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Cho S, Jo H, Hwang YJ, Kim C, Jo YH, Yun JW. Potential impact of underlying diseases influencing ADME in nonclinical safety assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114636. [PMID: 38582343 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Nonclinical studies involve in vitro, in silico, and in vivo experiments to assess the toxicokinetics, toxicology, and safety pharmacology of drugs according to regulatory requirements by a national or international authority. In this review, we summarize the potential effects of various underlying diseases governing the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs to consider the use of animal models of diseases in nonclinical trials. Obesity models showed alterations in hepatic metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and renal pathophysiology, which increase the risk of drug-induced toxicity. Diabetes models displayed changes in hepatic metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and glomerular filtration rates (GFR), leading to variability in drug responses and susceptibility to toxicity. Animal models of advanced age exhibited impairment of drug metabolism and kidney function, thereby reducing the drug-metabolizing capacity and clearance. Along with changes in hepatic metabolic enzymes, animal models of metabolic syndrome-related hypertension showed renal dysfunction, resulting in a reduced GFR and urinary excretion of drugs. Taken together, underlying diseases can induce dysfunction of organs involved in the ADME of drugs, ultimately affecting toxicity. Therefore, the use of animal models of representative underlying diseases in nonclinical toxicity studies can be considered to improve the predictability of drug side effects before clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumin Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Harin Jo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Jeong Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changuk Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hyeon Jo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Sokolowski K, Turner PV, Lewis E, Wange RL, Fortin MC. Exploring rabbit as a nonrodent species for general toxicology studies. Toxicol Sci 2024; 199:29-39. [PMID: 38374304 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
To avoid adverse events in humans, toxicity studies in nonclinical species have been the foundation of safety evaluation in the pharmaceutical industry. However, it is recognized that working with animals in research is a privilege, and conscientious use should always respect the 3Rs: replacement, reduction, and refinement. In the wake of the shortages in routine nonrodent species and considering that nonanimal methods are not yet sufficiently mature, the value of the rabbit as a nonrodent species is worth exploring. Historically used in vaccine, cosmetic, and medical device testing, the rabbit is seldom used today as a second species in pharmaceutical development, except for embryo-fetal development studies, ophthalmic therapeutics, some medical devices and implants, and vaccines. Although several factors affect the decision of species selection, including pharmacological relevance, pharmacokinetics, and ADME considerations, there are no perfect animal models. In this forum article, we bring together experts from veterinary medicine, industry, contract research organizations, and government to explore the pros and cons, residual concerns, and data gaps regarding the use of the rabbit for general toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Sokolowski
- Safety Assessment, Development Sciences, Denali Therapeutics Inc, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Patricia V Turner
- Global Animal Welfare & Training, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts 01887, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Elise Lewis
- Safety Assessment, Charles River Laboratories, Horsham, Pennsylvania 19044, USA
| | - Ronald L Wange
- Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA
| | - Marie C Fortin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Singh M, Brooks A, Toofan P, McLuckie K. Selection of appropriate non-clinical animal models to ensure translatability of novel AAV-gene therapies to the clinic. Gene Ther 2024; 31:56-63. [PMID: 37612361 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-023-00417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Gene Therapy Medicinal Products consist of a recombinant nucleic acid intended for the modulation or manipulation of a genetic sequence. A single administration of a novel gene therapy has the potential to be curative, with a durable long-term benefit to patients. Adeno-associated viral vectors have become the viral vector of choice for in vivo delivery of therapeutic transgenes as they are mildly immunogenic, can effectively transduce a variety of human tissues and cells, and have low levels of genomic integration. Central to the effective translation of data generated in discovery studies to the clinic is the selection of appropriate animal species for pivotal non-clinical studies. This review aims to support the selection of appropriate animal models for non-clinical studies to advance the development of novel adeno-associated virus gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Singh
- Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK.
| | - Andrew Brooks
- Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Parto Toofan
- Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Keith McLuckie
- Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
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Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME, Islam NY, Lee J, Pollet J, Poveda C, Strych U, Thimmiraju SR, Uzcategui NL, Versteeg L, Gorelick D. The zebrafish as a potential model for vaccine and adjuvant development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:535-545. [PMID: 38664959 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2345685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Zebrafishes represent a proven model for human diseases and systems biology, exhibiting physiological and genetic similarities and having innate and adaptive immune systems. However, they are underexplored for human vaccinology, vaccine development, and testing. Here we summarize gaps and challenges. AREAS COVERED Zebrafish models have four potential applications: 1) Vaccine safety: The past successes in using zebrafishes to test xenobiotics could extend to vaccine and adjuvant formulations for general safety or target organs due to the zebrafish embryos' optical transparency. 2) Innate immunity: The zebrafish offers refined ways to examine vaccine effects through signaling via Toll-like or NOD-like receptors in zebrafish myeloid cells. 3) Adaptive immunity: Zebrafishes produce IgM, IgD,and two IgZ immunoglobulins, but these are understudied, due to a lack of immunological reagents for challenge studies. 4) Systems vaccinology: Due to the availability of a well-referenced zebrafish genome, transcriptome, proteome, and epigenome, this model offers potential here. EXPERT OPINION It remains unproven whether zebrafishes can be employed for testing and developing human vaccines. We are still at the hypothesis-generating stage, although it is possible to begin outlining experiments for this purpose. Through transgenic manipulation, zebrafish models could offer new paths for shaping animal models and systems vaccinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nelufa Yesmin Islam
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jungsoon Lee
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeroen Pollet
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristina Poveda
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ulrich Strych
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Syamala Rani Thimmiraju
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nestor L Uzcategui
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leroy Versteeg
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Gorelick
