1
|
Van Raemdonck K, Umar S, Palasiewicz K, Volin MV, Elshabrawy HA, Romay B, Tetali C, Ahmed A, Amin MA, Zomorrodi RK, Sweiss N, Shahrara S. Interleukin-34 Reprograms Glycolytic and Osteoclastic Rheumatoid Arthritis Macrophages via Syndecan 1 and Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Receptor. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:2003-2014. [PMID: 33982895 PMCID: PMC8568622 DOI: 10.1002/art.41792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), elevated serum interleukin-34 (IL-34) levels are linked with increased disease severity. IL-34 binds to 2 receptors, macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR) and syndecan 1, which are coexpressed in RA macrophages. Expression of both IL-34 and syndecan 1 is strikingly elevated in the RA synovium, yet their mechanisms of action remain undefined. This study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism of action of IL-34 in RA. METHODS To characterize the significance of IL-34 in immunometabolism, its mechanism of action was elucidated in joint macrophages, fibroblasts, and T effector cells using RA and preclinical models. RESULTS Intriguingly, syndecan 1 activated IL-34-induced M-CSFR phosphorylation and reprogrammed RA naive cells into distinctive CD14+CD86+GLUT1+ M34 macrophages that expressed elevated levels of IL-1β, CXCL8, and CCL2. In murine M34 macrophages, the inflammatory phenotype was accompanied by potentiated glycolytic activity, exhibited by transcriptional up-regulation of GLUT1, c-Myc, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and amplified pyruvate and l-lactate secretion. Local expression of IL-34 provoked arthritis by expanding the glycolytic F4/80-positive, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-positive macrophage population, which in turn attracted fibroblasts and polarized Th1/Th17 cells. The cross-talk between murine M34 macrophages and Th1/Th17 cells broadened the inflammatory and metabolic phenotypes, resulting in the expansion of IL-34 pathogenicity. Consequently, IL-34-instigated joint inflammation was alleviated in RAG-/- mice compared to wild-type mice. Syndecan 1 deficiency attenuated IL-34-induced arthritis by interfering with joint glycolytic M34 macrophage and osteoclast remodeling. Similarly, inhibition of glycolysis by 2-deoxy-d-glucose reversed the joint swelling and metabolic rewiring triggered by IL-34 via HIF-1α and c-Myc induction. CONCLUSION IL-34 is a novel endogenous factor that remodels hypermetabolic M34 macrophages and facilitates their cross-regulation with T effector cells to advance inflammatory bone destruction in RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Van Raemdonck
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sadiq Umar
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Karol Palasiewicz
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Michael V. Volin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Hatem A. Elshabrawy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Sam Houston State University, Conroe, TX 77304, USA
| | - Bianca Romay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Chandana Tetali
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Azam Ahmed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - M. Asif Amin
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan K. Zomorrodi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Nadera Sweiss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shiva Shahrara
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lyons LP, Weinberg JB, Wittstein JR, McNulty AL. Blood in the joint: effects of hemarthrosis on meniscus health and repair techniques. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2021; 29:471-479. [PMID: 33307179 PMCID: PMC8051641 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the meniscus is common and frequently leads to the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Many times meniscus injuries occur coincident with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and lead to a bloody joint effusion. Hemarthrosis, or bleeding into the joint, has been implicated in degeneration of joint tissues. The goal of this review paper is to understand the pathophysiology of blood-induced joint damage, the possible effects of blood on meniscus tissue, and the implications for current meniscus repair techniques that involve the introduction of blood-derived products into the joint. In this review, we illustrate the similarities in the pathophysiology of joint damage due to hemophilic arthropathy (HA) and osteoarthritis (OA). Although numerous studies have revealed the harmful effects of blood on cartilage and synovium, there is currently a gap in knowledge regarding the effects of hemarthrosis on meniscus tissue homeostasis, healing, and the development of PTOA following meniscus injury. Given that many meniscus repair techniques utilize blood-derived and marrow-derived products, it is essential to understand the effects of these factors on meniscus tissue and the whole joint organ to develop improved strategies to promote meniscus tissue repair and prevent PTOA development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P. Lyons
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School
of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - J. Brice Weinberg
- Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, Durham, NC,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine,
Durham, NC
| | - Jocelyn R. Wittstein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School
of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Amy L. McNulty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School
of Medicine, Durham, NC,Department of Pathology, Duke University School of
Medicine, Durham, NC
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu H, Meng Y, Tong P, Zhang S. Pathological mechanism of joint destruction in haemophilic arthropathy. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 48:969-974. [PMID: 33289909 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Haemophilic arthropathy (HA), caused by intra-articular haemorrhage, is one of the most common complications in patients with haemophilia. Factor replacement therapy provides missing coagulation factors to prevent children with haemophilia from joint bleeding and decreases their risk for HA. However, haemophilia patients in developing countries are still suffering from HA due to insufficient replacement therapy. Symptoms such as pain and activity limitations caused by HA seriously affect the functional abilities and quality of life of patients with HA, causing a high disability rate in the haemophilia cohort. The pathological mechanism of HA is complicated because the whole pathological mainly involves hypertrophic synovitis, osteopenia, cartilage and bone destruction, and these pathological changes occur in parallel and interact with each other. Inflammation plays an important role in the whole complex pathological process, and iron, cytokines, growth factors and other factors are involved. This review summarizes the pathological mechanism of HA to provide background for clinical and basic research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijia Zhu
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yilin Meng
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Peijian Tong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shanxing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Discrepancy between Jun/Fos Proto-Oncogene mRNA and Protein Expression in the Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Membrane. J 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/j3020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory and destructive joint disease characterized by overexpression of pro-inflammatory/pro-destructive mediators, whose regulation has been the focus of our previous studies. Since the expression of these proteins commonly depends on AP-1, the expression of the AP-1-forming subunits cJun, JunB, JunD, and cFos was assessed in synovial membrane (SM) samples of RA, osteoarthritis (OA), joint trauma (JT), and normal controls (NC) using ELISA and qRT-PCR. With respect to an observed discrepancy between mRNA and protein levels, the expression of the mRNA stability-modifying factors AU-rich element RNA-binding protein (AUF)-1, tristetraprolin (TTP), and human antigen R (HuR) was measured. JunB and JunD protein expression was significantly higher in RA-SM compared to OA and/or NC. By contrast, jun/fos mRNA expression was significantly (cjun) or numerically decreased (junB, junD, cfos) in RA and OA compared to JT and/or NC. Remarkably, TTP and HuR were also affected by discrepancies between their mRNA and protein levels, since they were significantly decreased at the mRNA level in RA versus NC, but significantly or numerically increased at the protein level when compared to JT and NC. Discrepancies between the mRNA and protein expression for Jun/Fos and TTP/HuR suggest broad alterations of post-transcriptional processes in the RA-SM. In this context, increased levels of mRNA-destabilizing TTP may contribute to the low levels of jun/fos and ttp/hur mRNA, whereas abundant mRNA-stabilizing HuR may augment translation of the remaining mRNA into protein with potential consequences for the composition of the resulting AP-1 complexes and the expression of AP-1-dependent genes in RA.
