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Matamoros MA, Romero LC, Tian T, Román Á, Duanmu D, Becana M. Persulfidation of plant and bacteroid proteins is involved in legume nodule development and senescence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3009-3025. [PMID: 37952184 PMCID: PMC11103110 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Legumes establish symbiosis with rhizobia, forming nitrogen-fixing nodules. The central role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in nodule biology has been clearly established. Recently, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and other reactive sulfur species (RSS) have emerged as novel signaling molecules in animals and plants. A major mechanism by which ROS, RNS, and RSS fulfil their signaling role is the post-translational modification of proteins. To identify possible functions of H2S in nodule development and senescence, we used the tag-switch method to quantify changes in the persulfidation profile of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) nodules at different developmental stages. Proteomic analyses indicate that persulfidation plays a regulatory role in plant and bacteroid metabolism and senescence. The effect of a H2S donor on nodule functioning and on several proteins involved in ROS and RNS homeostasis was also investigated. Our results using recombinant proteins and nodulated plants support a crosstalk among H2S, ROS, and RNS, a protective function of persulfidation on redox-sensitive enzymes, and a beneficial effect of H2S on symbiotic nitrogen fixation. We conclude that the general decrease of persulfidation levels observed in plant proteins of aging nodules is one of the mechanisms that disrupt redox homeostasis leading to senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Matamoros
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis C Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Tao Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ángela Román
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Deqiang Duanmu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Montañana 1005, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
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Minguillón S, Matamoros MA, Duanmu D, Becana M. Signaling by reactive molecules and antioxidants in legume nodules. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:815-832. [PMID: 35975700 PMCID: PMC9826421 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Legume nodules are symbiotic structures formed as a result of the interaction with rhizobia. Nodules fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia that is assimilated by the plant and this process requires strict metabolic regulation and signaling. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are involved as signal molecules at all stages of symbiosis, from rhizobial infection to nodule senescence. Also, reactive sulfur species (RSS) are emerging as important signals for an efficient symbiosis. Homeostasis of reactive molecules is mainly accomplished by antioxidant enzymes and metabolites and is essential to allow redox signaling while preventing oxidative damage. Here, we examine the metabolic pathways of reactive molecules and antioxidants with an emphasis on their functions in signaling and protection of symbiosis. In addition to providing an update of recent findings while paying tribute to original studies, we identify several key questions. These include the need of new methodologies to detect and quantify ROS, RNS, and RSS, avoiding potential artifacts due to their short lifetimes and tissue manipulation; the regulation of redox-active proteins by post-translational modification; the production and exchange of reactive molecules in plastids, peroxisomes, nuclei, and bacteroids; and the unknown but expected crosstalk between ROS, RNS, and RSS in nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Minguillón
- Departamento de BiologíaVegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula DeiConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1303450080ZaragozaSpain
| | - Manuel A. Matamoros
- Departamento de BiologíaVegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula DeiConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1303450080ZaragozaSpain
| | - Deqiang Duanmu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de BiologíaVegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula DeiConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasApartado 1303450080ZaragozaSpain
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Xia F, Cheng H, Chen L, Zhu H, Mao P, Wang M. Influence of exogenous ascorbic acid and glutathione priming on mitochondrial structural and functional systems to alleviate aging damage in oat seeds. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:104. [PMID: 32138669 PMCID: PMC7059392 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of vigor caused by seed aging adversely affects agricultural production under natural conditions. However, priming is an economical and effective method for improving the vigor of aged seeds. The objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of exogenous ascorbic acid (ASC) and glutathione (GSH) priming in the repairing of aged oat (Avena sativa) seeds, and to test the hypothesis that structural and functional systems in mitochondria were involved in this process. RESULTS Oat seeds were artificially aged for 20 days at 45 °C, and were primed with solutions (1 mmol L- 1) of ASC, GSH, or ASC + GSH at 20 °C for 0.5 h before or after their aging. Seed germination, antioxidant enzymes in the ASC-GSH cycle, cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities, and the mitochondrial ultrastructures of the embryonic root cells were markedly improved in aged oat seeds through post-priming with ASC, GSH, or ASC + GSH, while their malondialdehyde and H2O2 contents decreased significantly (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results suggested that priming with ASC, GSH, or ASC + GSH after aging could effectively alleviate aging damage in oat seeds, and that the role of ASC was more effective than GSH, but positive effects of post-priming with ASC and GSH were not superior to post-priming with ASC in repairing aging damage of aged oat seeds. However, pre-priming with ASC, GSH, or ASC + GSH was not effective in oat seeds, suggesting that pre-priming with ASC, GSH, or ASC + GSH could not inhibit the occurrence of aging damage in oat seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangshan Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 China
- Forage Seed Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, No 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian Distr, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hang Cheng
- Forage Seed Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, No 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian Distr, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Lingling Chen
- Forage Seed Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, No 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian Distr, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Huisen Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 China