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Botella-Asunción P, Rivero-Buceta EM, Vidaurre-Agut C, Lama R, Rey-Campos M, Moreno A, Mendoza L, Mingo-Casas P, Escribano-Romero E, Gutierrez-Adan A, Saiz JC, Smerdou C, Gonzalez G, Prosper F, Argemí J, Miguel JS, Sanchez-Cordón PJ, Figueras A, Quesada-Gomez JM, Novoa B, Montoya M, Martín-Acebes MA, Pineda-Lucena A, Benlloch JM. AG5 is a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and immune regulator that preserves innate immunity. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115882. [PMID: 37984300 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An archetypal anti-inflammatory compound against cytokine storm would inhibit it without suppressing the innate immune response. AG5, an anti-inflammatory compound, has been developed as synthetic derivative of andrographolide, which is highly absorbable and presents low toxicity. We found that the mechanism of action of AG5 is through the inhibition of caspase-1. Interestingly, we show with in vitro generated human monocyte derived dendritic cells that AG5 preserves innate immune response. AG5 minimizes inflammatory response in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury and exhibits in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy in the SARS-CoV-2-infected mouse model. AG5 opens up a new class of anti-inflammatories, since contrary to NSAIDs, AG5 is able to inhibit the cytokine storm, like dexamethasone, but, unlike corticosteroids, preserves adequately the innate immunity. This is critical at the early stages of any naïve infection, but particularly in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Furthermore, AG5 showed interesting antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in humanized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Botella-Asunción
- Institute of Chemical Technology (ITQ), Universitat Politècnica de Valencia-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Eva M Rivero-Buceta
- Institute of Chemical Technology (ITQ), Universitat Politècnica de Valencia-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carla Vidaurre-Agut
- Institute of Chemical Technology (ITQ), Universitat Politècnica de Valencia-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Lama
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Magalí Rey-Campos
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Alejandro Moreno
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Laura Mendoza
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, BICS Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Mingo-Casas
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Escribano-Romero
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Gutierrez-Adan
- Animal Reproduction Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Saiz
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristian Smerdou
- DNA & RNA Medicine Division, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gloria Gonzalez
- DNA & RNA Medicine Division, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Hematology Service and Cell Therapy Unit and Program of Hematology-Oncology CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC) and RICORS TERAV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josepmaría Argemí
- Hematology Service and Cell Therapy Unit and Program of Hematology-Oncology CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC) and RICORS TERAV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus San Miguel
- Hematology Service and Cell Therapy Unit and Program of Hematology-Oncology CIMA-Universidad de Navarra, Cancer Center Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CCUN) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain. Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red Cancer (CIBERONC) and RICORS TERAV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J Sanchez-Cordón
- Veterinary Pathology Unit, Animal Health Research Center (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Quesada-Gomez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - María Montoya
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, BICS Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Pineda-Lucena
- Enabling Technologies Division, Centro de Investigación Medica Aplicada (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona Spain
| | - Jose María Benlloch
- Institute of Instrumentation for Molecular Imaging (I3M), Universitat Politècnica de Valencia-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 46011 Valencia, Spain.
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Bal G, Kanakaraj L, Mohanta BC. Prediction of pharmacokinetics of an anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor in rat and monkey: application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic model as an alternative tool to minimise animal studies. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:621-633. [PMID: 38111268 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2292725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic (PK) and toxicokinetic profile of a drug from its preclinical evaluation helps the researcher determine whether the drug should be tested in humans based on its safety and toxicity.Preclinical studies require time and resources and are prone to error. Moreover, according to the United States Food and Drug Administration Modernisation Act 2, animal testing is no longer mandatory for new drug development, and an animal-free alternative, such as cell-based assay and computer models, can be used.Different physiologically based PK models were developed for an anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor in rats and monkeys after intravenous and oral administration using its physicochemical properties and in vitro characterisation data.The developed model was validated against the in vivo data available in the literature, and the validation results were found within the acceptable limit. A parameter sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the properties of the compound influencing the PK profile.This work demonstrates the application of the physiologically based PK model to predict the PKs of a drug, which will eventually assist in reducing the number of animal studies and save time and cost of drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gobardhan Bal
- Chettinad School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lakshmi Kanakaraj
- Chettinad School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bibhash Chandra Mohanta
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Science, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
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Sever RE, Rosenblum LT, Reyes-Múgica M, Edwards WB, Malek MM, Kohanbash G. Survival following complete resection of neuroblastoma in novel orthotopic rat xenograft model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20214. [PMID: 37980388 PMCID: PMC10657433 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma accounts for 15% of pediatric cancer deaths, despite multimodal therapy including surgical resection. Current neuroblastoma rodent models are insufficient for studying the impact of surgery and combination treatments, largely due to the small size of mouse models. Human neuroblastoma SK-N-BE(2) cells were injected into the left adrenal gland of 5-6-week-old RNU homozygous nude rats. Rats were either monitored by MRI until humane endpoint was reached or after 5 weeks underwent operative tumor resection, followed by monitoring for recurrence and survival. Following neuroblastoma cell implantation, the majority of tumors grew to greater than 5000 mm3 within 5.5-6.5 weeks, meeting the humane endpoint. Surgical resection was successfully done in 8 out of 9 rats, extending survival following tumor implantation from a median of 42 days to 78 days (p < 0.005). Pathology was consistent with human neuroblastoma, showing small round blue cell tumors with Homer-Wright rosettes, high mitoses and karyorrhectic index, and strong PHOX2B staining. Thus, we have established a novel orthotopic xenograft rat model of neuroblastoma and demonstrated increased survival of rats after surgical tumor resection. This model can be used for the development of surgical techniques, such as the use of intraoperative molecular imaging or assessment of combination therapies that include surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- ReidAnn E Sever
