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Lee HJ, Kim HD, Ryu D. Practical Strategies to Reduce Ochratoxin A in Foods. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:58. [PMID: 38276534 PMCID: PMC10819544 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a potent nephrotoxin, is one of the most deleterious mycotoxins, with its prevalence in agricultural crops and their processed foods around the world. OTA is a major concern to food safety, as OTA exposure through dietary intake may lead to a significant level of accumulation in the body as a result of its long half-life (about 35 days). Its potent renal toxicity and high risk of exposure as well as the difficulty in controlling environmental factors OTA production has prompted the need for timely information on practical strategies for the food industry to effectively manage OTA contamination during food processing. The effects of various food processes, including both nonthermal and thermal methods, on the reduction in OTA were summarized in this review, with emphasis on the toxicity of residual OTA as well as its known and unknown degradation products. Since complete removal of OTA from foodstuffs is not feasible, additional strategies that may facilitate the reduction in OTA in food, such as adding baking soda and sugars, was also discussed, so that the industry may understand and apply practical measures to ensure the safety of its products destined for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA;
| | - Hae Dun Kim
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA;
| | - Dojin Ryu
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
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2
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Ozawa S, Ojiro R, Tang Q, Zou X, Woo GH, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. Identification of genes showing altered DNA methylation and gene expression in the renal proximal tubular cells of rats treated with ochratoxin A for 13 weeks. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:1533-1548. [PMID: 37162024 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that causes renal carcinogenicity following the induction of karyomegaly in proximal tubular cells after repeated administration to rats. Here, we performed gene profiling regarding altered DNA methylation and gene expression in the renal tubules focusing on the mechanism of OTA-induced carcinogenesis. For this purpose, OTA or 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD), a renal carcinogen not inducing karyomegaly, was administered to rats for 13 weeks, and DNA methylation array and RNA sequencing analyses were performed on proximal tubular cells. Genes for which OTA altered the methylation status and gene expression level, after excluding genes showing similar expression changes by 3-MCPD, were subjected to confirmation analysis of the transcript level by real-time reverse-transcription PCR. Gene Ontology (GO)-based functional annotation analysis of validated genes revealed a cluster of hypermethylated and downregulated genes enriched under the GO term "mitochondrion," such as those associated with metabolic reprogramming in carcinogenic process (Clpx, Mrpl54, Mrps34, and Slc25a23). GO terms enriched for hypomethylated and upregulated genes included "response to arsenic-containing substance," represented by Cdkn1a involved in cell cycle arrest, and "positive regulation of IL-17 production," represented by Osm potentiating cell proliferation promotion. Other genes that did not cluster under any GO term included Lrrc14 involved in NF-κB-mediated inflammation, Gen1 linked to DNA repair, Has1 related to chromosomal aberration, and Anxa3 involved in tumor development and progression. In conclusion, a variety of genes engaged in carcinogenic processes were obtained by epigenetic gene profiling in rat renal tubular cells specific to OTA treatment for 13 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Ozawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Ryota Ojiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Qian Tang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Xinyu Zou
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Gye-Hyeong Woo
- Laboratory of Histopathology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, Jecheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
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Więckowska M, Szelenberger R, Niemcewicz M, Harmata P, Poplawski T, Bijak M. Ochratoxin A-The Current Knowledge Concerning Hepatotoxicity, Mode of Action and Possible Prevention. Molecules 2023; 28:6617. [PMID: 37764392 PMCID: PMC10534339 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is considered as the most toxic of the other ochratoxins synthesized by various fungal species belonging to the Aspergillus and Penicillium families. OTA commonly contaminates food and beverages, resulting in animal and human health issues. The toxicity of OTA is known to cause liver damage and is still being researched. However, current findings do not provide clear insights into the toxin mechanism of action. The current studies focusing on the use of potentially protective compounds against the effects of the toxin are insufficient as they are mainly conducted on animals. Further research is required to fill the existing gaps in both fields (namely the exact OTA molecular mechanism and the prevention of its toxicity in the human liver). This review article is a summary of the so far obtained results of studies focusing on the OTA hepatotoxicity, its mode of action, and the known approaches of liver cells protection, which may be the base for expanding other research in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Więckowska
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.W.); (R.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Rafał Szelenberger
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.W.); (R.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.W.); (R.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Piotr Harmata
- Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, 2 gen. S. Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Poplawski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Michał Bijak
- Biohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (M.W.); (R.S.); (M.N.)
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Banahene JCM, Ofosu IW, Odai BT. Surveillance of ochratoxin A in cocoa beans from cocoa-growing regions of Ghana. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18206. [PMID: 37501961 PMCID: PMC10368851 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa is one of the agricultural commodities which is highly susceptible to mycotoxin contamination. During two crop/harvest seasons, the occurrence and distribution of ochratoxin A (OTA) in viable commercial cocoa beans were investigated. The cocoa bean samples were collected randomly from farmers across cocoa-growing regions of Ghana. OTA concentrations in the samples were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods following purification on immunoaffinity solid phase column. The result showed that 21.7% of all samples analyzed were contaminated with OTA at concentrations ranging from 0.01 μg/kg to 12.36 μg/kg. The Western South region had the highest occurrence of OTA-positive samples at 32.5%, followed by the Western North region at 28.75%, the Eastern and Volta regions at 25% each, Brong Ahafo (16.25%), Central (15%) and the Ashanti region at 11.25%. However, 0.9% and 3.5% of the total OTA-positive samples exceeded the OTA maximum limits of 10 μg/kg for cocoa beans and 3 μg/kg for cocoa powder, set by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency and the European Commission, respectively. During the Main and Light crop seasons, the highest concentrations of OTA were detected in the Western North region, reaching up to 12.36 μg/kg and 3.45 μg/kg, respectively. OTA concentrations between the cocoa-growing regions in the Main crop season were not significantly different (p > 0.05), however, the Light crop season indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the two crop seasons. The need for regular monitoring and careful adherence to agronomic strategies such as good agricultural practices (GAPs), recommended code of practices (COPs) and good manufacturing practices (GMPs) for the prevention and reduction of OTA throughout the cocoa value chain cannot be overemphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Cox Menka Banahene
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti, Ghana
- Research Department, Quality Control Company Limited – Ghana Cocoa Board, Tema, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Isaac Williams Ofosu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ashanti, Ghana
| | - Bernard Tawiah Odai
- Radiation Technology Centre - BNARI, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Kwabenya, Accra, Ghana
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Assar DH, Asa SA, El-Abasy MA, Elbialy ZI, Shukry M, Latif AAE, BinMowyna MN, Althobaiti NA, El-Magd MA. Aspergillus awamori attenuates ochratoxin A-induced renal and cardiac injuries in rabbits by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and downregulating IL1β, TNFα, and iNOS gene expressions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:69798-69817. [PMID: 35576029 PMCID: PMC9512883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most dangerous and that pollute agricultural products, inducing a variety of toxic effects in humans and animals. The current study explored the protective effect of different concentrations of Aspergillus awamori (A. awamori) against OTA (0.3 mg/kg diet) induced renal and cardiac damage by exploring its mechanism of action in 60 New Zealand white male rabbits. Dietary supplementation of A. awamori at the selected doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg diet, respectively, for 2 months significantly improved the rabbit's growth performance; modulated the suppressed immune response and restored the altered hematological parameters; reduced the elevated levels of renal injury biomarkers such as urea, creatinine, and alkaline phosphatase; and increased serum total proteins concentrations. Moreover, it also declined enzymatic activities of cardiac injury biomarkers, including AST, LDH, and CK-MB. A. awamori alleviated OTA-induced degenerative and necrotic changes in the kidney and heart of rabbits. Interestingly, A. awamori upregulated Nrf2/OH-1 signaling pathway. Therefore enhanced TAC, CAT, and SOD enzyme activities and reduced OTA-induced oxidative and nitrosative stress by declining iNOS gene expression and consequently lowered MDA and NO levels. In addition to attenuating renal and cardiac inflammation via reducing IL-1β, TNF-α gene expressions in a dose-dependent response. In conclusion,this is the first report to pinpoint that dietary incorporation of A. awamori counteracted OTA-induced renal and cardiac damage by potentiating the rabbit's antioxidant defense system through its potent antioxidant, free radical scavenging, and anti-inflammatory properties in a dose-dependent response. Based on our observations, A. awamori could be utilized as a natural protective agent against ochratoxicosis in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa H. Assar