| | - Peisheng Mao
- Forage Seed Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, No 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian Distr, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Mingya Wang
- Forage Seed Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of Grassland Science, China Agricultural University, No 2, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian Distr, Beijing, 100193 China
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Pikula K, Zakharenko A, Aruoja V, Golokhvast K, Tsatsakis A. Oxidative stress and its biomarkers in microalgal ecotoxicology. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Yang Y, Han X, Liang Y, Ghosh A, Chen J, Tang M. The Combined Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Lead (Pb) Stress on Pb Accumulation, Plant Growth Parameters, Photosynthesis, and Antioxidant Enzymes in Robinia pseudoacacia L. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145726. [PMID: 26698576 PMCID: PMC4689355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are considered as a potential biotechnological tool for improving phytostabilization efficiency and plant tolerance to heavy metal-contaminated soils. However, the mechanisms through which AMF help to alleviate metal toxicity in plants are still poorly understood. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two AMF species (Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus intraradices) on the growth, Pb accumulation, photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activities of a leguminous tree (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) at Pb addition levels of 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg kg-1 soil. AMF symbiosis decreased Pb concentrations in the leaves and promoted the accumulation of biomass as well as photosynthetic pigment contents. Mycorrhizal plants had higher gas exchange capacity, non-photochemistry efficiency, and photochemistry efficiency compared with non-mycorrhizal plants. The enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidases (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were enhanced, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were reduced in mycorrhizal plants. These findings suggested that AMF symbiosis could protect plants by alleviating cellular oxidative damage in response to Pb stress. Furthermore, mycorrhizal dependency on plants increased with increasing Pb stress levels, indicating that AMF inoculation likely played a more important role in plant Pb tolerance in heavily contaminated soils. Overall, both F. mosseae and R. intraradices were able to maintain efficient symbiosis with R. pseudoacacia in Pb polluted soils. AMF symbiosis can improve photosynthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capabilities and decrease Pb concentrations in leaves to alleviate Pb toxicity in R. pseudoacacia. Our results suggest that the application of the two AMF species associated with R. pseudoacacia could be a promising strategy for enhancing the phytostabilization efficiency of Pb contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaozhen Han
- Plant Systems Biology Lab, Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yan Liang
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis St, Emeryville, California 94608, United States of America
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States of America
| | - Amit Ghosh
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, PK Sinha Centre for Bioenergy, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ming Tang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- * E-mail:
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Glyan’ko AK. Signaling systems of rhizobia (Rhizobiaceae) and leguminous plants (Fabaceae) upon the formation of a legume-rhizobium symbiosis (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683815050063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Afonso-Grunz F, Molina C, Hoffmeier K, Rycak L, Kudapa H, Varshney RK, Drevon JJ, Winter P, Kahl G. Genome-based analysis of the transcriptome from mature chickpea root nodules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:325. [PMID: 25071808 PMCID: PMC4093793 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in root nodules of grain legumes such as chickpea is a highly complex process that drastically affects the gene expression patterns of both the prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic interacting cells. A successfully established symbiotic relationship requires mutual signaling mechanisms and a continuous adaptation of the metabolism of the involved cells to varying environmental conditions. Although some of these processes are well understood today many of the molecular mechanisms underlying SNF, especially in chickpea, remain unclear. Here, we reannotated our previously published transcriptome data generated by deepSuperSAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) to the recently published draft genome of chickpea to assess the root- and nodule-specific transcriptomes of the eukaryotic host cells. The identified gene expression patterns comprise up to 71 significantly differentially expressed genes and the expression of twenty of these was validated by quantitative real-time PCR with the tissues from five independent biological replicates. Many of the differentially expressed transcripts were found to encode proteins implicated in sugar metabolism, antioxidant defense as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses of the host cells, and some of them were already known to contribute to SNF in other legumes. The differentially expressed genes identified in this study represent candidates that can be used for further characterization of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying SNF in chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Afonso-Grunz
- Institute for Molecular BioSciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am MainFrankfurt am Main, Germany
- GenXPro GmbH, Frankfurt Biotechnology Innovation Center (FIZ)Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- *Correspondence: Fabian Afonso-Grunz, Laboratory of Prof. Dr. Günter Kahl, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Molecular BioSciences, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany e-mail:
| | - Carlos Molina
- GenXPro GmbH, Frankfurt Biotechnology Innovation Center (FIZ)Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University KielKiel, Germany
| | - Klaus Hoffmeier
- GenXPro GmbH, Frankfurt Biotechnology Innovation Center (FIZ)Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lukas Rycak
- GenXPro GmbH, Frankfurt Biotechnology Innovation Center (FIZ)Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Himabindu Kudapa
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsHyderabad, India
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid TropicsHyderabad, India
| | - Jean-Jacques Drevon
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Eco&SolsMontpellier-Cedex, France
| | - Peter Winter