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 530 45th Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA
| | - Lauren Taylor Rosenblum
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Miguel Reyes-Múgica
- Department of Pathology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - W Barry Edwards
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Marcus M Malek
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Pediatric General Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 530 45th Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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Larit F, León F. Therapeutics to Treat Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders: A Promising Perspective from Algerian Traditional Medicine. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3860. [PMID: 38005756 PMCID: PMC10674704 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Ancient people sought out drugs in nature to prevent, cure, and treat their diseases, including mental illnesses. Plants were their primary source for meeting their healthcare needs. In Algeria, folk medicine remains a fundamental part of the local intangible knowledge. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive ethnomedicinal investigation and documentation of medicinal plants and the different plant formulations traditionally used in Algeria for the treatment of pain, psychiatric, and neurological disorders. It also intends to improve the current knowledge of Algerian folk medicine. Several scientific databases were used to accomplish this work. Based on this investigation, we identified 82 plant species belonging to 69 genera and spanning 38 distinct botanical families used as remedies to treat various psychological and neurological conditions. Their traditional uses and methods of preparation, along with their phytochemical composition, main bioactive constituents, and toxicity were noted. Therefore, this review provides a new resource of information on Algerian medicinal plants used in the treatment and management of neurological and psychological diseases, which can be useful not only for the documentation and conservation of traditional knowledge, but also for conducting future phytochemical and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida Larit
- Laboratoire d’Obtention de Substances Thérapeutiques (LOST), Université Frères Mentouri-Constantine 1, Route de Ain El Bey, Constantine 25017, Algeria
| | - Francisco León
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
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Liu K, Hu L, Wang S, Chen X, Liu Y, Zhao S, Wang H, Li L, Li H. An efficient qPCR assay for the quantification of human cells in preclinical animal models by targeting human specific DNA in the intron of BRCA1. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:9229-9237. [PMID: 37805662 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precise quantification of grafted human cells in preclinical animal models such as non-human primates, rodents and rabbits is needed for the evaluations of the safety and efficacy of cell therapy. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) as a swift, sensitive and powerful assay is suitable for human cell quantification. However, it is a formidable challenge due to that the genome of non-human primates share more than 95% of similarity as human. METHODS In the present study, we developed a probe-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for the quantification of human cells in preclinical animal models via targeting human specific DNA in the intron of BRCA1 (termed BRCA1-qPCR). The 5' and 3' end of BRCA1-qPCR probe was conjugated with FAM and non-fluorescent quencher-minor groove binder (NFQ-MGB), respectively. 1 µg of genomic DNA from human and preclinical animal models including rhesus monkeys, cynomolgus monkeys, New Zealand white rabbits, SD rats, C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were used for determining the specificity and sensitivity of the BRCA1-qPCR assay. A calibration curve was generated by BRCA1-qPCR analysis of linearized plasmid containing targeted human specific DNA in BRCA1. The BRCA1-qPCR assay was validated by analysis of 0.003%, 0.03% and 0.3% of human leukocytes mixed within murine leukocytes. RESULTS The BRCA1-qPCR assay detected human DNA rather than DNA from tested species. The amplification efficiency of the BRCA1-qPCR assay was 95.4% and the linearity of the calibration curve was R2 = 0.9997. The BRCA1-qPCR assay detected as low as 5 copies of human specific DNA and is efficient to specially amplify 30 pg human DNA in the presence of 1 µg of genomic DNA from tested species, respectively. The BRCA1-qPCR assay was able to quantify as low as 0.003% of human cells within murine leukocytes. CONCLUSION The BRCA1-qPCR assay is efficient for the quantification of human cells in preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinzhu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuli Zhao
- General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Biotechnology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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Fjodorova N, Novič M, Venko K, Rasulev B, Türker Saçan M, Tugcu G, Sağ Erdem S, Toropova AP, Toropov AA. Cheminformatics and Machine Learning Approaches to Assess Aquatic Toxicity Profiles of Fullerene Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14160. [PMID: 37762462 PMCID: PMC10531479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fullerene derivatives (FDs) are widely used in nanomaterials production, the pharmaceutical industry and biomedicine. In the present study, we focused on the potential toxic effects of FDs on the aquatic environment. First, we analyzed the binding affinity of 169 FDs to 10 human proteins (1D6U, 1E3K, 1GOS, 1GS4, 1H82, 1OG5, 1UOM, 2F9Q, 2J0D, 3ERT) obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and showing high similarity to proteins from aquatic species. Then, the binding activity of 169 FDs to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-as a known target of toxins in fathead minnows and Daphnia magna, causing the inhibition of AChE-was analyzed. Finally, the structural aquatic toxicity alerts obtained from ToxAlert were used to confirm the possible mechanism of action. Machine learning and cheminformatics tools were used to analyze the data. Counter-propagation artificial neural network (CPANN) models were used to determine key binding properties of FDs to proteins associated with aquatic toxicity. Predicting the binding affinity of unknown FDs using quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models eliminates the need for complex and time-consuming calculations. The results of the study show which structural features of FDs have the greatest impact on aquatic organisms and help prioritize FDs and make manufacturing decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalja Fjodorova
- Laboratory for Chemoinformatics, Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.N.); (K.V.)
| | - Marjana Novič
- Laboratory for Chemoinformatics, Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.N.); (K.V.)
| | - Katja Venko
- Laboratory for Chemoinformatics, Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.N.); (K.V.)
| | - Bakhtiyor Rasulev
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept 2510, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA;
| | - Melek Türker Saçan
- Ecotoxicology and Chemometrics Lab, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Hisar Campus, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Gulcin Tugcu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Atasehir, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Safiye Sağ Erdem
- Department of Chemistry, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Alla P. Toropova
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (A.P.T.); (A.A.T.)
| | - Andrey A. Toropov
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milano, Italy; (A.P.T.); (A.A.T.)
