2016.1242366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients and identify contributing risk factors. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in rural areas of China, and 1,198 type 2 diabetic patients with complete data were recruited. Elevated ALT and AST levels were defined as >40 U/L. Prevalence of abnormal liver enzymes was analyzed and multivariable analysis was used to identify independent risk factors. RESULTS 10.3% and 6.1% diabetic patients had elevated ALT and elevated AST, respectively. The prevalence of elevated liver enzymes was gender-related; it was 13.8% in men and 7.5% in women for elevated ALT, and 7.4% in men and 3.1% in women for elevated AST. High triglyceride was positively associated with both elevated ALT (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.08-3.01, p = 0.024) and elevated AST (OR 2.24, 95%CI 1.08-4.65, p = 0.031), while taking anti-diabetes medicine was inversely related to both elevated ALT (OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.29-0.80, p = 0.005) and elevated AST (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.17-0.82, p = 0.014). The risk of elevated ALT in diabetic patients increased with the presence of obesity (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.07-6.01, p = 0.034), and was lower in women (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.19-0.72, p = 0.003). Hypertension (OR 4.33, 95% CI 1.41-13.30, p = 0.011), current drinking status (OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.21-6.96, p = 0.017) and national minority (OR 3.26, 95%CI 1.31-8.12, p = 0.011) were risk factors for elevated AST. CONCLUSION A relatively high prevalence of abnormal serum liver enzymes in diabetic patients was demonstrated in China, especially in males. More attention should be paid to preventing liver injuries in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- a Department of Cardiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Xiaofan Guo
- a Department of Cardiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Yintao Chen
- a Department of Cardiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Dong
- b Department of Thoracic Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Yingxian Sun
- a Department of Cardiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
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Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease is Associated with Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Type 1 Diabetic Patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26805. [PMID: 27226159 PMCID: PMC4880892 DOI: 10.1038/srep26805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that NAFLD is associated with an increased risk of incident CVD events both in patients without diabetes and in those with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, no published data are available regarding the association between NAFLD and C-IMT in T1DM. A total of 722 patients (371 men) with T1DM were included in this cross-sectional study. The main outcome measures were detection of NAFLD, C-IMT and classical risk factors. The mean age of the subjects was 46.2 years, and 51.1% were male. The prevalence of NAFLD was 15.9%. NAFLD patients had a markedly greater C-IMT (0.81 ± 0.25 vs. 0.69 ± 0.18 mm; p < 0.001) and frequency of carotid plaque (28.9% vs. 16.9%; p < 0.05) than those without fatty liver. Moreover, the differences in C-IMT remained after adjusting for potential confounders. A stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that age (standardized β, 0.326; p < 0.001), NAFLD (standardized β, 0.151, p < 0.001), and hsCRP (standardized β, 0.115, p = 0.008) were independently associated with C-IMT in all subjects. Our data show NAFLD is associated with elevated C-IMT in T1DM independent of conventional cardiovascular disease risk factors.
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27
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Venturini J, Fraga-Silva TFC, Marchetti CM, Mimura LAN, Conti BJ, Golim MDA, Mendes RP, de Arruda MSP. Imbalanced Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Activations in Response to Candida albicans in a Murine Model of Diabetes Mellitus. Immunol Invest 2016; 45:420-38. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2016.1162798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James Venturini
- Faculdade de Ciências, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Fernanda Campos Fraga-Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Biocências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luiza Ayumi Nishiyama Mimura
- Faculdade de Ciências, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Biocências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno José Conti
- Instituto de Biocências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Márjorie de Assis Golim
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo Poncio Mendes
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Belkacemi L, Belalia M. Cross-sectional pilot study about the liver enzymes profile in type 2 diabetic patients from an Algerian west region: Wilaya of Mostaganem. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2016; 10:S147-S150. [PMID: 26711007 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The magnitude of abnormal liver enzymes profile in type 2 diabetic patients is unknown in Algerian west region even though it counts among liver diseases considered as an important cause of death in type 2 diabetes. The main objective is to assess the prevalence of elevated liver enzymes levels among patients with type 2 diabetes from Algerian west region and to determine associated risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS A descriptive cross sectional study was performed on 180 type 2 diabetic patients in whom anthropometric and biochemical parameters were determined. RESULTS Twenty-five patients had abnormal elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) (13.9%) with the gender-wise prevalence being 15.9% (n=17) in women and 10.9% (n=8) in men. The prevalence of abnormal elevated aspartate transaminase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase level was respectively 10% (n=18), 6.1% (n=11) and 8.9% (16). High waist circumference (OR: 5, CI: 1.04-24.04) and high blood pressure (OR: 4.86, CI: 0.94-25.12) were only associated with elevated AST. Fasting glucose >1.4g/l were associated both with elevated ALT (OR: 3.03, CI: 0.86-10.67) and AST (OR: 5.7, CI: 1.09-29.8). CONCLUSION A relatively high prevalence of elevated liver enzymes was found in diabetic patients from west Algeria, especially in female patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louiza Belkacemi
- Laboratoire de technologie alimentaire et nutrition, Université Abd ElHamid Ibn Badis, Mostaganem, Algeria.
