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Vailleau F, Genin S. Ralstonia solanacearum: An Arsenal of Virulence Strategies and Prospects for Resistance. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:25-47. [PMID: 37506349 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-104551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The group of strains constituting the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) is a prominent model for the study of plant-pathogenic bacteria because of its impact on agriculture, owing to its wide host range, worldwide distribution, and long persistence in the environment. RSSC strains have led to numerous studies aimed at deciphering the molecular bases of virulence, and many biological functions and mechanisms have been described to contribute to host infection and pathogenesis. In this review, we put into perspective recent advances in our understanding of virulence in RSSC strains, both in terms of the inventory of functions that participate in this process and their evolutionary dynamics. We also present the different strategies that have been developed to combat these pathogenic strains through biological control, antimicrobial agents, plant genetics, or microbiota engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Vailleau
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France; ,
| | - Stéphane Genin
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France; ,
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Abd-Elrahim R, Tohamy MRA, Atia MM, Elashtokhy MMA, Ali MAS. Bactericidal activity of some plant essential oils against Ralstonia solanacearum infection. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:2163-2172. [PMID: 35531193 PMCID: PMC9073021 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato plants and their tubers in Egypt are affected by one of the most renowned soil-borne pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum, that caused brown rot in potato tubers and wilt in plants. There is no efficient therapeutic bactericide so; control of bacterial wilt is very rough. The study investigated three different concentrations of seven essential plant oils under in vitro and in vivo conditions as a result of their effects on Ralstonia solanacearum growth and their possibility use as potato seed pieces dressing for controlling bacterial wilt disease incidence. In vitro, anise oil at the three tested different concentrations (0.04, 0.07, and 0.14% vol/vol) was the most effective one inhibiting the growth of T4 and W9 isolates of Ralstonia solanacearum then pursued by thyme, lemongrass, and clove oils. On the other hand, rocket oil at the tested concentration was the least effective one followed by fennel oil. However, wheat germ oil was not completely effective. In vivo, experiment revealed that anise oil at the three concentrations significantly reduced disease incidence and severity in sponta and hermes potato cultivars and their effect was associated with increase of peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, phenols and the foliar fresh weight of treated plants as well as the weight of tubers/plant followed by thyme and lemongrass oils compared to the infected untreated control. Morphological differences in bacterial cell structure have been observed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Anise oil at higher concentration caused of cell wall rupture and degraded cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahma Abd-Elrahim
- Plant Pathology Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R A Tohamy
- Plant Pathology Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Atia
- Plant Pathology Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed A S Ali
- Plant Pathology Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Effects of Gum Arabic Coatings Enriched with Lemongrass Essential Oil and Pomegranate Peel Extract on Quality Maintenance of Pomegranate Whole Fruit and Arils. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040593. [PMID: 35206069 PMCID: PMC8871292 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of gum arabic coatings combined with lemongrass oil and/or pomegranate peel extract on freshly harvested mature ‘Wonderful’ pomegranate fruit were studied. Fruit were coated with gum arabic (GA) (1.5% w/v) alone or enriched with lemongrass oil (LM) (0.1% v/v) and/or pomegranate peel extract (PP) (1% w/v). Fruit were packed into standard open top ventilated cartons (dimensions: 0.40 m long, 0.30 m wide and 0.12 m high), and stored for 6 weeks at 5 ± 1 °C (90% RH). Evaluations were made every 2 weeks of cold storage and after 5 d of shelf life (20 °C and 65% RH). Fruit coated with GA + PP (4.09%) and GA + PP + LM (4.21%) coatings recorded the least cumulative weight loss compared to the uncoated control (9.87%). After 6 weeks, uncoated control and GA + PP + LM recorded the highest (24.55 mg CO2Kg−1h−1) and lowest (10.76 mg CO2Kg−1h−1) respiration rate, respectively. Coating treatments reduced the incidence of decay and treatments GA + LM + PP and GA + PP recorded the highest total flavonoid content between 2 and 6 weeks of storage. The findings suggest that GA coatings with/without LM and PP can be a beneficial postharvest treatment for ‘Wonderful’ pomegranates to reduce weight loss and decay development during cold storage.