- GenXPro GmbH, Frankfurt Biotechnology Innovation Center (FIZ)Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Günter Kahl
- Institute for Molecular BioSciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am MainFrankfurt am Main, Germany
- GenXPro GmbH, Frankfurt Biotechnology Innovation Center (FIZ)Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Hameed A, Wu QS, Abd-Allah EF, Hashem A, Kumar A, Lone HA, Ahmad P. Role of AM Fungi in Alleviating Drought Stress in Plants. USE OF MICROBES FOR THE ALLEVIATION OF SOIL STRESSES 2014:55-75. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0721-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Bargaz A, Ghoulam C, Drevon JJ. Specific expression and activity of acid phosphatases in common bean nodules. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e25022. [PMID: 23733065 PMCID: PMC4004617 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Under phosphorus (P) deficiency, sensitivity of the N 2-fixing legumes increases since the large amount of P-dependent carbon and energy turnover required during N 2 fixation are not satisfied. However, despites the fact that these crops have been widely characterized under P-deficiency and a number of tolerance traits have been identified, abilities of the nodules to cope with this environmental constraint have still to be further investigated. Increases both of activity and gene expression of acid phosphatases (APases) are among mechanisms that lead to increase both of N 2 fixation and nodule respiration under P-deficiency. Our findings have revealed that expression of phosphoenol pyruvate phosphatase (PEPase) and trehalose 6P phosphatase (TPP) genes and activities of the corresponding enzymes were positively correlated with increases both of the rhizobial symbiosis efficiency in use of P for N 2 fixation and nodule O 2 permeability. Under P-deficiency, this positive correlation was more significant for the recombinant inbred line (RIL) of Phaseolus vulgaris RIL115 that is tolerant to P-deficiency than the sensitive RIL147. Overall, the present work suggests that the tissue-specific localized PEPase and TPP transcripts of infected cells and nodule cortex play a role in adaptation to P-deficiency and are likely involved in nodule respiration linked to symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnane Bargaz
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Department of Biosystems and Technology; Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Cherki Ghoulam
- Team of Plant Biotechnology and Agro-physiology of Symbiosis; Faculty of Sciences and Techniques; Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Jean-Jacques Drevon
- INRA; UMR Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols & des Agroécosystèmes; Montpellier, France
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Bargaz A, Lazali M, Amenc L, Abadie J, Ghoulam C, Farissi M, Faghire M, Drevon JJ. Differential expression of trehalose 6-P phosphatase and ascorbate peroxidase transcripts in nodule cortex of Phaseolus vulgaris and regulation of nodule O2 permeability. PLANTA 2013; 238:107-119. [PMID: 23575967 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the role of phosphatases and antioxidant enzymes have been documented in phosphorus (P) deficiency tolerance, gene expression differences in the nodules of nitrogen fixing legumes should also affect tolerance to this soil constraint. In this study, root nodules were induced by Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 in two Phaseolus vulgaris recombinant inbred lines (RIL); RIL115 (low P-tolerant) and RIL147 (low P-sensitive) under hydroaeroponic culture with sufficient versus deficient P supply. Trehalose 6-P phosphatase and ascorbate peroxidase transcripts were localized within nodules in which O2 permeability was measured. Results indicate that differential tissues-specific expression of trehalose 6-P phosphatase and ascorbate peroxidase transcripts within nodules was detected particularly in infected zone and cortical cells. Under P-deficiency, trehalose 6-P phosphatase transcript was increased and mainly localized in infected zone and outer cortex of RIL115 as compared to RIL147. Ascorbate peroxidase transcript was highly expressed under P-sufficiency in the infected zone, inner cortex and vascular traces of RIL115 rather than RIL147. In addition, significant correlations were found between nodule O2 permeability and both peroxidase (r = 0.66*) and trehalose 6-P phosphatase enzyme activities (r = 0.79*) under sufficient and deficient P conditions, respectively. The present findings suggest that the tissue-specific localized trehalose 6-P phosphatase and ascorbate peroxidase transcripts of infected cells and nodule cortex are involved in nitrogen fixation efficiency and are likely to play a role in nodule respiration and adaptation to P-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnane Bargaz
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique INRA, UMR1222 Ecologie Fonctionnelle and Biogéochimie des Sols and des Agroécosystèmes, INRA-IRD-CIRAD-SupAgro, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex, France.
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Aranjuelo I, Tcherkez G, Molero G, Gilard F, Avice JC, Nogués S. Concerted changes in N and C primary metabolism in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) under water restriction. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:885-97. [PMID: 23440170 PMCID: PMC3580806 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the mechanisms of nodule N(2) fixation in legumes are now well documented, some uncertainty remains on the metabolic consequences of water deficit. In most cases, little consideration is given to other organs and, therefore, the coordinated changes in metabolism in leaves, roots, and nodules are not well known. Here, the effect of water restriction on exclusively N(2)-fixing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants was investigated, and proteomic, metabolomic, and physiological analyses were carried out. It is shown that the inhibition of nitrogenase activity caused by water restriction was accompanied by concerted alterations in metabolic pathways in nodules, leaves, and roots. The data suggest that nodule metabolism and metabolic exchange between plant organs nearly reached homeostasis in asparagine synthesis and partitioning, as well as the N demand from leaves. Typically, there was (i) a stimulation of the anaplerotic pathway to sustain the provision of C skeletons for amino acid (e.g. glutamate and proline) synthesis; (ii) re-allocation of glycolytic products to alanine and serine/glycine; and (iii) subtle changes in redox metabolites suggesting the implication of a slight oxidative stress. Furthermore, water restriction caused little change in both photosynthetic efficiency and respiratory cost of N(2) fixation by nodules. In other words, the results suggest that under water stress, nodule metabolism follows a compromise between physiological imperatives (N demand, oxidative stress) and the lower input to sustain catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iker Aranjuelo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía, Mutilva Baja, Spain.