Collapse
|
5
|
Li H, Hao Z, Zhao L, Liu W, Han Y, Bai Y, Wang J. Comparison of molecular mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis using gene microarrays. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:4599-605. [PMID: 27082252 PMCID: PMC4878540 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare the molecular mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). The microarray dataset no. GSE29746 was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus. After data pre‑processing, differential expression analysis between the RA group and the control, as well as between the OA group and the control was performed using the LIMMA package in R and differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) with |log2fold change (FC)|>1 and P<0.01 were identified. DETs screened from each disease group were then subjected to functional annotation using DAVID. Next, DETs from each group were used to construct individual interaction networks using the BIND database, followed by sub‑network mining using clusterONE. Significant functions of nodes in each sub‑network were also investigated. In total, 19 and 281 DETs were screened from the RA and OA groups, respectively, with only six common DETs. DETs from the RA and OA groups were enriched in 8 and 130 gene ontology (GO) terms, respectively, with four common GO terms, of which to were associated with phospholipase C (PLC) activity. In addition, DETs screened from the OA group were enriched in immune response‑associated GO terms, and those screened from the RA group were largely associated with biological processes linked with the cell cycle and chromosomes. Genes involved in PLC activity and its regulation were indicated to be altered in RA as well as in OA. Alterations in the expression of cell cycle‑associated genes were indicated to be linked with the occurrence of OA, while genes participating in the immune response were involved in the occurrence of RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Harbin Fifth Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyong Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Harbin Fifth Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Liqiang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Harbin Fifth Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Harbin Fifth Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yanlong Han
- Department of Orthopedics, The Harbin Fifth Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yunxing Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Harbin Fifth Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Harbin Fifth Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Keklikoglu N, Akinci S. ATF-2 immunoreactivity in post-mitotic and terminally differentiated human odontoblasts. Med Mol Morphol 2014; 48:164-8. [PMID: 25417007 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-014-0092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2/CRE-BP1; cAMP-responsive element binding protein 1) is a member of nuclear transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1) family. AP-1 regulates cellular processes including growth, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. However, biological relationship of cellular process to each member of the AP-1 family is not clear yet. The objective of the present study was to compare the ATF-2 immunoreactivity in the post-mitotic and terminally differentiated odontoblasts and in the pulpal fibroblasts which can be divided by mitosis when required. Fibroblasts at various stages of differentiation co-exist in the human dental pulp. ATF-2 was investigated immunohistochemically in 20 permanent human teeth. According to the findings obtained, the mean percentage of ATF-2 positive cells was 68.5 ± 19.2% in the odontoblasts and 22.8 ± 13.7% in the pulpal fibroblasts. The comparison of ATF-2 positivity revealed a statistically significant difference between odontoblasts and pulpal fibroblasts. These findings have suggested that ATF-2 is more associated with cell survival rather than cell proliferation, and revealed much of effectiveness in maintaining terminal differentiation than the various differentiation stages of the cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurullah Keklikoglu
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sevtap Akinci
- Division of Basic Sciences, Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reedquist KA, Tak PP. Signal transduction pathways in chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease: small GTPases. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:259-72. [PMID: 23028410 PMCID: PMC3460313 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras superfamily small GTPases represent a wide and diverse class of intracellular signaling proteins that are highly conserved during evolution. These enzymes serve as key checkpoints in coupling antigen receptor, growth factor, cytokine and chemokine stimulation to cellular responses. Once activated, via their ability to regulate multiple downstream signaling pathways, small GTPases amplify and diversify signaling cascades which regulate cellular proliferation, survival, cytokine expression, trafficking and retention. Small GTPases, particularly members of the Ras, Rap, and Rho family, critically coordinate the function and interplay of immune and stromal cells during inflammatory respones, and increasing evidence indicates that alterations in small GTPase signaling contribute to the pathological behavior of these cell populations in human chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here, we review how Ras, Rap, and Rho family GTPases contribute to the biology of cell populations relevant to human chronic inflammatory disease, highlight recent advances in understanding how alterations in these pathways contribute to pathology in RA and SLE, and discuss new therapeutic strategies that may allow specific targeting of small GTPases in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kris A Reedquist