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Liu HW, Ji QT, Ren GG, Wang F, Su F, Wang PY, Zhou X, Wu ZB, Li Z, Yang S. Antibacterial Functions and Proposed Modes of Action of Novel 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-β-carboline Derivatives that Possess an Attractive 1,3-Diaminopropan-2-ol Pattern against Rice Bacterial Blight, Kiwifruit Bacterial Canker, and Citrus Bacterial Canker. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12558-12568. [PMID: 33140649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, naturally occurring tetrahydro-β-carboline (THC) alkaloids and their derivatives have been of biological interest. However, few studies and developments have reported the use of such structures in managing plant bacterial diseases. Herein, an array of novel THC derivatives containing an attractive 1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol pattern were prepared to evaluate the antiphytopathogen activity in vitro and in vivo and explore innovative antibacterial frameworks. Notably, target compounds exhibited excellent activities against three rebellious phytopathogens, namely, Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, at related optimal EC50 values of 2.39 (II9), 2.06 (I23), and 1.69 (II9) μg/mL, respectively. These effects were superior to those of the parent structure 1,2,3,4-THC and positive controls. In vivo assays showed that II9 exhibited excellent control efficiencies of 51.89 and 65.45% at 200 μg/mL against rice bacterial blight and kiwifruit bacterial canker, respectively, and I23 substantially relieved the citrus canker on the leaves. Antibacterial mechanisms indicated that these THC compounds could induce the increment of reactive oxygen species and subsequently endow the tested bacteria with distinct apoptotic behavior. In addition, II9 could alleviate the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity of Psa. Overall, these simple THC derivatives can be further developed as versatile antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wu Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qing-Tian Ji
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Gang-Gang Ren
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Fen Su
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Pei-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhi-Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhong Li
- College of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Immunosuppressive Activities of Novel PLA 2 Inhibitors from Xenorhabdus hominickii, an Entomopathogenic Bacterium. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080505. [PMID: 32759864 PMCID: PMC7469199 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Insect immune responses defend fatal attacks from entomopathogens. A Gram-negative Xenorhabdus hominickii exhibits high entomopathogenicity against lepidopteran insects. During the pathogenic processes, the bacteria suppress host insect immune responses by inhibiting phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzyme activity with the bacterial secondary metabolites. PLA2 catalyzes eicosanoid biosynthesis. Eicosanoids mediate both cellular and humoral immune responses against various insect pathogens. This study identified eight different PLA2 inhibitors from the bacterial culture broth. Butanol extract of the culture broth possessed high potency to inhibit PLA2 activity. Subsequent fractionations led to identification of eight different compounds. The synthetic compounds also showed PLA2 inhibition and insecticidal activities. Furthermore, the addition of the bacterial PLA2 inhibitors significantly enhance other bacterial pathogenicity, suggesting its potential to be applied for developing novel insecticides. Abstract Eicosanoids mediate both cellular and humoral immune responses in insects. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the first committed step in eicosanoid biosynthesis. It is a common pathogenic target of two entomopathogenic bacteria, Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus. The objective of this study was to identify novel PLA2 inhibitors from X. hominickii and determine their immunosuppressive activities. To identify novel PLA2 inhibitors, stepwise fractionation of X. hominickii culture broth and subsequent enzyme assays were performed. Eight purified fractions of bacterial metabolites were obtained. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis predicted that the main components in these eight fractions were 2-cyanobenzoic acid, dibutylamine, 2-ethyl 1-hexanol, phthalimide (PM), dioctyl terephthalate, docosane, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and 3-ethoxy-4-methoxyphenol (EMP). Their synthetic compounds inhibited the activity of PLA2 in hemocytes of a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua, in a dose-dependent manner. They also showed significant inhibitory activities against immune responses such as prophenoloxidase activation and hemocytic nodulation of S. exigua larvae, with PM and EMP exhibiting the most potent inhibitory activities. These immunosuppressive activities were specific through PLA2 inhibition because an addition of arachidonic acid, a catalytic product of PLA2, significantly rescued such suppressed immune responses. The two most potent compounds (PM and EMP) showed significant insecticidal activities after oral administration. When the compounds were mixed with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), they markedly increased Bt pathogenicity. This study identified eight PLA2 inhibitors from bacterial metabolites of X. hominickii and demonstrated their potential as novel insecticides.
