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Vergne DDC, Rosalem LMP, Wendland EC, Anache JAA, Martins da Silva MC, Boschi RS, Silva Matos DMD. Experimental Study on Potential Influence of the Invasive Hedychium coronarium J. König on the Evapotranspiration of Riparian Plant Community. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091746. [PMID: 37176804 PMCID: PMC10181380 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The balance between precipitation and evapotranspiration (ET) has direct effect on vegetation, and any change in its structure and composition can influence it. The aim of this study is to determine experimentally the daily evapotranspiration (ET) of the invasive species, Hedychium coronarium, and to compare with a group of four native species of the riparian forest. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with three different treatments: (1) only the invasive species; (2) only native species; and (3) a mixture of invasive and native species. In each lysimeter, pressure transducers recorded the water level at every 15 min along 14 months. Daily ET was calculated by the method of Gribovszki et al. (2008) and varied according to the treatment, indicating that different species (invasive or native) use the water differently. The maximum accumulated daily ET occurred for mixture treatment (2540.16 mm), while the treatment with the invasive plant presented the lowest value (2172.53 mm). H. coronarium, in monodominant stands, can reduce evapotranspiration on invaded areas and increase it when immersed in the riparian forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driélli de Carvalho Vergne
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Lívia Malacarne Pinheiro Rosalem
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13560-250, SP, Brazil
| | - Edson Cezar Wendland
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitary Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos 13560-250, SP, Brazil
| | - Jamil Alexandre Ayach Anache
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Stucchi Boschi
- Environmental Management and Sustainability, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
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Vinod N, Slot M, McGregor IR, Ordway EM, Smith MN, Taylor TC, Sack L, Buckley TN, Anderson-Teixeira KJ. Thermal sensitivity across forest vertical profiles: patterns, mechanisms, and ecological implications. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:22-47. [PMID: 36239086 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rising temperatures are influencing forests on many scales, with potentially strong variation vertically across forest strata. Using published research and new analyses, we evaluate how microclimate and leaf temperatures, traits, and gas exchange vary vertically in forests, shaping tree, and ecosystem ecology. In closed-canopy forests, upper canopy leaves are exposed to the highest solar radiation and evaporative demand, which can elevate leaf temperature (Tleaf ), particularly when transpirational cooling is curtailed by limited stomatal conductance. However, foliar traits also vary across height or light gradients, partially mitigating and protecting against the elevation of upper canopy Tleaf . Leaf metabolism generally increases with height across the vertical gradient, yet differences in thermal sensitivity across the gradient appear modest. Scaling from leaves to trees, canopy trees have higher absolute metabolic capacity and growth, yet are more vulnerable to drought and damaging Tleaf than their smaller counterparts, particularly under climate change. By contrast, understory trees experience fewer extreme high Tleaf 's but have fewer cooling mechanisms and thus may be strongly impacted by warming under some conditions, particularly when exposed to a harsher microenvironment through canopy disturbance. As the climate changes, integrating the patterns and mechanisms reviewed here into models will be critical to forecasting forest-climate feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Vinod
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90039, USA
| | - Martijn Slot
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
| | - Ian R McGregor
- Center for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Elsa M Ordway
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90039, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Marielle N Smith
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Tyeen C Taylor
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90039, USA
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian's National Zoo & Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
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3
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Dubrovin DI, Rafikova OS, Veselkin DV. Soil Moisture in Urbanized Habitats Invaded by Alien Acer negundo. RUSS J ECOL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413622050034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Singh KK, Bhattarai N, Vukomanovic J. Landscape-scale hydrologic response of plant invasion relative to native vegetation in urban forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149903. [PMID: 34525695 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale invasion modifies watershed hydrology by changing surface runoff and lowering the seasonal availability of water to native plants. Due to costly field-based evapotranspiration (ET) measurements, which are highly localized and occasionally subject to instrument failure, landscape-scale water use assessments of invasive plants are infrequent. Therefore, the extent to which plant invaders alter water allocation between native and non-native vegetation in a given landscape is rarely assessed. We used a remote sensing-based ET modeling approach to measure the hydrologic response of an invasive shrub, Ligustrum sinense, across forests of the Charlotte Metropolitan Area, North Carolina. We hypothesized that this invader's widespread occurrence and dominant plant physiology significantly competes with native forests for water resources. We tested this hypothesis by comparing inter- and intra-annual variations in ET from invaded and uninvaded sites estimated using the surface-energy-balance system (SEBS) model and cloud-free Landsat images for the wettest (2003), driest (2007), and normal (2005 and 2011) water years. Our findings suggest that the water demand of L. sinense is higher than native forests (deciduous and evergreen) for most of the year except during the early spring and after high precipitation events. The daily ET flux of L. sinense was significantly different than evergreen vegetation during the driest year (2007) that, five years later (2011 - normal water year), was significantly different than both deciduous and evergreen vegetation types. This suggests that L. sinense consumes more water than native forest types, particularly during dry and normal precipitation years with increasing canopy cover over time making it a strong competitor with native vegetation for water resources in urban forests. Therefore, accounting for the hydrologic response of invasive plants and potential water savings from their removal from forests, particularly in water-scarce regions, may enable land managers and decision-makers to prioritize areas for monitoring and control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunwar K Singh
- AidData, Global Research Institute, William & Mary, 427 Scotland Street, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA.