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Launay D, Vreijling J, Hartkamp LM, Karpus ON, Abreu JRF, van Maanen MA, Sanders ME, Grabiec AM, Hamann J, Ørum H, Vervoordeldonk MJ, Fluiter K, Tak PP, Reedquist KA. Silencing the expression of Ras family GTPase homologues decreases inflammation and joint destruction in experimental arthritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:3010-24. [PMID: 20971740 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the expression and activation status of Ras proteins are thought to contribute to the pathological phenotype of stromal fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) in rheumatoid arthritis, a prototypical immune-mediated inflammatory disease. Broad inhibition of Ras and related proteins has shown protective effects in animal models of arthritis, but each of the Ras family homologues (ie, H-, K-, and N-Ras) makes distinct contributions to cellular activation. We examined the expression of each Ras protein in synovial tissue and FLS obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis. Each Ras protein was expressed in synovial tissue and cultured FLS. Each homolog was also activated following FLS stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-α or interleukin (IL)-1β. Constitutively active mutants of each Ras protein enhanced IL-1β-induced FLS matrix metalloproteinase-3 production, while only active H-Ras enhanced IL-8 production. Gene silencing demonstrated that each Ras protein contributed to IL-1β-dependent IL-6 production, while H-Ras and N-Ras supported IL-1β-dependent matrix metalloproteinase-3 and IL-8 production, respectively. The overlap in contributions of Ras homologues to FLS activation suggests that broad targeting of Ras GTPases in vivo suppresses global inflammation and joint destruction in arthritis. Consistent with this, simultaneous silencing of H-Ras, K-Ras, and N-Ras expression significantly reduces inflammation and joint destruction in murine collagen-induced arthritis, while specific targeting of N-Ras alone is less effective in providing clinical benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daphne de Launay
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor RasGRF1 promotes matrix metalloproteinase-3 production in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R121. [PMID: 19678938 PMCID: PMC2745805 DOI: 10.1186/ar2785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients share many similarities with transformed cancer cells, including spontaneous production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Altered or chronic activation of proto-oncogenic Ras family GTPases is thought to contribute to inflammation and joint destruction in RA, and abrogation of Ras family signaling is therapeutic in animal models of RA. Recently, expression and post-translational modification of Ras guanine nucleotide releasing factor 1 (RasGRF1) was found to contribute to spontaneous MMP production in melanoma cancer cells. Here, we examine the potential relationship between RasGRF1 expression and MMP production in RA, reactive arthritis, and inflammatory osteoarthritis synovial tissue and FLS. Methods Expression of RasGRF1, MMP-1, MMP-3, and IL-6 was detected in synovial tissue by immunohistochemistry and stained sections were evaluated by digital image analysis. Expression of RasGRF1 in FLS and synovial tissue was also assessed by immunoblotting. Double staining was performed to detect proteins in specific cell populations, and cells producing MMP-1 and MMP-3. RasGRF1 expression was manipulated in RA FLS by cDNA transfection and gene silencing, and effects on MMP-1, TIMP-1, MMP-3, IL-6, and IL-8 production measured by ELISA. Results Expression of RasGRF1 was significantly enhanced in RA synovial tissue, and detected in FLS and synovial macrophages in situ. In cultured FLS and synovial biopsies, RasGRF1 was detected by immunoblotting as a truncated fragment lacking its negative regulatory domain. Production of MMP-1 and MMP-3 in RA but not non-RA synovial tissue positively correlated with expression of RasGRF1 and co-localized in cells expressing RasGRF1. RasGRF1 overexpression in FLS induced production of MMP-3, and RasGRF1 silencing inhibited spontaneous MMP-3 production. Conclusions Enhanced expression and post-translational modification of RasGRF1 contributes to MMP-3 production in RA synovial tissue and the semi-transformed phenotype of RA FLS.
Collapse
|
10
|
Keklikoglu N. c-Jun, Fra-2, and ATF-2 immunoreactivity in the jejunal tissues of the healthy rat. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:2680-6. [PMID: 18320311 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the localization of some activator protein-1 (AP-1) proteins in healthy rat jejunum. For this purpose, the AP-1 members c-Jun, Fra-2, and ATF-2 immunoreactivity (c-Jun-IR, Fra-2-IR, ATF-2-IR) in villus epithelial cells (ECs), intravillous lamina propria cells (LPCs), crypt cells (CCs), and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were analyzed by immunohistochemical methods. Among all the cell groups, the lowest positivity ratio was found in c-Jun-IR and the highest positivity ratio was found in ATF-2-IR. For each group of ECs, LPCs, CCs, and SMCs, c-Jun-IR, Fra-2-IR, and ATF-2-IR were compared and statistically significant differences found. There were no significant differences among the cell groups with respect to c-Jun-IR and Fra-2-IR, but there was a statistically significant difference in ATF-2-IR. These findings suggest that each member of AP-1 is expressed differently and that ATF-2 is more active than c-Jun and Fra-2 in physiological conditions in healthy rat jejunum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurullah Keklikoglu
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul University, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schett G, Zwerina J, Firestein G. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 67:909-16. [PMID: 17827184 PMCID: PMC2754165 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2007.074278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory processes are based on a sustained and tightly regulated communication network among different cells types. This network comprises extracellular mediators such as cytokines, chemokines and matrix-degrading proteases, which orchestrate the participation of cells in the chronic inflammatory process. The mirrors of this outside communication world are intracellular transcription factor pathways, which shuttle information about inflammatory stimuli to the cell nucleus. This review examines the function of one key signal transduction pathway of inflammation--the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38MAPK). The signalling pathway is considered as crucial for the induction and maintenance of chronic inflammation, and its components thus emerge as interesting molecular targets of small molecule inhibitors for controlling inflammation. This