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Sowndarya J, Rubini D, Sinsinwar S, Senthilkumar M, Nithyanand P, Vadivel V. Gallic Acid an Agricultural Byproduct Modulates the Biofilm Matrix Exopolysaccharides of the Phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:3339-3354. [PMID: 32749521 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02141-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is a soil-borne plant pathogen which causes wilt disease in economically important crops of the Solanaceae family in tropical and temperate regions. As biofilm formation is the major virulence factor in R. solanacearum, research inputs are necessary to identify natural biofilm inhibitors to mitigate virulence of this bacterium. Hence in the present work, the anti-biofilm potential of phytochemical compound gallic acid (GA) isolated from an agricultural byproduct (cashewnut shell) was investigated. Initially the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of crude extracts of cashewnut shell and coconut shell against R. solanacearum were investigated. The MIC of both the extracts were 400 µg/ml and their sub-MIC (200 µg/ml) inhibited biofilms in the range of 62-70% and 49-57%, respectively. As the cashewnut shell extract have higher biofilm inhibitory effect compared to coconut shell extract, we proceeded our further study by isolating the major compound GA from cashewnut shell by acid hydrolysate method. The sub-MIC of crude cashewnut shell extract inhibited 85% of young biofilms. The MIC of GA were observed at 3 mg/ml and sub-MIC (1.5 mg/ml) was found to eradicate 85% of mature biofilms which was confirmed by standard crystal violet assay and the biofilm reduction was further visualized under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopic images. Toxicity of GA was evaluated against R. solanacearum through XTT cell viability assay and found no antibacterial effect at sub-MIC. Additionally, it is confirmed with growth curve and time kill assays. Swimming and twitching motility were considered as an important virulence factors to invade plants and to block the xylem vessels. Therefore, sub-MIC of GA was found to inhibit both swimming and twitching motility of about 93% and 63% respectively. Anti-biofilm efficacy of GA was also worked well with tomato plant model where remarkable biofilm inhibition was found on treatment with GA before and after 24 h of infection with R. solanacearum. Hence GA will be an alternative, cheap source which is eco-friendly as well as novel source for the treatment of R. solanacearum biofilms and to prevent wilt disease in important crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jothipandiyan Sowndarya
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Anusandhan Kendra II, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Durairajan Rubini
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Anusandhan Kendra II, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Simran Sinsinwar
- Chemical Biology Laboratory (ASK II 409), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Murugaiyan Senthilkumar
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641003, India
| | - Paramasivam Nithyanand
- Biofilm Biology Laboratory, Anusandhan Kendra II, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India.
| | - Vellingiri Vadivel
- Chemical Biology Laboratory (ASK II 409), School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India.
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Sahu PK, Singh S, Gupta A, Singh UB, Paul S, Paul D, Kuppusamy P, Singh HV, Saxena AK. A Simplified Protocol for Reversing Phenotypic Conversion of Ralstonia solanacearum during Experimentation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124274. [PMID: 32549351 PMCID: PMC7344456 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ralstonia solanacearum has the problem of losing the virulence in laboratory conditions, during prolonged experimentation. Since pure colonies of R. solanacearum contain cell fractions differing in virulence, it was considered worthwhile to find a way of selecting the cells with lower attenuation. Therefore, a methodology for inducing virulent-type colonies occurrence in Ralstonia solanacearum was developed. METHODS Nutrient gradient was created by swabbing R. solanacearum culture in a slanted KMTTC medium, and Phyllanthus emblica extract was given by well diffusion. Live-dead cell imaging using BacLight, effects of ascorbic acid on cell viability, and production of virulence factors (exopolysaccharides, cellulase, and pectinase) supported this hypothesis. The tagging of R. solanacearum with green fluorescent protein and further confocal scanning laser microscopic visualization confirmed the colonization in vascular bundles of tomato. RESULTS P. emblica extract suppressed R. solanacearum initially in well diffusion, but further developed virulent-type colonies around the wells. Nutrient deprivation was found to have synergistic effects with P. emblica extract. The converted fluidal (virulent type) colonies could be able to colonize vascular bundles and cause wilting symptoms. CONCLUSION This method will be useful in the laboratories working on biocontrol of R. solanacearum for maintaining virulent-type colonies. Moreover, it could form the basis for studies on the stability of phenotypic conversion and cell fractions in R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar Sahu
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan UP-275103, India; (S.S.); (A.G.); (U.B.S.); (S.P.); (H.V.S.); (A.K.S.)
