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Sun H, Yan L, Li Z, Cheng W, Lu R, Xia X, Ping J, Bian C, Wei N, You C, Tang S, Du Y, Wang J, Qiao Y, Cui E, Zhou X, Xia J. Drought shortens subtropical understory growing season by advancing leaf senescence. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17304. [PMID: 38711381 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Subtropical forests, recognized for their intricate vertical canopy stratification, exhibit high resistance to extreme drought. However, the response of leaf phenology to drought in the species-rich understory remains poorly understood. In this study, we constructed a digital camera system, amassing over 360,000 images through a 70% throughfall exclusion experiment, to explore the drought response of understory leaf phenology. The results revealed a significant advancement in understory leaf senescence phenology under drought, with 11.75 and 15.76 days for the start and end of the leaf-falling event, respectively. Pre-season temperature primarily regulated leaf development phenology, whereas soil water dominated the variability in leaf senescence phenology. Under drought conditions, temperature sensitivities for the end of leaf emergence decreased from -13.72 to -11.06 days °C-1, with insignificance observed for the start of leaf emergence. Consequently, drought treatment shortened both the length of the growing season (15.69 days) and the peak growth season (9.80 days) for understory plants. Moreover, this study identified diverse responses among intraspecies and interspecies to drought, particularly during the leaf development phase. These findings underscore the pivotal role of water availability in shaping understory phenology patterns, especially in subtropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanfa Sun
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Yan
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Grassland Resource and Ecology, College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wanying Cheng
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiling Lu
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingli Xia
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaye Ping
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyu Bian
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Wei
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuihai You
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songbo Tang
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Du
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Qiao
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Erqian Cui
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianyang Xia
- Zhejiang Tiantong Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Research Center for Global Change and Complex Ecosystems, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Zlobin IE. Tree post-drought recovery: scenarios, regulatory mechanisms and ways to improve. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024. [PMID: 38581143 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Efficient post-drought recovery of growth and assimilation enables a plant to return to its undisturbed state and functioning. Unlike annual plants, trees suffer not only from the current drought, but also from cumulative impacts of consecutive water stresses which cause adverse legacy effects on survival and performance. This review provides an integrated assessment of ecological, physiological and molecular evidence on the recovery of growth and photosynthesis in trees, with a view to informing the breeding of trees with a better ability to recover from water stress. Suppression of recovery processes can result not only from stress damage but also from a controlled downshift of recovery as part of tree acclimation to water-limited conditions. In the latter case, recovery processes could potentially be activated by turning off the controlling mechanisms, but several obstacles make this unlikely. Tree phenology, and specifically photoperiodic constraints, can limit post-drought recovery of growth and photosynthesis, and targeting these constraints may represent a promising way to breed trees with an enhanced ability to recover post-drought. The mechanisms of photoperiod-dependent regulation of shoot, secondary and root growth and of assimilation processes are reviewed. Finally, the limitations and trade-offs of altering the photoperiodic regulation of growth and assimilation processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E Zlobin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St, Moscow, 127276, Russia
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Garrigues R, Dox I, Flores O, Marchand LJ, Malyshev AV, Beemster G, AbdElgawad H, Janssens I, Asard H, Campioli M. Late autumn warming can both delay and advance spring budburst through contrasting effects on bud dormancy depth in Fagus sylvatica L. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1718-1730. [PMID: 37364048 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The current state of knowledge on bud dormancy is limited. However, expanding such knowledge is crucial in order to properly model forest responses and feedback to future climate. Recent studies have shown that warming can decrease chilling accumulation and increase dormancy depth, thereby inducing delayed budburst in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L). Whether fall warming can advance spring phenology is unclear. To investigate the effect of warming on endodormancy of deciduous trees, we tested the impact of mild elevated temperature (+2.5-3.5 °C; temperature, on average, kept at 10 °C) in mid and late autumn on the bud dormancy depth and spring phenology of beech. We studied saplings by inducing periods of warming in greenhouses over a 2-year period. Even though warming reduced chilling accumulation in both years, we observed that the response of dormancy depth and spring budburst were year-specific. We found that warming during endodormancy peak could decrease the bud dormancy depth and therefore advance spring budburst. This effect appears to be modulated by factors such as the date of senescence onset and forcing intensity during endodormancy. Results from this study suggest that not only chilling but also forcing controls bud development during endodormancy and that extra forcing in autumn can offset reduced chilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Garrigues