review not only summarises the current knowledge of activation, regulation and function of the p38MAPK pathway but also examines the role of this pathway in clinical disease. It gives an overview of current evidence of p38MAPK activation in inflammatory arthritis and elaborates the key molecular determinants which contribute to p38MAPK activation in joint disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Intra-articular bleeding is the most common clinical manifestation of hemophilia, and can adversely affect joints and lead to arthropathy. Affected joints are associated with changes to the synovium, bone, cartilage and blood vessels. Iron plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of this condition, and may exert its effects through a variety of different mechanisms. Hemophilic arthropathy shares some injury characteristics with rheumatoid arthritis, although the degree of analogy is a matter of some debate. The influences of the mechanisms underlying joint inflammation are better understood for rheumatoid arthritis than for hemophilia, and it is hoped that this knowledge can be used to provide a more comprehensive knowledge of the pathological process of hemophilic arthropathy. This, in turn, may enable novel targets for therapeutic intervention to be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Keith Hoots
- Gulf States Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stojadinovic O, Brem H, Vouthounis C, Lee B, Fallon J, Stallcup M, Merchant A, Galiano RD, Tomic-Canic M. Molecular pathogenesis of chronic wounds: the role of beta-catenin and c-myc in the inhibition of epithelialization and wound healing. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 167:59-69. [PMID: 15972952 PMCID: PMC1603435 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lack of understanding of the molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis of impaired healing in chronic ulcers is a serious health issue that contributes to excessive limb amputations and mortality. Here we show that beta-catenin and its downstream targets in keratinocytes, c-myc, and keratins K6 and K16, play important roles in the development of chronic wounds. In contrast to normal epidermis, we observed a significant nuclear presence of beta-catenin and elevated c-myc expression at the nonhealing wound edge of chronic ulcers from 10 patients. In vitro studies indicated that stabilization of nuclear beta-catenin inhibited wound healing and keratinocyte migration by blocking epidermal growth factor response, inducing c-myc and repressing the K6/K16 keratins (cytoskeletal components important for migration). The molecular mechanism of K6/K16 repression involved beta-catenin and arginine methyltransferase (CARM-1) acting as co-repressors of glucocorticoid receptor monomers. We conclude that activation of the beta-catenin/c-myc pathway(s) contributes to impaired healing by inhibiting keratinocyte migration and altering their differentiation. The presence of activated beta-catenin and c-myc in the epidermis of chronic wounds may serve as a molecular marker of impaired healing and may provide future targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Stojadinovic
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., TH100, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ishii G, Sangai T, Ito T, Hasebe T, Endoh Y, Sasaki H, Harigaya K, Ochiai A. In vivo andin vitro characterization of human fibroblasts recruited selectively into human cancer stroma. Int J Cancer 2005; 117:212-20. [PMID: 15900602 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts, which are a major component of cancer-induced stroma, can have a significant impact on the progression of adjacent malignant epithelia. To characterize fibroblasts recruited into cancer-induced stroma, we examined the recruitment efficiency of 9 human fibroblast cell lines into experimental tumors generated in immunodeficient mice. Green fluorescence protein (GFP)-labeled fibroblast cell lines and human pancreatic cancer cell line Capan-1 were injected i.p. at different sites; the GFP-labeled cells within xenografts were then analyzed. KM104GFP (bone marrow) and VA-13GFP (lung) were selectively recruited into cancer stroma more efficiently than the other cell lines. KM104GFP cells did not affect tumor volume; however, VA-13GFP cells increased tumor volume by about 2-fold. After 5 cyclic in vivo passages of KM104GFP in Capan-1, we selected a subpopulation with an 8.4-fold higher recruitment efficiency (KM104GFP-5G) compared to parental KM104GFP. KM104GFP-5G also exhibited higher chemotaxis and chemoinvasion activity compared to KM104GFP in response to cancer-released chemoattractant(s). Oligonucleotide microarray analysis identified 8 genes with >3-fold upregulation and 6 genes with >3-fold downregulation in KM104GFP-5G. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that fibroblasts recruited into pancreatic cancer stroma strongly expressed carbonic anhydrase IX and keratin-8, whose transcripts were upregulated in KM104GFP-5G by oligonucleotide microarray analysis, whereas their expression in fibroblasts within noncancerous pancreatic stroma were under the detection level. Our results indicate that fibroblast recruitment is not selective with respect to organ origin and that particular fibroblast subpopulations with specific phenotypic characteristics could be recruited efficiently into cancer-induced stroma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genichiro Ishii
- Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Keklikoglu N. Comparison of c-Fos immunoreactivity in pancreatic beta cells and cells with neural crest, endoderm and mesoderm origin in rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2004; 27:445-8. [PMID: 15279077 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pancreatic beta cells are known to share many similarities with neuronal cells, but their origin remains controversial. It has been hypothesized that pancreatic beta cells are derived from neural crest cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the similarities between pancreatic beta cells and cells with neural crest, endoderm and mesoderm origin with respect to c-Fos immunoreactivity (c-Fos-ir), which has a role in important cellular processes including cellular proliferation, growth, differentiation and apoptosis. METHODS c-Fos-ir was analyzed by immunohistochemical methods in formaline-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of