- Corresponding author:
| | - Shailendra Singh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan UP-275103, India; (S.S.); (A.G.); (U.B.S.); (S.P.); (H.V.S.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Amrita Gupta
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan UP-275103, India; (S.S.); (A.G.); (U.B.S.); (S.P.); (H.V.S.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Udai B. Singh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan UP-275103, India; (S.S.); (A.G.); (U.B.S.); (S.P.); (H.V.S.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Surinder Paul
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan UP-275103, India; (S.S.); (A.G.); (U.B.S.); (S.P.); (H.V.S.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Diby Paul
- Pilgram Marpeck School of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Truett McConnel University, 100 Alumni Dr. Cleveland, GA 30528, USA;
| | - Pandiyan Kuppusamy
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Ginning Training Centre, Nagpur, Maharashtra 440023, India;
| | - Harsh V. Singh
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan UP-275103, India; (S.S.); (A.G.); (U.B.S.); (S.P.); (H.V.S.); (A.K.S.)
| | - Anil Kumar Saxena
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Maunath Bhanjan UP-275103, India; (S.S.); (A.G.); (U.B.S.); (S.P.); (H.V.S.); (A.K.S.)
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Li P, Yang Z, Tang B, Zhang Q, Chen Z, Zhang J, Wei J, Sun L, Yan J. Identification of Xanthones from the Mangosteen Pericarp that Inhibit the Growth of Ralstonia solanacearum. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:334-343. [PMID: 31956780 PMCID: PMC6964269 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most destructive bacterial diseases in agriculture. There is no effective control method, although chemical pesticides are used to prevent this disease, but they may lead to serious problems of environmental pollution. Natural products from plants can be rich and environmentally friendly sources for a broad spectrum biological control of bacteria. This study focuses on the pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) using bioactivity-guided analysis of different fractions and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with multivariate analysis to determine markers of active fractions. Six prenyl xanthones, including two new xanthones, garcimangosxanthones H and I, were isolated and identified by NMR and HRESIMS. The biomarker γ-mangostin displayed significant activity against the phytopathogen R. solanacearum with an IC50 of 34.7 ± 1.5 μg/mL; γ-mangostin affected the bacterial morphology at a concentration of 16.0 μg/mL as seen with a scanning electron microscope image, and it significantly repressed the virulence-associated genes HrpB, FihD, and PilT of R. solanacearum. γ-Mangostin also reduced the symptoms of bacterial wilt disease effectively that is caused by R. solanacearum in tomato and tobacco seedlings in vitro. These results suggested that the use of γ-mangostin from the mangosteen pericarp against R. solanacearum may be used as a natural bacteriostatic agent in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of
Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture;
Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture;
College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of
Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture;
Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture;
College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bolin Tang
- Key Laboratory of
Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture;
Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture;
College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of
Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture;
Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture;
College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zepeng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Tobacco Shaoguan Co. Ltd., Shaoguan, Guangdong, 512000 People’s Republic
of China
| | - Jili Zhang
- China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial
Co. Ltd., Nanning, Guangxi 530001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianyu Wei
- China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial
Co. Ltd., Nanning, Guangxi 530001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lirong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mental
Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater
Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence,
Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Department
of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Yan
- Key Laboratory of
Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture;
Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture;
College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People’s Republic of China
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Biochar Suppresses Bacterial Wilt of Tomato by Improving Soil Chemical Properties and Shifting Soil Microbial Community. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120676. [PMID: 31835630 PMCID: PMC6955753 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of biochar amendments in enhancing plant disease resistance has been well documented, but its mechanism is not yet fully understood. In the present study, 2% biochar made from wheat straw was added to the soil of tomato infected by Ralstonia solanacearum to explore the interrelation among biochar, tomato bacterial wilt resistance, soil chemical properties, and soil microbial community and to decipher the disease suppression mechanisms from a soil microbial perspective. Biochar application significantly reduced the disease severity of bacterial wilt, increased soil total organic carbon, total nitrogen, C:N ratio, organic matter, available P, available K, pH, and electrical conductivity. Biochar treatment also increased soil acid phosphatase activity under the non-R.-solanacearum-inoculated condition. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA revealed substantial differences in rhizosphere bacterial community structures between biochar-amended and nonamended treatments. Biochar did not influence soil microbial richness and diversity but significantly increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria in soil at the phylum level under R. solanacearum inoculation. Furthermore, biochar amendment harbored a higher abundance of Chitinophaga, Flavitalea, Adhaeribacter, Pontibacter, Pedobacter, and Ohtaekwangia at the genus level of Bacteroides and Pseudomonas at the genus level of Proteobacteria under R. solanacearum inoculation. Our findings suggest that a biochar-shifted soil bacterial community structure can favorably contribute to the resistance of tomato plants against bacterial wilt.