- Laboratory Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk B-2610, Belgium
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Inge Dox
- Laboratory Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk B-2610, Belgium
| | - Omar Flores
- Laboratory Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk B-2610, Belgium
| | - Lorène J Marchand
- Laboratory Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk B-2610, Belgium
| | - Andrey V Malyshev
- Institute for Botany and Landscape Ecology, Experimental Plant Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstraße 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerrit Beemster
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Science Faculty, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Ivan Janssens
- Laboratory Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk B-2610, Belgium
| | - Han Asard
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Matteo Campioli
- Laboratory Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk B-2610, Belgium
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Lu H, Chen M, Fu M, Yan J, Su W, Zhan Y, Zeng F. Brassinosteroids affect wood development and properties of Fraxinus mandshurica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1167548. [PMID: 37546264 PMCID: PMC10400452 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1167548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Xylem development plays a crucial role in wood formation in woody plants. In recent years, there has been growing attention towards the impact of brassinosteroids (BRs) on this xylem development. In the present study, we evaluated the dynamic variation of xylem development in Fraxinus mandshurica (female parent, M8) and a novel interspecific hybrid F. mandshurica × Fraxinus sogdiana (1601) from May to August 2020. Methods We obtained RNA-Seq transcriptomes of three tissue types (xylem, phloem, and leaf) to identify the differences in xylem-differentially expressed genes (X-DEGs) and xylem-specifically expressed genes (X-SEGs) in M8 and 1601 variants. We then further evaluated these genes via weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) alongside overexpressing FmCPD, a BR biosynthesis enzyme gene, in transient transgenic F. mandshurica. Results Our results indicated that the xylem development cycle of 1601 was extended by 2 weeks compared to that of M8. In addition, during the later wood development stages (secondary wall thickening) of 1601, an increased cellulose content (14%) and a reduced lignin content (11%) was observed. Furthermore, vessel length and width increased by 67% and 37%, respectively, in 1601 compared with those of M8. A total of 4589 X-DEGs were identified, including enzymes related to phenylpropane metabolism, galactose metabolism, BR synthesis, and signal transduction pathways. WGCNA identified hub X-SEGs involved in cellulose synthesis and BR signaling in the 1601 wood formation-related module (CESA8, COR1, C3H14, and C3H15); in contrast, genes involved in phenylpropane metabolism were significantly enriched in the M8 wood formation-related module (CCoAOMT and CCR). Moreover, overexpression of FmCPD in transient transgenic F. mandshurica affected the expression of genes associated with lignin and cellulose biosynthesis signal transduction. Finally, BR content was determined to be approximately 20% lower in the M8 xylem than in the 1601 xylem, and the exogenous application of BRs (24-epi brassinolide) significantly increased the number of xylem cell layers and altered the composition of the secondary cell walls in F. mandshurica. Discussion Our findings suggest that BR biosynthesis and signaling play a critical role in the differing wood development and properties observed between M8 and 1601 F. mandshurica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Jialin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenlong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaguang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Fansuo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Wang H, Gao C, Ge Q. Low temperature and short daylength interact to affect the leaf senescence of two temperate tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2252-2265. [PMID: 35708584 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Temperature and photoperiod are two major environmental cues shaping the leaf senescence of temperate tree species. However, how the control of leaf senescence is split between photoperiod and temperature is unknown for many ecologically important species. Here, we conducted a growth chamber experiment to test the effects of temperature (6, 9, 18 and 21°C) and photoperiod (8 and 16 h daylength) on leaf senescence of two temperate tree species (Quercus mongolica Fisch. and Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.) distributed in montane forest of China. The results showed that low temperature (LT) alone could induce leaf senescence of both species under long daylength (LD) conditions, but the leaf senescence of L. principis-rupprechtii was more sensitive to the decrease in temperature than that of Q. mongolica under the LD condition. Short daylength (SD) alone could only induce the leaf senescence of L. principis-rupprechtii, suggesting that the photoperiod sensitivity varies between species. SD could accelerate the LT-induced senescence, but the effect of SD reduced with the decrease