| | - Mahmoud Belalia
- Laboratoire de structure, Élaboration et application des matériaux moléculaires, Université Abd ElHamid Ibn Badis, Mostaganem, Algeria
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Qian K, Zhong S, Xie K, Yu D, Yang R, Gong DW. Hepatic ALT isoenzymes are elevated in gluconeogenic conditions including diabetes and suppressed by insulin at the protein level. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:562-71. [PMID: 25865565 PMCID: PMC4696510 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alanine transaminase (ALT) plays an important role in gluconeogenesis by converting alanine into pyruvate for glucose production. Early studies have shown that ALT activities are upregulated in gluconeogenic conditions and may be implicated in the development of diabetes. ALT consists of two isoforms, ALT1 and ALT2, with distinctive subcellular and tissue distributions. Whether and how they are regulated are largely unknown. METHODS By using Western blotting analysis, we measured hepatic ALT isoforms at the protein level in obese and diabetic animals and in Fao hepatoma cells treated with dexamethasone and insulin. In addition, we measured glucose output in Fao cells over-expressing ALT1 and ALT2. RESULTS Both ALT isoforms in the liver were increased in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats and during fasting. However, in ob/ob mice, only ALT2, but not ALT1, protein levels were elevated, and the increase of ALT2 was correlated with that of ALT activity. We further demonstrated that, in vitro, both ALT1 and ALT2 were induced by glucocorticoid dexamethasone, but suppressed by insulin in Fao cells. Finally, we showed that the over-expression of ALT1 and ALT2 in Fao cells directly increased glucose output. CONCLUSIONS We have shown the similarity and difference in the regulation of ALT isoforms in gluconeogenic conditions at the protein level, supporting that ALT isoenzymes play an important role in glucose metabolism and may be implicated the development of insulin resistance and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China, 400016
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Shao Zhong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disease, The First Affiliated Kunshan Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, China, 215300
| | - Keming Xie
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Daozhan Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Rongze Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Da-Wei Gong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Da-Wei Gong, M.D., Ph.D., University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W. Redwood Street, HH#497, Baltimore, MD 21201, , Tel.: (410) 706-1672
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30
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Glycogenic Hepatopathy in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Case Reports Hepatol 2015; 2015:236143. [PMID: 26347835 PMCID: PMC4546963 DOI: 10.1155/2015/236143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogenic hepatopathy is a rare cause of high transaminase levels in type 1 diabetes mellitus. This condition, characterized by elevated liver enzymes and hepatomegaly, is caused by irreversible and excessive accumulation of glycogen in hepatocytes. This is a case report on a 19-year-old male case, diagnosed with glycogenic hepatopathy. After the diagnosis was documented by liver biopsy, the case was put on glycemic control which led to significant decline in hepatomegaly and liver enzymes. It was emphasized that, in type 1 diabetes mellitus cases, hepatopathy should also be considered in the differential diagnoses of elevated liver enzyme and hepatomegaly.