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Matamoros MA, Fernández-García N, Wienkoop S, Loscos J, Saiz A, Becana M. Mitochondria are an early target of oxidative modifications in senescing legume nodules. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013. [PMID: 23206179 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Legume nodule senescence is a poorly understood process involving a decrease in N(2) fixation and an increase in proteolytic activity. Some physiological changes during nodule aging have been reported, but scarce information is available at the subcellular level. Biochemical, immunological and proteomic approaches were used to provide insight into the effects of aging on the mitochondria and cytosol of nodule host cells. In the mitochondria, the oxidative modification of lipids and proteins was associated with a marked decline in glutathione, a reduced capacity to regenerate ascorbate, and upregulation of alternative oxidase and manganese superoxide dismutase. In the cytosol, there were consistent reductions in the protein concentrations of carbon metabolism enzymes, inhibition of protein synthesis and increase in serine proteinase activity, disorganization of cytoskeleton, and a sharp reduction of cytosolic proteins, but no detectable accumulation of oxidized molecules. We conclude that nodule mitochondria are an early target of oxidative modifications and a likely source of redox signals. Alternative oxidase and manganese superoxide dismutase may play important roles in controlling ROS concentrations and the redox state of mitochondria. The finding that specific methionine residues of a cytosolic glutamine synthetase isoform are sulfoxidized suggests a regulatory role of this enzyme in senescing nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nieves Fernández-García
- Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, Apartado 164, 30100, Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jorge Loscos
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Saiz
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Apartado 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain
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Tak HI, Ahmad F, Babalola OO. Advances in the application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in phytoremediation of heavy metals. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 223:33-52. [PMID: 23149811 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5577-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we briefly describe the biological application of PGPR for purposes of phytoremediating heavy metals. We address the agronomic practices that can be used to maximize the remediation potential of plants. Plant roots have limited ability ability mental from soil, mainly because metals have low solubility in the soil solution. The phytoavailability of metal is closely tired to the soil properties and the metabolites that are released by PGPR (e.g., siderophores, organ acids, and plant growth regulators). The role played by PGPR may be accomplished by their direct effect on plant growth dynamics, or indirectly by acidification, chelation, precipitation, or immobilization of heavy metals in the rhizosphere. From performing this review we have formed the following conclusions: The most critical factor is determining how efficient phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soil will be is the rate of uptake of the metal by plants. In turn, this depends on the rate of bioavailability. We know from our review that beneficial bacteria exist tha can alter metal bioavailability of plants. Using these beneficial bacteria improves the performance of phytoremediation of the metal-contaminated sites. Contaminated sites are often nutrient poor. Such soil can be nutrient enriched by applying metal-tolerant microbes that provide key needed plant nutrients. Applying metal-tolerant microbes therefore may be vital in enhancing the detoxification of heavy-metal-contaminated soils (Glick 2003). Plant stress generated by metal-contaminated soils can be countered by enhancing plant defense responses. Responses can be enhanced by alleviating the stress-mediated impact on plants by enzymatic hydrolysis of ACC, which is intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway of ethylene. These plant-microbe partnerships can act as decontaminators by improving phytoremediation. Soil microorganisms play a central role in maintaining soil structure, fertility and in remediating contaminated soils. Although not yet widely applied, utilizing a plant-microbe partnership is now being recognized as an important tool to enhance successful phytoremediaton of metal-contaminated sites. Hence, soil microbes are essential to soil health and sustainability. The key to their usefulness is their close association with, and positive influence on, plant growth and function. To capitalize on the early success of this technique and to improve it, additional research is needed on successful colonization and survival of inoculums under field conditions, because there are vital for the success of this approach. In addition, the effects of the interaction of PGPR and plant root-mediated process on the metal mobilization in soil are required, to better elucidate the mechanism that underlines bacterial-assisted phytoremediation is important. Finally, applying PGPR-associated phytoremediation under field conditions is important, because, to date, only locally contaminated sites have been treated with this technique, by using microbes cultured in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Iqbal Tak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prx) are central elements of the antioxidant defense system and the dithiol-disulfide redox regulatory network of the plant and cyanobacterial cell. They employ a thiol-based catalytic mechanism to reduce H2O2, alkylhydroperoxide, and peroxinitrite. In plants and cyanobacteria, there exist 2-CysPrx, 1-CysPrx, PrxQ, and type II Prx. Higher plants typically contain at least one plastid 2-CysPrx, one nucleo-cytoplasmic 1-CysPrx, one chloroplast PrxQ, and one each of cytosolic, mitochondrial, and plastidic type II Prx. Cyanobacteria express variable sets of three or more Prxs. The catalytic cycle consists of three steps: (i) peroxidative reduction, (ii) resolving step, and (iii) regeneration using diverse electron donors such as thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, cyclophilins, glutathione, and ascorbic acid. Prx proteins undergo major conformational changes in dependence of their redox state. Thus, they not only modulate cellular reactive oxygen species- and reactive nitrogen species-dependent signaling, but depending on the Prx type they sense the redox state, transmit redox information to binding partners, and function as chaperone. They serve in context of photosynthesis and respiration, but also in metabolism and development of all tissues, for example, in nodules as well as during seed and fruit development. The article surveys the current literature and attempts a mostly comprehensive coverage of present day knowledge and concepts on Prx mechanism, regulation, and function and thus on the whole Prx systems in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Josef Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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15