in temperature. Based on these findings, we developed a new autumn phenology model by incorporating interspecific differences in the photoperiod sensitivity of leaf senescence. Compared with the three existing process-based autumn phenology models, the new model was more robust in simulating the experimental data. When employing these models to available long-term phenological data, our new model also performed best in reproducing the observed leaf senescence date of two closely related species (Quercus robur L. and Larix decidua Mill.). These results enhance our understanding of how LT and SD control leaf senescence. The prediction of the climate change impacts on forest carbon uptake could be improved by incorporating this new autumn phenological model into the terrestrial biosphere models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chengxi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Quansheng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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Multi-Year Monitoring of Deciduous Forests Ecophysiology and the Role of Temperature and Precipitation as Controlling Factors. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11172257. [PMID: 36079636 PMCID: PMC9460110 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two deciduous forest ecosystems, one dominated by Fagus sylvatica and a mixed one with Quercus cerris and Quercus frainetto, were monitored from an ecophysiological perspective during a five-year period, in order to assess seasonal fluctuations, establish links between phenology and ecophysiology, and reveal climatic controls. Field measurements of leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content, leaf specific mass (LSM), water potential (Ψ) and leaf photosynthesis (Aleaf) were performed approximately on a monthly basis. LAI, chlorophylls and LSM fluctuations followed a recurrent pattern yearly, with increasing values during spring leaf burst and expansion, relatively stable values during summer and decreasing values during autumn senescence. However, pre-senescence leaf fall and chlorophyll reductions were evident in the driest year. The dynamically responsive Aleaf and Ψ presented considerable inter-annual variation. Both oak species showed more pronounced depressions of Aleaf and Ψ compared to beech, yet the time-point of their appearance coincided and was the same for all species each year. Spring temperature had a positive role in the increasing phase of all ecophysiological processes while rising autumn temperature resulted in retarded senescence. Precipitation showed asymmetric effects on the measured ecophysiological parameters. The between-species differences in responses, climate sensitivity and climate memory are identified and discussed.
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Jiang S, Chen X, Huang R, Wang T, Smettem K. Effect of the altitudinal climate change on growing season length for deciduous broadleaved forest in southwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154306. [PMID: 35257770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The altitudinal changes of plant phenology in response to climate change remain poorly understood in subtropical mountain areas. Using the satellite phenology and climate dataset (temperature, precipitation and solar radiation) from 2001 to 2016 in southwest China, we analyzed the spatiotemporal changes of climate and phenological characteristics of the growing season length (LOS), start of the growing season (SOS) and end of the growing season (EOS) for the deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF). Results show that LOS was shortened by 25 and 15.2 days/km rise in elevation, respectively, using two regression methods based on "Hopkins' bioclimatic law" (expressing LOS as a function of altitude, latitude and longitude) and altitudinal mean annual LOS. The majority of the shortened LOS towards high elevations was attributed to the postponed SOS and the advanced EOS as the elevation is higher and lower than 2.2-2.3 km, respectively. The recent climate warming has significantly prolonged LOS in the entire DBF area. This increase in LOS differs with altitude due to altitudinal heterogeneity of climate change. In the cold high mountain environment, changes of phenological parameters are more sensitive to climate warming, characterized by a significantly advanced SOS, postponed EOS and prolonged LOS driven by spring and autumn warming. In the warm environment of the low elevation areas, changes of phenological parameters are relatively smaller even though the temperature rise is greater than that in the cold high mountains. Furthermore, winter wetting can significantly weaken the advanced SOS and prolonged LOS at lower elevations in the warm south, but winter drying and declining solar radiation in spring can enhance the advanced SOS and prolonged LOS at the extremely high elevations in the cold north. These results highlight the critical need to include altitudinal heterogeneity when assessing phenological changes from remote sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Jiang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Richao Huang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Tiejun Wang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Keith Smettem
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, W.A. 6150, Australia