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11
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Gold JR, Grubb T, Court MH, Villarino NF. Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen after a single Oral administration of 20 or 40 mg/kg to 7-9 Day-old foals. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1198940. [PMID: 37483288 PMCID: PMC10359069 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1198940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acetaminophen is utilized in human infants for pain management and fever. Neonatal foals might benefit from administration of acetaminophen but effective and safe dosage regimens for neonatal foals remains to be determined. Objective The objective was to determine the plasma pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen following oral administration of a single dose of 20 mg/kg or 40 mg/kg to neonatal foals. A secondary objective was to evaluate any changes in hematology and biochemistry profiles. Study design Randomized study. Methods Eight clinically healthy 7-9-day old Quarter Horse foals (3 colts and 5 fillies) received a single oral dose of acetaminophen either 20 (n = 4) or 40 (n = 4) mg/kg. Hematology and biochemistry profiles were evaluated before and 7 days after drug administration. Blood samples were collected before and 8 times after acetaminophen administration for 48 h to quantify plasma acetaminophen concentrations. Plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using non- compartmental analysis. Results The median peak plasma concentrations (and range) occurred at 1.5 (0.5-2) hours, and 1.0 (1-2) hours for the 20 and 40 mg/kg doses. The maximum plasma concentration (and range) was 12 (7.9-17.4) μg/mL for the 20 mg/kg dose and 14 (11-18) μg/mL for 40 mg/kg dose. The median AUC0-∞ ranged from 46 to 100 and 79 to 160 h*-μg/mL for the 20 and 40 mg/kg dose, respectively. Hematology and biochemistry profiles remained within normal limits. Conclusion Plasma disposition of acetaminophen after oral administration of 20 and 40 mg/kg to neonates is comparable to adult horses. However, safety and the optimal dosage regimen of acetaminophen for treating pain and or pyrexia in neonates in this age group remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer R. Gold
- Wisconsin Equine Clinic and Hospital, Oconomowoc, WI, United States
| | - Tamara Grubb
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Michael H. Court
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Nicolas F. Villarino
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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12
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Mpofana N, Chipangura JK, Paulse M, Yalo M, Gqaleni N, Nxumalo CT, Dlova NC, Hussein AA, Crouch NR. An Investigation into the Acute and Subacute Toxicity of Extracts of Cassipourea flanaganii Stem Bark In Vivo. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2281. [PMID: 37375906 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The conventional use of medicinal plants is in part based on the widespread belief that plant crude extracts are non-toxic. In South Africa, traditional preparations of Cassipourea flanaganii used to treat hypermelanosis have accordingly been regarded by many as non-toxic. Whether that is so impacts on the potential of bark extracts to be developed as a commercial drug to treathypermelanosis, given their documented capacity to inhibit tyrosinase activity. Our study investigated the acute and subacute toxicity of the methanol extract of C. flanaganii bark in rats. Wistar rats were randomly assigned into different treatment groups. The rats received a daily oral gavage of crude extract for acute and subacute toxicity tests. Haematological, biomechanical, clinical and histopathology examinations were carried out to evaluate the possible toxicity of C. flanaganii. The results were subjected to the Student's t-test and ANOVA. For both acute and subacute toxicity, there was no statistical difference between the groups. There were no clinical or behavioral signs of toxicity observed in the rats. No treatment-related gross pathology lesions and no histopathology were observed. The findings of this study demonstrate the absence of acute or subacute toxicity after oral treatment with C. flanaganii stem bark extracts in Wistar rats at the levels administered. Chemical profiling of the total extract using LC-MS tentatively identified eleven (11) compounds as the major chemical constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nomakhosi Mpofana
- Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Department of Somatology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - John Kudakwashe Chipangura
- Research Animal Facility, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Michael Paulse
- Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Masande Yalo
- Department of Chemistry, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Nceba Gqaleni
- Discipline of Traditional Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | | | - Ncoza Cordelia Dlova
- Dermatology Department, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Ahmed A Hussein
- Department of Chemistry, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Neil R Crouch
- Biodiversity Research and Monitoring Directorate, South African National Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 52099, Berea Road, Durban 4007, South Africa
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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13
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Lindemann A, Roth D, Koop K, Neufert C, Zundler S, Atreya R, Neurath MF, Leppkes M. Protective effect of the novel calcineurin inhibitor voclosporin in experimental colitis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1177450. [PMID: 37358998 PMCID: PMC10289195 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1177450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Acute severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis remains a medically challenging condition with frequent need of surgery. It can be treated with the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A with the need for therapeutic drug monitoring and significant toxicity. Recently, a novel calcineurin inhibitor, voclosporin, has been approved for the treatment of lupus nephritis with no need for therapeutic drug monitoring and an improved long-term safety profile. However, the therapeutic effect of voclosporin in acute severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis is still uncertain. We aimed to assess the therapeutic potential of voclosporin to ameliorate inflammation in an experimental model of colitis. Methods We used the dextran sodium sulfate-induced model of colitis in C57BL/6 J wildtype mice treated with either cyclosporine A, voclosporin or solvent control. We employed endoscopy, histochemistry, immunofluorescence, bead-based multiplex immunoassays and flow cytometry to study the therapeutic effect of calcineurin inhibitors in a preventive setting. Results Acute colitis was induced by dextran sodium sulfate characterized by weight loss, diarrhea, mucosal erosions and rectal bleeding. Both cyclosporine A and voclosporin strongly ameliorated the course of disease and reduced colitis severity in a similar manner. Conclusion Voclosporin was identified as biologically effective in a preclinical model of colitis and may be a potential therapeutic option in treating acute severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Lindemann
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Roth
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kristina Koop
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Clemens Neufert
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Moritz Leppkes
- Department of Medicine 1, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Coles L, Forcelli PA, Leclercq K, Katsarou AM, Klein BD, Potschka H, Koehling R, Harte-Hargrove L, Galanopoulou AS, Metcalf CS. Preclinical common data elements for general pharmacological studies (pharmacokinetic sample collection, tolerability, and drug administration). A report of the TASK3-WG1A General Pharmacology Working Group of the ILAE/AES Joint Translational Task Force. Epilepsia Open 2023. [PMID: 36896626 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing concerns over rigor and reproducibility of preclinical studies, including consistency across laboratories and translation to clinical populations, have triggered efforts to harmonize methodologies. This includes the first set of preclinical common data elements (CDEs) for epilepsy research studies, as well as Case Report Forms (CRFs) for widespread use in epilepsy research. The General Pharmacology Working Group of the ILAE/AES Task Force (TASK3-WG1A) has continued in this effort by adapting and refining CDEs/CRFs to address specific study design areas as they relate to preclinical drug screening: general pharmacology, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), and tolerability. This work has expanded general pharmacology studies to include dose records, PK/PD, tolerability, and elements of rigor and reproducibility. Tolerability testing CRFs included rotarod and Irwin/Functional Observation Battery (FOB) assays. The material provided in the form of CRFs can be delivered for widespread use within the epilepsy research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Coles