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Samah Abou Asa
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Moshira A. El-Abasy
- Poultry and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Zizy I. Elbialy
- Fish Processing and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Amera Abd El Latif
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
| | - Mona N. BinMowyna
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah A. Althobaiti
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities-Al Quwaiiyah, Shaqra University, Al Quwaiiyah, 19257 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. El-Magd
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516 Egypt
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Erdal İ, Yalçın SS. The relationship between ochratoxin A and blood pressure in adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:103959. [PMID: 35987497 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a chemical produced by some fungal species, and although its toxic effects have been shown in many animal studies, there are limited studies in humans. We aimed to examine the relationship between OTA and hypertension. 50 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients and 33 healthy individuals aged between 12 and 14 were included in the study. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure measurements, complete blood count, blood biochemical parameters, urine lead level and urine OTA level were measured. OTA was detected in the urine samples of 90.9% of the control group, 100% of the hypertensive group and 85.7% of the obese+hypertensive group. Median urinary OTA was 32.9 ng/g creatinine for hypertensive group, 32.2 ng/g creatinine for hypertensive+obese group, 18.8 ng/g creatinine for the control group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a positive association between last quartile of urinary OTA level and being hypertensive [AOR:5.93 (95%CI: 1.27-27.61)] in adolescents without obesity. Hypertensive cases could be evaluated for OTA exposure in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- İzzet Erdal
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - S Songül Yalçın
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Protective Effect of SeMet on Liver Injury Induced by Ochratoxin A in Rabbits. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090628. [PMID: 36136566 PMCID: PMC9504919 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is second only to aflatoxin in toxicity among mycotoxins. Recent studies have shown that selenomethionine (SeMet) has a protective effect on mycotoxin-induced toxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of SeMet on OTA-induced liver injury in rabbits. Sixty 35-day-old rabbits with similar body weight were randomly divided into five groups: control group, OTA group (0.2 mg/kg OTA), OTA + 0.2 mg/kg SeMet group, OTA + 0.4 mg/kg SeMet group and OTA + 0.6 mg/kg SeMet group. Rabbits were fed different doses of the SeMet diet for 21 d, and OTA was administered for one week from day 15 (the control group was provided the same dose of NaHCO3 solution). The results showed that 0.4 mg/kg SeMet could significantly improve the liver injury induced by OTA poisoning. SeMet supplementation can improve the changes in physiological blood indexes caused by OTA poisoning in rabbits and alleviate pathological damage to the rabbit liver. SeMet also increased the activities of SOD, GSH-Px and T-AOC and significantly decreased the contents of ROS, MDA, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, effectively alleviating the oxidative stress and inflammatory response caused by OTA poisoning. In addition, OTA poisoning inhibits Nrf2 and HO-1 levels, ultimately leading to peroxide reaction, while SeMet activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway and enhances the expression of the HO-1 downstream Nrf2 gene. These results suggest that Se protects the liver from OTA-induced hepatotoxicity by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 expression.
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Eeza MNH, Bashirova N, Zuberi Z, Matysik J, Berry JP, Alia A. An integrated systems-level model of ochratoxin A toxicity in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo based on NMR metabolic profiling. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6341. [PMID: 35428752 PMCID: PMC9012740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most widespread mycotoxin contaminants of agricultural crops. Despite being associated with a range of adverse health effects, a comprehensive systems-level mechanistic understanding of the toxicity of OTA remains elusive. In the present study, metabolic profiling by high-resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR, coupled to intact zebrafish embryos, was employed to identify metabolic pathways in relation to a systems-level model of OTA toxicity. Embryotoxicity was observed at sub-micromolar exposure concentrations of OTA. Localization of OTA, based on intrinsic fluorescence, as well as a co-localization of increased reactive oxygen species production, was observed in the liver kidney, brain and intestine of embryos. Moreover, HRMAS NMR showed significant alteration of metabolites related to targeting of the liver (i.e., hepatotoxicity), and pathways associated with detoxification and oxidative stress, and mitochondrial energy metabolism. Based on metabolic profiles, and complementary assays, an integrated model of OTA toxicity is, thus, proposed. Our model suggests that OTA hepatotoxicity compromises detoxification and antioxidant pathways, leading to mitochondrial membrane dysfunction manifested by crosstalk between pathways of energy metabolism. Interestingly, our data additionally aligns with a possible role of mitochondrial fusion as a "passive mechanism" to rescue mitochondrial integrity during OTA toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamed N H Eeza
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Narmin Bashirova
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zain Zuberi
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - John P Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA. .,Biomolecular Science Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - A Alia
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. .,Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Wang ZW, Gao YN, Huang SN, Wang JQ, Zheng N. Ex Vivo and In Vitro Studies Revealed Underlying Mechanisms of Immature Intestinal Inflammatory Responses Caused by Aflatoxin M1 Together with Ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030173. [PMID: 35324670 PMCID: PMC8953104 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA), which are occasionally detected in milk and commercial baby foods, could easily enter and reach the gastrointestinal tract, posing impairment to the first line of defense and causing dysfunction of the tissue. The objective of this study was to investigate the immunostimulatory roles of individual and combined AFM1 and OTA on the immature intestine. Thus, we used ELISA assays to evaluate the generation of cytokines from ex vivo CD-1 fetal mouse jejunum induced by AFM1 and OTA and explored the related regulatory pathways and pivot genes using RNA-seq analysis. It was found that OTA exhibited much stronger ability in stimulating pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 from jejunum tissues than AFM1 (OTA of 4 μM versus AFM1 of 50 μM), whereas the combination of the two toxins seemed to exert antagonistic actions. In addition, transcriptomics also showed that most gene members in the enriched pathway ‘cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction’ were more highly expressed in OTA than the AFM1 group. By means of PPI network analysis, NFKB1 and RelB were regarded as hub genes in response to OTA but not AFM1. In the human FHs 74 Int cell line, both AFM1 and OTA enhanced the content of reactive oxygen species, and the oxidative response was more apparent in OTA-treated cells in comparison with AFM1. Furthermore, OTA and AFM1 + OTA raised the protein abundance of p50/RelB, and triggered the translocation of the dimer from cytosol to nucleus. Therefore, the experimental data ex vivo and in vitro showed that OTA-induced inflammation was thought to be bound up with the up-regulation and translocation of NF-κB, though AFM1 seemed to have no obvious impact. Since it was the first attempt to uncover the appearances and inner mechanisms regarding inflammation provoked by AFM1 and OTA on immature intestinal models, further efforts are needed to understand the detailed metabolic steps of the toxin in cells and to clarify their causal relationship with the signals proposed from current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-W.W.); (Y.-N.G.); (S.-N.H.); (J.-Q.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ya-Nan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-W.W.); (Y.-N.G.); (S.-N.H.); (J.-Q.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-W.W.); (Y.-N.G.); (S.-N.H.); (J.-Q.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jia-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-W.W.); (Y.-N.G.); (S.-N.H.); (J.-Q.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.-W.W.); (Y.-N.G.); (S.-N.H.); (J.-Q.W.)
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence:
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Human Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells (HK-2) as a Sensitive In Vitro System for Ochratoxin A Induced Oxidative Stress. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110787. [PMID: 34822571 PMCID: PMC8618226 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that is potentially carcinogenic to humans. Although its mechanism remains unclear, oxidative stress has been recognized as a plausible cause for the potent renal carcinogenicity observed in experimental animals. The effect of OTA on oxidative stress parameters in two cell lines of LLC-PK1 and HK-2 derived from the kidneys of pig and human, respectively, were investigated and compared. We found that the cytotoxicity of OTA on LLC-PK1 and HK-2 cells was dose- and time-dependent in both cell lines. Furthermore, increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by OTA in both cell lines were observed in a time-dependent manner. Glutathione (GSH) was depleted by OTA at >48 h in HK-2 but not in LLC-PK1 cells. While the mRNA levels of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) in LLC-PK1 were down-regulated by 0.67- and 0.66-fold, respectively, those of catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GSR), and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD) in HK-2 were up-regulated by 2.20-, 2.24-, and 2.75-fold, respectively, after 72 h exposure to OTA. Based on these results, we conclude that HK-2 cells are more sensitive to OTA-mediated toxicity than LLC-PK1, and OTA can cause a significant oxidative stress in HK-2 as indicated by changes in the parameter evaluated.