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Mohamed AA, Behiry SI, Younes HA, Ashmawy NA, Salem MZM, Márquez-Molina O, Barbabosa-Pilego A. Antibacterial activity of three essential oils and some monoterpenes against Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype II isolated from potato. Microb Pathog 2019; 135:103604. [PMID: 31247257 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the possibility of using some essential oils and monoterpens as bioagents against the growth of Ralstonia solanacearum, a causal bacterium of potato brown rot disease. Eight isolates of the bacterium were recovered from infected potato tubers, showing typical symptoms of the disease, Isolates were identified as R.solanacearum phylotype II, based on biochemical and physiological characteristics, as well as, at the molecular level through PCR analysis. Three essential oils extracted from Corymbia citriodora (leaves), Cupressus sempervirens (aerial parts), and Lantana camara (aerial parts) were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against eight isolates of R. solanacearum phylotype II. Results demonstrated that L. camara essential oil (concentration 5000 μg/mL) had the highest effects against the RsMo2, RsSc1 and Rs48, with inhibition zone (IZ) values of 17.33, 16.33, and 17.50 mm, respectively, also against Rs2 (IZ 14.33 mm), and RsIs2 (IZ 16 mm). C. citriodora oil showed the highest activity against RsBe2 (IZ 14 mm), RsFr4 (IZ 13.66 mm) and RsNe1 (IZ 13.66 mm). Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS-FID) analyzed the chemical composition of these essential oils. It was proved that L. camara leaves contains mainly trans-caryophyllene (16.24%) and α-humulene (9.55%), in C. citriodora oil were α-citronellal (56.55%), α-citronellol (14.89%), and citronellol acetate (13.04%), and in Cup. sempervirens aerial parts were cedrol (22.17%), and Δ3-carene (18.59%). Five monoterpenes were evaluated against the most resistance Ralstonia isolate RsFr5 to the three studied essential oils and found that limonene had the highest effect against it compared with the lowest thymol. The results proved the strong bio effects of the essential oil from L. camara leaves as a natural product contained monoterpenes that can inhibit the growth of tested R. solanacearum phylotype II isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer A Mohamed
- Plant Pathology Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Said I Behiry
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hosny A Younes
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nader A Ashmawy
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z M Salem
- Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (EL-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ofelia Márquez-Molina
- Centro Universitario de Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Amecameca, Mexico
| | - Alberto Barbabosa-Pilego
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de México, Estado de México, Mexico.
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11
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Potential of a Small Molecule Carvacrol in Management of Vegetable Diseases. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101932. [PMID: 31137465 PMCID: PMC6572147 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Carvacrol, a plant-derived volatile small molecule, is effective against various agents that can cause damage to humans, the food processing industry, and plants, and is considered a safe substance for human consumption. In this short communication, previous studies on the effectiveness of carvacrol against various agents, particularly plant pathogens and their associated mechanisms are described. In our study, carvacrol was found to be effective on media against several soilborne pathogens and in planta against three foliar pathogens (Xanthomonas perforans, Alternaria tomatophila, and Podosphaeraxanthii) of important vegetable crops in south Florida of the United States. Current research findings indicated that the effectiveness of carvacrol against various plant pathogens tested was associated with its direct bactericidal/fungicidal effect, which was affected greatly by its volatility. Development of new formulations to overcome the volatility and to prolong the effectiveness of carvacrol was also presented. Our studies on carvacrol suggested that, with advanced development of new formulations, carvacrol could be used as a promising tool in the integrated pest management for bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens of important vegetable crops in Florida, the USA, and the world.
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12
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Morikawa CK. Generation of hydroxyl radicals by Fe-polyphenol-activated CaO 2 as a potential treatment for soil-borne diseases. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9752. [PMID: 29950675 PMCID: PMC6021405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An Fe-polyphenol catalyst was recently developed using anhydrous iron (III) chloride and coffee grounds as raw materials. The present study aims to test the application of this Fe-polyphenol catalyst with two hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sources in soil as a new method for controlling the soil-borne disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and to test the hypothesis that hydroxyl radicals are involved in the catalytic process. Tomato cv. Momotaro was used as the test species. The results showed that powdered CaO2 (16% W/W) is a more effective H2O2 source for controlling bacterial wilt disease than liquid H2O2 (35% W/W) when applied with an Fe-polyphenol catalyst. An electron paramagnetic resonance spin trapping method using a 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) assay and Fe-caffeic acid and Fe-chlorogenic acid complexes as models showed that these organometallic complexes react with the H2O2 released by CaO2, producing hydroxyl radicals in a manner that is consistent with the proposed catalytic process. The application of Fe-polyphenol with powdered CaO2 to soil could be a new environmentally friendly method for controlling soil-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio Kendi Morikawa
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Division of Vegetable Pest Management and Functional Analysis, Institute of Vegetable and Floriculture Science, 514-2392, Ano, Kusawa 360, Mie, Tsu, Japan.