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, The University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Patrick A Forcelli
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Karine Leclercq
- Early Solutions Department, UCB Pharma, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Anna-Maria Katsarou
- Laboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Brian D Klein
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Rudiger Koehling
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Aristea S Galanopoulou
- Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology, Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Cameron S Metcalf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Utah, College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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15
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Hughes P, Rivers HM, Bantseev V, Yen CW, Mahler HC, Gupta S. Intraocular delivery considerations of ocular biologic products and key preclinical determinations. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:223-240. [PMID: 36632784 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2166927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ophthalmic diseases of the retina are a significant cause of vision loss globally. Despite much progress, there remains an unmet need for durable, long-acting treatment options. While biologic therapies show great promise, they present many challenges, including complexities in biochemical properties, mechanism of action, manufacturing considerations, preclinical evaluation, and delivery mechanism; these are confounded by the unique anatomy and physiology of the eye itself. AREAS COVERED This review describes the current development status of intravitreally administered drugs for the treatment of ophthalmic disease, outlines the range of approaches that can be considered for sustained drug delivery to the eye, and discusses key preclinical considerations for the evaluation of ocular biologics. EXPERT OPINION The required frequency of dosing in the eye results in a great burden on both patients and the health care system, with direct intraocular administration remaining the most reliable and predictable route. Sustained and controlled ophthalmic drug delivery systems will go a long way in reducing this burden. Sustained delivery can directly dose target tissues, improving bioavailability and reducing off-target systemic effects. Maintaining stability and activity of compounds can prevent aggregation and enable extended duration of release, while sustaining dosage and preventing residual polymer after drug depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Hughes
- Pharmaceutical Development, Visus Therapeutics, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hongwen M Rivers
- Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, Medical Aesthetics, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vladimir Bantseev
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chun-Wan Yen
- Department of Safety Assessment, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Swati Gupta
- Non-clinical Development Immunology, AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
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16
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Wright PSR, Smith GF, Briggs KA, Thomas R, Maglennon G, Mikulskis P, Chapman M, Greene N, Phillips BU, Bender A. Retrospective analysis of the potential use of virtual control groups in preclinical toxicity assessment using the eTOX database. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 138:105309. [PMID: 36481280 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Virtual Control Groups (VCGs) based on Historical Control Data (HCD) in preclinical toxicity testing have the potential to reduce animal usage. As a case study we retrospectively analyzed the impact of replacing Concurrent Control Groups (CCGs) with VCGs on the treatment-relatedness of 28 selected histopathological findings reported in either rat or dog in the eTOX database. We developed a novel methodology whereby statistical predictions of treatment-relatedness using either CCGs or VCGs of varying covariate similarity to CCGs were compared to designations from original toxicologist reports; and changes in agreement were used to quantify changes in study outcomes. Generally, the best agreement was achieved when CCGs were replaced with VCGs with the highest level of similarity; the same species, strain, sex, administration route, and vehicle. For example, balanced accuracies for rat findings were 0.704 (predictions based on CCGs) vs. 0.702 (predictions based on VCGs). Moreover, we identified covariates which resulted in poorer identification of treatment-relatedness. This was related to an increasing incidence rate divergence in HCD relative to CCGs. Future databases which collect data at the individual animal level including study details such as animal age and testing facility are required to build adequate VCGs to accurately identify treatment-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham F Smith
- AstraZeneca, Data Science and AI, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Gareth Maglennon
- AstraZeneca, Oncology Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, Melbourn, United Kingdom
| | - Paulius Mikulskis
- AstraZeneca, Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Melissa Chapman
- AstraZeneca, Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, Melbourn, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Greene
- AstraZeneca, Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin U Phillips
- AstraZeneca, Data Sciences and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Bender
- University of Cambridge, Chemistry, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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17
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Wright PSR, Briggs KA, Thomas R, Smith GF, Maglennon G, Mikulskis P, Chapman M, Greene N, Phillips BU, Bender A. Statistical analysis of preclinical inter-species concordance of histopathological findings in the eTOX database. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 138:105308. [PMID: 36481279 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical inter-species concordance can increase the predictivity of observations to the clinic, potentially reducing drug attrition caused by unforeseen adverse events. We quantified inter-species concordance of histopathological findings and target organ toxicities across four preclinical species in the eTOX database using likelihood ratios (LRs). This was done whilst only comparing findings between studies with similar compound exposure (Δ|Cmax| ≤ 1 log-unit), repeat-dosing duration, and animals of the same sex. We discovered 24 previously unreported significant inter-species associations between histopathological findings encoded by the HPATH ontology. More associations with strong positive concordance (33% LR+ > 10) relative to strong negative concordance (12.5% LR- < 0.1) were identified. Of the top 10 most positively concordant associations, 60% were computed between different histopathological findings indicating potential differences in inter-species pathogenesis. We also observed low inter-species target organ toxicity concordance. For example, liver toxicity concordance in short-term studies between female rats and dogs observed an average LR+ of 1.84, and an average LR- of 0.73. This was corroborated by similarly low concordance between rodents and non-rodents for 75 candidate drugs in AstraZeneca. This work provides new statistically significant associations between preclinical species, but finds that concordance is rare, particularly between the absence of findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S R Wright
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | - Graham F Smith
- AstraZeneca, Data Science and AI, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Maglennon
- AstraZeneca, Oncology Pathology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, Melbourn, United Kingdom
| | - Paulius Mikulskis
- AstraZeneca, Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Melissa Chapman
- AstraZeneca, Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, Melbourn, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Greene