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Keyster M, Klein A, Egbichi I, Jacobs A, Ludidi N. Nitric oxide increases the enzymatic activity of three ascorbate peroxidase isoforms in soybean root nodules. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:956-61. [PMID: 21494099 PMCID: PMC3257769 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.7.14879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate peroxidase is one of the major enzymes regulating the levels of H2O2 in plants and plays a crucial role in maintaining root nodule redox status. We used fully developed and mature nitrogen fixing root nodules from soybean plants to analyze the effect of exogenously applied nitric oxide, generated from the nitric oxide donor 2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanimine, on the enzymatic activity of soybean root nodule ascorbate peroxidase. Nitric oxide caused an increase in the total enzymatic activity of ascorbate peroxidase. The nitric oxide-induced changes in ascorbate peroxidase enzymatic activity were coupled to altered nodule H2O2 content. Further analysis of ascorbate peroxidase enzymatic activity identified three ascorbate peroxidase isoforms for which augmented enzymatic activity occurred in response to nitric oxide. Our results demonstrate that nitric oxide regulates soybean root nodule ascorbate peroxidase activity. We propose a role of nitric oxide in regulating ascorbate-dependent redox status in soybean root nodule tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall Keyster
- Department of Biotechnology; University of the Western Cape; Bellville, South Africa
| | - Ashwil Klein
- Department of Biotechnology; University of the Western Cape; Bellville, South Africa
| | - Ifeanyi Egbichi
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland, South Africa
| | - Alex Jacobs
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland, South Africa
| | - Ndiko Ludidi
- Department of Biotechnology; University of the Western Cape; Bellville, South Africa
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology; Stellenbosch University; Matieland, South Africa
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16
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Tovar-Méndez A, Matamoros MA, Bustos-Sanmamed P, Dietz KJ, Cejudo FJ, Rouhier N, Sato S, Tabata S, Becana M. Peroxiredoxins and NADPH-dependent thioredoxin systems in the model legume Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:1535-47. [PMID: 21562331 PMCID: PMC3131139 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.177196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs), thioredoxins (Trxs), and NADPH-thioredoxin reductases (NTRs) constitute central elements of the thiol-disulfide redox regulatory network of plant cells. This study provides a comprehensive survey of this network in the model legume Lotus japonicus. The aims were to identify and characterize these gene families and to assess whether the NTR-Trx systems are operative in nodules. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunological and proteomic approaches were used for expression profiling. We identified seven Prx, 14 Trx, and three NTR functional genes. The PrxQ1 gene was found to be transcribed in two alternative spliced variants and to be expressed at high levels in leaves, stems, petals, pods, and seeds and at low levels in roots and nodules. The 1CPrx gene showed very high expression in the seed embryos and low expression in vegetative tissues and was induced by nitric oxide and cytokinins. In sharp contrast, cytokinins down-regulated all other Prx genes, except PrxQ1, in roots and nodules, but only 2CPrxA and PrxQ1 in leaves. Gene-specific changes in Prx expression were also observed in response to ethylene, abscisic acid, and auxins. Nodules contain significant mRNA and protein amounts of cytosolic PrxIIB, Trxh1, and NTRA and of plastidic NTRC. Likewise, they express cytosolic Trxh3, Trxh4, Trxh8, and Trxh9, mitochondrial PrxIIF and Trxo, and plastidic Trxm2, Trxm4, and ferredoxin-Trx reductase. These findings reveal a complex regulation of Prxs that is dependent on the isoform, tissue, and signaling molecule and support that redox NTR-Trx systems are functional in the cytosol, mitochondria, and plastids of nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Manuel Becana
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain (A.T.-M., M.A.M., P.B.-S., M.B.); Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany (K.-J.D.); Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41092 Seville, Spain (F.J.C.); UMR Interactions Arbres Microorganismes 1136, Nancy Université, 54506 Vandoeuvre, France (N.R.); Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292–0818, Japan (S.S., S.T.)
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17
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Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prx) are central elements of the antioxidant defense system and the dithiol-disulfide redox regulatory network of the plant and cyanobacterial cell. They employ a thiol-based catalytic mechanism to reduce H2O2, alkylhydroperoxide, and peroxinitrite. In plants and cyanobacteria, there exist 2-CysPrx, 1-CysPrx, PrxQ, and type II Prx. Higher plants typically contain at least one plastid 2-CysPrx, one nucleo-cytoplasmic 1-CysPrx, one chloroplast PrxQ, and one each of cytosolic, mitochondrial, and plastidic type II Prx. Cyanobacteria express variable sets of three or more Prxs. The catalytic cycle consists of three steps: (i) peroxidative reduction, (ii) resolving step, and (iii) regeneration using diverse electron donors such as thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, cyclophilins, glutathione, and ascorbic acid. Prx proteins undergo major conformational changes in dependence of their redox state. Thus, they not only modulate cellular reactive oxygen species- and reactive nitrogen species-dependent signaling, but depending on the Prx type they sense the redox state, transmit redox information to binding partners, and function as chaperone. They serve in context of photosynthesis and respiration, but also in metabolism and development of all tissues, for example, in nodules as well as during seed and fruit development. The article surveys the current literature and attempts a mostly comprehensive coverage of present day knowledge and concepts on Prx mechanism, regulation, and function and thus on the whole Prx systems in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Josef Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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18
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Reduction of Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine by the mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component (mARC). Biochem J 2010; 433:383-91. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
NOSs (nitric oxide synthases) catalyse the oxidation of L-arginine to L-citrulline and nitric oxide via the intermediate NOHA (Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine). This intermediate is rapidly converted further, but to a small extent can also be liberated from the active site of NOSs and act as a transportable precursor of nitric oxide or potent physiological inhibitor of arginases. Thus its formation is of enormous importance for the nitric-oxide-generating system. It has also been shown that NOHA is reduced by microsomes and mitochondria to L-arginine. In the present study, we show for the first time that both human isoforms of the newly identified mARC (mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component) enhance the rate of reduction of NOHA, in the presence of NADH cytochrome b5 reductase and cytochrome b5, by more than 500-fold. Consequently, these results provide the first hints that mARC might be involved in mitochondrial NOHA reduction and could be of physiological significance in affecting endogenous nitric oxide levels. Possibly, this reduction represents another regulative mechanism in the complex regulation of nitric oxide biosynthesis, considering a mitochondrial NOS has been identified. Moreover, this reduction is not restricted to NOHA since the analogous arginase inhibitor NHAM (Nω-hydroxy-Nδ-methyl-L-arginine) is also reduced by this system.