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13
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Yendyo S, G C R, Pandey BR. Evaluation of Trichoderma spp., Pseudomonasfluorescens and Bacillus subtilis for biological control of Ralstonia wilt of tomato. F1000Res 2018; 6:2028. [PMID: 29560253 PMCID: PMC5854981 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12448.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Ralstonia spp. is a major pathogenic microbe for tomato, which invades the roots of diverse plant hosts and colonizes xylem vessels causing wilt, especially in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions. Ralstonia spp. produces several virulence factors helping it to invade the plant's natural defense mechanism. Native isolates of Trichoderma spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis can be used as biocontrol agents to control the bacterial wilt and combined application of these beneficial microbes can give better results. Methods: Bacterial wilt infection in the field was identified by field experts and the infected plant part was used to isolate Ralstonia spp. in CPG media and was positively identified. Subsequently, the efficacy of the biocontrol agents was tested and documented using agar well diffusion technique and digital microscopy. 2ml of the microbial concentrate (10 9 cells/ml) was mixed in one liter of water and was applied in the plant root at the rate of 100 ml per plant as a treatment method. Results: It was observed that the isolated Trichoderma spp. AA2 and Pseudomonas fluorescens PFS were most potent in inhibiting the growth of Ralstonia spp. , showing ZOI 20.67 mm and 22.33 mm, respectively. Digital microscopy showed distinct inhibitory effect on the growth and survival of Ralstonia spp . The results from the field data indicated that Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens alone were able to prevent 92% and 96% of the infection and combination of both were more effective, preventing 97% of infection. Chemical control methods prevented 94% of infection. Bacillus subtilis could only prevent 84 % of the infection. Conclusions: Antagonistic effect against Ralstonia spp. shown by native isolates of Trichoderma spp. and P. fluorescens manifested the promising potential as biocontrol agents. Combined application gave better results. Results shown by Bacillus subtilis were not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Yendyo
- Kishan Call Center, Bharatpur-4, Chitwan, 44207, Nepal
| | - Ramesh G C
- Department of Quality Control, Agricare Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Bharatpur-4, Chitwan, 44207, Nepal
| | - Binayak Raj Pandey
- Department of Quality Control, Agricare Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Bharatpur-4, Chitwan, 44207, Nepal
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14
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Deberdt P, Davezies I, Coranson-Beaudu R, Jestin A. Efficacy of Leaf Oil from Pimenta racemosa var. racemosa in Controlling Bacterial Wilt of Tomato. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:124-131. [PMID: 30673454 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-17-0593-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is a major plant disease throughout the Caribbean. The ability of the essential oil from Pimenta racemosa var. racemosa to control bacterial wilt of tomato (R. solanacearum, phylotype IIB/4NPB) was investigated. Lemongrass (chemotype 1)-, aniseed (chemotype 2)-, and clove (chemotype 3)-scented chemotypes of P. racemosa var. racemosa essential oil were tested. Six concentrations of emulsified essential oil (from 0.01 to 0.14% [v/v]) were evaluated by in vitro culture amendment assays and by in vivo experiments in greenhouse. Chemotype 3 displayed remarkable in vitro antibacterial activity against R. solanacearum, because the minimum inhibitory concentration was only 0.03%, compared with 0.14% for chemotypes 1 and 2. In greenhouse experiments, no incidence of bacterial wilt was observed in tomato plants grown in soil treated with chemotype 3 of P. racemosa var. racemosa at a concentration of 0.14%. In the untreated control soil, 62% of plants displayed symptoms of bacterial wilt. Treatment with chemotype 3 significantly increased the growth of tomato plants compared with untreated controls. These results suggest that chemotype 3 of P. racemosa var. racemosa essential oil is a good candidate for further development as a soil biofumigant for the control of tomato bacterial wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péninna Deberdt
- CIRAD, UPR HORTSYS, Campus Agro-Environnemental Caraïbe, F-97285, Le Lamentin, Martinique, France
| | - Isabelle Davezies
- CIRAD, UPR HORTSYS, Campus Agro-Environnemental Caraïbe, F-97285, Le Lamentin, Martinique, France
| | - Régine Coranson-Beaudu
- CIRAD, UPR HORTSYS, Campus Agro-Environnemental Caraïbe, F-97285, Le Lamentin, Martinique, France
| | - Alexandra Jestin
- CIRAD, UPR HORTSYS, Campus Agro-Environnemental Caraïbe, F-97285, Le Lamentin, Martinique, France
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15