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Maschler J, Keller J, Bialic-Murphy L, Zohner CM, Crowther TW. Carbon Source Reduction Postpones Autumn Leaf Senescence in a Widespread Deciduous Tree. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:868860. [PMID: 35720546 PMCID: PMC9199461 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.868860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The growing-season length of temperate and boreal trees has a strong effect on the global carbon cycle. Yet, a poor understanding of the drivers of phenological processes, such as autumn leaf senescence in deciduous trees, limits our capacity to estimate growing-season lengths under climate change. While temperature has been shown to be an important driver of autumn leaf senescence, carbon source-sink dynamics have been proposed as a mechanism that could help explain variation of this important process. According to the carbon sink limitation hypothesis, senescence is regulated by the interplay between plant carbon source and sink dynamics, so that senescence occurs later upon low carbon inputs (source) and earlier upon low carbon demand (sink). Here, we manipulated carbon source-sink dynamics in birch saplings (Betula pendula) to test the relevance of carbon sink limitation for autumn leaf senescence and photosynthetic decline in a widespread deciduous tree. Specifically, we conducted a gradient of leaf and bud removal treatments and monitored the effects on autumnal declines in net photosynthesis and the timing of leaf senescence. In line with the carbon sink limitation hypothesis, we observed that leaf removal tended to increase total leaf-level autumn photosynthesis and delayed the timing of senescence. Conversely, we did not observe an effect of bud removal on either photosynthesis or senescence, which was likely caused by the fact that our bud removal treatment did not considerably affect the plant carbon sink. While we cannot fully rule out that the observed effect of leaf removal was influenced by possible treatment-level differences in leaf age or soil resource availability, our results provide support for the hypothesis of carbon sink limitation as a driver of growing-season length and move the scientific field closer to narrowing the uncertainty in climate change predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Maschler
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Fataftah N, Edlund E, Lihavainen J, Bag P, Björkén L, Näsholm T, Jansson S. Nitrate fertilization may delay autumn leaf senescence, while amino acid treatments do not. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13690. [PMID: 35460591 PMCID: PMC9323471 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fertilization with nitrogen (N)-rich compounds leads to increased growth but may compromise phenology and winter survival of trees in boreal regions. During autumn, N is remobilized from senescing leaves and stored in other parts of the tree to be used in the next growing season. However, the mechanism behind the N fertilization effect on winter survival is not well understood, and it is unclear how N levels or forms modulate autumn senescence. We performed fertilization experiments and showed that treating Populus saplings with inorganic nitrogen resulted in a delay in senescence. In addition, by using precise delivery of solutes into the xylem stream of Populus trees in their natural environment, we found that delay of autumn senescence was dependent on the form of N administered: inorganic N ( NO 3 - ) delayed senescence, but amino acids (Arg, Glu, Gln, and Leu) did not. Metabolite profiling of leaves showed that the levels of tricarboxylic acids, arginine catabolites (ammonium, ornithine), glycine, glycine-serine ratio and overall carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio were affected differently by the way of applying NO3 - and Arg treatments. In addition, the onset of senescence did not coincide with soluble sugar accumulation in control trees or in any of the treatments. We propose that different regulation of C and N status through direct molecular signaling of NO3 - and/or different allocation of N between tree parts depending on N forms could account for the contrasting effects of NO3 - and tested here amino acids (Arg, Glu, Gln, and Leu) on autumn senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazeer Fataftah
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Edlund
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenna Lihavainen
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pushan Bag
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Björkén
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Torgny Näsholm
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Jansson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Zheng Z, Zhou F, Fonti P, Ren P, Li X, Miao G, Dong Z, Fang K. Intra-Annual Wood Formation of Cryptomeria fortunei and Cunninghamia lanceolata in Humid Subtropical China. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.733974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring cambial activity is important for a better understanding of the mechanisms governing xylem growth responses to climate change, providing a scientific basis for tree-ring-based climate reconstructions and projections about tree growth under future climate scenarios. It plays an even more important role in investigating evergreen tree growth in regions with less distinct seasonal cycles. Subtropical evergreen forests have been studied in recent years for their sensitivity to climate change, but it remains unclear how xylem growth is driven by subtropical climates. To further understand the climate-growth response strategies of subtropical conifers, we micro-cored Cryptomeria fortunei and Cunninghamia lanceolata weekly in 2016 and 2017 at the humid subtropical Gushan Mountain in southeastern China. Our weekly growth monitoring showed that the vegetation periods of these two species were both approximately 2–3 months longer than trees in temperate and boreal forests. The growth of C. fortunei in 2016 and 2017 and C. lanceolata in 2017 showed a bimodal pattern of xylogenesis, which was induced by summer drought. The results also indicated that the earlier end of the xylem formation was related to the yearly drought stress. These findings provide more specific information about tree growth and evidence of how climate influences wood production at the cellular level in subtropical regions.