| | - Nishan Bhattarai
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jelena Vukomanovic
- Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Center for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Beaulne J, Boucher É, Garneau M, Magnan G. Paludification reduces black spruce growth rate but does not alter tree water use efficiency in Canadian boreal forested peatlands. FOREST ECOSYSTEMS 2021; 8:28. [PMID: 34721933 PMCID: PMC8550502 DOI: 10.1186/s40663-021-00307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP)-forested peatlands are widespread ecosystems in boreal North America in which peat accumulation, known as the paludification process, has been shown to induce forest growth decline. The continuously evolving environmental conditions (e.g., water table rise, increasing peat thickness) in paludified forests may require tree growth mechanism adjustments over time. In this study, we investigate tree ecophysiological mechanisms along a paludification gradient in a boreal forested peatland of eastern Canada by combining peat-based and tree-ring analyses. Carbon and oxygen stable isotopes in tree rings are used to document changes in carbon assimilation rates, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency. In addition, paleohydrological analyses are performed to evaluate the dynamical ecophysiological adjustments of black spruce trees to site-specific water table variations. RESULTS Increasing peat accumulation considerably impacts forest growth, but no significant differences in tree water use efficiency (iWUE) are found between the study sites. Tree-ring isotopic analysis indicates no iWUE decrease over the last 100 years, but rather an important increase at each site up to the 1980s, before iWUE stabilized. Surprisingly, inferred basal area increments do not reflect such trends. Therefore, iWUE variations do not reflect tree ecophysiological adjustments required by changes in growing conditions. Local water table variations induce no changes in ecophysiological mechanisms, but a synchronous shift in iWUE is observed at all sites in the mid-1980s. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that paludification induces black spruce growth decline without altering tree water use efficiency in boreal forested peatlands. These findings highlight that failing to account for paludification-related carbon use and allocation could result in the overestimation of aboveground biomass production in paludified sites. Further research on carbon allocation strategies is of utmost importance to understand the carbon sink capacity of these widespread ecosystems in the context of climate change, and to make appropriate forest management decisions in the boreal biome. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40663-021-00307-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joannie Beaulne
- Geotop Research Center, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- Department of Geography, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- GRIL-UQAM, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
| | - Étienne Boucher
- Geotop Research Center, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- Department of Geography, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- Centre d’études nordiques, Université Laval, Montréal, Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Michelle Garneau
- Geotop Research Center, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- Department of Geography, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- GRIL-UQAM, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- Centre d’études nordiques, Université Laval, Montréal, Québec G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Gabriel Magnan
- Geotop Research Center, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- Department of Geography, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
- GRIL-UQAM, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8 Canada
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6
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Shiklomanov AN, Bond-Lamberty B, Atkins JW, Gough CM. Structure and parameter uncertainty in centennial projections of forest community structure and carbon cycling. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6080-6096. [PMID: 32846039 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Secondary forest regrowth shapes community succession and biogeochemistry for decades, including in the Upper Great Lakes region. Vegetation models encapsulate our understanding of forest function, and whether models can reproduce multi-decadal succession patterns is an indication of our ability to predict forest responses to future change. We test the ability of a vegetation model to simulate C cycling and community composition during 100 years of forest regrowth following stand-replacing disturbance, asking (a) Which processes and parameters are most important to accurately model Upper Midwest forest succession? (b) What is the relative importance of model structure versus parameter values to these predictions? We ran ensembles of the Ecosystem Demography model v2.2 with different representations of processes important to competition for light. We compared the magnitude of structural and parameter uncertainty and assessed which sub-model-parameter combinations best reproduced observed C fluxes and community composition. On average, our simulations underestimated observed net primary productivity (NPP) and leaf area index (LAI) after 100 years and predicted complete dominance by a single plant functional type (PFT). Out of 4,000 simulations, only nine fell within the observed range of both NPP and LAI, but these predicted unrealistically complete dominance by either early hardwood or pine PFTs. A different set of seven simulations were ecologically plausible but under-predicted observed NPP and LAI. Parameter uncertainty was large; NPP and LAI ranged from ~0% to >200% of their mean value, and any PFT could become dominant. The two parameters that contributed most to uncertainty in predicted NPP were plant-soil water conductance and growth respiration, both unobservable empirical coefficients. We conclude that (a) parameter uncertainty is more important than structural uncertainty, at least for ED-2.2 in Upper Midwest forests and (b) simulating both productivity and plant community composition accurately without physically unrealistic parameters remains challenging for demographic vegetation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey N Shiklomanov
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ben Bond-Lamberty
- Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jeff W Atkins
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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7