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Yendyo S, G.C. R, Pandey BR. Evaluation of Trichoderma spp., Pseudomonasfluorescens and Bacillus subtilis for biological control of Ralstonia wilt of tomato. F1000Res 2017; 6:2028. [PMID: 29560253 PMCID: PMC5854981 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12448.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:Ralstonia spp. is a major pathogenic microbe for tomato, which invades the roots of diverse plant hosts and colonizes xylem vessels causing wilt, especially in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions. Ralstonia spp. produces several virulence factors helping it to invade the plant's natural defense mechanism. Native isolates of Trichoderma spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis can be used as biocontrol agents to control the bacterial wilt and combined application of these beneficial microbes can give better results. Methods: Bacterial wilt infection in the field was identified by field experts and the infected plant part was used to isolate Ralstonia spp. in CPG media and was positively identified. Subsequently, the efficacy of the biocontrol agents was tested and documented using agar well diffusion technique and digital microscopy. 2ml of the microbial concentrate (10 9 cells/ml) was mixed in one liter of water and was applied in the plant root at the rate of 100 ml per plant as a treatment method. Results: It was observed that the isolated Trichoderma spp. AA2 and Pseudomonas fluorescens PFS were most potent in inhibiting the growth of Ralstonia spp. , showing ZOI 20.67 mm and 22.33 mm, respectively. Digital microscopy showed distinct inhibitory effect on the growth and survival of Ralstonia spp . The results from the field data indicated that Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens alone were able to prevent 92% and 96% of the infection and combination of both were more effective, preventing 97% of infection. Chemical control methods prevented 94% of infection. Bacillus subtilis could only prevent 84 % of the infection. Conclusions: Antagonistic effect against Ralstonia spp. shown by native isolates of Trichoderma spp. and P. fluorescens manifested the promising potential as biocontrol agents. Combined application gave better results. Results shown by Bacillus subtilis were not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Yendyo
- Kishan Call Center, Bharatpur-4, Chitwan, 44207, Nepal
| | - Ramesh G.C.
- Department of Quality Control, Agricare Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Bharatpur-4, Chitwan, 44207, Nepal
| | - Binayak Raj Pandey
- Department of Quality Control, Agricare Nepal Pvt. Ltd., Bharatpur-4, Chitwan, 44207, Nepal
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16
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Vu TT, Kim H, Tran VK, Vu HD, Hoang TX, Han JW, Choi YH, Jang KS, Choi GJ, Kim JC. Antibacterial activity of tannins isolated from Sapium baccatum extract and use for control of tomato bacterial wilt. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181499. [PMID: 28742863 PMCID: PMC5526539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the search for new antibacterial agents from natural sources, we revealed that a crude methanol extract of Sapium baccatum was highly active against Ralstonia solanacearum, a causal agent of a serious disease called bacterial wilt of tomato. The bioassay-guided fractionation of this extract resulted in the isolation of seven known active compounds, including gallic acid, methyl gallate, corilagin, tercatain, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, and quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside. Their chemical structures were determined by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. An in vitro antibacterial bioassay using a broth microdilution method revealed that, except for quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside (MIC = 250 μg/mL), the isolated compounds exhibited strong antibacterial activity against R. solanacearum (MIC = 26-52 μg/mL). Among the seven compounds, methyl gallate exhibited the strongest broad-spectrum activity against most of the plant pathogenic bacteria tested (MIC = 26-250 μg/mL). In the in vivo experiments, the crude extract of S. baccatum at 2000 and 1000 μg/mL reduced the development of tomato bacterial wilt by 83 and 63%, respectively, under greenhouse conditions after 14 days of infection. The results suggested that the extracts of S. baccatum or isolated tannins could be used as natural bactericides for the control of bacterial wilt of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Thu Vu
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Vu Khac Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pesticides Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Dinh Vu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pesticides Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tien Xuan Hoang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pesticides Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jae Woo Han
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Choi
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Soo Jang
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Department of Green Chemistry and Environmental Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Center for Eco-friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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17