rat pancreatic beta cells (BCs), in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells (CCs) that are derived from neural crest, in exocrine pancreatic acinar cells (ACs) that are derived from endoderm, and in adrenal cortex zona reticularis cells (RCs) that are derived from mesoderm. RESULTS The statistical comparisons revealed no significant differences between BCs and CCs with respect to c-Fos-ir (p>0.05). However, a highly significant difference (p<0.001) with respect to c-Fos-ir both between ACs and RCs, and between these two cell types and each of the two other cell types was noted. CONCLUSIONS As opposed to findings in cells without neural crest origin, the observed similarity between BCs and CCs with respect to c-Fos-ir, provides additional evidence for the similarity of these cells with cells derived from neural crest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Keklikoglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Keklikoglu N. Comparison of c-Fos immunoreactivity in pancreatic beta cells and cells with neural crest origin in rats: an immunohistochemical study. Med Hypotheses 2004; 62:537-41. [PMID: 15050102 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2003.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although a neural crest origin has been proposed for pancreatic beta cells, these cells are known to possess many similarities with neuronal cells. These similarities give rise to the hypothesis that undifferentiated neural crest cells can be transformed into beta cells. The objective of this study was to compare beta-cells and undifferentiated neural crest cells with respect to c-Fos immunoreactivity (c-Fos-IR), which plays a crucial role in certain cellular and biological processes and is used as a neuronal activity marker. For the purpose of the study, c-Fos-IR has been analysed by immunohistochemical methods in rat pancreatic beta cells, pulpal undifferentiated ectomesenchimal cells (PUECs) that are known to have a neural crest origin, and in small intestine fibroblasts which do not have a neural crest origin, in formaline-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections. There were no significant differences between beta-cells and PUECs in c-Fos-IR (p > 0.05) but there was a highly significant difference between fibroblasts and the other two type of cells ( p < 0.001). These results give rise to and support the suggestion that PUECs can be transformed into beta-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurullah Keklikoglu
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fiehn C, Wunder A, Krienke S, Max R, Ho AD, Moehler T. Lack of evidence for inhibition of angiogenesis as a central mechanism of the antiarthritic effect of methotrexate. Rheumatol Int 2003; 25:108-13. [PMID: 14618373 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-003-0408-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2003] [Accepted: 09/18/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate whether methotrexate (MTX) has an antiangiogenic effect and whether this property plays a role in the control of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS A human placenta angiogenesis assay was used to examine the antiangiogenic effects of MTX in vitro. In addition, DBA/1 mice were used to compare the antiarthritic effect of MTX in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and its antiangiogenic effect in a murine in vivo matrigel model for angiogenesis. RESULTS The spreading of microvessels from placental vessel fragments was not significantly inhibited by MTX. Treatment with MTX reduced significantly the incidence of CIA in DBA/1 mice in a dose-dependent manner. However, treatment with the same doses of MTX did not significantly reduce vessel growth in subcutaneous depots of bFGF-enriched matrigel. CONCLUSION These data support the hypothesis that inhibition of angiogenesis does not significantly contribute to the antiarthritic effect of MTX seen in patients and animal models for RA. Therefore, the combination of MTX with antiangiogenic drugs appears to be a rational strategy in the treatment of RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fiehn
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik V, Universität Heidelberg, Hospitalstrasse 3, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yamamoto A, Fukuda A, Seto H, Miyazaki T, Kadono Y, Sawada Y, Nakamura I, Katagiri H, Asano T, Tanaka Y, Oda H, Nakamura K, Tanaka S. Suppression of arthritic bone destruction by adenovirus-mediated dominant-negative Ras gene transfer to synoviocytes and osteoclasts. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2003; 48:2682-92. [PMID: 13130489 DOI: 10.1002/art.11214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of Ras-mediated signaling pathways in synovial cell activation and bone destruction in arthritic joints. METHODS The E11 rheumatoid synovial cell line and primary synovial fibroblast-like cells (SFCs) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were gene-transferred by replication-deficient adenovirus vector carrying the dominant-negative mutant of the ras gene (AxRasDN). The effects of RasDN overexpression on cellular proliferation, interleukin-1 (IL-1)-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK], p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase [JNK]), and IL-6 production by synovial cells were analyzed. The in vivo effects of Ras inhibition on synovial cell activation and arthritic bone destruction were analyzed by injection of AxRasDN into ankle joints of rats with adjuvant arthritis. RESULTS AxRasDN markedly reduced the proliferation of RA SFCs. IL-1, a proinflammatory cytokine involved in RA pathology, induced activation of ERK, p38, and JNK in the cells. Adenovirus vector-mediated RasDN overexpression suppressed ERK activation, but not p38 or JNK activation, in SFCs. IL-6 is also an important proinflammatory cytokine, and RasDN inhibited IL-1-induced production of IL-6 by RA SFCs at both the transcriptional and protein levels. Injection of AxRasDN into ankle joints of rats with adjuvant arthritis ameliorated inflammation and suppressed bone destruction in the affected joints. CONCLUSION Ras-mediated signaling pathways are involved in the activation of RA SFCs and the destruction of bone in arthritic joints, suggesting that inhibition of Ras signaling can be a novel approach for RA treatment that targets both synovial cell activation and bone destruction in the RA joint.