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Paiboonrungruang C, Simpson E, Xiong Z, Huang C, Li J, Li Y, Chen X. Development of targeted therapy of NRF2 high esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cell Signal 2021; 86:110105. [PMID: 34358647 PMCID: PMC8403639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a deadly disease and one of the most aggressive cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. As a master transcription factor regulating the stress response, NRF2 is often mutated and becomes hyperactive, and thus causes chemo-radioresistance and poor survival in human ESCC. There is a great need to develop NRF2 inhibitors for targeted therapy of NRF2high ESCC. In this review, we mainly focus on three aspects, NRF2 inhibitors and their mechanisms of action, screening novel drug targets, and evaluation of NRF2 activity in the esophagus. A research strategy has been proposed to develop NRF2 inhibitors using human ESCC cells and mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chorlada Paiboonrungruang
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Emily Simpson
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Zhaohui Xiong
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Caizhi Huang
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Jianying Li
- Euclados Bioinformatics Solutions, Cary, NC 27519, USA
| | - Yahui Li
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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12
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Fernye C, Ancsin Z, Balogh K, Mézes M, Erdélyi M. Role of the glutathione redox system in the susceptibility of pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) to ochratoxin A. Acta Vet Hung 2021; 69:125-133. [PMID: 34170843 DOI: 10.1556/004.2021.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of different dietary concentrations of ochratoxin A (OTA) on the growth, feed intake, mortality, blood plasma protein content and some parameters of lipid peroxidation and the glutathione redox system of pheasant chicks in a three-week long trial. A total of 320 seven-day-old female pheasants were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (n = 40 in each), fed with a diet artificially contaminated with OTA [control (<0.02 mg/kg), 0.88 mg/kg, 1.14 mg/kg and 1.51 mg/kg] for 21 days (up to 28 days of age). The pheasant chicks were sacrificed at early (12, 24 and 72 h) and late (7, 14 and 21 days) stages of mycotoxin exposure to check the effect of OTA. Minimal feed refusal was found in the medium- and high-dose toxin groups (-9.8 and -7.9%, respectively), and body weight gain was nearly the same in all groups. The glutathione redox system was activated mainly in the liver, confirmed by significantly increased reduced glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase activity during the late phase of mycotoxin exposure and at a high-dose treatment. The results suggest that pheasants have low susceptibility to OTA, and activation of the glutathione redox system has importance in this tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Fernye
- 1Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter K. u. 1, H-2103, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Ancsin
- 1Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter K. u. 1, H-2103, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Balogh
- 1Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter K. u. 1, H-2103, Gödöllő, Hungary
- 2MTA-KE-SZIE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Miklós Mézes
- 1Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter K. u. 1, H-2103, Gödöllő, Hungary
- 2MTA-KE-SZIE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár University, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Márta Erdélyi
- 1Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter K. u. 1, H-2103, Gödöllő, Hungary
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Ochratoxin A Induces Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells by Impairing the Gene Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040271. [PMID: 33918675 PMCID: PMC8068875 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin frequently found in raw and processed foods. While it is considered a possible human carcinogen, the mechanism of action remains unclear. OTA has been shown to be hepatotoxic in both in vitro and in vivo models and oxidative stress may be one of the factors contributing to its toxicity. Hence, the effect of OTA on human hepatocellular carcinoma, HepG2 cells, was investigated on oxidative stress parameters. The cytotoxicity of OTA on HepG2 was time- and dose-dependent within a range between 0.1 and 10 µM; while 100 μM of OTA increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a time-dependent manner. Additionally, the levels of glutathione (GSH) were increased by 9.7% and 11.3% at 10 and 100 nM of OTA, respectively; while OTA at 100 μM depleted GSH by 40.5% after 24 h exposure compared with the control. Finally, the mRNA level of catalase (CAT) was downregulated by 2.33-, 1.92-, and 1.82-fold after cells were treated with 1, 10, and 10 μM OTA for 24 h, respectively; which was linked to a decrease in CAT enzymatic activity. These results suggest that oxidative stress is involved in OTA-mediated toxicity in HepG2 cells.
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14
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Pastor L, Vettorazzi A, Guruceaga E, López de Cerain A. Time Course of Renal Transcriptomics after Subchronic Exposure to Ochratoxin A in Fisher Rats. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:177. [PMID: 33652839 PMCID: PMC7996782 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent nephrocarcinogen, mainly in male rats. The aim of this study was to determine the time course of gene expression (GeneChip® Rat Gene 2.0 ST Array, Affymetrix) in kidney samples from male and female F344 rats, treated daily (p.o) with 0.50 mg/kg b.w. (body weight) of OTA for 7 or 21 days, and evaluate if there were differences between both sexes. After OTA treatment, there was an evolution of gene expression in the kidney over time, with more differentially expressed genes (DEG) at 21 days. The gene expression time course was different between sexes with respect to the number of DEG and the direction of expression (up or down): the female response was progressive and consistent over time, whereas males had a different early response with more DEG, most of them up-regulated. The statistically most significant DEG corresponded to metabolism enzymes (Akr1b7, Akr1c2, Adh6 down-regulated in females; Cyp2c11, Dhrs7, Cyp2d1, Cyp2d5 down-regulated in males) or transporters (Slc17a9 down-regulated in females; Slco1a1 (OATP-1) and Slc51b and Slc22a22 (OAT) down-regulated in males). Some of these genes had also a basal sex difference and were over-expressed in males or females with respect to the other sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pastor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, CIFA Building, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.P.); (A.L.d.C.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, CIFA Building, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.P.); (A.L.d.C.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Elizabeth Guruceaga
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Bioinformatics Platform, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, CIFA Building, c/Irunlarrea 1, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.P.); (A.L.d.C.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, E-31008 Pamplona, Spain;
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15
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Niaz K, Shah SZA, Khan F, Bule M. Ochratoxin A-induced genotoxic and epigenetic mechanisms lead to Alzheimer disease: its modulation with strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:44673-44700. [PMID: 32424756 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a naturally occurring mycotoxin mostly found in food items including grains and coffee beans. It induces DNA single-strand breaks and has been considered to be carcinogenic. It is recognized as a serious threat to reproductive health both in males and females. OTA is highly nephrotoxic and carcinogenic, and its potency changes evidently between species and sexes. There is a close association between OTA, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. Reports regarding genotoxic effects in relation to OTA which leads to the induction of DNA adduct formation, protein synthesis inhibition, perturbation of cellular energy production, initiation of oxidative stress, induction of apoptosis, influences on mitosis, induction of cell cycle arrest, and interference with cytokine pathways. All these mechanisms are associated with nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, teratotoxicity, immunological toxicity, and neurotoxicity. OTA administration activates various mechanisms such as p38 MAPK, JNKs, and ERKs dysfunctions, BDNF disruption, TH overexpression, caspase-3 and 9 activation, and ERK-1/2 phosphorylation which ultimately lead to Alzheimer disease (AD) progression. The current review will focus on OTA in terms of recent discoveries in the field of molecular biology. The main aim is to investigate the underlying mechanisms of OTA in regard to genotoxicity and epigenetic modulations that lead to AD. Also, we will highlight the strategies for the purpose of attenuating the hazards posed by OTA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Niaz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Zahid Ali Shah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Fazlullah Khan
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), School of Pharmacy, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IC-TUMS), Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, 1417614411, Iran
| | - Mohammed Bule
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Effects of Single and Repeated Oral Doses of Ochratoxin A on the Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Defense Systems in Mouse Kidneys. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110732. [PMID: 33266415 PMCID: PMC7700583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin-A (OTA) is a carcinogenic and nephrotoxic mycotoxin, which may cause health problems in humans and animals, and it is a contaminant in foods and feeds. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effect of oral OTA exposure on the antioxidant defense and lipid peroxidation in the kidney. In vivo administration of OTA in CD1, male mice (1 or 10 mg/kg body weight in a single oral dose for 24 h and repeated daily oral dose for 72 h or repeated daily oral dose of 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight for 21 days) resulted in a significant elevation of OTA levels in blood plasma. Some histopathological alterations, transcriptional changes in the glutathione system, and oxidative stress response-related genes were also found. In the renal cortex, the activity of the glutathione-system-related enzymes and certain metabolites of the lipid peroxidation (conjugated dienes, trienes, and thiobarbituric reactive substances) also changed.