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19
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Glyan’ko AK, Vasil’eva GG. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in legume-rhizobial symbiosis: A review. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683810010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Loscos J, Matamoros MA, Becana M. Ascorbate and homoglutathione metabolism in common bean nodules under stress conditions and during natural senescence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 146:1282-92. [PMID: 18218966 PMCID: PMC2259085 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.114066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate and glutathione are major antioxidants and redox buffers in plant cells but also play key functions in growth, development, and stress responses. We have studied the regulation of ascorbate and homoglutathione biosynthesis in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) nodules under stress conditions and during aging. The expression of five genes of the major ascorbate biosynthetic pathway was analyzed in nodules, and evidence was found that L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase, the last committed step of the pathway, is posttranscriptionally regulated. Also, in nodules under stress conditions, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase was translationally regulated, but homoglutathione synthetase (mRNA and activity) and homoglutathione (content and redox state) were not affected. Most interestingly, in nodules exposed to jasmonic acid, dehydroascorbate reductase activity was posttranslationally suppressed, ascorbate oxidase showed strong transcriptional up-regulation, and dehydroascorbate content increased moderately. These changes were not due to a direct effect of jasmonic acid on the enzyme activities but might be part of the signaling pathway in the response of nodules to stress. We determined ascorbate, homoglutathione, and ascorbate-glutathione pathway enzyme activities in two senescing stages of nodules undergoing oxidative stress. When all parameters were expressed on a nodule fresh weight basis, we found that in the first stage ascorbate decreased by 60% and homoglutathione and antioxidant activities remained fairly constant, whereas in the second stage ascorbate and homoglutathione, their redox states, and their associated enzyme activities significantly decreased. The coexistence in the same plants of nodules at different senescence stages, with different ascorbate concentrations and redox states, indicates that the life span of nodules is in part controlled by endogenous factors and points to ascorbate as one of the key players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Loscos
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Zaragoza, Spain
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21
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Muglia CI, Grasso DH, Aguilar OM. Rhizobium tropici response to acidity involves activation of glutathione synthesis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:1286-1296. [PMID: 17379738 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/003483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rhizobium tropici CIAT899 displays intrinsic tolerance to acidity, and efficiently nodulates Phaseolus vulgaris at low pH. By characterizing a gshB mutant strain, glutathione has been previously demonstrated to be essential for R. tropici tolerance to acid stress. The wild-type gshB gene region has been cloned and its transcription profile has been characterized by using quantitative real-time PCR and transcriptional gene fusions. Activation of the gshB gene under acid-stress conditions was demonstrated. gshB is also induced by UV irradiation. Upstream from gshB a putative sigma(70) promoter element and an inverted repeat sequence were identified, which are proposed to be involved in expression under neutral and acidic conditions, respectively. Gel retardation assays indicate that transcription in acid conditions may involve protein binding to an upstream regulatory region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia I Muglia
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniel H Grasso
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - O Mario Aguilar
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
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22
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Hadzi-Tasković Sukalović V, Kukavica B, Vuletić M. Hydroquinone peroxidase activity of maize root mitochondria. PROTOPLASMA 2007; 231:137-144. [PMID: 17922264 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-007-0260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of hydroquinone with H(2)O(2) in the presence of mitochondria isolated from maize (Zea mays L.) roots was studied. The results indicate that a reduced form of quinone may be a substrate of mitochondrial peroxidases. Specific activities in different mitochondrial isolates, the apparent K (m) for hydrogen peroxide and hydroquinone, and the influence of some known peroxidase inhibitors or effectors are presented. Zymographic assays revealed that all mitochondrial peroxidases, which were stained with 4-chloro-1-naphthol, were capable of oxidizing hydroquinone. A possible antioxidative role of hydroquinone peroxidase in H(2)O(2) scavenging within the mitochondria, in cooperation with ascorbate or coupled with mitochondrial NAD(P)H dehydrogenases, is proposed.
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23
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Matamoros MA, Loscos J, Coronado MJ, Ramos J, Sato S, Testillano PS, Tabata S, Becana M. Biosynthesis of ascorbic acid in legume root nodules. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 141:1068-77. [PMID: 16766673 PMCID: PMC1489911 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.081463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a major antioxidant and redox buffer, but is also involved in other critical processes of plants. Recently, the hypothesis has been proposed that legume nodules are unable to synthesize ascorbate and have to import it from the shoot or root, thus providing a means by which the plant regulates nodule senescence. The last step of ascorbate biosynthesis in plants is catalyzed by L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (GalLDH). The mRNAs encoding GalLDH and three other enzymes involved in ascorbate biosynthesis are clearly detectable in nodules. Furthermore, an active membrane-bound GalLDH enzyme is present in nodule mitochondria. Biochemical assays on dissected nodules reveal that GalLDH activity and ascorbate are correlated in nodule tissues and predominantly localized in the infected zone, with lower levels of both parameters (relative to the infected tissues) in the apex (87%) and senescent region (43%) of indeterminate nodules and in the peripheral tissues (65%) of determinate nodules. In situ RNA hybridization showed that the GalLDH mRNA is particularly abundant in the infected zone of indeterminate and determinate nodules. Thus, our results refute the hypothesis that ascorbate is not synthesized in nodules and lend support to a previous conclusion that ascorbate in the infected zone is primarily involved in the protection of host cells against peroxide damage. Likewise, the high ascorbate and GalLDH activity levels found in the apex of indeterminate nodules strongly suggest a participation of ascorbate in additional functions during symbiosis, possibly related to cell growth and division and to molecular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Matamoros
- Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain.