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Vitasse Y, Baumgarten F, Zohner CM, Kaewthongrach R, Fu YH, Walde MG, Moser B. Impact of microclimatic conditions and resource availability on spring and autumn phenology of temperate tree seedlings. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:537-550. [PMID: 34235742 PMCID: PMC8518844 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microclimatic effects (light, temperature) are often neglected in phenological studies and little information is known about the impact of resource availability (nutrient and water) on tree's phenological cycles. Here we experimentally studied spring and autumn phenology in four temperate trees in response to changes in bud albedo (white-painted vs black-painted buds), light conditions (nonshaded vs c. 70% shaded), water availability (irrigated, control and reduced precipitation) and nutrients (low vs high availability). We found that higher bud albedo or shade delayed budburst (up to +12 d), indicating that temperature is sensed locally within each bud. Leaf senescence was delayed by high nutrient availability (up to +7 d) and shade conditions (up to +39 d) in all species, except oak. Autumn phenological responses to summer droughts depended on species, with a delay for cherry (+7 d) and an advance for beech (-7 d). The strong phenological effects of bud albedo and light exposure reveal an important role of microclimatic variation on phenology. In addition to the temperature and photoperiod effects, our results suggest a tight interplay between source and sink processes in regulating the end of the seasonal vegetation cycle, which can be largely influenced by resource availability (light, water and nutrients).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Vitasse
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfCH‐8903Switzerland
| | - Frederik Baumgarten
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfCH‐8903Switzerland
| | - Constantin M. Zohner
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)ZürichCH‐8092Switzerland
| | | | - Yongshuo H. Fu
- College of Water SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China
| | - Manuel G. Walde
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfCH‐8903Switzerland
| | - Barbara Moser
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfCH‐8903Switzerland
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12
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Lehnebach R, Campioli M, Gričar J, Prislan P, Mariën B, Beeckman H, Van den Bulcke J. High-Resolution X-Ray Computed Tomography: A New Workflow for the Analysis of Xylogenesis and Intra-Seasonal Wood Biomass Production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:698640. [PMID: 34421949 PMCID: PMC8377475 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.698640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding tree growth and carbon sequestration are of crucial interest to forecast the feedback of forests to climate change. To have a global understanding of the wood formation, it is necessary to develop new methodologies for xylogenesis measurements, valid across diverse wood structures and applicable to both angiosperms and gymnosperms. In this study, the authors present a new workflow to study xylogenesis using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRXCT), which is generic and offers high potential for automatization. The HXRCT-based approach was benchmarked with the current classical approach (microtomy) on three tree species with contrasted wood anatomy (Pinus nigra, Fagus sylvatica, and Quercus robur). HRXCT proved to estimate the relevant xylogenesis parameters (timing, duration, and growth rates) across species with high accuracy. HRXCT showed to be an efficient avenue to investigate tree xylogenesis for a wide range of wood anatomies, structures, and species. HRXCT also showed its potential to provide quantification of intra-annual dynamics of biomass production through high-resolution 3D mapping of wood biomass within the forming growth ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Lehnebach
- UGCT–UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
- AMAP Laboratory (botany and bio-informatics of plant architecture and vegetation), Université Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Matteo Campioli
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jozica Gričar
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Prislan
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bertold Mariën
- Research Group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hans Beeckman
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Service of Wood Biology, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- UGCT–UGent-Woodlab, Laboratory of Wood Technology, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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13