- AstraZeneca, Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin U Phillips
- AstraZeneca, Data Sciences and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Bender
- University of Cambridge, Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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18
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Krause C, Suwada K, Blomme EAG, Kowalkowski K, Liguori MJ, Mahalingaiah PK, Mittelstadt S, Peterson R, Rendino L, Vo A, Van Vleet TR. Preclinical species gene expression database: Development and meta-analysis. Front Genet 2023; 13:1078050. [PMID: 36733943 PMCID: PMC9887474 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1078050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of toxicity in preclinical species is important for identifying potential safety liabilities of experimental medicines. Toxicology studies provide translational insight into potential adverse clinical findings, but data interpretation may be limited due to our understanding of cross-species biological differences. With the recent technological advances in sequencing and analyzing omics data, gene expression data can be used to predict cross species biological differences and improve experimental design and toxicology data interpretation. However, interpreting the translational significance of toxicogenomics analyses can pose a challenge due to the lack of comprehensive preclinical gene expression datasets. In this work, we performed RNA-sequencing across four preclinical species/strains widely used for safety assessment (CD1 mouse, Sprague Dawley rat, Beagle dog, and Cynomolgus monkey) in ∼50 relevant tissues/organs to establish a comprehensive preclinical gene expression body atlas for both males and females. In addition, we performed a meta-analysis across the large dataset to highlight species and tissue differences that may be relevant for drug safety analyses. Further, we made these databases available to the scientific community. This multi-species, tissue-, and sex-specific transcriptomic database should serve as a valuable resource to enable informed safety decision-making not only during drug development, but also in a variety of disciplines that use these preclinical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Krause
- R & D Data Solutions, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kinga Suwada
- Development Biological Sciences, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eric A. G. Blomme
- Development Biological Sciences, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Michael J. Liguori
- Development Biological Sciences, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Scott Mittelstadt
- Development Biological Sciences, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Richard Peterson
- Development Biological Sciences, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lauren Rendino
- Development Biological Sciences, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andy Vo
- Development Biological Sciences, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Terry R. Van Vleet
- Development Biological Sciences, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, United States,*Correspondence: Terry R. Van Vleet,
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Teal LB, Ingram SM, Bubser M, McClure E, Jones CK. The Evolving Role of Animal Models in the Discovery and Development of Novel Treatments for Psychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 30:37-99. [PMID: 36928846 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21054-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Historically, animal models have been routinely used in the characterization of novel chemical entities (NCEs) for various psychiatric disorders. Animal models have been essential in the in vivo validation of novel drug targets, establishment of lead compound pharmacokinetic to pharmacodynamic relationships, optimization of lead compounds through preclinical candidate selection, and development of translational measures of target occupancy and functional target engagement. Yet, with decades of multiple NCE failures in Phase II and III efficacy trials for different psychiatric disorders, the utility and value of animal models in the drug discovery process have come under intense scrutiny along with the widespread withdrawal of the pharmaceutical industry from psychiatric drug discovery. More recently, the development and utilization of animal models for the discovery of psychiatric NCEs has undergone a dynamic evolution with the application of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework for better design of preclinical to clinical translational studies combined with innovative genetic, neural circuitry-based, and automated testing technologies. In this chapter, the authors will discuss this evolving role of animal models for improving the different stages of the discovery and development in the identification of next generation treatments for psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Teal
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shalonda M Ingram
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael Bubser
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elliott McClure
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Janardhan KS, Sura R, Salian-Mehta S, Flandre T, Palazzi X, Zane D, Singh B, Jacob B, Hukkanen RR, Al-Haddawi M, Bennet B, Laast V, Lee D, Peterson R, Romeike A, Schorsch F, Guffroy M. Toxicologic Pathology Forum: Opinion on Not Euthanizing Control Animals in the Recovery Phase of Non-Rodent Toxicology Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:950-956. [PMID: 36226581 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221129214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nonclinical toxicology studies that are required to support human clinical trials of new drug candidates are generally conducted in a rodent and a non-rodent species. These studies typically contain a vehicle control group and low, intermediate, and high dose test article groups. In addition, a dosing-free recovery phase is sometimes included to determine reversibility of potential toxicities observed during the dosing phase and may include additional animals in the vehicle control and one or more dose groups. Typically, reversibility is determined by comparing the test article-related changes in the dosing phase animals to concurrent recovery phase animals at the same dose level. Therefore, for interpretation of reversibility, it is not always essential to euthanize the recovery vehicle control animals. In the absence of recovery vehicle control tissues, the pathologist's experience, historical control database, digital or glass slide repositories, or literature can be used to interpret the findings in the context of background pathology of the species/strain/age. Therefore, in most studies, the default approach could be not to euthanize recovery vehicle control animals. This article provides opinions on scenarios that may or may not necessitate euthanasia of recovery phase vehicle control animals in nonclinical toxicology studies involving dogs and nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Doris Zane
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Bhanu Singh
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bindu Bennet
- Magenta Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Victoria Laast
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Donna Lee
- Genentech, San Francisco, California, USA
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21
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Safety evaluations of a synthetic antimicrobial peptide administered intravenously in rats and dogs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19294. [PMID: 36369523 PMCID: PMC9652379 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial peptide SET-M33 is under study for the development of a new antibiotic against major Gram-negative pathogens. Here we report the toxicological evaluation of SET-M33 administered intravenously to rats and dogs. Dose range finding experiments determined the doses to use in toxicokinetic evaluation, clinical biochemistry analysis, necroscopy and in neurological and respiratory measurements. Clinical laboratory investigations in dogs and rats showed a dose-related increase in creatinine and urea levels, indicating that the kidneys are the target organ. This was also confirmed by necroscopy studies of animal tissues, where signs of degeneration and regeneration were found in kidney when SET-M33 was administered at the highest doses in the two animal species. Neurological toxicity measurements by the Irwin method and respiratory function evaluation in rats did not reveal any toxic effect even at the highest dose. Finally, repeated administration of SET-M33 by short infusion in dogs revealed a no-observed-adverse-effect-level of 0.5 mg/kg/day.