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17
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Estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion as a risk factor for oxidative stress in Zambian adults: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242144. [PMID: 33180810 PMCID: PMC7660463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Persistent oxidative stress predisposes to various non-communicable diseases (NCDs), whose occurrence is increasing in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the link between markers of oxidative stress and some risk factors for NCDs in a Zambian cohort. Methods We assessed oxidative stress by measuring 8-isoprostane (lipid oxidative stress) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (DNA oxidative stress). In addition, we measured mycotoxins (aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A), salt intake estimated from 24-hour sodium excretion calculated using the Tanaka and Kawaski formulae, and 1-hydroxypyrene (a metabolite of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Data on lifestyle risk factors were collected using questionnaires. Results Included were 244 participants; 128 (52%) were female and the median age was 48 years (IQR 39–58). The median level of 8-isoprostane was 0.13 ng/mg creatinine (IQR 0.08–0.23) while that of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was 4 ng/mg creatinine (IQR 2–10). The median 24-hour sodium excretion was 21 g (IQR 16–25 g), with none being less than the 5 g recommended by WHO. Unadjusted urinary levels of 8-isoprostane were moderately correlated with 1-hydroxypyrene (Spearman r = 0.30, p<0.001) and estimated 24-hour urine sodium (Spearman r = 0.38, p<0.001). Urinary levels of 8-OHdG were not correlated with 1-hydroxypyrene, estimated 24-hour urine sodium, aflatoxin M1 or ochratoxin A (all p-values >0.05). Using logistic regression, adjusted and unadjusted 8-isoprostanes levels were associated with 1-hydroxypyrene (p = 0.02 and p = 0.001 respectively) and estimated 24-hour urine sodium method (p = 0.003 and p<0.001 respectively). However, only unadjusted 8-OHdG was associated with 1-hydroxypyrene (p = 0.03) and age (p = 0.007). Conclusions Estimated 24-hour urinary sodium is high among Zambians and it is associated with lipid but not DNA oxidative stress. High exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is also associated with oxidative stress.
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18
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Wang Z, Wang L, Luo J, Zhang J. Protection against acute renal injury by naturally occurring medicines which act through Nrf2 signaling pathway. J Food Biochem 2020; 45:e13556. [PMID: 33152804 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cellular defense pathway plays a key role in maintaining the homeostasis, tissues and organisms. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), as a key cell signaling pathway, plays an important role in encoding detoxification enzymes and other stress response mediators. Recent studies have shown that it is closely related to the prevention and treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI). Therefore, this article reviews the protective effects of Nrf2-related signaling pathways on acute kidney injury, and summarizes the strategies of natural pharmaceutical ingredients such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, phenylpropionic acid, polyphenols, and polysaccharides to prevent and treat acute kidney injury. It is of great significance to further study the relationship between Nrf2 regulated signal pathway and kidney disease and the development of new medicines for acute kidney injury treatment. It can also provide new ideas and treatment strategies for clinical treatment of acute kidney injury. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This article reviewed the mechanisms by which the active ingredients of natural medicines slow down acute kidney injury through the Nrf2 pathway. It will help us to understand the regulatory role of the Nrf2 pathway in AKI more comprehensively, and provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the mechanism of more natural drugs to reduce acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Lulu Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Changchun Institute of Technology School of Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jiacheng Luo
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Changchun Institute of Technology School of Medicine, Changchun, China
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Imaoka T, Yang J, Wang L, McDonald MG, Afsharinejad Z, Bammler TK, Van Ness K, Yeung CK, Rettie AE, Himmelfarb J, Kelly EJ. Microphysiological system modeling of ochratoxin A-associated nephrotoxicity. Toxicology 2020; 444:152582. [PMID: 32905824 PMCID: PMC7560959 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most abundant mycotoxin contaminants in food stuffs and possesses carcinogenic, nephrotoxic, teratogenic, and immunotoxic properties. Specifically, a major concern is severe nephrotoxicity, which is characterized by degeneration of epithelial cells of the proximal tubules and interstitial fibrosis. However, the mechanism of OTA toxicity, as well as the genetic risk factors contributing to its toxicity in humans has been elusive due to the lack of adequate models that fully recapitulate human kidney function in vitro. The present study attempts to evaluate dose-response relationships, identify the contribution of active transport proteins that govern the renal disposition of OTA, and determine the role of metabolism in the bioactivation and detoxification of OTA using a 3D human kidney proximal tubule microphysiological system (kidney MPS). We demonstrated that LC50 values of OTA in kidney MPS culture (0.375-1.21 μM) were in agreement with clinically relevant toxic concentrations of OTA in urine. Surprisingly, no enhancement of kidney injury biomarkers was evident in the effluent of the kidney MPS after OTA exposure despite significant toxicity observed by LIVE/DEAD staining. Instead, these biomarkers decreased in an OTA concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the effect of 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) and 6-(7-Nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-ylthio) hexanol (NBDHEX), pan-inhibitors of P450 and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes, respectively, on OTA-induced toxicity in kidney MPS was examined. These studies revealed significant enhancement of OTA-induced toxicity by NBDHEX (3 μM) treatment, whereas ABT (1 mM) treatment decreased OTA-induced toxicity, suggesting roles for GSTs and P450 enzymes in the detoxification and bioactivation of OTA, respectively. Analysis of transcriptional changes using RNA-sequencing of kidney MPS treated with different concentrations of OTA revealed downregulation of several nuclear factor (erythroid derived-2)-like 2 (NRF2)-regulated genes by OTA treatment, including GSTs. The transcriptional repression of GSTs is likely playing a key role in OTA toxicity via attenuation of glutathione conjugation/detoxification. The sequential molecular events may explain the mechanism of toxicity associated with OTA. Additionally, OTA transport studies using kidney MPS in the presence and absence of probenecid (1 mM) suggested a role for organic anionic membrane transporter(s) in the kidney specific disposition of OTA. Our findings provide a clearer understanding of the mechanism of OTA-induced kidney injury, which may support changes in risk assessment, regulatory agency policies on allowable exposure levels, and determination of the role of genetic factors in populations at risk for OTA nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Imaoka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Jade Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Matthew G McDonald
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Zahra Afsharinejad
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Kirk Van Ness
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Catherine K Yeung
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle Washington, 98195, USA; Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98104, USA
| | - Allan E Rettie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98104, USA
| | - Edward J Kelly
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA; Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98104, USA.
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20
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Schrenk D, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Alexander J, Dall'Asta C, Mally A, Metzler M, Binaglia M, Horváth Z, Steinkellner H, Bignami M. Risk assessment of ochratoxin A in food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06113. [PMID: 37649524 PMCID: PMC10464718 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA to update their 2006 opinion on ochratoxin A (OTA) in food. OTA is produced by fungi of the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium and found as a contaminant in various foods. OTA causes kidney toxicity in different animal species and kidney tumours in rodents. OTA is genotoxic both in vitro and in vivo; however, the mechanisms of genotoxicity are unclear. Direct and indirect genotoxic and non-genotoxic modes of action might each contribute to tumour formation. Since recent studies have raised uncertainty regarding the mode of action for kidney carcinogenicity, it is inappropriate to establish a health-based guidance value (HBGV) and a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. For the characterisation of non-neoplastic effects, a BMDL 10 of 4.73 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day was calculated from kidney lesions observed in pigs. For characterisation of neoplastic effects, a BMDL 10 of 14.5 μg/kg bw per day was calculated from kidney tumours seen in rats. The estimation of chronic dietary exposure resulted in mean and 95th percentile levels ranging from 0.6 to 17.8 and from 2.4 to 51.7 ng/kg bw per day, respectively. Median OTA exposures in breastfed infants ranged from 1.7 to 2.6 ng/kg bw per day, 95th percentile exposures from 5.6 to 8.5 ng/kg bw per day in average/high breast milk consuming infants, respectively. Comparison of exposures with the BMDL 10 based on the non-neoplastic endpoint resulted in MOEs of more than 200 in most consumer groups, indicating a low health concern with the exception of MOEs for high consumers in the younger age groups, indicating a possible health concern. When compared with the BMDL 10 based on the neoplastic endpoint, MOEs were lower than 10,000 for almost all exposure scenarios, including breastfed infants. This would indicate a possible health concern if genotoxicity is direct. Uncertainty in this assessment is high and risk may be overestimated.