Collapse
|
19
|
Perlman H, Bradley K, Liu H, Cole S, Shamiyeh E, Smith RC, Walsh K, Fiore S, Koch AE, Firestein GS, Haines GK, Pope RM. IL-6 and matrix metalloproteinase-1 are regulated by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in synovial fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:838-45. [PMID: 12517948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.2.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the synovial fibroblasts increase in number and produce proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that function to promote inflammation and joint destruction. Recent investigations have suggested that cell cycle activity and inflammation may be linked. However, little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the coordinate regulation of proliferation and the expression of proinflammatory molecules in RA synovial fibroblasts. Here, we demonstrate a 50 +/- 10% decrease in the expression of p21, a cell cycle inhibitor, in the synovial fibroblast population from RA compared with osteoarthritis (OA) synovial tissue. Moreover, p21 positivity in the synovial fibroblasts inversely correlates with medium synovial lining thickness (r = -0.76; p < 0.02). The expression of p21 is also reduced in isolated RA synovial fibroblasts compared with OA synovial fibroblasts. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of p21 (Ad-p21) arrests both RA and OA synovial fibroblasts in the G(0)/G(1) phase of the cell cycle without inducing cytotoxicity. However, the spontaneous production of IL-6 and MMP-1 is suppressed only in the Ad-p21-infected RA synovial fibroblasts, indicating a novel role for p21 in RA. Analyses of p21-deficient mouse synovial fibroblasts reveal a 100-fold increase in IL-6 protein and enhance IL-6 and MMP-3 mRNA. Restoration of p21, but not overexpression of Rb, which also induces G(0)/G(1) cell cycle arrest, decreases IL-6 synthesis in p21-null synovial fibroblasts. Furthermore, in RA synovial fibroblasts the ectopic expression of p21 reduces activation of the AP-1 transcription factor. Additionally, p21-null synovial fibroblasts display enhanced activation of AP-1 compared with wild-type synovial fibroblasts. These data suggest that alterations in p21 expression may activate AP-1 leading to enhanced proinflammatory cytokine and MMP production and development of autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harris Perlman
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ghosh P, Guidolin D. Potential mechanism of action of intra-articular hyaluronan therapy in osteoarthritis: are the effects molecular weight dependent? Semin Arthritis Rheum 2002; 32:10-37. [PMID: 12219318 DOI: 10.1053/sarh.2002.33720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyaluronan, or hyaluronic acid (HA), is the major hydrodynamic nonprotein component of joint synovial fluid (SF). Its unique viscoelastic properties confer remarkable shock absorbing and lubricating abilities to SF, while its enormous macromolecular size and hydrophilicity serve to retain fluid in the joint cavity during articulation. HA restricts the entry of large plasma proteins and cells into SF but facilitates solute exchange between the synovial capillaries and cartilage and other joint tissues. In addition, HA can form a pericellular coat around cells, interact with proinflammatory mediators, and bind to cell receptors, such as cluster determinant (CD)44 and receptor for hyaluronate-mediated motility (RHAMM), where it modulates cell proliferation, migration, and gene expression. All these physicochemical and biologic properties of HA have been shown to be molecular weight (MW) dependent. OBJECTIVE Intra-articular (IA) HA therapy has been used for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA) for more than 30 years. However, the mechanisms responsible for the reported beneficial clinical effects of this form of treatment remain contentious. Furthermore, there are a variety of pharmaceutic HA preparations of different MW available for the treatment of OA, but the significance of their MWs with respect to their pharmacologic activities have not been reviewed previously. The objective of the present review is to redress this deficiency. METHODS We reviewed in vitro and in vivo reports to identify those pharmacologic activities of HA that were considered relevant to the ability of this agent to relieve symptoms and protect joint tissues in OA. Where possible, reports were selected for inclusion when the pharmacologic effects of HA had been studied in relation to its MW. In many studies, only a single HA preparation had been investigated. In these instances, the experimental outcomes reported were compared with similar studies undertaken with HAs of different MWs. RESULTS Although in vitro studies have generally indicated that high MW-HA preparations were more biologically active than HAs of lower MW, this finding was not confirmed using animal models of OA. The discrepancy may be partly explained by the enhanced penetration of the lower MW HA preparation through the extracellular matrix of the synovium, thereby maximizing its concentration and facilitating its interaction with target synovial cells. However, there is accumulating experimental evidence to show that the binding of HAs to their cellular receptors is dependent on their molecular size; the smaller HA molecular species often elicits an opposite cellular response to that produced by the higher MW preparations. Studies using large animal models of OA have shown that HAs with MWs within the range of 0.5 x 10(6)-1.0 x 10(6) Da were generally more effective in reducing indices of synovial inflammation and restoring the rheological properties of SF (visco-induction) than HAs with MW > 2.3 x 10(6) Da. These experimental findings were consistent with light and electron microscopic studies of synovial membrane and cartilage biopsy specimens obtained from OA patients administered 5 weekly IA injections of HA of MW = 0.5 x 10(6)-0.73 x 10(6) Da in which evidence of partial restoration of normal joint tissue metabolism was obtained. CONCLUSIONS By mitigating the activities of proinflammatory mediators and pain producing neuropeptides released by activated synovial cells, HA may improve the symptoms of OA. In addition, HAs within the MW range of 0.5 x 10(6)-1.0 x 10(6) Da partially restore SF rheological properties and synovial fibroblast metabolism in animal models. These pharmacologic activities of HA could account for the reported long-term clinical benefits of this OA therapy. However, clinical evidence has yet to be described to support the animal studies that indicated that HAs with MW > 2.3 x 10(6) Da may be less effective in restoring SF rheology than HAs of half this size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ghosh