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31
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Harman DJ, Kaye PV, Harris R, Suzuki A, Gazis A, Aithal GP. Prevalence and natural history of histologically proven chronic liver disease in a longitudinal cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes. Hepatology 2014; 60:158-68. [PMID: 24585431 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although a higher prevalence of raised liver enzymes and altered echotexture on ultrasound have been reported in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), the histological spectrum and natural history of chronic liver disease (CLD) in T1DM is unknown. We investigated the prevalence and outcome of histologically proven CLD in a longitudinal cohort of patients with T1DM. We identified patients who have had liver biopsy from a computerized database (DIAMOND; Hicom Technology, Brookwood, UK) containing longitudinal data for over 95% of type 1 diabetes patients from an overall catchment population of 700,000 people. Gender-matched patients with oral hypoglycemic-treated (T2OH) and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes (T2IN) who had liver biopsy formed two comparative cohorts. We collated clinical and histological data, as well as long-term outcomes of all three groups, and compared T1DM cirrhosis incidence to UK general population data. Of 4,644 patients with T1DM, 57 (1.2%) underwent liver biopsy. Of these, 53.1% of patients had steatosis, 20.4% had nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and 73.5% had fibrosis on index liver biopsy. Cirrhosis was diagnosed in 14 patients (24.6%) during follow-up. T1DM with age under 55 years had an odds ratio of 1.875 (95% confidence interval: 0.936-3.757) for cirrhosis incidence, compared to the general population. Longitudinal liver-related outcomes were similar comparing the T1DM cohort and respective type 2 diabetes cohorts--when adjusted for important confounders, diabetic cohort type did not predict altered risk of incident cirrhosis or portal hypertension. CONCLUSION Type 1 diabetes is associated with a previously unrecognized burden of CLD and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harman
- National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Unit (NDDBRU), Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
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32
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Liu X, Hamnvik OPR, Chamberland JP, Petrou M, Gong H, Christophi CA, Christiani DC, Kales SN, Mantzoros CS. Circulating alanine transaminase (ALT) and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), but not fetuin-A, are associated with metabolic risk factors, at baseline and at two-year follow-up: the prospective Cyprus Metabolism Study. Metabolism 2014; 63:773-82. [PMID: 24726813 PMCID: PMC4104665 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To comparatively evaluate traditional liver tests and fetuin A as predictors of cardiometabolic risk, we studied associations between serum alanine transaminase (ALT), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and fetuin-A and anthropometric, metabolic, and cardiovascular parameters cross-sectionally at baseline, and prospectively, after 2-years of follow-up. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS 616 randomly enrolled young healthy participants in the Cyprus Metabolism Study, including all 93 subjects who participated in the follow-up study 2 years after baseline assessment, were included in this study. RESULTS In the cross-sectional study, serum ALT and GGT were strongly correlated with anthropometric, cardiovascular, and metabolic variables, while serum AST was only correlated with waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio. Fetuin-A was correlated with anthropometric variables, systolic blood pressure (SBP), insulin, and homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the unadjusted model. In the fully adjusted model, both serum ALT and GGT levels remained positively correlated with total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. GGT levels also remained correlated with triglycerides. ALT levels remained strongly positively correlated with insulin (r=0.17, p<.0001) and HOMA-IR (r=0.16, p=0.0001). Serum fetuin-A levels were no longer significantly correlated with any variables. Prospectively, ALT and GGT were predictors of anthropometric variables and LDL cholesterol, while baseline levels of AST and fetuin-A were not predictors of any variables at 2-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed associations of ALT and GGT levels but failed to demonstrate an independent association between fetuin-A and cardiometabolic risk factors in young healthy men. Traditional liver tests (LFTs) are thus better than fetuin-A predictors of metabolic risk factors cross-sectionally and prospectively in young healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ole-Petter R Hamnvik
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - John P Chamberland
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Michael Petrou
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Huizhi Gong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Costas A Christophi
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health in association with Harvard School of Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Stefanos N Kales
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA.