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24
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Wan J, Torres M, Ganapathy A, Thelen J, DaGue BB, Mooney B, Xu D, Stacey G. Proteomic analysis of soybean root hairs after infection by Bradyrhizobium japonicum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2005; 18:458-67. [PMID: 15915644 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-18-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Infection of soybean root hairs by Bradyrhizobium japonicum is the first of several complex events leading to nodulation. In the current proteomic study, soybean root hairs after inoculation with B. japonicum were separated from roots. Total proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional (2-D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In one experiment, 96 protein spots were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) to compare protein profiles between uninoculated roots and root hairs. Another 37 spots, derived from inoculated root hairs over different timepoints, were also analyzed by tandem MS (MS/MS). As expected, some proteins were differentially expressed in root hairs compared with roots (e.g., a chitinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase). Out of 37 spots analyzed by MS/MS, 27 candidate proteins were identified by database comparisons. These included several proteins known to respond to rhizobial inoculation (e.g., peroxidase and phenylalanine-ammonia lyase). However, novel proteins were also identified (e.g., phospholipase D and phosphoglucomutase). This research establishes an excellent system for the study of root-hair infection by rhizobia and, in a more general sense, the functional genomics of a single, plant cell type. The results obtained also indicate that proteomic studies with soybean, lacking a complete genome sequence, are practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Wan
- National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, Department of Plant Microbiology and Pathology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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25
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Puppo A, Groten K, Bastian F, Carzaniga R, Soussi M, Lucas MM, de Felipe MR, Harrison J, Vanacker H, Foyer CH. Legume nodule senescence: roles for redox and hormone signalling in the orchestration of the natural aging process. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 165:683-701. [PMID: 15720680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01285.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Research on legume nodule development has contributed greatly to our current understanding of plant-microbe interactions. However, the factors that orchestrate root nodule senescence have received relatively little attention. Accumulating evidence suggests that redox signals contribute to the establishment of symbiosis and senescence. Although degenerative in nature, nodule senescence is an active process programmed in development in which reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidants, hormones and proteinases have key roles. Nodules have high levels of the redox buffers, ascorbate and glutathione, which are important in the nodulation process and in senescence. These metabolites decline with N-fixation as the nodule ages but the resultant decrease in redox buffering capacity does not necessarily lead to enhanced ROS or oxidative stress. We propose models by which ROS and antioxidants interact with hormones such as abscisic acid in the orchestration of nodule senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Puppo
- UMR CNRS-UNSA-INRA IPMSV 400, Route des Chappes, BP167 06903 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
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26
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Kirova E, Nedeva D, Nikolova A, Ignatov G. Changes in the electrophoretic spectra of antioxidant enzymes in nitrate-fed and nitrogen-fixing soybean subjected to gradual water stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1556/aagr.52.2004.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of two sources of nitrogen (nitrogen fixation or nitrate assimilation) and gradual water stress on theelectrophoretic spectra of peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase was studied in soybean leaves. An increase in H2O2production was observed, especially after the prolonged drought treatment. At 50% drought the activity of anionic peroxidase activity for isoenzymes Nos. 2 and 7+8 significantly increased (by 54 and 18%, respectively) in the leaves of nitrate-fed plants compared to the control plants; for nitrogen-fixing plants these values were 31 and 14%, respectively. In the case of cationic peroxidases, the application of 50% drought led to the inhibition of the moderately fast isoenzymes (Nos. 2 and 3, with Rm 0.5 and 0.65, respectively) and the activation of the fastest moving isoenzyme (No. 4, with Rm 0.8) in nitrate-fed soybean. The same tendency was observed in the leaves of nitrogen-fixing plants. The effect of restricted soil humidity on SOD activity was expressed as a change in the activity of some of the isoenzymes. There was a clear tendency for the SOD isoenzyme activity to increase after the exposure of nitrate-fed and nitrogen-fixing soybean plants to 50% drought treatment. high catalase activity was registered in control nitrate-fed plants. Generally the catalase isoenzyme activity in control nitrogen-fixing plants had low values. Both intensities of water stress (30 and 50% drought) caused an increase in the catalase activity, and this increase was much higher for nitrogen-fixing plants. Therefore, soybean plants responded to drought treatment by changes in the antioxidant enzyme activity, as these changes were partially dependent on the source of nitrogen. The results suggested that nitrogen-fixing soybean plants were more resistant to gradual water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Kirova
- 1 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. M. Popov Institute of Plant Physiology Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - D. Nedeva
- 2 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. M. Popov Institute of Plant Physiology Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - A. Nikolova
- 3 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. M. Popov Institute of Plant Physiology Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - G. Ignatov
- 4 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. M. Popov Institute of Plant Physiology Sofia, Bulgaria
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27
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Mohammad A, Miranda-Ríos J, Navarrete GE, Quinto C, Olivares JE, García-Ponce B, Sánchez F. Nodulin 22 from Phaseolus vulgaris protects Escherichia coli cells from oxidative stress. PLANTA 2004; 219:993-1002. [PMID: 15605176 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2003] [Accepted: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant genes that are induced during the formation and function of a root nodule are called nodulin genes. Cloning and functional analysis of nodule-specific gene products are of valuable help in establishing the role and requirements of the host plant for the specificity and effectiveness of the symbiosis. A cDNA clone (nod22) was isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) cDNA library derived from Rhizobium-infected roots. Nodulin 22 (Nod22) transcripts are accumulated from early to late stages in root nodule development. RT-PCR in situ studies indicated that Nod22 transcripts are highly accumulated in cortical, vascular bundle and infected cells. The deduced Nod22 protein contains a highly hydrophobic N-terminus, with signal peptide characteristics, and a C-terminal extension with high identity to the alpha-crystallin domains found in alpha-crystallin lens chaperone, and other small heat-shock proteins. These domains have not been previously described in other known nodulins, but have been observed in small heat-shock proteins found in plant tissues exposed to elevated temperature and oxidative stress. Nod22, when it is over-expressed in Escherichia coli, cells confers protection against oxidative stress suggesting its possible role in plant host protection from oxidative toxicity during the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Mohammad
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, 62271 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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28