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Department of Surgery, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wen FQ, Jabbar AA, Chen YX, Kazarian T, Patel DA, Valentino LA. c-myc proto-oncogene expression in hemophilic synovitis: in vitro studies of the effects of iron and ceramide. Blood 2002; 100:912-6. [PMID: 12130502 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-02-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemophilia is a rare congenital bleeding disorder that is due to the deficiency of blood coagulation factor VIII or IX. Recurrent musculoskeletal bleeding is common and bleeding into joints results in a chronic inflammatory condition termed hemophilic synovitis. This destructive process is characterized by hemosiderin deposition in the superficial and deeper layers of the synovial membrane as well as a proliferation of synovial fibroblasts and vascular cells. The hyperplastic synovium and neovascular changes are reminiscent of the histopathologic appearance observed in malignant tissues. Indeed, the benign hyperplastic synovium in patients with hemophilia displays similar invasive and destructive behaviors suggesting the possibility of analogous disturbances in growth control and locally invasive mechanisms. Iron plays a role in malignant cell growth, local invasion, and tumor progression, possibly due to changes in the expression of the proto-oncogene, c-myc. We hypothesized that iron plays a similar role in hemophilic synovitis. To explore this hypothesis, we investigated the in vitro effects of iron on the proliferation of a primary, human synovial fibroblast cell (HSFC) line and the involvement of c-myc in this process. We also examined the role of ceramide, a sphingolipid capable of inducing apoptosis in this model system. HSFC proliferation was increased in a dose-dependent fashion and c-myc expression was enhanced by ferric citrate compared to sodium citrate control. Ceramide prevented both the iron-induced increases in HSFC proliferation and c-myc expression. These results indicate that iron probably plays a role in the proliferative changes observed in hemophilic joint disease and that aberrant expression of c-myc may underlie the iron effects. Furthermore, these results suggest that there may be a therapeutic role for ceramide in reversing these changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Qiu Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Rush Children's Hospital and Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Perlman H, Pagliari LJ, Liu H, Koch AE, Haines GK, Pope RM. Rheumatoid arthritis synovial macrophages express the Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein and are refractory to Fas-mediated apoptosis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:21-30. [PMID: 11212162 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200101)44:1<21::aid-anr4>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The chronic inflammation and progressive joint destruction observed in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are mediated in part by macrophages. A paucity of apoptosis has been observed in RA synovial tissues, yet the mechanism remains unknown. The present study sought to characterize the expression of Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), and Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme-inhibitory protein (FLIP), and to quantify the apoptosis induced by agonistic anti-Fas antibody, using mononuclear cells (MNC) isolated from the peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) of RA patients. METHODS The expression of Fas, FasL, and FLIP and apoptosis induced by agonistic anti-Fas antibody in MNC from the PB and SF of RA patients were determined by flow cytometry. Immunohistochemistry employing a monospecific anti-FLIP antibody was performed on RA and osteoarthritis (OA) synovial tissue. RESULTS CD14-positive monocyte/macrophages from normal and RA PB and from RA SF expressed equivalent levels of Fas and FasL. Furthermore, unlike the CD14-positive PB monocytes, RA SF monocyte/macrophages were resistant to the addition of agonistic anti-Fas antibody. In contrast, both CD14-positive PB and SF monocyte/macrophages were sensitive to apoptosis mediated by a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor. Intracellular staining of the caspase 8 inhibitor, FLIP, in CD14-positive SF monocyte/macrophages revealed a significant up-regulation of FLIP compared with normal and RA PB monocytes. Immunohistochemical analysis of synovial tissue from RA and OA patients revealed increased FLIP expression in the RA synovial lining compared with the OA synovial lining. Furthermore, FLIP expression was observed in the CD68positive population in the RA synovial lining. Forced reduction of FLIP by a chemical inhibitor resulted in RA SF macrophage apoptosis that was enhanced by agonistic anti-Fas antibody, indicating that FLIP is necessary for SF macrophage survival. CONCLUSION These data suggest that up-regulation of FLIP in RA macrophages may account for their persistence in the disease. Thus, the targeted suppression of FLIP may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the amelioration of RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Perlman
- Northwestern University Medical School, and the Veterans Administration Chicago Healthcare System, Lakeside Division, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Intra-articular corticosteroids remain widely used for symptomatic treatment of peripheral joint osteoarthritis (OA). Several studies in knee OA have indicated a significant benefit compared with placebo, although the effect appears to last for only 1 to 3 weeks. Two placebo-controlled studies have confirmed these findings. A further uncontrolled study has examined the effect of intra-articular corticosteroid at the hip. Attention is increasingly focused on a possible disease-modifying role for steroids in OA. Although a beneficial effect can be demonstrated in some animal models, caution should be exercised when extrapolating to human cartilage. Osteoarthritis is increasingly viewed as a phasic condition in which organ damage occurs intermittently. An ability to detect these phases of increased disease activity, perhaps with new imaging or biochemical techniques, could lead to a more rational approach to the use of intra-articular steroids in OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Creamer
- Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- G S Firestein
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla 92093-0656, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ghosh P. The pathobiology of osteoarthritis and the rationale for the use of pentosan polysulfate for its treatment. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1999; 28:211-67. [PMID: 10073500 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-0172(99)80021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Structure-modifying osteoarthritis (OA) drugs (SMOADs) may be defined as agents that reverse, retard, or stabilize the underlying pathology of OA, thereby providing symptomatic relief in the long-term. The objective of this review was to evaluate the literature on sodium pentosan polysulfate (NaPPS) and calcium pentosan polysulfate (CaPPS), with respect to the pathobiology of OA to ascertain whether these agents should be classified as SMOADs. METHODS Published studies on NaPPS and CaPPS were selected on the basis of their relevance to the known pathobiology of OA, which also was reviewed. RESULTS Both NaPPS and CaPPS exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities. Of significance was the ability of these agents to support chondrocyte anabolic activities and attenuate catabolic events responsible for loss of components of the cartilage extracellular matrix in OA joints. Although some of the anti-catabolic activities may be mediated through direct enzyme inhibition, NaPPS and CaPPS also have been shown to enter chondrocytes and bind to promoter proteins and alter gene expression of matrix metalloproteinases and possibly other mediators. In rat models of arthritis, NaPPS and CaPPS reduced joint swelling and inflammatory mediator levels in pouch fluids. Moreover, synoviocyte biosynthesis of high-molecular-weight hyaluronan, which is diminished in OA, was normalized when these cells were incubated with NaPPS and CaPPS or after intraarticular injection of NaPPS into arthritic joints. In rabbit, canine, and ovine models of OA, NaPPS and CaPPS preserved cartilage integrity, proteoglycan synthesis, and reduced matrix metalloproteinase activity. NaPPS and CaPPS stimulated the release of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), superoxide dismutase, and lipases from vascular endothelium while concomitantly decreasing plasma levels of the endogenous plasminogen activator inhibitor PAI-1. The net thrombolytic and lipolytic effects exhibited by NaPPS and CaPPS may serve to improve blood flow through subchondral capillaries of OA joints and improve bone cell nutrition. In geriatric OA dogs, NaPPS and CaPPS reduced symptoms, as well as normalized their thrombolytic status, threshold for platelet activation, and plasma triglyceride levels. These hematologic parameters were shown to be abnormal in OA animals before drug treatment. Similar outcomes were observed in OA patients when CaPPS or NaPPS were given orally or parenterally in both open and double-blind trials. CONCLUSIONS The data presented in this review support the contention that NaPPS and CaPPS should be classified as SMOADs. However, additional long-term clinical studies employing methods of assessing joint structural changes will be needed to confirm this view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Ghosh
- Department of Surgery, University of Sydney, The Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lee YH, Ji JD, Kim A, Kim CH, Song GG. Expression of p53 protein in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. An immunohistochemical analysis. Korean J Intern Med 1999; 14:59-65. [PMID: 10063315 PMCID: PMC4531907 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.1999.14.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mutation of p53 may play a role in manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis synovium, but several studies on p53 expression in synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis showed conflicting results. We investigated the amount and pattern of p53 positive cells in rheumatoid arthritis synovium, in comparison with osteoarthritis synovium, by using immunohistochemistry with two other monoclonal antibodies for p53. METHODS Synovial tissues from 9 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 5 patients with osteoarthritis were examined for p53 expression by immunohistochemistry with 2 monoclonal antibodies for p53, DO-1 and DO-7. Histologic features of inflammation were also scored and compared with p53 expression. RESULTS There was no significant difference between inflammatory scores in both groups. In the synovial tissues of rheumatoid arthritis patients, p53 positive cells were detected in 3 out of 9 samples(33%) and p53 expressions were restricted to inflammatory mononuclear cells, but synovial lining cells, subsynovial fibroblast-like cells and vascular endothelial cells were p53 negative. p53 expressions in osteoarthritis synovial tissues as control were observed in 2 out of 5 samples(40%) and the amount and pattern of p53 positive cells were comparable to those seen in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissues. There was no demonstrable correlation between the synovial tissues of both groups with respect to inflammation scores and expression of p53 protein. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that altered p53 expression may not play a significant role in the manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis synovium. However these data need to be strengthened by increasing the number of samples and molecular biology approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y H Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Creamer P. Intra-articular corticosteroid injections in osteoarthritis: do they work and if so, how? Ann Rheum Dis 1997; 56:634-6. [PMID: 9462163 PMCID: PMC1752292 DOI: 10.1136/ard.56.11.634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Creamer
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201-1192, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Roivainen A, Jalava J, Pirilä L, Yli-Jama T, Tiusanen H, Toivanen P. H-ras oncogene point mutations in arthritic synovium. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1997; 40:1636-43. [PMID: 9324018 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780400913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine mutational activation of ras proto-oncogenes in synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with synovial specimens from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) or other arthropathies. Synovial samples from cadavers, without any signs of joint disease, were used as control material. METHODS Using a combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and automated sequencing of the amplified PCR product, regions around codons 12, 13, and 61 of the H-, K-, and N-ras proto-oncogenes were analyzed. Confirmation of mutations was based on restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and/or oligonucleotide hybridization. RESULTS Four (6%) of 72 patients with RA, 2 (13%) of 16 with OA, and 1 (8%) of 12 with other arthropathies harbored mutant H-ras proto-oncogenes, and were heterozygous at codon 13 for the GGT-->GAT (Gly-->Asp) change. An unexpected mutation was found in the H-ras gene, in which a heterozygous GTG-->ATG (Val-->Met) mutation was observed over codon 14. The incidence for this mutation was 39% (28 of 72) in RA patients, 94% (15 of 16) in OA patients, and 42% (5 of 12) in patients with other arthropathies. All samples carrying the codon 13 mutation of H-ras were also codon 14-mutated, i.e., double mutations existed. Identical point mutations were also detected in a few synovial specimens obtained from cadavers (n = 8), including a single case of double mutation. All specimens showed normal K- and N-ras loci. CONCLUSION Activation of proto-oncogene H-ras by point mutation in codons 13 and 14 occurred in the synovial tissue of patients with RA, OA, or other arthropathies, as well as, to some extent, in the control synovia, indicating that the phenomenon is not specific for RA. In codon 14, incidence of the H-ras point mutation was highest in OA tissue. The possible significance of this codon 14-mutated H-ras gene needs to be clarified.
Collapse
|
29
|
Affiliation(s)
- P Creamer
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Maryland Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Baltimore, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|