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Xu H, Xiao J, Zhang Z, Ollinger SV, Hollinger DY, Pan Y, Wan J. Canopy photosynthetic capacity drives contrasting age dynamics of resource use efficiencies between mature temperate evergreen and deciduous forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6156-6167. [PMID: 33245613 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Forest resource use efficiencies (RUEs) can vary with tree age, but the nature of these trends and their underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Understanding the age dynamics of forest RUEs and their drivers is vital for assessing the trade-offs between forest functions and resource consumption, making rational management policy, and projecting ecosystem carbon dynamics. Here we used the FLUXNET2015 and AmeriFlux datasets and published literature to explore the age-dependent variability of forest light use efficiency (LUE) and inherent water use efficiency as well as their main regulatory variables in temperate regions. Our results showed that evergreen forest RUEs initially increased before reaching the mature stage (i.e., around 90 years old), and then gradually declined; in contrast, RUEs continuously increased with age for mature deciduous forests. Changing canopy photosynthetic capacity (Amax) was the primary cause of age-related changes in RUEs across temperate forest sites. More importantly, soil nitrogen (N) increased in mature deciduous forests through time but decreased in older evergreen forests. The age-dependent changes in soil N were closely linked with the age dynamics of Amax for mature temperate forests. Additionally, soil nutrient conditions played a greater role in deciduous forest RUEs than evergreen forest RUEs. This study highlights the importance of stand age and forest type on temperate forest RUEs over the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xu
- Jixian National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, CNERN, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation & Desertification Combating, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Jingfeng Xiao
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Jixian National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, CNERN, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation & Desertification Combating, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Scott V Ollinger
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | | | - Yude Pan
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Jiaming Wan
- Jixian National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, CNERN, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation & Desertification Combating, State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Coble AA, Barnard H, Du E, Johnson S, Jones J, Keppeler E, Kwon H, Link TE, Penaluna BE, Reiter M, River M, Puettmann K, Wagenbrenner J. Long-term hydrological response to forest harvest during seasonal low flow: Potential implications for current forest practices. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 730:138926. [PMID: 32402963 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in the magnitude and duration of streamflow can have important implications for aquatic species, drinking water supplies, and water quality. In many regions, including the Pacific Northwest (U.S. and Canada), seasonal low flow is declining, primarily due to a changing climate, but is also influenced by urbanization, agriculture, and forestry. We review the responses of seasonal low flow, catchment storage, and tree-water relations to forest harvest over long timescales and discuss the potential implications of these responses for current forest practices and aquatic biota. We identify three distinct periods of expected low flow responses as regrowth occurs following forest harvest: in the first period an initial increase in low flow can occur as replanted stands regenerate, in the second period low flow is characterized by mixed and variable responses as forests become established, and in the third period, which follows canopy closure, low flow declines may occur over long timescales. Of 25 small catchments with ≥10 years post-harvest data, nine catchments had no change or variable low flow and 16 catchments experienced reduced low flow years after harvest. The retention of riparian buffers, limited size of harvest units, and adherence to reforestation requirements have altered the contemporary forest landscape relative to historical forest practices, but data documenting multi-decadal hydrological responses to current harvest practices is limited. Our review suggests that the magnitude of low flow responses attenuates downstream as a broader mosaic of stand ages occurs and multiple hydrological periods are represented. Declines were not observed in the seven large catchments reviewed. The consequences of low flow declines for aquatic biota are not well understood, but where data do exist aquatic biota have not been adversely affected. We identify priorities for future research that will aid in improving predictions of low flow responses to harvest as forests regenerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley A Coble
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., 227 NW Third St., Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.
| | - Holly Barnard
- Department of Geography, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Enhao Du
- College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Sherri Johnson
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Julia Jones
- Geography CEOAS, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Elizabeth Keppeler
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Fort Bragg, CA, USA
| | - Hyojung Kwon
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Timothy E Link
- College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Brooke E Penaluna
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Mark River
- Weyerhaeuser Company, Springfield, OR, USA
| | - Klaus Puettmann
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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9
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Xu B, Arain MA, Black TA, Law BE, Pastorello GZ, Chu H. Seasonal variability of forest sensitivity to heat and drought stresses: A synthesis based on carbon fluxes from North American forest ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:901-918. [PMID: 31529736 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Climate extremes such as heat waves and droughts are projected to occur more frequently with increasing temperature and an intensified hydrological cycle. It is important to understand and quantify how forest carbon fluxes respond to heat and drought stress. In this study, we developed a series of daily indices of sensitivity to heat and drought stress as indicated by air temperature (Ta ) and evaporative fraction (EF). Using normalized daily carbon fluxes from the FLUXNET Network for 34 forest sites in North America, the seasonal pattern of sensitivities of net ecosystem productivity (NEP), gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) in response to Ta and EF anomalies were compared for different forest types. The results showed that warm temperatures in spring had a positive effect on NEP in conifer forests but a negative impact in deciduous forests. GEP in conifer forests increased with higher temperature anomalies in spring but decreased in summer. The drought-induced decrease in NEP, which mostly occurred in the deciduous forests, was mostly driven by the reduction in GEP. In conifer forests, drought had a similar dampening effect on both GEP and RE, therefore leading to a neutral NEP response. The NEP sensitivity to Ta anomalies increased with increasing mean annual temperature. Drier sites were less sensitive to drought stress in summer. Natural forests with older stand age tended to be more resilient to the climate stresses compared to managed younger forests. The results of the Classification and Regression Tree analysis showed that seasons and ecosystem productivity were the most powerful variables in explaining the variation of forest sensitivity to heat and drought stress. Our results implied that the magnitude and direction of carbon flux changes in response to climate extremes are highly dependent on the seasonal dynamics of forests and the timing of the climate extremes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences and McMaster Centre for Climate Change, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M Altaf Arain