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21
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Juan-García A, Carbone S, Ben-Mahmoud M, Sagratini G, Mañes J. Beauvericin and ochratoxin A mycotoxins individually and combined in HepG2 cells alter lipid peroxidation, levels of reactive oxygen species and glutathione. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 139:111247. [PMID: 32165234 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The co-presence of more than one mycotoxin in food is being evidenced in last food surveys as reported in the literature. Beauvericin (BEA) is a non-legislated emergent mycotoxin while Ochratoxin A (OTA) has been widely studied and legislated. Concentration range individually studied was from 2.5 to 0.3 μM for BEA and from 25 to 3.1 μM for OTA; binary mixture [BEA + OTA] comprised concentrations of 1:10 ratio from [2.5 + 25] to [3.1 + 0.3] μM. Potential of toxicity of BEA in HepG2 cells was the highest at all times assayed (24, 48 and 72h). LPO was performed through malondyaldehyde (MDA) detection denoting in the binary mixture for [1.25 + 12.5] μM and at 24 and 72h the highest disturbance values. ROS denoted differences respect to the control at different times specially for OTA, while in binary combination only for few point times was denoted. Effects detected for ROS and LPO were connected with alterations detected for glutathione levels of oxidized and reduced form. A real scenario of consumers chronically exposed to different mycotoxins and their mixtures is here presented highlighting the good methodology to assess the risk from exposure to combinations of chemicals in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
| | - Saverio Carbone
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Maissa Ben-Mahmoud
- Laboratoire Matériaux, Molécules et Applications, Institut Préparatoire Aux Etudes Scientifiques et Techniques, Tunisia Polytechnic School BP 51, La Marsa, 2070, Tunisia
| | - Gianni Sagratini
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032, Camerino, Italy
| | - Jordi Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
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22
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Tong C, Li P, Yu LH, Li L, Li K, Chen Y, Yang SH, Long M. Selenium-rich yeast attenuates ochratoxin A-induced small intestinal injury in broiler chickens by activating the Nrf2 pathway and inhibiting NF-KB activation. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Selenium Yeast Alleviates Ochratoxin A-Induced Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress via Modulation of the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathways in the Kidneys of Chickens. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4048706. [PMID: 32148649 PMCID: PMC7053478 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4048706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of yeast selenium (Se-Y) on ochratoxin- (OTA-) induced nephrotoxicity of chickens. A total of 80 one-day-old healthy chickens were randomly divided into 4 equal groups: control, OTA (50 μg/kg OTA), Se-Y (0.4 mg/kg Se-Y), and OTA+Se-Y (50 μg/kg OTA+0.4 mg/kg Se-Y). In the OTA chickens, differences in body weight, kidney coefficient, biochemical histological analysis, antioxidant capability, and the expression levels of the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway-related genes were observed. The levels of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (T-GSH) significantly decreased, but the malondialdehyde (MDA) level of the kidneys significantly increased in the OTA treatment group. More importantly, treatment with Se-Y improved the antioxidant enzyme activities within the kidneys of chickens exposed to OTA. In addition, administration of OTA resulted in apoptosis and was associated with decreased expression of AKT, PI3K, and Bcl-2, which in turn enhanced expression of Caspase3, Bax, and P53. However, Se-Y improved the antioxidant defense system through activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway. Gene expression of Nrf2 and its target genes (HO-1, GSH-px, GLRX2, MnSOD, and CAT) was downregulated following OTA exposure. Conversely, Se-Y treatment resulted in a significant upregulation of the same genes. Besides, significant downregulations of protein expression of HO-1, CAT, MnSOD, Nrf2, and Bcl-2 and a significant upregulation of Caspase3 and Bax levels were observed after contaminated with OTA. Notably, OTA-induced apoptosis and oxidative damage in the kidney of chickens were reverted back to normal level in the OTA+Se-Y group. Taken together, the data suggest that Se-Y alleviates OTA-induced nephrotoxicity in chickens, possibly through the activation of the PI3K/AKT and Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathways.
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Abstract
The basic leucine zipper transcription factor Nrf2 is the primary regulator of cellular oxidative stress. Activation of Nrf2 is regarded as a potential preventive and therapeutic strategy. However, aberrant hyperactivation of Nrf2 is found in a variety of cancers and promotes cancer progression and metastasis. Moreover, constitutive activation of Nrf2 confers cancer cells resistance to chemo- and radio-therapy. Thus, inhibiting Nrf2 could be a new therapeutic strategy for cancer. With the aim of accelerating the discovery and development of novel Nrf2 inhibitors, we summarize the biological and pathological functions of Nrf2 in cancer. Furthermore, the recent studies of small molecular Nrf2 inhibitors and potential Nrf2 inhibitory mechanisms are also summarized in this review.
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Ferino A, Rapozzi V, Xodo LE. The ROS-KRAS-Nrf2 axis in the control of the redox homeostasis and the intersection with survival-apoptosis pathways: Implications for photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 202:111672. [PMID: 31778952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In highly proliferating cancer cells oncogenic mutations reprogram the metabolism and increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cancer cells prevent ROS accumulation by upregulating antioxidant systems. Here we show that an increase of oxidative stress (ROS and singlet oxygen), generated by photoactivated TMPyP4, results in the upregulation of KRAS and Nrf2, the major regulator of the redox homeostasis. In agreement with a previous observation, the ectopic expression of KRAS G12D or G12 V is found to stimulate Nrf2. This suggests that ROS, KRAS and Nrf2 establish a molecular axis controlling the redox homeostasis in cancer cells. We found that this axis also modulates the function of the NF-kB/Snail/RKIP circuitry, regulating the survival and apoptosis pathways. Our data show that low ROS levels, obtained when Nrf2 is activated by KRAS, results in the upregulation of prosurvival Snail and simultaneous downregulation of proapoptotic RKIP: an expression pattern favouring cell proliferation. By contrast, high ROS levels, obtained when Nrf2 is inhibited by a small molecule (luteolin), favour apoptosis by upregulating proapoptotic RKIP and downregulating prosurvival Snail. The results of this study are useful to design efficient photodynamic therapy (PDT) against cancer. We hypothesize that cancer cells can be sensitized to PDT when the photosensitizer is used in the presence of an inhibitor of Nrf2 (adjuvant). To test this hypothesis, we used luteolin (3',4',5,7-tetrahydroflavone) as Nrf2 inhibitor, since it reduces the expression of Nrf2 and increases intracellular ROS. By means of colony formation and viability assays we found that when Nrf2 is inhibited, PDT shows an increase of efficiency up to 45%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Ferino
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Valentina Rapozzi
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Luigi E Xodo
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Udine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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Long-Term Effects of Ochratoxin A on the Glutathione Redox System and Its Regulation in Chicken. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060178. [PMID: 31212917 PMCID: PMC6616419 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of three-weeks ochratoxin A (OTA) exposure on some lipid peroxidation parameters, reduced glutathione concentration and glutathione-peroxidase activity, as well as expression of oxidative stress response-related (KEAP1, NRF2) and glutathione system (GPX3, GPX4, GSS, GSR) genes in chickens. Three levels of exposure (106, 654 and 1126 μg/kg feed) were applied. The results showed that OTA initiated free radical formation, which was suggested by the increase in the malondialdehyde content in the liver and kidney, which was more marked in the liver, depending on the length of exposure and dose. Reduced glutathione concentration increased as an effect of the highest OTA dose in blood plasma and in liver, but not in red blood cell hemolysates and the kidney. Glutathione peroxidase activity did not change in the blood and showed increasing tendency in the liver, and significant increase in the kidney. Expression of KEAP1 gene showed up-regulation in the liver, and down-regulation in the kidney, but overexpression of NRF2 gene was found in the liver and kidney at the highest dose. However, down-regulation of Nrf2 dependent genes, GPX3, GPX4, GSS and GSR, suggested an improper antioxidant response at the protein level, thus oxidative stress occurred, even at the dose of the EU regulatory limit for poultry diets.