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA
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Nagaishi K, Ataka K, Echizen E, Arimura Y, Fujimiya M. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy ameliorates diabetic hepatocyte damage in mice by inhibiting infiltration of bone marrow-derived cells. Hepatology 2014; 59:1816-29. [PMID: 24375439 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been implicated in hepatic injury, the mechanism through which they contribute to diabetic liver disease has not been clarified. In this study, we investigated the effects of MSC therapy on diabetic liver damage with a focus on the role of bone-marrow-derived cells (BMDCs), which infiltrate the liver, and elucidated the mechanism mediating this process. Rat bone-marrow (BM)-derived MSCs were administered to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced type 2 diabetic mice and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced insulin-deficient diabetic mice. MSC-conditioned medium (MSC-CM) was also administered to examine the trophic effects of MSCs on liver damage. Therapeutic effects of MSCs were analyzed by assessing serum liver enzyme levels and histological findings. Kinetic and molecular profiles of BMDCs in the liver were evaluated using BM-chimeric mice. Curative effects of MSC and MSC-CM therapies were similar because both ameliorated the aggravation of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase at 8 weeks of treatment, despite persistent hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia in HFD-diabetic mice and persistent hyperglycemia in STZ-diabetic mice. Furthermore, both therapies suppressed the abnormal infiltration of BMDCs into the liver, reversed excessive expression of proinflammatory cytokines in parenchymal cells, and regulated proliferation and survival signaling in the liver in both HFD- and STZ-diabetic mice. In addition to inducing hepatocyte regeneration in STZ-diabetic mice, both therapies also prevented excessive lipid accumulation and apoptosis of hepatocytes and reversed insulin resistance (IR) in HFD-diabetic mice. CONCLUSION MSC therapy is a powerful tool for repairing diabetic hepatocyte damage by inhibiting inflammatory reactions induced by BMDCs and IR. These effects are likely the result of humoral factors derived from MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanna Nagaishi
- Second Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
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Macha S, Rose P, Mattheus M, Cinca R, Pinnetti S, Broedl UC, Woerle HJ. Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, in patients with hepatic impairment. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014; 16:118-23. [PMID: 23859534 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This open-label, parallel-group study investigated the effect of various degrees of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin. METHODS Thirty-six subjects [8 each with mild, moderate or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh classification), and 12 matched controls with normal hepatic function] received a single 50 mg dose of empagliflozin. RESULTS Empagliflozin was rapidly absorbed. After reaching peak levels, plasma drug concentrations declined in a biphasic fashion. Compared with subjects with normal hepatic function, geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) of AUC(0-∞) and C(max) were 123.15% (98.89-153.36) and 103.81% (82.29-130.95), respectively, in patients with mild hepatic impairment, 146.97% (118.02-183.02) and 123.31% (97.74-155.55), respectively, in patients with moderate hepatic impairment, and 174.70% (140.29-217.55) and 148.41% (117.65-187.23), respectively, in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Adverse events, all mild or moderate in intensity, were reported in three subjects with moderate hepatic impairment, two subjects with severe hepatic impairment and six subjects with normal hepatic function. CONCLUSIONS Empagliflozin was well tolerated in subjects with hepatic impairment. Increases in empagliflozin exposure were less than twofold in patients with hepatic impairment; therefore no dose adjustment of empagliflozin is required in patients with hepatic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Macha
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
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Salgado MC, Metón I, Anemaet IG, Baanante IV. Activating transcription factor 4 mediates up-regulation of alanine aminotransferase 2 gene expression under metabolic stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:288-96. [PMID: 24418603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) provides a molecular link between carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. In humans, two ALT isoforms have been characterized: ALT1, cytosolic, and ALT2, mitochondrial. To gain insight into the transcriptional regulation of the ALT2 gene, we cloned and characterized the human ALT2 promoter. 5'-deletion analysis of ALT2 promoter in transiently transfected HepG2 cells and site-directed mutagenesis allowed us to identify ATF4 as a new factor involved in the transcriptional regulation of ALT2 expression. Quantitative RT-PCR assays showed that the metabolic stressors histidinol and tunicamycin increased ATF4 levels and up-regulated ALT2 in HepG2 and Huh7 cells. Consistently, knock-down of ATF4 decreased ALT2 mRNA levels in HepG2 and Huh-7 cells. Moreover, ATF4 silencing prevented the activating effect of histidinol and tunicamycin on ATF4 and ALT2 expression. Our findings point to ALT2 as an enzyme involved in the metabolic adaptation of the cell to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Salgado
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isidoro Metón
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ida G Anemaet
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel V Baanante