- School of Geography and Earth Sciences and McMaster Centre for Climate Change, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - T Andrew Black
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Beverly E Law
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Gilberto Z Pastorello
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Housen Chu
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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10
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Liu M, Xu F, Xu X, Wanek W, Yang X. Age alters uptake pattern of organic and inorganic nitrogen by rubber trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1685-1693. [PMID: 29660099 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have explored plant nutrient acquisition during ecosystem succession, but it remains unclear how age affects nitrogen (N) acquisition by the same tree species. Clarifying the age effect will be beneficial to fertilization management through improving N-use efficiency and reducing the risk of environmental pollution due to NO3- leaching. To clarify the effect of age on N uptake, rubber (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Muell. Arg.) plantations of five ages (7, 16, 24, 32 and 49 years) were selected in Xishuangbanna of southern China for brief 15N exposures of intact roots using field hydroponic experiments. 15N-labeled NH4+, NO3- or glycine were applied in this study. All targeted rubber trees uptake rates followed an order of NH4+ > glycine > NO3-. As age increased, NH4+ uptake increased first and then decreased sharply, partly consistent with the pattern of soil NH4+ concentrations. Uptake of glycine decreased first and then increased gradually, while no significant change of NO3- uptake rates existed with increasing age. Overall, rubber trees with ages from 7 to 49 years all showed a preference for NH4+ uptake. Young rubber trees (7 and 16 years) had higher NH4+ and lower glycine preferences than older trees (24, 32 and 49 years). Mycorrhizal colonization rates of rubber trees were higher in intermediately aged plantations (16, 24 and 32 years) than in plantations aged 7 and 49 years. A positive relationship was observed between arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization rates and NO3- preference. The results from this study demonstrate that rubber trees do not change their preference for NH4+ but strongly decreased their reliance on it with age. These findings indicate that the shift of N uptake patterns with age should be taken into account for rubber fertilization management to improve N-use efficiency and reduce the risk of environmental pollution during rubber production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yanqi Lake, Huairou District, Beijing, China
| | - Fanzhen Xu
- Laibin Academy of Agricultural Science, Renmin Road, Chengbei District, Laibin, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xingliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Wolfgang Wanek
- Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, Research Network 'Chemistry meets Microbiology', University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Wien, Austria
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology of Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
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11
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Curtis PS, Gough CM. Forest aging, disturbance and the carbon cycle. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:1188-1193. [PMID: 29767850 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1188 I. Introduction 1188 II. Forest aging and carbon storage 1189 III. Successional trends of NEP in northern deciduous forests 1190 IV. Mechanisms sustaining NEP in aging deciduous forests 1191 Acknowledgements 1192 References 1192 SUMMARY: Large areas of forestland in temperate North America, as well as in other parts of the world, are growing older and will soon transition into middle and then late successional stages exceeding 100 yr in age. These ecosystems have been important regional carbon sinks as they recovered from prior anthropogenic and natural disturbance, but their future sink strength, or annual rate of carbon storage, is in question. Ecosystem development theory predicts a steady decline in annual carbon storage as forests age, but newly available, direct measurements of forest net CO2 exchange challenge that prediction. In temperate deciduous forests, where moderate severity disturbance regimes now often prevail, there is little evidence for any marked decline in carbon storage rate during mid-succession. Rather, an increase in physical and biological complexity under these disturbance regimes may drive increases in resource-use efficiency and resource availability that help to maintain significant carbon storage in these forests well past the century mark. Conservation of aging deciduous forests may therefore sustain the terrestrial carbon sink, whilst providing other goods and services afforded by these biologically and structurally complex ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Curtis
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Christopher M Gough
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
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12
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13
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Tang X, Li H, Ma M, Yao L, Peichl M, Arain A, Xu X, Goulden M. How do disturbances and climate effects on carbon and water fluxes differ between multi-aged and even-aged coniferous forests? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1583-1597. [PMID: 28531966 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances and climatic changes significantly affect forest ecosystem productivity, water use efficiency (WUE) and carbon (C) flux dynamics. A deep understanding of terrestrial feedbacks to such effects and recovery mechanisms in forests across contrasting climatic regimes is essential to predict future regional/global C and water budgets, which are also closely related to the potential forest management decisions. However, the resilience of multi-aged and even-aged forests to disturbances has been debated for >60years because of technical measurement constraints. Here we evaluated 62site-years of eddy covariance measurements of net ecosystem production (NEP), evapotranspiration (ET), the estimates of gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Re) and ecosystem-level WUE, as well as the relationships with environmental controls in three chronosequences of multi- and even-aged coniferous forests covering the Mediterranean, temperate and boreal regions. Age-specific dynamics in multi-year mean annual NEP and WUE revealed that forest age is a key variable that determines the sign and magnitude of recovering forest C source-sink strength from disturbances. However, the trends of annual NEP and WUE across succession stages between two stand structures differed substantially. The successional patterns of NEP exhibited an inverted-U trend with age at the two even-aged chronosequences, whereas NEP of the multi-aged chronosequence increased steadily through time. Meanwhile, site-level WUE of even-aged forests decreased gradually from young to mature, whereas an apparent increase occurred for the same forest age in multi-aged stands. Compared with even-aged forests, multi-aged forests sequestered more CO2 with forest age and maintained a relatively higher WUE in the later succession periods. With regard to the available flux measurements in this study, these behaviors are independent of tree species, stand ages and climate conditions. We also found that distinctly different environmental factors controlled forest C and water fluxes under three climatic regimes. Typical weather events such as temperature anomalies or drying-wetting cycles severely affected forest functions. Particularly, a summer drought in the boreal forest resulted in an increased NEP owing to a considerable decrease in Re, but at the cost of greater water loss from deeper groundwater resources. These findings will provide important implications for forest management strategies to mitigate global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Tang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
| | - Hengpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Mingguo Ma
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Yao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Matthias Peichl
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
| | - Altaf Arain
- McMaster Centre for Climate Change and School of Geography & Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S4K1, Canada
| | - Xibao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Michael Goulden
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA
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Greenwood S, Ruiz-Benito P, Martínez-Vilalta J, Lloret F, Kitzberger T, Allen CD, Fensham R, Laughlin DC, Kattge J, Bönisch G, Kraft NJB, Jump AS. Tree mortality across biomes is promoted by drought intensity, lower wood density and higher specific leaf area. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:539-553. [PMID: 28220612 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Drought events are increasing globally, and reports of consequent forest mortality are widespread. However, due to a lack of a quantitative global synthesis, it is still not clear whether drought-induced mortality rates differ among global biomes and whether functional traits influence the risk of drought-induced mortality. To address these uncertainties, we performed a global meta-analysis of 58 studies of drought-induced forest mortality. Mortality rates were modelled as a function of drought, temperature, biomes, phylogenetic and functional groups and functional traits. We identified a consistent global-scale response, where mortality increased with drought severity [log mortality (trees trees-1 year-1 ) increased 0.46 (95% CI = 0.2-0.7) with one SPEI unit drought intensity]. We found no significant differences in the magnitude of the response depending on forest biomes or between angiosperms and gymnosperms or evergreen and deciduous tree species. Functional traits explained some of the variation in drought responses between species (i.e. increased from 30 to 37% when wood density and specific leaf area were included). Tree species with denser wood and lower specific leaf area showed lower mortality responses. Our results illustrate the value of functional traits for understanding patterns of drought-induced tree mortality and suggest that mortality could become increasingly widespread in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Greenwood
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland
| | - Paloma Ruiz-Benito
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland.,Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Life Sciences Department, Universidad de Alcalá, Science Building, Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.,Universidad Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.,Universidad Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- Laboratorio Ecotono, INIBIOMA, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Craig D Allen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87544, USA
| | - Rod Fensham
- Queensland Herbarium, Environmental Protection Agency, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Qld, 4066, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel C Laughlin
- Environmental Research Institute and School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bönisch
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Nathan J B Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alistair S Jump
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland.,CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
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Tor-Ngern P, Oren R, Oishi AC, Uebelherr JM, Palmroth S, Tarvainen L, Ottosson-Löfvenius M, Linder S, Domec JC, Näsholm T. Ecophysiological variation of transpiration of pine forests: synthesis of new and published results. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:118-133. [PMID: 28052502 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Canopy transpiration (EC ) is a large fraction of evapotranspiration, integrating physical and biological processes within the energy, water, and carbon cycles of forests. Quantifying EC is of both scientific and practical importance, providing information relevant to questions ranging from energy partitioning to ecosystem services, such as primary productivity and water yield. We estimated EC of four pine stands differing in age and growing on sandy soils. The stands consisted of two wide-ranging conifer species: Pinus taeda and Pinus sylvestris, in temperate and boreal zones, respectively. Combining results from these and published studies on all soil types, we derived an approach to estimate daily EC of pine forests, representing a wide range of conditions from 35° S to 64° N latitude. During the growing season and under moist soils, maximum daily EC (ECm ) at day-length normalized vapor pressure deficit of 1 kPa (ECm-ref ) increased by 0.55 ± 0.02 (mean ± SE) mm/d for each unit increase of leaf area index (L) up to L = ~5, showing no sign of saturation within this range of quickly rising mutual shading. The initial rise of ECm with atmospheric demand was linearly related to ECm-ref . Both relations were unaffected by soil type. Consistent with theoretical prediction, daily EC was sensitive to decreasing soil moisture at an earlier point of relative extractable water in loamy than sandy soils. Our finding facilitates the estimation of daily EC of wide-ranging pine forests using remotely sensed L and meteorological data. We advocate an assembly of worldwide sap flux database for further evaluation of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantana Tor-Ngern
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ram Oren
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
- Hydrospheric-Atmospheric Research Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Andrew C Oishi
- USDA Forest Service Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, 3160 Coweeta Lab Road, Otto, North Carolina, 28763, USA
| | - Joshua M Uebelherr
- School of Public Affairs, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, 85004, USA
| | - Sari Palmroth
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Lasse Tarvainen
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Mikaell Ottosson-Löfvenius
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Sune Linder
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, SLU, P.O. Box 49, Alnarp, SE-230 53, Sweden
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, USA
- UMR 1391 ISPA INRA, Bordeaux Sciences AGRO, 1 Cours du général de Gaulle, Gradignan Cedex, 33175, France
| | - Torgny Näsholm
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