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Oh CK, Moon Y. Dietary and Sentinel Factors Leading to Hemochromatosis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051047. [PMID: 31083351 PMCID: PMC6566178 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although hereditary hemochromatosis is associated with the mutation of genes involved in iron transport and metabolism, secondary hemochromatosis is due to external factors, such as intended or unintended iron overload, hemolysis-linked iron exposure or other stress-impaired iron metabolism. The present review addresses diet-linked etiologies of hemochromatosis and their pathogenesis in the network of genes and nutrients. Although the mechanistic association to diet-linked etiologies can be complicated, the stress sentinels are pivotally involved in the pathological processes of secondary hemochromatosis in response to iron excess and other external stresses. Moreover, the mutations in these sentineling pathway-linked genes increase susceptibility to secondary hemochromatosis. Thus, the crosstalk between nutrients and genes would verify the complex procedures in the clinical outcomes of secondary hemochromatosis and chronic complications, such as malignancy. All of this evidence provides crucial insights into comprehensive clinical or nutritional interventions for hemochromatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Kyu Oh
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
| | - Yuseok Moon
- Laboratory of Mucosal Exposome and Biomodulation, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
- BioMedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea.
- Program of Food Health Sciences, Busan 46241, Korea.
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Elsayed MAE, Mohamed NE, Hatab MH, Elaroussi MA. Oxidative Stress of in-Ovo Ochratoxin A Administered during Chick Embryonic Development. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2017-0637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jiang ZY, Lu MC, You QD. Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) Inhibition: An Emerging Strategy in Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2018; 62:3840-3856. [PMID: 30444366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a pleiotropic transcription factor, especially for its complex and dual effects in cancer. With the continuous growing research, new regulatory modes and new functions of Nrf2 and tumor-promoting effects of Nrf2 in malignant transformed tumors have become increasingly clear. Accumulating evidence has established that Nrf2 contributes to the whole process of pathogenesis, progression, metastasis, and prognosis of cancer, and Nrf2 could be a promising target in cancer therapy. However, the development of Nrf2 inhibitor is still limited. In this perspective, we will briefly describe the biological function and modulating network of Nrf2, stress its oncogenic role, and point out possible ways to inhibit Nrf2, as well as summarize the reported Nrf2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Meng-Chen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiang Su Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
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Maqsoudlou A, Mahoonak AS, Mora L, Mohebodini H, Toldrá F, Ghorbani M. Peptide identification in alcalase hydrolysated pollen and comparison of its bioactivity with royal jelly. Food Res Int 2018; 116:905-915. [PMID: 30717023 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peptides with a similar antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory activity of royal jelly (RJ) generated from Alcalase hydrolysated pollen (AHP) were predicted by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The model equations were proposed according to the effects of time and enzyme concentration on the antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory activity. The optimum values for Alcalase concentration and hydrolysis time were 1.5% and 4 h, respectively. Later, AHP was prepared and deproteinised to be further analysed using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). After SEC separation, fractions with the highest activity of ACE-inhibitory, DPPH radical scavenging and ferric-reducing power were purified by RP-HPLC. The highest ACE-inhibitory and DPPH scavenging activity of fractions was found 100% and 66.61%, respectively. The most active fractions were analysed by nano-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry in tandem (nLC-MS/MS) and a total of 195 peptide sequences were identified. The origins of all peptides were herbal proteins and certain coincidences with previously described bioactive sequences were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefe Maqsoudlou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan university of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alireza Sadeghi Mahoonak
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan university of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Leticia Mora
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Avenue Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Hossein Mohebodini
- Department of animal sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Fidel Toldrá
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Avenue Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mohamad Ghorbani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan university of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
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31
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Limonciel A, Ates G, Carta G, Wilmes A, Watzele M, Shepard PJ, VanSteenhouse HC, Seligmann B, Yeakley JM, van de Water B, Vinken M, Jennings P. Comparison of base-line and chemical-induced transcriptomic responses in HepaRG and RPTEC/TERT1 cells using TempO-Seq. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2517-2531. [PMID: 30008028 PMCID: PMC6063331 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The utilisation of genome-wide transcriptomics has played a pivotal role in advancing the field of toxicology, allowing the mapping of transcriptional signatures to chemical exposures. These activities have uncovered several transcriptionally regulated pathways that can be utilised for assessing the perturbation impact of a chemical and also the identification of toxic mode of action. However, current transcriptomic platforms are not very amenable to high-throughput workflows due to, high cost, complexities in sample preparation and relatively complex bioinformatic analysis. Thus, transcriptomic investigations are usually limited in dose and time dimensions and are, therefore, not optimal for implementation in risk assessment workflows. In this study, we investigated a new cost-effective, transcriptomic assay, TempO-Seq, which alleviates the aforementioned limitations. This technique was evaluated in a 6-compound screen, utilising differentiated kidney (RPTEC/TERT1) and liver (HepaRG) cells and compared to non-transcriptomic label-free sensitive endpoints of chemical-induced disturbances, namely phase contrast morphology, xCELLigence and glycolysis. Non-proliferating cell monolayers were exposed to six sub-lethal concentrations of each compound for 24 h. The results show that utilising a 2839 gene panel, it is possible to discriminate basal tissue-specific signatures, generate dose-response relationships and to discriminate compound-specific and cell type-specific responses. This study also reiterates previous findings that chemical-induced transcriptomic alterations occur prior to cytotoxicity and that transcriptomics provides in depth mechanistic information of the effects of chemicals on cellular transcriptional responses. TempO-Seq is a robust transcriptomic platform that is well suited for in vitro toxicity experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Limonciel
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gamze Ates
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giada Carta
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anja Wilmes
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Manfred Watzele
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Peter J Shepard
- BioSpyder Technologies, Inc., 5922 Farnsworth Ct Ste 102, Carlsbad, CA, 92008, USA
| | | | - Bruce Seligmann
- BioSpyder Technologies, Inc., 5922 Farnsworth Ct Ste 102, Carlsbad, CA, 92008, USA
| | - Joanne M Yeakley
- BioSpyder Technologies, Inc., 5922 Farnsworth Ct Ste 102, Carlsbad, CA, 92008, USA
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9503, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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32
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A comparison between the effects of ochratoxin A and aristolochic acid on the inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of weanling piglets. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 391:1147-1156. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Karamalakova Y, Nikolova G, Adhikari M, Stoev S, Agarwal P, Gadjeva V, Zhelev Z. Oxidative-protective effects of Tinospora cordifolia extract on plasma and spleen cells after experimental ochratoxicosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-018-2761-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Enciso JM, López de Cerain A, Pastor L, Azqueta A, Vettorazzi A. Is oxidative stress involved in the sex-dependent response to ochratoxin A renal toxicity? Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 116:379-387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Damiano S, Navas L, Lombari P, Montagnaro S, Forte IM, Giordano A, Florio S, Ciarcia R. Effects of δ‐tocotrienol on ochratoxin A—induced nephrotoxicity in rats. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:8731-8739. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Damiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionsUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Luigi Navas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionsUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Patrizia Lombari
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory ScienceUniversity of Campania Luigi VanvitelliNaplesItaly
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionsUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Iris M. Forte
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM)Istituto Nazionale Tumori—IRCCS“Fondazione G. Pascale”NapoliItalia
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of MedicineSurgery and NeuroscienceUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular MedicineCenter of BiotechnologyCollege of Science and TechnologyTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Salvatore Florio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionsUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Roberto Ciarcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionsUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
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Mandal P, Tewari P, Kumar S, Yadav S, Ayanur A, Chaturvedi RK, Das M, Tripathi A. Argemone oil, an edible oil adulterant, induces systemic immunosuppression in Balb/c mice in an oral 28 days repeated dose toxicity study. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 287:57-69. [PMID: 29655912 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of edible oils contaminated with Argemone oil (AO) leads to a clinical condition called "Epidemic dropsy". Earlier studies have reported that metabolism and oxidative stress primarily contributes to AO toxicity, however, the involvement of immune system has not been assessed so far. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to systematically assess the effect of AO exposure on the function of immune system in Balb/c mice. The repeated exposure of AO for 28 days caused prominent regression of spleen and thymus; severe inflammatory changes in spleen depicted by the loss of distinct follicles, increased megakaryocyte infiltration, and enhanced expression levels of inflammatory markers (iNOS & COX-2). At the functional level, AO exposure significantly abrogated the mixed lymphocyte reaction and mitogen-stimulated lymphoproliferative activity of T and B cells, which is reflective of profound lymphocyte dysfunction upon antigen exposure. In concordance with the loss in functional activity of lymphocytes in AO exposed animals, it was found the AO altered the relative percentage of CD3+, CD4+, and CD28 + T cells. Further, there was a marked decrease in the relative distribution of cells with prominent MHC I and CD1d expression in AO exposed splenocytes. Moreover, reduced levels of immune stimulatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6), and increased levels of immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 were detected in the serum of AO treated mice. Along with T and B cells, AO exposure also affected the phenotype and activation status of macrophages suggesting the inclination towards "alternative activation of macrophages". Altogether, these functional changes in the immune cells are contributing factors in AO induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Mandal
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Prachi Tewari
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Sarika Yadav
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Anjaneya Ayanur
- Central Pathology Laboratory, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India
| | - Rajnish K Chaturvedi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India; Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India
| | - Mukul Das
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India.