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Yan T, Fu Y, Campioli M, Peñuelas J, Wang X. Divergent responses of phenology and growth to summer and autumnal warming. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2905-2913. [PMID: 33683757 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenology is highly sensitive to climate change, and shifts in autumnal foliar senescence are critical for plant productivity and nutrient cycling. Global warming has delayed the timing of foliar senescence, but the response of autumnal foliar senescence to nonuniform seasonal warming remains poorly understood, with experimental evidence in trees especially scarce. We therefore conducted a field experiment on seasonally asymmetric warming on 2-year-old larch (Larix principis-rupprechtii) seedlings in two hydrologically contrasting years (wet 2018 and dry 2019). Autumnal and year-round warming significantly delayed the timing of foliar senescence by 6 and 7 d in 2018, the wet year, with corresponding temperature sensitivities of 6.73 ± 1.47 and 8.26 ± 1.00 d/°C, respectively. Interestingly, the dates of senescence did not change across the warming treatments in 2019, the dry year. However, there was no significant effect of summer warming on the timing of foliar senescence neither in the wet nor dry year. The delayed autumnal foliar senescence was responsible for an increase in biomass only in the wet year, 2018. In contrast, summer warming, but not autumnal warming, increased the mortality of the seedlings in both 2018 and 2019. These results suggest that the hydrological conditions substantially modify the response of autumnal phenology and growth to seasonal warming. Autumnal warming increases growth, whereas summer warming could cause carbon starvation/hydraulic failure, reduce growth, and lead to higher mortality. Our results suggest that the functioning, ecosystem services, and sustainability of forests in the future depend on the strength and pattern of nonuniform seasonal warming. This study can inspire new research in phenology and tree growth in experiments with asymmetric warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongshuo Fu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Matteo Campioli
- Centre of Excellence Plants and Ecosystems, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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14
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Buras A, Rammig A, Zang CS. The European Forest Condition Monitor: Using Remotely Sensed Forest Greenness to Identify Hot Spots of Forest Decline. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:689220. [PMID: 34925391 PMCID: PMC8672298 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.689220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Forest decline, in course of climate change, has become a frequently observed phenomenon. Much of the observed decline has been associated with an increasing frequency of climate change induced hotter droughts while decline induced by flooding, late-frost, and storms also play an important role. As a consequence, tree mortality rates have increased across the globe. Despite numerous studies that have assessed forest decline and predisposing factors for tree mortality, we still lack an in-depth understanding of (I) underlying eco-physiological mechanisms, (II) the influence of varying environmental conditions related to soil, competition, and micro-climate, and (III) species-specific strategies to cope with prolonged environmental stress. To deepen our knowledge within this context, studying tree performance within larger networks seems a promising research avenue. Ideally such networks are already established during the actual period of environmental stress. One approach for identifying stressed forests suitable for such monitoring networks is to assess measures related to tree vitality in near real-time across large regions by means of satellite-borne remote sensing. Within this context, we introduce the European Forest Condition monitor (EFCM)-a remote-sensing based, freely available, interactive web information tool. The EFCM depicts forest greenness (as approximated using NDVI from MODIS at a spatial resolution of roughly 5.3 hectares) for the pixel-specific growing season across Europe and consequently allows for guiding research within the context of concurrent forest performance. To allow for inter-temporal comparability and account for pixel-specific features, all observations are set in relation to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) records over the monitoring period beginning in 2001. The EFCM provides both a quantile-based and a proportion-based product, thereby allowing for both relative and absolute comparison of forest greenness over the observational record. Based on six specific examples related to spring phenology, drought, late-frost, tree die-back on water-logged soils, an ice storm, and windthrow we exemplify how the EFCM may help identifying hotspots of extraordinary forest greenness. We discuss advantages and limitations when monitoring forest condition at large scales on the basis of moderate resolution remote sensing products to guide users toward an appropriate interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Buras
- Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- *Correspondence: Allan Buras
| | - Anja Rammig
- Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Christian S. Zang
- Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Forests and Climate Change, Hochschule Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Freising, Germany
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15