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Comparative Drought Responses of Quercus ilex L. and Pinus sylvestris L. in a Montane Forest Undergoing a Vegetation Shift. FORESTS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/f6082505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Pan S, Tian H, Dangal SRS, Zhang C, Yang J, Tao B, Ouyang Z, Wang X, Lu C, Ren W, Banger K, Yang Q, Zhang B, Li X. Complex spatiotemporal responses of global terrestrial primary production to climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 in the 21st century. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112810. [PMID: 25401492 PMCID: PMC4234638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative information on the response of global terrestrial net primary production (NPP) to climate change and increasing atmospheric CO2 is essential for climate change adaptation and mitigation in the 21st century. Using a process-based ecosystem model (the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model, DLEM), we quantified the magnitude and spatiotemporal variations of contemporary (2000s) global NPP, and projected its potential responses to climate and CO2 changes in the 21st century under the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) A2 and B1 of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). We estimated a global terrestrial NPP of 54.6 (52.8–56.4) PgC yr−1 as a result of multiple factors during 2000–2009. Climate change would either reduce global NPP (4.6%) under the A2 scenario or slightly enhance NPP (2.2%) under the B1 scenario during 2010–2099. In response to climate change, global NPP would first increase until surface air temperature increases by 1.5°C (until the 2030s) and then level-off or decline after it increases by more than 1.5°C (after the 2030s). This result supports the Copenhagen Accord Acknowledgement, which states that staying below 2°C may not be sufficient and the need to potentially aim for staying below 1.5°C. The CO2 fertilization effect would result in a 12%–13.9% increase in global NPP during the 21st century. The relative CO2 fertilization effect, i.e. change in NPP on per CO2 (ppm) bases, is projected to first increase quickly then level off in the 2070s and even decline by the end of the 2080s, possibly due to CO2 saturation and nutrient limitation. Terrestrial NPP responses to climate change and elevated atmospheric CO2 largely varied among biomes, with the largest increases in the tundra and boreal needleleaf deciduous forest. Compared to the low emission scenario (B1), the high emission scenario (A2) would lead to larger spatiotemporal variations in NPP, and more dramatic and counteracting impacts from climate and increasing atmospheric CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufen Pan
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shree R. S. Dangal
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjian Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Jia Yang
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Bo Tao
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Zhiyun Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoqun Lu
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Wei Ren
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kamaljit Banger
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Qichun Yang
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Bowen Zhang
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Xia Li
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
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Poyatos R, Aguadé D, Galiano L, Mencuccini M, Martínez-Vilalta J. Drought-induced defoliation and long periods of near-zero gas exchange play a key role in accentuating metabolic decline of Scots pine. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:388-401. [PMID: 23594415 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Drought-induced defoliation has recently been associated with the depletion of carbon reserves and increased mortality risk in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). We hypothesize that defoliated individuals are more sensitive to drought, implying that potentially higher gas exchange (per unit of leaf area) during wet periods may not compensate for their reduced photosynthetic area. We measured sap flow, needle water potentials and whole-tree hydraulic conductance to analyse the drought responses of co-occurring defoliated and nondefoliated Scots pines in northeast Spain during typical (2010) and extreme (2011) drought conditions. Defoliated Scots pines showed higher sap flow per unit leaf area during spring, but were more sensitive to summer drought, relative to nondefoliated pines. This pattern was associated with a steeper decline in soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance with drought and an enhanced sensitivity of canopy conductance to soil water availability. Near-homeostasis in midday water potentials was observed across years and defoliation classes, with minimum values of -2.5 MPa. Enhanced sensitivity to drought and prolonged periods of near-zero gas exchange were consistent with low levels of carbohydrate reserves in defoliated trees. Our results support the critical links between defoliation, water and carbon availability, and their key roles in determining tree survival and recovery under drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Poyatos
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - David Aguadé
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Lucía Galiano
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA at CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
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Goetz SJ, Bond-Lamberty B, Law BE, Hicke JA, Huang C, Houghton RA, McNulty S, O'Halloran T, Harmon M, Meddens AJH, Pfeifer EM, Mildrexler D, Kasischke ES. Observations and assessment of forest carbon dynamics following disturbance in North America. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Exploring Simple Algorithms for Estimating Gross Primary Production in Forested Areas from Satellite Data. REMOTE SENSING 2012. [DOI: 10.3390/rs4010303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Spadavecchia L, Williams M, Law BE. Uncertainty in predictions of forest carbon dynamics: separating driver error from model error. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 21:1506-1522. [PMID: 21830698 DOI: 10.1890/09-1183.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We present an analysis of the relative magnitude and contribution of parameter and driver uncertainty to the confidence intervals on estimates of net carbon fluxes. Model parameters may be difficult or impractical to measure, while driver fields are rarely complete, with data gaps due to sensor failure and sparse observational networks. Parameters are generally derived through some optimization method, while driver fields may be interpolated from available data sources. For this study, we used data from a young ponderosa pine stand at Metolius, Central Oregon, and a simple daily model of coupled carbon and water fluxes (DALEC). An ensemble of acceptable parameterizations was generated using an ensemble Kalman filter and eddy covariance measurements of net C exchange. Geostatistical simulations generated an ensemble of meteorological driving variables for the site, consistent with the spatiotemporal autocorrelations inherent in the observational data from 13 local weather stations. Simulated meteorological data were propagated through the model to derive the uncertainty on the CO2 flux resultant from driver uncertainty typical of spatially extensive modeling studies. Furthermore, the model uncertainty was partitioned between temperature and precipitation. With at least one meteorological station within 25 km of the study site, driver uncertainty was relatively small ( 10% of the total net flux), while parameterization uncertainty was larger, 50% of the total net flux. The largest source of driver uncertainty was due to temperature (8% of the total flux). The combined effect of parameter and driver uncertainty was 57% of the total net flux. However, when the nearest meteorological station was > 100 km from the study site, uncertainty in net ecosystem exchange (NEE) predictions introduced by meteorological drivers increased by 88%. Precipitation estimates were a larger source of bias in NEE estimates than were temperature estimates, although the biases partly compensated for each other. The time scales on which precipitation errors occurred in the simulations were shorter than the temporal scales over which drought developed in the model, so drought events were reasonably simulated. The approach outlined here provides a means to assess the uncertainty and bias introduced by meteorological drivers in regional-scale ecological forecasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Spadavecchia