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Hoa LTP, Nomura M, Kajiwara H, Day DA, Tajima S. Proteomic analysis on symbiotic differentiation of mitochondria in soybean nodules. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 45:300-8. [PMID: 15047878 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pch035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Symbiotic interactions between legume plants and rhizobia induce specific metabolisms and intracellular organelles in nodules. For surveying symbiotic differentiation of a key organelle, mitochondria, protein constituents of soybean nodule and root mitochondria were compared after two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis, and the proteins were characterized in combination with matrix-assisted desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and N-terminal amino acid sequencing. Of the proteins that were detected only in nodule mitochondria, phosphoserine aminotransferase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, coproporphyrinogen III oxidase, one ribonucleoprotein and three unknown proteins were identified. Seven up-regulated, eight down-regulated and two strongly suppressed protein spots in nodule mitochondria were also assigned protein identities. The physiological roles of these differential expressions were discussed in relation to nodule-specific metabolisms in soybean nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Thi-Phuong Hoa
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0795 Japan
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29
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Chew O, Whelan J, Millar AH. Molecular definition of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in Arabidopsis mitochondria reveals dual targeting of antioxidant defenses in plants. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:46869-77. [PMID: 12954611 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307525200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Key components of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in Arabidopsis cell organelles are encoded by single organellar targeted isoforms that are dual localized in the chloroplast stroma and the mitochondrion. We demonstrate the presence of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in purified Arabidopsis mitochondria using enzymatic activity, proteomic and in vitro and in vivo subcellular targeting data that identify the gene products responsible. In vitro experiments using a dual import assay assessing mitochondrial and chloroplast imports simultaneously show dual targeting of ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase gene products to mitochondria and chloroplasts, while a putative dehydroascorbate reductase protein is only imported into mitochondria. In vivo subcellular localization using green fluorescent protein fusion proteins show clear targeting of all gene products to mitochondria. Transcript levels show these genes are induced by oxidative chemical stresses targeted to chloroplasts and/or mitochondria and are elevated during photosynthetic operation in the light. Together these data present a model of an integrated ascorbate-glutathione antioxidant defense common to plastids and mitochondria that is linked at the level of the genome in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orinda Chew
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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30
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Matamoros MA, Dalton DA, Ramos J, Clemente MR, Rubio MC, Becana M. Biochemistry and molecular biology of antioxidants in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 133:499-509. [PMID: 14555779 PMCID: PMC523877 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.025619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2003] [Revised: 06/09/2003] [Accepted: 07/15/2003] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Matamoros
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 202, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain
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Madhusudhan R, Ishikawa T, Sawa Y, Shigeoka S, Shibata H. Characterization of an ascorbate peroxidase in plastids of tobacco BY-2 cells. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2003; 117:550-557. [PMID: 12675745 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2003.00066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11), the major H2O2-scavenging enzyme, occurs in several distinct isoenzymes that are localized in cytosol and various cell organelles. Here, we have purified and characterized an APX from the soluble fraction of plastids of non-photosynthetic tobacco BY-2 cells. The plastidic APX was a monomer with a molecular weight of 34 000. The enzymatic properties of the plastidic APX, including the rapid inactivation by H2O2 in ascorbate-depleted medium, were highly comparable with those of the chloroplastic stromal APX of spinach and tea leaves. However, the other chloroplastic APX isoenzyme, the thylakoid-membrane bound APX, was not detected in the plastids of the BY-2 cells. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the plastidic APX was completely identical with the deduced amino acid sequence of a previously identified cDNA sequence of tobacco chloroplastic APX. When a green fluorescence protein gene tagged with the chloroplast-targeting signal sequence of APX was expressed in the BY-2 cells, the fluorescence protein exclusively localized into plastids, and not into mitochondria. We conclude that plastidic APX in non-photosynthetic tissues is the same as the chloroplastic APX that occurs in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapolu Madhusudhan
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-0945, Japan Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Kinki University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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Porcel R, Barea JM, Ruiz-Lozano JM. Antioxidant activities in mycorrhizal soybean plants under drought stress and their possible relationship to the process of nodule senescence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2003; 157:135-143. [PMID: 33873702 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• The mechanisms by which the mycorrhizal symbiosis protects soybean ( Glycine max ) plants against premature nodule senescence induced by drought stress is investigated here by evaluating the activity of a set of antioxidant enzymes in relation to nodule senescence. • Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity was determined in well watered or drought-stressed soybean plants inoculated with Bradyrrhizobium japonicum alone or in combination with Glomus mosseae . • In roots, only GR activity was higher in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal plants. The other antioxidant activities were similar, or lower (APX), in droughted, mycorrhizal plants than in the corresponding nonmycorrhizal ones. Similarly, in nodules, SOD, CAT and APX activities were lower in droughted, mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal plants whereas, again, GR activity was higher in nodules from mycorrhizal plants. • We propose that the consistently higher GR activity in roots and nodules of mycorrhizal plants might have contributed to decreased oxidative damage to biomolecules, which are involved in premature nodule senescence. Additional drought-avoidance mechanisms induced by the AM symbiosis might also contribute to the lower oxidative stress in mycorrhizal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Porcel
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos. Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda n°1, E-18008 Granada, Spain
| | - José Miguel Barea
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos. Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda n°1, E-18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Ruiz-Lozano
- Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos. Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda n°1, E-18008 Granada, Spain
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Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, Heras B, Matamoros MA, Ramos J, Moran JF, Becana M. Cloning and functional characterization of a homoglutathione synthetase from pea nodules. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2002; 115:69-73. [PMID: 12010468 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1150107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The thiol tripeptide glutathione (GSH; gammaGlu-Cys-Gly) is very abundant in legume nodules where it performs multiple functions that are critical for optimal nitrogen fixation. Some legume nodules contain another tripeptide, homoglutathione (hGSH; gammaGlu-Cys-betaAla), in addition to or instead of GSH. We have isolated from a pea (Pisum sativum L.) nodule library a cDNA, GSHS2, that is expressed in nodules but not in leaves. This cDNA was overexpressed in insect cells and its protein product was identified as a highly active and specific hGSH synthetase. The enzyme, the first of this type to be completely purified, is predicted to be a homodimeric cytosolic protein. It shows a specific activity of 3400 nmol hGSH min-1 mg-1 protein with a standard substrate concentration (5 mM beta-alanine) and Km values of 1.9 mM for beta-alanine and 104 mM for glycine. The specificity constant (Vmax/Km) shows that the pure enzyme is 57.3-fold more specific for beta-alanine than for glycine. Southern blot analysis revealed that the gene is present as a single copy in the pea genome and that there are homologous genes in other legumes. We conclude that the synthesis of hGSH in pea nodules is catalysed by a specific hGSH synthetase and not by a GSH synthetase with broad substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Iturbe-Ormaetxe
- Departamento de Nutrición Vegetal, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Apdo 202, ES-50080 Zaragoza, Spain
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