| | - Anurag Tripathi
- Food, Drugs and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) CSIR-IITR Campus, Lucknow, India.
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Toxicological effects of regulated mycotoxins and persistent organochloride pesticides: In vitro cytotoxic assessment of single and defined mixtures on MA-10 murine Leydig cell line. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 48:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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39
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Velkov T, Tang S, Dai C. T-2 toxin-induced toxicity in neuroblastoma-2a cells involves the generation of reactive oxygen, mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 114:88-97. [PMID: 29432840 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of T-2 mycotoxin induced neurotoxicity remains enigmatic. In the present study we show that T-2 toxin induced neurotoxicity in mouse neuroblastoma2a (N2a) cells is both dose- and time-dependent and is associated with oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. T-2 toxin treatment of N2a cells at 10, 20, 40 and 80 ng/mL for 24 h significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of p53, Bax, and caspase-8 and down-regulated the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA and protein expression. Activation of caspases-8, -9 and -3 was also evident in a concentration-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of the cells with the antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine markedly suppressed T-2 toxin-induced neurotoxicity and caspase activation. Conversely, pre-treatment of the cells with the Nrf2 inhibitor brusatol or the HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX, enhanced T-2 toxin induced neurotoxicity and increased the activation of caspase-9 and -3. Taken together, these novel findings suggest that T-2 toxin-induced neurotoxicity in N2a cells involves oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis via the inhibition of the Nrf2/HO-1 and activation of p53 pathway. The present study highlights the potential of developing much needed pharmacological interventions to prevent T-2 toxin neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiya Zhang
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Food Safety Control of Processing and Circulation, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Shusheng Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Chongshan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Tao Y, Xie S, Xu F, Liu A, Wang Y, Chen D, Pan Y, Huang L, Peng D, Wang X, Yuan Z. Ochratoxin A: Toxicity, oxidative stress and metabolism. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 112:320-331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sharath Babu GR, Anand T, Ilaiyaraja N, Khanum F, Gopalan N. Pelargonidin Modulates Keap1/Nrf2 Pathway Gene Expression and Ameliorates Citrinin-Induced Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:868. [PMID: 29230174 PMCID: PMC5711834 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pelargonidin chloride (PC) is one of the major anthocyanin found in berries, radish and other natural foods. Many natural chemopreventive compounds have been shown to be potent inducers of phase II detoxification genes and its up-regulation is important for oxidative stress related disorders. In the present study, we investigated the effect of PC in ameliorating citrinin (CTN) induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. The cytotoxicity of CTN was evaluated by treating HepG2 (Human hepatocellular carcinoma) cells with CTN (0–150 μM) in a dose dependent manner for 24 h, and the IC50 was determined to be 96.16 μM. CTN increased lactate dehydrogenase leakage (59%), elevated reactive oxygen species (2.5-fold), depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential as confirmed by JC-1 monomers and arrested cell cycle at G2/M phase. Further, apoptotic and necrotic analysis revealed significant changes followed by DNA damage. To overcome these toxicological effects, PC was pretreated for 2 h followed by CTN exposure for 24 h. Pretreatment with PC resulted in significant increase in cell viability (84.5%), restored membrane integrity, reactive oxygen species level were maintained and cell cycle phases were normal. PC significantly up-regulated the activity of detoxification enzymes: heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), glutathione transferase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and quinone reductase. Nrf2 translocation into the nucleus was also observed by immunocytochemistry analysis. These data demonstrate the protective effect of PC against CTN-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells and up-regulated the activity of detoxification enzyme levels through Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Sharath Babu
- Biochemistry and Nano Sciences Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
| | - Tamatam Anand
- Biochemistry and Nano Sciences Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
| | - N Ilaiyaraja
- Biochemistry and Nano Sciences Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
| | - Farhath Khanum
- Biochemistry and Nano Sciences Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
| | - N Gopalan
- Food Biotechnology Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory, Mysore, India
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Limbeck E, Vanselow JT, Hofmann J, Schlosser A, Mally A. Linking site-specific loss of histone acetylation to repression of gene expression by the mycotoxin ochratoxin A. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:995-1014. [PMID: 29098329 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent renal carcinogen but its mechanism has not been fully resolved. In vitro and in vivo gene expression studies consistently revealed down-regulation of gene expression as the predominant transcriptional response to OTA. Based on the importance of specific histone acetylation marks in regulating gene transcription and our recent finding that OTA inhibits histone acetyltransferases (HATs), leading to loss of acetylation of histones and non-histone proteins, we hypothesized that OTA-mediated repression of gene expression may be causally linked to HAT inhibition and loss of histone acetylation. In this study, we used a novel mass spectrometry approach employing chemical 13C-acetylation of unmodified lysine residues for quantification of post-translational acetylation sites to identify site-specific alterations in histone acetylation in human kidney epithelial cells (HK-2) exposed to OTA. These results showed OTA-mediated hypoacetylation at almost all lysine residues of core histones, including loss of acetylation at H3K9 and H3K14, which are hallmarks of gene activation. ChIP-qPCR used to establish a possible link between H3K9 or H3K14 hypoacetylation and OTA-mediated down-regulation of selected genes (AMIGO2, CLASP2, CTNND1) confirmed OTA-mediated H3K9 hypoacetylation at promoter regions of these genes. Integrated analysis of OTA-mediated genome-wide changes in H3K9 acetylation identified by ChIP-Seq with published gene expression data further demonstrated that among OTA-responsive genes almost 80% of hypoacetylated genes were down-regulated, thus confirming an association between H3K9 acetylation status and gene expression of these genes. However, only 7% of OTA repressed genes showed loss of H3K9 acetylation within promoter regions. Interestingly, however, GO analysis and functional enrichment of down-regulated genes showing loss of H3K9 acetylation at their respective promoter regions revealed enrichment of genes involved in the regulation of transcription, including a number of transcription factors that are predicted to directly or indirectly regulate the expression of 98% of OTA repressed genes. Thus, it is possible that histone acetylation changes in a fairly small set of genes but with key function in transcriptional regulation may trigger a cascade of events that may lead to overall repression of gene expression. Taken together, our data provide evidence for a mechanistic link between loss of H3K9 acetylation as a consequence of OTA-mediated inhibition of HATs and repression of gene expression by OTA, thereby affecting cellular processes critical to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Limbeck
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens T Vanselow
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Hofmann
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schlosser
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angela Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078, Würzburg, Germany.