- School of GeoSciences and NERC Centre for Terrestrial Carbon Dynamics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, United Kingdom
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Mitchell S, Beven K, Freer J, Law B. Processes influencing model-data mismatch in drought-stressed, fire-disturbed eddy flux sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jg001146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pataki DE, McCarthy HR, Litvak E, Pincetl S. Transpiration of urban forests in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2011; 21:661-677. [PMID: 21639035 DOI: 10.1890/09-1717.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite its importance for urban planning, landscape management, and water management, there are very few in situ estimates of urban-forest transpiration. Because urban forests contain an unusual and diverse mix of species from many regions worldwide, we hypothesized that species composition would be a more important driver of spatial variability in urban-forest transpiration than meteorological variables in the Los Angeles (California, USA) region. We used constant-heat sap-flow sensors to monitor urban tree water use for 15 species at six locations throughout the Los Angeles metropolitan area. For many of these species no previous data on sap flux, water use, or water relations were available in the literature. To scale sap-flux measurements to whole trees we conducted a literature survey of radial trends in sap flux across multiple species and found consistent relationships for angiosperms vs. gymnosperms. We applied this relationship to our measurements and estimated whole-tree and plot-level transpiration at our sites. The results supported very large species differences in transpiration, with estimates ranging from 3.2 +/- 2.3 kg x tree(-1) x d(-1) in unirrigated Pinus canariensis (Canary Island pine) to 176.9 +/- 75.2 kg x tree(-1) x d(-1) in Platanus hybrida (London planetree) in the month of August. Other species with high daily transpiration rates included Ficus microcarpa (laurel fig), Gleditsia triacanthos (honeylocust), and Platanus racemosa (California sycamore). Despite irrigation and relatively large tree size, Brachychiton populneas (kurrajong), B. discolor (lacebark), Sequoia sempervirens (redwood), and Eucalyptus grandis (grand Eucalyptus) showed relatively low rates of transpiration, with values < 45 kg x tree(-1) x d(-1). When scaled to the plot level, transpiration rates were as high as 2 mm/d for sites that contained both species with high transpiration rates and high densities of planted trees. Because plot-level transpiration is highly dependent on tree density, we modeled transpiration as a function of both species and density to evaluate a likely range of values in irrigated urban forests. The results show that urban forests in irrigated, semi-arid regions can constitute a significant use of water, but water use can be mitigated by appropriate selection of site, management method, and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Pataki
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3100, USA.
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Schwalm CR, Williams CA, Schaefer K, Anderson R, Arain MA, Baker I, Barr A, Black TA, Chen G, Chen JM, Ciais P, Davis KJ, Desai A, Dietze M, Dragoni D, Fischer ML, Flanagan LB, Grant R, Gu L, Hollinger D, Izaurralde RC, Kucharik C, Lafleur P, Law BE, Li L, Li Z, Liu S, Lokupitiya E, Luo Y, Ma S, Margolis H, Matamala R, McCaughey H, Monson RK, Oechel WC, Peng C, Poulter B, Price DT, Riciutto DM, Riley W, Sahoo AK, Sprintsin M, Sun J, Tian H, Tonitto C, Verbeeck H, Verma SB. A model-data intercomparison of CO2exchange across North America: Results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jg001229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cavaleri MA, Sack L. Comparative water use of native and invasive plants at multiple scales: a global meta-analysis. Ecology 2010; 91:2705-15. [DOI: 10.1890/09-0582.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Mitchell S, Beven K, Freer J. Multiple sources of predictive uncertainty in modeled estimates of net ecosystem CO2 exchange. Ecol Modell 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Thomas CK, Law BE, Irvine J, Martin JG, Pettijohn JC, Davis KJ. Seasonal hydrology explains interannual and seasonal variation in carbon and water exchange in a semiarid mature ponderosa pine forest in central Oregon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jg001010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Domec JC, Noormets A, King JS, Sun G, McNulty SG, Gavazzi MJ, Boggs JL, Treasure EA. Decoupling the influence of leaf and root hydraulic conductances on stomatal conductance and its sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit as soil dries in a drained loblolly pine plantation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:980-91. [PMID: 19344336 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.01981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The study examined the relationships between whole tree hydraulic conductance (K(tree)) and the conductance in roots (K(root)) and leaves (K(leaf)) in loblolly pine trees. In addition, the role of seasonal variations in K(root) and K(leaf) in mediating stomatal control of transpiration and its response to vapour pressure deficit (D) as soil-dried was studied. Compared to trunk and branches, roots and leaves had the highest loss of conductivity and contributed to more than 75% of the total tree hydraulic resistance. Drought altered the partitioning of the resistance between roots and leaves. As soil moisture dropped below 50%, relative extractable water (REW), K(root) declined faster than K(leaf). Although K(tree) depended on soil moisture, its dynamics was tempered by the elongation of current-year needles that significantly increased K(leaf) when REW was below 50%. After accounting for the effect of D on g(s), the seasonal decline in K(tree) caused a 35% decrease in g(s) and in its sensitivity to D, responses that were mainly driven by K(leaf) under high REW and by K(root) under low REW. We conclude that not only water stress but also leaf phenology affects the coordination between K(tree) and g(s) and the acclimation of trees to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Domec
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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29