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Yueh CY, Yang YH, Sung YT, Lee LW. Abdominal obesity validates the association between elevated alanine aminotransferase and newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. Endocr J 2014; 61:177-83. [PMID: 24285222 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej13-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine how elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) could be associated with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis on a mass health examination. The odds ratios (ORs) for diabetes mellitus and newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus were compared between people with and without abdominal obesity, together with and without elevated ALT levels. 5499 people were included in this study. Two hundred fifty two (4.6%) fulfilled the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus with 178 (3.2%) undiagnosed before. Metabolic syndrome was vigorously associated with diabetes mellitus and newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (12.4% vs. 1.4% and 9.0% vs. 0.9%), but elevated ALT alone was not. However, coexisting with obesity, elevated ALTs were robustly associated with diabetes mellitus and newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. For the incidence of newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus, in comparison to non-obese people with normal ALT (1.7%, OR = 1), obese people especially with elevated ALT levels had significantly higher ORs (obese with ALT ≤ 40 U/L: 4.7%, OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.08-2.77, P 0.023; ALT 41-80 U/L: 6.8%, OR 2.06, 95% CI 1.20-3.55, P 0.009; ALT 81-120 U/L: 8.8%, OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.38-6.84, P 0.006; ALT > 120 U/L: 18.2%, OR 7.44, 95% CI 3.04-18.18, P < 0.001). Abdominal obesity validates the association between elevated alanine aminotransferase and diabetes mellitus and newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus. People with abdominal obesity, especially with coexisting elevated ALT levels should be screened for undiagnosed diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Yueh
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
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37
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Remodeling of liver phospholipidomic profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 538:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Targher G, Pichiri I, Zoppini G, Trombetta M, Bonora E. Increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in Type 1 diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Endocrinol Invest 2012; 35:535-40. [PMID: 21795844 DOI: 10.3275/7875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with an increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in both non-diabetic and Type 2 diabetic individuals. We sought to examine whether NAFLD is associated with prevalent CVD in patients with Type 1 diabetes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We studied 343 (156 men; mean age ~45 yr) consecutive Type 1 diabetic patients with and without NAFLD, which was diagnosed by ultrasonography. The presence of CVD was diagnosed by patient history, chart review, electrocardiogram, and echo-Doppler scanning of carotid and lower limb arteries. RESULTS Compared with those without steatosis, patients with ultrasound-diagnosed NAFLD (no.=182) had a remarkably greater age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of coronary (15.4 vs 1.2%, p<0.0001), cerebrovascular (41.7 vs 9.3%, p<0.0001) and peripheral (29.7 vs 6.2%, p<0.0001) vascular disease. A multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that NAFLD was associated with an ~8-fold higher odds of CVD (composite endpoint), independently of age, sex, body mass index, family history of CVD, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption, diabetes duration, glycated hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, plasma lipids, estimated glomerular filtration rate, albuminuria, and use of anti-hypertensive, lipid-lowering and anti-platelet medications (adjusted odds ratio 7.6, 95% confidence intervals 3.6-24.0, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that NAFLD is associated with an increased prevalence of asymptomatic/symptomatic CVD in patients with Type 1 diabetes, independently of several established risk factors, including the components of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Targher
- Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Morling JR, Strachan MWJ, Hayes PC, Butcher I, Frier BM, Reynolds RM, Price JF. Prevalence of abnormal plasma liver enzymes in older people with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2012; 29:488-91. [PMID: 22004335 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2011.03492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the prevalence and distribution of abnormal plasma liver enzymes in a representative sample of older adults with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS Plasma concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyltransferase were measured in a randomly selected, population-based cohort of 1066 men and women aged 60-75 years with Type 2 diabetes (the Edinburgh Type 2 Diabetes Study). RESULTS Overall, 29.1% (95% CI 26.1-31.8) of patients had one or more plasma liver enzymes above the upper limit of the normal reference range. Only 10.1% of these patients had a prior history of liver disease and a further 12.4% reported alcohol intake above recommended limits. Alanine aminotransferase was the most commonly raised liver enzyme (23.1% of patients). The prevalence of abnormal liver enzymes was significantly higher in men (odds ratio 1.40, 95% CI 1.07-1.83), in the youngest 5-year age band (odds ratio 2.02, 95% CI 1.44-2.84), in patients with diabetes duration < 5 years (odds ratio 1.38, 95% CI 1.01-1.90), plasma HbA(1c) ≥ 58 mmol/mol (7.5%) (odds ratio 1.43, 95% CI 1.09-1.88), obese BMI (odds ratio 2.84, 95% CI 1.59-3.06) and secondary care management for their diabetes (odds ratio 1.40, 95% CI 1.05-1.87). However, all these factors combined accounted for only 7.6% of the variation in liver enzyme abnormality. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of elevated liver enzymes in people with Type 2 diabetes is high, with only modest variation between clinically defined patient groups. Further research is required to determine the prognostic value of raised, routinely measured liver enzymes to inform decisions on appropriate follow-up investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Morling