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Timeline of Leaf and Cambial Phenology in Relation to Development of Initial Conduits in Xylem and Phloem in Three Coexisting Sub-Mediterranean Deciduous Tree Species. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11101104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear how the anticipated climate change will affect the timing of phenology of different tree organs/tissues and thus the whole-tree functioning. We examined the timing of leaf phenology and secondary growth in three coexisting deciduous tree species (Quercus pubescens Willd., Fraxinus ornus L. and Ostrya carpinifolia Scop) from a sub-Mediterranean region in 2019. In addition, we investigated the relationship between leaf and cambial phenology and the onset of the potential functioning of initial conduits, as determined by the completed differentiation process (vessels) or final size (sieve tubes). For this purpose, leaf development was monitored and the microcores of cambium and the youngest phloem and xylem increments were repeatedly collected at 7–10-day intervals during the growing season. The results revealed differences in the timing of leaf development and seasonal radial growth patterns in spring among the studied tree species, depending on wood porosity. We found that cambial cell production started in all cases in the first half of March. However, in ring-porous Q. pubescens and F. ornus, radial growth in the stem occurred more than a month before buds were swollen, whereas in diffuse-porous O. carpinifolia, these two events were detected at almost the same time. The end of cambial cell production occurred earliest in F. ornus (mid-July) and two weeks later also in the other two species. The widest initial earlywood vessels and early phloem sieve tubes were found in Q. pubescens, the narrowest initial earlywood vessels in O. carpinifolia and the narrowest early phloem sieve tubes in F. ornus. This indicates differences in the efficiency of conducting systems among the studied species. This novel approach of studying phloem phenology and anatomy in relation to leaf and xylem development contributes to a better understanding of how different tree species adapt their structure of secondary vascular tissues in response to environmental change.
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Marchand LJ, Dox I, Gričar J, Prislan P, Leys S, Van den Bulcke J, Fonti P, Lange H, Matthysen E, Peñuelas J, Zuccarini P, Campioli M. Inter-individual variability in spring phenology of temperate deciduous trees depends on species, tree size and previous year autumn phenology. AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY 2020; 290:108031. [PMID: 32817727 PMCID: PMC7304479 DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2020.108031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We explored the inter-individual variability in bud-burst and its potential drivers, in homogeneous mature stands of temperate deciduous trees. Phenological observations of leaves and wood formation were performed weekly from summer 2017 to summer 2018 for pedunculate oak, European beech and silver birch in Belgium. The variability of bud-burst was correlated to previous' year autumn phenology (i.e. the onset of leaf senescence and the cessation of wood formation) and tree size but with important differences among species. In fact, variability of bud-burst was primarily related to onset of leaf senescence, cessation of wood formation and tree height for oak, beech and birch, respectively. The inter-individual variability of onset of leaf senescence was not related to the tree characteristics considered and was much larger than the inter-individual variability in bud-burst. Multi-species multivariate models could explain up to 66% of the bud-burst variability. These findings represent an important advance in our fundamental understanding and modelling of phenology and tree functioning of deciduous tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorène Julia Marchand
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160Wilrijk, Belgium
- UMR 6553 ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Evolution), Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, 263 Av. du Général Leclerc, 35042Rennes, France
| | - Inge Dox
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, 1000Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Prislan
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, 1000Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastien Leys
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- Laboratory of Wood Technology, UGent-Woodlab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000Gent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Fonti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Holger Lange
- NIBIO (Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research), Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Høgskoleveien 8, 1433Ås, Norway
| | - Erik Matthysen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- Centre for Research on Ecology and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Paolo Zuccarini
- Centre for Research on Ecology and Forestry Applications (CREAF), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Matteo Campioli
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2160Wilrijk, Belgium
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