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Kutsch WL, Wirth C, Kattge J, Nöllert S, Herbst M, Kappen L. Ecophysiological Characteristics of Mature Trees and Stands - Consequences for Old-Growth Forest Productivity. OLD-GROWTH FORESTS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-92706-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Holdaway RJ, Allen RB, Clinton PW, Davis MR, Coomes DA. Intraspecific changes in forest canopy allometries during self-thinning. Funct Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Poyatos R, Martínez-Vilalta J, Cermák J, Ceulemans R, Granier A, Irvine J, Köstner B, Lagergren F, Meiresonne L, Nadezhdina N, Zimmermann R, Llorens P, Mencuccini M. Plasticity in hydraulic architecture of Scots pine across Eurasia. Oecologia 2007; 153:245-59. [PMID: 17453248 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-007-0740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Widespread tree species must show physiological and structural plasticity to deal with contrasting water balance conditions. To investigate these plasticity mechanisms, a meta-analysis of Pinus sylvestris L. sap flow and its response to environmental variables was conducted using datasets from across its whole geographical range. For each site, a Jarvis-type, multiplicative model was used to fit the relationship between sap flow and photosynthetically active radiation, vapour pressure deficit (D) and soil moisture deficit (SMD); and a logarithmic function was used to characterize the response of stomatal conductance (G(s)) to D. The fitted parameters of those models were regressed against climatic variables to study the acclimation of Scots pine to dry/warm conditions. The absolute value of sap flow and its sensitivity to D and SMD increased with the average summer evaporative demand. However, relative sensitivity of G(s) to D (m/G (s,ref), where m is the slope and G(s,ref) is reference G(s) at D = 1 kPa) did not increase with evaporative demand across populations, and transpiration per unit leaf area at a given D increased accordingly in drier/warmer climates. This physiological plasticity was linked to the previously reported climate- and size-related structural acclimation of leaf to sapwood area ratios. G (s,ref), and its absolute sensitivity to D(m), tended to decrease with age/height of the trees as previously reported for other pine species. It is unclear why Scots pines have higher transpiration rates at drier/warmer sites, at the expense of lower water-use efficiency. In any case, our results suggest that these structural adjustments may not be enough to prevent lower xylem tensions at the driest sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Poyatos
- Institute of Earth Sciences Jaume Almera, ICTJA-CSIC, Lluís Solé i Sabarís, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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32
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Contemporary Role of Catchment Water Balance Data for Forest Evapotranspiration Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.4005/jjfs.89.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Martínez-Vilalta J, Vanderklein D, Mencuccini M. Tree height and age-related decline in growth in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Oecologia 2006; 150:529-44. [PMID: 16983553 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-006-0552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth and seasonal water use was measured amongst trees growing in an old growth Scots pine forest in the Scottish Highlands. Three sites which differed in their recent management history and contained old and naturally regenerated young trees growing together were monitored in the field. Our results showed a clear decrease in growth efficiency with age, from values of around 0.25 kg m(-2) leaves year(-1) in approximately 25-year-old trees to less than 0.1 kg m(-2) leaves year(-1) in trees over 200 years old. When the old trees in one of the field sites were released from competition by thinning, their growth efficiency reverted to that of coexisting young trees, indicating that the decline in growth was reversible. This is consistent with the results of a parallel study showing that cambial age had no effect on the physiology or growth of grafted seedlings originating from the same population studied here (Mencuccini et al. 2005). Our detailed study of tree water use in the field showed an overall decrease in whole-tree hydraulic conductance and stomatal canopy conductance with tree height in the unthinned stands, in agreement with the hydraulic limitation hypothesis. However, the effect of this reduction in hydraulic efficiency on growth was comparatively small, and old trees also showed consistently lower nitrogen concentrations in needles, suggesting that hydraulic and nutritional factors combined to produce the decline in growth efficiency with age observed in the studied populations.
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Tang J, Bolstad PV, Ewers BE, Desai AR, Davis KJ, Carey EV. Sap flux-upscaled canopy transpiration, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency in an old growth forest in the Great Lakes region of the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jg000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Tang
- Department of Forest Resources; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul Minnesota USA
| | - Paul V. Bolstad
- Department of Forest Resources; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul Minnesota USA
| | - Brent E. Ewers
- Department of Botany; University of Wyoming; Laramie Wyoming USA
| | - Ankur R. Desai
- Department of Meteorology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Kenneth J. Davis
- Department of Meteorology; Pennsylvania State University; University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Eileen V. Carey
- Department of Forest Resources; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul Minnesota USA
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Abstract
We proposed the hydraulic limitation hypothesis (HLH) as a mechanism to explain universal patterns in tree height, and tree and stand biomass growth: height growth slows down as trees grow taller, maximum height is lower for trees of the same species on resource-poor sites and annual wood production declines after canopy closure for even-aged forests. Our review of 51 studies that measured one or more of the components necessary for testing the hypothesis showed that taller trees differ physiologically from shorter, younger trees. Stomatal conductance to water vapour (g(s)), photosynthesis (A) and leaf-specific hydraulic conductance (K L) are often, but not always, lower in taller trees. Additionally, leaf mass per area is often greater in taller trees, and leaf area:sapwood area ratio changes with tree height. We conclude that hydraulic limitation of gas exchange with increasing tree size is common, but not universal. Where hydraulic limitations to A do occur, no evidence supports the original expectation that hydraulic limitation of carbon assimilation is sufficient to explain observed declines in wood production. Any limit to height or height growth does not appear to be related to the so-called age-related decline in wood production of forests after canopy closure. Future work on this problem should explicitly link leaf or canopy gas exchange with tree and stand growth, and consider a more fundamental assumption: whether tree biomass growth is limited by carbon availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Ryan
- United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 240 West Prospect RD, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
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36
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KOMATSU H, HOTTA N. What has been Clarified by Numerous Forest Evapotranspiration Studies Based on Flux Measurements? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.3178/jjshwr.18.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru KOMATSU
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
| | - Norifumi HOTTA
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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