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Abstract
Islet autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes results in the loss of the pancreatic β-cells. The consequences of insulin deficiency in the portal vein for liver fat are poorly understood. Under normal conditions, the portal vein provides 75% of the liver blood supply. Recent studies suggest that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may be more common in type 1 diabetes than previously thought, and may serve as an independent risk marker for some chronic diabetic complications. The pathogenesis of NAFLD remains obscure, but it has been hypothesized that hepatic fat accumulation in type 1 diabetes may be due to lipoprotein abnormalities, hyperglycemia-induced activation of the transcription factors carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), upregulation of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) with subsequent intrahepatic fat synthesis, or a combination of these mechanisms. Novel approaches to non-invasive determinations of liver fat may clarify the consequences for liver metabolism when the pancreas has ceased producing insulin. This article aims to review the factors potentially contributing to hepatic steatosis in type 1 diabetes, and to assess the feasibility of using liver fat as a prognostic and/or diagnostic marker for the disease. It provides a background and a case for possible future studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E Regnell
- Lund University, CRC, Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Celiac Disease Unit, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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Yueh CY, Chen JH, Lee LW, Lu CW, Parekh B, Chi CC. Elevated alanine aminotransferase is associated with metabolic syndrome but not consistently associated with impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 94:64-70. [PMID: 21715038 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormally elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of nonspecific causes is a common outpatient problem. Without considering ethnicity, several studies had suggested that it was associated with insulin resistance (IR). OBJECTIVE To investigate whether nonspecific elevated ALT in Taiwanese population could reflect a likely underlying IR and was associated with impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes mellitus (IFG/T2DM). METHODS The health examination profiles of 1313 Taiwanese were investigated cross-sectionally. The prevalence and odds ratios (ORs) for IFG/T2DM and metabolic abnormalities in relation to elevated ALT were analyzed. RESULTS Subjects with metabolic syndrome (MS) all had IFG/T2DM. The elevated ALT significantly correlated with MS and IFG/T2DM (i.e., 19.9-29.2% vs. 7.8% for MS, and 27.0-31.5% vs. 16.1% for IFG/T2DM). However, after excluding MS and adjustment for age and sex, the elevated ALT alone was not consistently associated with IFG/T2DM (36 < ALT ≤ 80 IU/L with OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.58-1.61; 80 < ALT ≤ 120 IU/L with OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.13-2.37; none with ALT > 120 had IFG). CONCLUSIONS In a cross-sectional analysis of Taiwanese industrial employees, elevated ALT associated with MS, but in subjects who did not meet MS criteria, elevated ALT by itself did not associate with IFG/T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yu Yueh
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chiayi, Taiwan
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Aljabri KS, Bokhari SA, Fageeh SM, Alharbi AM, Abaza MA. Glycogen hepatopathy in a 13-year-old male with type 1 diabetes. Ann Saudi Med 2011; 31:424-7. [PMID: 21727748 PMCID: PMC3156523 DOI: 10.4103/0256-4947.81803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogenic hepatopathy (GH ) is a rare cause of serum transaminase elevations in type 1 diabetes mellitus. We describe a 13-year-old male with a history of poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus who presented with hepatomegaly and severe transaminase flares. Liver histology confirmed GH. Treatment consists of improving glycemic control. Hepatomegaly due to excess glycogen storage in poorly controlled type 1 diabetics has been associated with younger patients with poor glycemic control, occurring about 2-4 weeks after starting insulin treatment, and resolving upon glucose stabilization. We conclude that glycogenic hepatopathy can cause hepatomegaly and significant transaminase elevations in individuals with type I diabetes mellitus, The recovery of severe transaminase elevations in this patient illustrates the more benign course of GH, which is a condition with a far better prognosis. Clinician awareness of GH should prevent diagnostic delay and will provide better insight into the prevalence of GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid S Aljabri
- Department of Medicine, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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43
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Morrison FS, Johnstone KA, Harries LW. Physiological effects of Type 2 diabetes on mRNA processing and gene expression. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2011; 6:255-267. [PMID: 30290446 DOI: 10.1586/eem.10.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Characteristics of Type 2 diabetes include both high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) and raised cholesterol and triglycerides (hyperlipidemia). Several studies have now shown that both hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia can alter gene expression by disrupting physiological mechanisms of gene regulation, including alternative mRNA splicing, epigenetic gene regulation and miRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression. These processes may also be influenced by intracellular oxidative stress, which is increased in diabetes and in response to hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Many pathways relevant to diabetes are affected by altered gene expression, including lipid and glucose metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. This article considers how hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia can alter gene expression in diabetes, which could potentially contribute to the worsening of the diabetic phenotype and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faer S Morrison