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22
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Matsumoto S, Uehara S, Kamimura H, Cho N, Ikeda H, Maeda S, Kagiyama K, Miyata A, Suemizu H, Fukasawa K. Selection of the candidate compound at an early stage of new drug development: retrospective pharmacokinetic and metabolic evaluations of valsartan using common marmosets. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:613-624. [PMID: 36148579 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2127131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Matsumoto
- Drug & Discovery & Management Department, R&D Division, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kamimura
- Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan.,Business Promotion Department, CLEA Japan, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Cho
- Drug & Discovery & Management Department, R&D Division, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ikeda
- Tokyo Animal & Diet Department, CLEA Japan, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Yaotsu Breeding Center, CLEA Japan, Inc., Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Atsunori Miyata
- Drug & Discovery & Management Department, R&D Division, Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Department of Applied Research for Laboratory Animals, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
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23
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A survey on the use of mice, pigs, dogs and monkeys as animal models in biomedical research in Spain. Lab Anim Res 2022; 38:14. [PMID: 35655241 PMCID: PMC9161537 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-022-00124-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of animals in biomedical science remains controversial. An individual’s level of concern is generally influenced by their culture, previous or current experience with animals, and the specific animal species in question. In this study we aimed to explore what people in Spain who had never or who no longer worked with laboratory animals thought of the use of mice, pigs, dogs and monkeys for biomedical research purposes. We also aimed to determine whether or not people currently involved in biomedical research with the aforementioned species felt their work was justified. Results The study comprised a total of 807 participants (never worked = 285, used to work = 56, currently working = 466), almost two thirds of whom were women. Our results revealed that the phylogenetic scale is an important factor in people’s opinions of the use of certain species in research. The percentage of people who were against the use of dogs or monkeys was higher than that of those who were against the use of mice or pigs. The main reasons given for having stopped working with laboratory animals were change of professional career and change in research project. Participants who were currently working with animals believed that their work was justified, but said they did not talk about it with people outside their immediate social circle. Conclusions Our findings suggest that there is a difference in moral status between monkeys and mice, as well as between companion animals (dogs) and farm animals (pigs). Our results support the idea that working with laboratory animals is a sensitive issue in Spain. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42826-022-00124-5.
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24
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Li X, Huang CH, Sánchez-Rivera FJ, Kennedy MC, Tschaharganeh DF, Morris JP, Montinaro A, O'Rourke KP, Banito A, Wilkinson JE, Chen CC, Ho YJ, Dow LE, Tian S, Luan W, de Stanchina E, Zhang T, Gray NS, Walczak H, Lowe SW. A preclinical platform for assessing antitumor effects and systemic toxicities of cancer drug targets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2110557119. [PMID: 35442775 PMCID: PMC9169916 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110557119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticancer drug development campaigns often fail due to an incomplete understanding of the therapeutic index differentiating the efficacy of the agent against the cancer and its on-target toxicities to the host. To address this issue, we established a versatile preclinical platform in which genetically defined cancers are produced using somatic tissue engineering in transgenic mice harboring a doxycycline-inducible short hairpin RNA against the target of interest. In this system, target inhibition is achieved by the addition of doxycycline, enabling simultaneous assessment of efficacy and toxicity in the same animal. As proof of concept, we focused on CDK9—a cancer target whose clinical development has been hampered by compounds with poorly understood target specificity and unacceptable toxicities. We systematically compared phenotypes produced by genetic Cdk9 inhibition to those achieved using a recently developed highly specific small molecule CDK9 inhibitor and found that both perturbations led to robust antitumor responses. Remarkably, nontoxic levels of CDK9 inhibition could achieve significant treatment efficacy, and dose-dependent toxicities produced by prolonged CDK9 suppression were largely reversible upon Cdk9 restoration or drug withdrawal. Overall, these results establish a versatile in vivo target validation platform that can be employed for rapid triaging of therapeutic targets and lend support to efforts aimed at advancing CDK9 inhibitors for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Chun-Hao Huang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Francisco J. Sánchez-Rivera
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Margaret C. Kennedy
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Darjus F. Tschaharganeh
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - John P. Morris
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Antonella Montinaro
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin P. O'Rourke
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
- Weill Cornell Medicine/The Rockefeller University/Sloan Kettering Institute Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ana Banito
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - John E. Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Chi-Chao Chen
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Lukas E. Dow
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Sha Tian
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Wei Luan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Tinghu Zhang
- Innovative Medicines Accelerator, Stanford Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Innovative Medicines Accelerator, Stanford Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
- Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Scott W. Lowe
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
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25
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Johnson AL, Keesler RI, Lewis AD, Reader JR, Laing ST. Common and Not-So-Common Pathologic Findings of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Rhesus and Cynomolgus Macaques. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:638-659. [PMID: 35363082 DOI: 10.1177/01926233221084634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhesus and cynomolgus macaques are the most frequently used nonhuman primate (NHP) species for biomedical research and toxicology studies of novel therapeutics. In recent years, there has been a shortage of laboratory macaques due to a variety of competing factors. This was most recently exacerbated by the surge in NHP research required to address the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus 2 pandemic. Continued support of these important studies has required the use of more varied cohorts of macaques, including animals with different origins, increased exposure to naturally occurring pathogens, and a wider age range. Diarrhea and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are the most frequently occurring spontaneous findings in macaques of all origins and ages. The purpose of this review is to alert pathologists and scientists involved in NHP research to these findings and their impact on animal health and study endpoints, which may otherwise confound the interpretation of data generated using macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne D Lewis
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - J Rachel Reader
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California, USA
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26