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Loboda A, Stachurska A, Sobczak M, Podkalicka P, Mucha O, Jozkowicz A, Dulak J. Nrf2 deficiency exacerbates ochratoxin A-induced toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Toxicology 2017; 389:42-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Marin DE, Pistol GC, Gras MA, Palade ML, Taranu I. Comparative effect of ochratoxin A on inflammation and oxidative stress parameters in gut and kidney of piglets. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:224-231. [PMID: 28760389 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi of Aspergillus and Penicillium genra. OTA is mainly nephrotoxic but can also cause hepatotoxicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity. As recent studies have highlighted the close relationship between gastrointestinal tract and kidney, as principal organs involved in absorption and respective excretion of xenobiotics, the aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of a subchronic exposure (30 days) to 0.05 mg/kg OTA on immune response and oxidative stress parameters at the level of intestine and kidney of young swine. The experiment was realised on twelve crossbred weaned piglets randomly allotted to both control group or toxin group fed 0.050 mg OTA/kg feed. Our results have shown that a subchronic intoxication with a low dose of OTA for 30 days affected the immune response and the anti-oxidant self-defense at gut and kidney level. The gene expression of both markers of signaling pathways involved in inflammation and inflammatory cytokines were affected in a much higher extent in the gut than in the kidney Of OTA intoxicated piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela E Marin
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania.
| | - Gina C Pistol
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
| | - Mihai A Gras
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
| | - Mihai L Palade
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
| | - Ionelia Taranu
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Calea Bucuresti No. 1, Balotesti, Ilfov, 077015, Romania
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Hameed MR, Khan MZ, Saleemi MK, Khan A, Akhtar M, Hassan ZU, Hussain Z. Study of ochratoxin A (OTA)-induced oxidative stress markers in broiler chicks. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1303780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Raza Hameed
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan,
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan,
| | | | | | - Ahrar Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan,
| | - Masood Akhtar
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan,
| | - Zahoor-ul- Hassan
- Department of Animal Health, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan, and
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Department of Livestock and Dairy Development Government of Punjab, Pakistan
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46
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Effect of heme oxygenase-1 on ochratoxin A-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 84:46-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ahmed Adam MA, Tabana YM, Musa KB, Sandai DA. Effects of different mycotoxins on humans, cell genome and their involvement in cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2017; 37:1321-1336. [PMID: 28184933 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical nature of most of the mycotoxins makes them highly liposoluble compounds that can be absorbed from the site of exposure such as from the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract to the blood stream where it can be dissimilated throughout the body and reach different organs such as the liver and kidneys. Mycotoxins have a strong tendency and ability to penetrate the human and animal cells and reach the cellular genome where it causes a major mutagenic change in the nucleotide sequence which leads to strong and permanent defects in the genome. This defect will eventually be transcribed, translated and lead to the development of cancer. In this review, the chemical and physical nature of mycotoxins, the action of mycotoxins on the cellular genome and its effect on humans, mycotoxins and their carcinogenicity and mycotoxins research gaps are discussed, and new research areas are suggested. The research review posed various questions. What are the different mycotoxins that can cause cancer, what is the role of mycotoxins in causing cancer and what types of cancers can be caused by mycotoxins? These questions have been selected due to the significant increase in the mycotoxin contamination and the cancer incidence rate in the contemporary world. By revealing and understanding the role of mycotoxins in developing cancer, measures to reduce the risks and incidents of cancer could be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mowaffaq Adam Ahmed Adam
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yasser M Tabana
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Khirun Binti Musa
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Doblin Anak Sandai
- Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Limited Link between Oxidative Stress and Ochratoxin A-Induced Renal Injury in an Acute Toxicity Rat Model. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8120373. [PMID: 27983637 PMCID: PMC5198567 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8120373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) displays nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. However, in the acute toxicity rat model, there is no evidence on the relationship between OTA and nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Based on this, the integrated analysis of physiological status, damage biomarkers, oxidative stress, and DNA damage were performed. After OTA treatment, the body weight decreased and AST, ALP, TP, and BUN levels in serum increased. Hydropic degeneration, swelling, vacuolization, and partial drop occurred in proximal tubule epithelial cells. PCNA and Kim-1 were dose-dependently increased in the kidney, but Cox-2 expression and proliferation were not found in the liver. In OTA-treated kidneys, the mRNA expressions of Kim-1, Cox-2, Lcn2, and Clu were dose-dependently increased. The mRNA expressions of Vim and Cox-2 were decreased in OTA-treated livers. Some oxidative stress indicators were altered in the kidneys (ROS and SOD) and livers (SOD and GSH). DNA damage and oxidative DNA damage were not found. In conclusion, there is a limited link between oxidative stress and OTA-induced renal injury in an acute toxicity rat model.
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Denisow B, Denisow-Pietrzyk M. Biological and therapeutic properties of bee pollen: a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:4303-4309. [PMID: 27013064 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural products, including bee products, are particularly appreciated by consumers and are used for therapeutic purposes as alternative drugs. However, it is not known whether treatments with bee products are safe and how to minimise the health risks of such products. Among others, bee pollen is a natural honeybee product promoted as a valuable source of nourishing substances and energy. The health-enhancing value of bee pollen is expected due to the wide range of secondary plant metabolites (tocopherol, niacin, thiamine, biotin and folic acid, polyphenols, carotenoid pigments, phytosterols), besides enzymes and co-enzymes, contained in bee pollen. The promising reports on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticariogenic antibacterial, antifungicidal, hepatoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, immune enhancing potential require long-term and large cohort clinical studies. The main difficulty in the application of bee pollen in modern phytomedicine is related to the wide species-specific variation in its composition. Therefore, the variations may differently contribute to bee-pollen properties and biological activity and thus in therapeutic effects. In principle, we can unequivocally recommend bee pollen as a valuable dietary supplement. Although the bee-pollen components have potential bioactive and therapeutic properties, extensive research is required before bee pollen can be used in therapy. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Denisow
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
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Bhat PV, Pandareesh, Khanum F, Tamatam A. Cytotoxic Effects of Ochratoxin A in Neuro-2a Cells: Role of Oxidative Stress Evidenced by N-acetylcysteine. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1142. [PMID: 27531992 PMCID: PMC4969303 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin-A (OTA), is toxic secondary metabolite and is found to be a source of vast range of toxic effects like hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity. However, the information available currently regarding neurotoxic effects exerted by OTA is scanty. Hence, the present study was aimed to evaluate the neurotoxic effects of OTA and the possible mechanisms of toxicity as well as the role of cytotoxic oxidative stress on neuronal (Neuro-2a) cell line was evaluated in vitro. Results of the MTT and LDH assay showed that, OTA induced dose-dependent cell death in Neuro-2a cells and EC50 value was determined as 500 nM. OTA induced high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and elevated levels of malondialdehyde, also loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was observed in a dose depended manner. Effects of OTA on ROS induced chromosomal DNA damage was assessed by Comet assay and plasmid DNA damage assay in which increase in DNA damage was observed in Neuro-2a cells by increasing the OTA concentration. Further western blotting analysis of OTA treated Neuro-2a cells indicated elevated expression levels of c-Jun, JNK3 and cleaved caspase-3 leading to apoptotic cell death. Other hand realtime-Q-PCR analysis clearly indicates the suppressed expression of neuronal biomarker genes including AChE, BDNF, TH and NOS2. Further N-acetylcysteine (NAC) pretreatment to Neuro-2a cells followed by OTA treatment clearly evidenced that, the significant reversal of toxic effects exerted by OTA on Neuro-2a cells. In the present study, results illustrate that ROS a principle event in oxidative stress was elevated by OTA toxicity in Neuro-2a cells. However, further in vivo, animal studies are in need to conclude the present study reports and the use of NAC as a remedy for OTA induced neuronal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha V Bhat
- Biochemistry and Nano Sciences Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory Mysore, India
| | - Pandareesh
- Biochemistry and Nano Sciences Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory Mysore, India
| | - Farhath Khanum
- Biochemistry and Nano Sciences Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory Mysore, India
| | - Anand Tamatam
- Biochemistry and Nano Sciences Division, Defence Food Research Laboratory Mysore, India
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