- a Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Karen A Johnstone
- a Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Lorna W Harries
- a Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
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Targher G, Bertolini L, Padovani R, Rodella S, Zoppini G, Pichiri I, Sorgato C, Zenari L, Bonora E. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Hepatol 2010; 53:713-8. [PMID: 20619918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS To estimate the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in type 1 diabetic individuals, and to evaluate whether NAFLD is associated with increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS All patients with diagnosed type 1 diabetes with available liver ultrasound data (n=250), who regularly attended our diabetes clinic, were enrolled. Main study measures were detection of NAFLD (by patient history and liver ultrasound) and asymptomatic/symptomatic CVD (by patient history, chart review, electrocardiogram, and echo-Doppler scanning of carotid and lower limb arteries). RESULTS The prevalence of NAFLD was 44.4%, and NAFLD was the most common cause (69.8%) of hepatic steatosis on ultrasound examination. Patients with NAFLD had a remarkably higher (p<0.001) age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of coronary (10.8% vs. 1.1%), cerebrovascular (37.3% vs. 5.5%) and peripheral (24.5% vs. 2.5%) vascular disease than their counterparts without NAFLD. In logistic regression analysis, NAFLD was associated with prevalent CVD (as composite endpoint), independently of age, sex, diabetes duration, hemoglobin A(1c), smoking history, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and medication use (adjusted odds ratio 7.36, 95% confidence intervals 1.60-34.3, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that NAFLD is very common in type 1 diabetic subjects and is associated, independently of several confounding factors, with a higher prevalence of CVD. Future prospective studies are needed to evaluate whether NAFLD predicts incident CVD events in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Kang C, Jin YB, Lee H, Cha M, Sohn ET, Moon J, Park C, Chun S, Jung ES, Hong JS, Kim SB, Kim JS, Kim E. Brown alga Ecklonia cava attenuates type 1 diabetes by activating AMPK and Akt signaling pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:509-16. [PMID: 19913068 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The antidiabetic therapeutic effect of Ecklonia cava, a brown alga, was investigated using streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes mellitus rats and C2C12 myoblasts. The methanol extract of E. cava (ECM), having a strong radical scavenging activity, significantly reduced plasma glucose level and increased insulin concentration in type 1 diabetes mellitus rats. Moreover, the elevation of plasma ALT in diabetic rats was dramatically restored near to normal range by the treatment of ECM, whereas AST level was not meaningfully altered in any group throughout the experiment. The characteristic indications of diabetes, such as polyphagia and polydipsia, were greatly improved by ECM treatment as well. The mechanism of action of ECM appears to be, at least partially, mediated by the activation of both AMP-activated protein kinase/ACC and PI-3 kinase/Akt signal pathways. Taken together, the present results suggest that E. cava has both in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkeun Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
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Judi L, Toukan A, Khader Y, Ajlouni K, Khatib MA. Prevalence of elevated hepatic transaminases among Jordanian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Saudi Med 2010; 30:25-32. [PMID: 20103955 PMCID: PMC2850179 DOI: 10.4103/0256-4947.59369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Since the extent of elevation of liver transaminases in type 2 diabetics in Jordan and most of the Middle East is unknown, we estimated the prevalence of elevated liver transaminase levels among patients with type 2 diabetes and determined associated risk factors. METHODS This study was performed on 1014 consecutive type 2 diabetic outpatients who attended the National Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Genetics in Amman, Jordan. The patients' age ranged between 26-85 years with a mean age of 56.8 (+9.8). Three- hundred and fifty three (54.5%) were males with a median age of 58 years (ranging between 26-82 years), and four hundred and sixty one (45.5%) were females with a median age of 57 years (ranging between 28-85 years). Body mass index, waist circumference, lipid profile, and hepatic transaminase levels were recorded. Ultraonography was performed in those with elevated alanine transaminase levels. RESULTS Overall, the prevalence of elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) level was 10.4% (n=105) with the gender-wise prevalence being 12.8% (n=71) in men and 7.4% (n=34) in women. The prevalence of elevated aspartate transaminase (AST) levels was 5.4% (n=56) with the gender-wise prevalence being 5.6% (n=31) in men and 5.4% (n=25) in women.. Only 4.5% (n=44) showed elevated levels of both ALT and AST. Male gender (OR=2.35, CI:1.5-3.8) and high waist circumference (OR=1.9, CI:1.2-3.2) were associated with increased risk of elevated ALT levels. Younger patients had a higher tendency to have elevated ALT compared to those over 65 years (OR=12.4 for patients aged 25-45years, and OR=5.8 for those who were 45-65 years old). Non-insulin use was associated with a high odds ratio for elevated ALT levels (OR=1.7, CI: 1.1-2.9). CONCLUSIONS Elevated ALT and AST levels are found in 10.4% and 5.4% of our type 2 diabetic patients respectively. Male gender, younger age, higher waist circumference; as an indicator of central obesity, as well as non insulin use are independent predictors of elevated liver transaminase levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Judi
- National Center for Diabetes Endocrinology and Genetics, Diabetology, Queen Rania St., PO Box 13165, Amman, Jordan.