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Matsuyama R, Okada Y, Shimma S. Metabolite alteration analysis of acetaminophen-induced liver injury using a mass microscope. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3709-3718. [PMID: 35305118 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury (APAP-ILI), which occurs during APAP overdose, has been extensively studied. The production of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), the reactive metabolite of APAP, primarily contributes to liver injury. However, the mechanism underlying APAP-ILI has not been fully characterized. For further clarification, it is important to consider drug localization and endogenous substances in the injured liver. Herein, we show the localization of NAPQI metabolites and the injury site-specific changes in endogenous substances in the rat liver following APAP overdose using a mass microscope. Our results of on-tissue derivatization matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) showed that the glutathione metabolite of APAP, a detoxified metabolite of NAPQI, localized in the damaged central vein region in the rat liver following APAP administration. Moreover, in the conventional MALDI-MSI, the intensities of some phospholipids, phosphocreatine, and ceramides decreased or increased in the damaged regions compared with those in non-damaged regions. Phosphocreatine was localized in the damaged cells, whereas its related mitochondrial creatine kinase was localized in the non-damaged cells. These results are expected to contribute to further elucidation of the mechanisms underlying APAP-ILI. Our findings illustrate the localization of NAPQI-related metabolites and endogenous molecules associated with APAP-ILI, which may be related to apoptosis or metabolic adaptation ultimately protecting the cells. As MALDI-MSI can analyze and differentiate regions with tissue damage, it is a valuable tool for analyzing the mechanism underlying drug-induced liver injury to identify novel biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Matsuyama
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Okada
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Shimma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Shimadzu Analytical Innovation Laboratory, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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27
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Adam C, Bray TL, Pérez-López AM, Tan EH, Rubio-Ruiz B, Baillache DJ, Houston DR, Salji MJ, Leung HY, Unciti-Broceta A. A 5-FU Precursor Designed to Evade Anabolic and Catabolic Drug Pathways and Activated by Pd Chemistry In Vitro and In Vivo. J Med Chem 2022; 65:552-561. [PMID: 34979089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is an antineoplastic antimetabolite that is widely administered to cancer patients by bolus injection, especially to those suffering from colorectal and pancreatic cancer. Because of its suboptimal route of administration and dose-limiting toxicities, diverse 5-FU prodrugs have been developed to confer oral bioavailability and increase the safety profile of 5-FU chemotherapy regimens. Our contribution to this goal is presented herein with the development of a novel palladium-activated prodrug designed to evade the metabolic machinery responsible for 5-FU anabolic activation and catabolic processing. The new prodrug is completely innocuous to cells and highly resistant to metabolization by primary hepatocytes and liver S9 fractions (the main metabolic route for 5-FU degradation), whereas it is rapidly converted into 5-FU in the presence of a palladium (Pd) source. In vivo pharmokinetic analysis shows the prodrug is rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration and exhibits a longer half-life than 5-FU. In vivo efficacy studies in a xenograft colon cancer model served to prove, for the first time, that orally administered prodrugs can be locally converted to active drugs by intratumorally inserted Pd implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Adam
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Thomas L Bray
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Ana M Pérez-López
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Ee Hong Tan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, U.K.,Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, U.K
| | - Belén Rubio-Ruiz
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Daniel J Baillache
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Douglas R Houston
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, U.K
| | - Mark J Salji
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, U.K.,Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, U.K
| | - Hing Y Leung
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, U.K.,Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, U.K
| | - Asier Unciti-Broceta
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, U.K
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28
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Namdari R, Jones K, Chuang SS, Van Cruchten S, Dincer Z, Downes N, Mikkelsen LF, Harding J, Jäckel S, Jacobsen B, Kinyamu-Akunda J, Lortie A, Mhedhbi S, Mohr S, Schmitt MW, Prior H. Species selection for nonclinical safety assessment of drug candidates: Examples of current industry practice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 126:105029. [PMID: 34455009 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.105029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In drug development, nonclinical safety assessment is pivotal for human risk assessment and support of clinical development. Selecting the relevant/appropriate animal species for toxicity testing increases the likelihood of detecting potential effects in humans, and although recent regulatory guidelines state the need to justify or dis-qualify animal species for toxicity testing, individual companies have developed decision-processes most appropriate for their molecules, experience and 3Rs policies. These generally revolve around similarity of metabolic profiles between toxicology species/humans and relevant pharmacological activity in at least one species for New Chemical Entities (NCEs), whilst for large molecules (biologics) the key aspect is similarity/presence of the intended human target epitope. To explore current industry practice, a questionnaire was developed to capture relevant information around process, documentation and tools/factors used for species selection. Collated results from 14 companies (Contract Research Organisations and pharmaceutical companies) are presented, along with some case-examples or over-riding principles from individual companies. As the process and justification of species selection is expected to be a topic for continued emphasis, this information could be adapted towards a harmonized approach or best practice for industry consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zuhal Dincer
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Ltd, Harrogate, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Björn Jacobsen
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Susanne Mohr
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Helen Prior
- National Centre for the Replacement Refinement & Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), London, UK
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29
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Frazier KS. The Impact of Functional and Structural Maturation of the Kidney on Susceptibility to Drug and Chemical Toxicity in Neonatal Rodents. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:1377-1388. [PMID: 34338059 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211035683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Drug responses are often unpredictable in juvenile animal toxicity studies; hence, optimizing dosages is challenging. Renal functional differences based on age of development will often result in vastly different toxicologic responses. Developmental changes in renal function can alter plasma clearance of compounds with extensive renal elimination. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs vary depending on animal age and kidney maturation. Toxicity can result in malformations or renal degeneration. Although renal morphologic development in humans generally occurs in utero, maximal levels of tubular secretion, acid-base equilibrium, concentrating ability, or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are reached postnatally in humans and animals and subject to drug effects. Maturation of renal metabolism and transporters occurs postnatally and plays a critical role in detoxification and excretion. Maturation times must be considered when designing juvenile toxicity studies and may require cohorts of animals of specific ages to achieve optimal dosing schemes and toxicokinetics. In recent years, critical end points and windows of susceptibility have been established comparatively between species to better model pharmacokinetics and understand pediatric nephrotoxicity. There are examples of agents where toxicity is enhanced in neonates, others where it is diminished, and others where rat nephrotoxicity is expressed as juvenile toxicity, but in humans as gestational toxicity.
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