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Leeds JS, Forman EM, Morley S, Scott AR, Tesfaye S, Sanders DS. Abnormal liver function tests in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus: prevalence, clinical correlations and underlying pathologies. Diabet Med 2009; 26:1235-41. [PMID: 20002475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the prevalence of elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) in a large cohort of patients with Type 1 diabetes and to examine the clinical correlations and causes. Methods Patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus were prospectively recruited and ALT, glycated haemoglobin and lipid profile were measured. Patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited as a comparison group. PATIENTS with abnormal ALT were investigated for underlying causes. Prevalence of abnormal ALT was analysed at three separate cut-offs and multivariable analysis used to identify independent risk factors. RESULTS Nine hundred and eleven with Type 1 diabetes and 963 with Type 2 diabetes were included. The prevalence of elevated ALT was dependent on the cut-off value: > 30 IU/l in males and > 19 IU/l in females, > 50 and > 63 IU/l was 34.5, 4.3 and 1.9%, respectively, in Type 1 diabetes and 51.4, 8.2 and 3.7%, respectively, in Type 2 diabetes. In Type 1 diabetes an elevated ALT was associated with worse glycaemic control, age > 55 years and elevated triglycerides. Investigation of these patients revealed a cause in 43.6% of patients, predominantly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). CONCLUSIONS Elevated ALT is not uncommon in Type 1 diabetes and is associated with NAFLD-related risk factors. Patients with Type 1 diabetes and elevated ALT should be investigated as significant abnormalities may be found which are amenable to interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Leeds
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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Jankord R, Ganjam VK, Turk JR, Hamilton MT, Laughlin MH. Exercise training alters effect of high-fat feeding on the ACTH stress response in pigs. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 33:461-9. [PMID: 18461098 DOI: 10.1139/h08-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eating and physical activity behaviors influence neuroendocrine output. The purpose of this study was to test, in an animal model of diet-induced cardiovascular disease, the effects of high-fat feeding and exercise training on hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity. We hypothesized that a high-fat diet would increase circulating free fatty acids (FFAs) and decrease the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol response to an acute stressor. We also hypothesized that exercise training would reverse the high-fat diet-induced changes in FFAs and thereby restore the ACTH and cortisol response. Pigs were placed in 1 of 4 groups (normal diet, sedentary; normal diet, exercise training; high-fat diet, sedentary; high-fat diet, exercise training; n = 8/group). Animals were placed on their respective dietary and activity treatments for 16-20 weeks. After completion of the treatments animals were anesthetized and underwent surgical intubation. Blood samples were collected after surgery and the ACTH and cortisol response to surgery was determined and the circulating concentrations of FFAs, glucose, cholesterol, insulin, and IGF-1 were measured. Consistent with our hypothesis, high-fat feeding increased FFAs by 200% and decreased the ACTH stress response by 40%. In exercise-trained animals, the high-fat diet also increased FFA; however, the increase in FFA in exercise-trained pigs was accompanied by a 60% increase in the ACTH response. The divergent effect of high-fat feeding on ACTH response was not expected, as exercise training alone had no effect on the ACTH response. Results demonstrate a significant interaction between diet and exercise and their effect on the ACTH response. The divergent effects of high-fat diet could not be explained by changes in weight gain, blood glucose, insulin, or IGF-1, as these were altered by high-fat feeding, but unaffected by exercise training. Thus, the increase in FFA with high-fat feeding may explain the blunted ACTH response to an acute stressor in sedentary animals, but cannot explain the exaggerated response in exercise trained animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Jankord
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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A novel alternatively spliced transcript of cytosolic alanine aminotransferase gene associated with enhanced gluconeogenesis in liver of Sparus aurata. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:2833-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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