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Cortesi R, Valacchi G, Muresan XM, Drechsler M, Contado C, Esposito E, Grandini A, Guerrini A, Forlani G, Sacchetti G. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for the delivery of natural molecules with antimicrobial activity: production, characterisation and in vitro studies. J Microencapsul 2017; 34:63-72. [PMID: 28097914 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2017.1284276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the preparation, characterisation and in vitro activity of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) encapsulating natural molecules with antimicrobial activity, such as plumbagin, hydroquinon, eugenol, alpha-asarone and alpha-tocopherol. NLCs were prepared by melt and ultrasonication method, characterised by Cryo-TEM for morphology and SdFFF for dimensional distribution and active encapsulation yields. In vitro tests were conducted on bacteria, fungi and human cell cultures. In vitro tests demonstrated that plumbagin is strongly toxic towards F. oxysporum especially when active molecules are loaded on NLC. Plumbagin was completely non toxic on cyanobacterial model strain up to a threshold over which cell viability was completely lost. NLC loaded with active molecules showed a lower toxicity as compared to their free form on human cultured cells. Although further studies need to be performed, these systems can be potentially proposed to control phytopathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cortesi
- a Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- a Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy.,b Department of Animal Science , NC State University, Plants for Human Health Institute, NC Research Campus , Kannapolis , NC , USA
| | - Ximena Maria Muresan
- a Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Markus Drechsler
- c BIMF/Soft Matter Electronmicroscopy , University of Bayreuth , Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Catia Contado
- d Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Elisabetta Esposito
- a Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Alessandro Grandini
- a Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Alessandra Guerrini
- a Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Forlani
- a Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
| | - Gianni Sacchetti
- a Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology , University of Ferrara , Ferrara , Italy
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18
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Ichim E, Marutescu L, Popa M, Cristea S. Antimicrobial efficacy of some plant extracts on bacterial ring rot pathogen, clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus. EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.24190/issn2564-615x/2017/01.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Control of plant bacterial diseases remains difficult due to the limited availability of efficient plant protection products with reduced negative effects either in the environment or with human and animal health. In order to reduce the usage of chemical pesticides alternative strategies for controlling plant pathogens and improve plant disease resistance are promoted. The aim of the study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of some natural compounds (plant extracts of Tamarix ramosissima, Rosmarinus officinalis, Chelidonium majus, Silybum marianum, Satureja hortensis essential oil and propolis) against bacterial ring rot pathogen, Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus (Cms). An agar diffusion method was used for the screening of the inhibitory effect of natural compounds on bacterial strains’ growth. Minimum inhibition concentrations (MICs) were determined by a twofold serial dilution method. The anti-pathogenic activity was investigated by the study of anti-biofilm activity of natural substances. The analyzed natural substances showed a good microbicidal activity and anti-biofilm activity. The results obtained from this study may contribute to the development of new bio-control agents as alternative strategies for prevention and control of ring rot pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ichim
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest , Romania
| | - Luminita Marutescu
- National Phytosanitary Laboratory, Bucharest , Romania
- Research Institute of University of Bucharest, Bucharest , Romania
| | - Marcela Popa
- Research Institute of University of Bucharest, Bucharest , Romania
| | - Stelica Cristea
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine Bucharest , Romania
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19
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Pandey AK, Kumar P, Singh P, Tripathi NN, Bajpai VK. Essential Oils: Sources of Antimicrobials and Food Preservatives. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2161. [PMID: 28138324 PMCID: PMC5238431 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic and medicinal plants produce essential oils in the form of secondary metabolites. These essential oils can be used in diverse applications in food, perfume, and cosmetic industries. The use of essential oils as antimicrobials and food preservative agents is of concern because of several reported side effects of synthetic oils. Essential oils have the potential to be used as a food preservative for cereals, grains, pulses, fruits, and vegetables. In this review, we briefly describe the results in relevant literature and summarize the uses of essential oils with special emphasis on their antibacterial, bactericidal, antifungal, fungicidal, and food preservative properties. Essential oils have pronounced antimicrobial and food preservative properties because they consist of a variety of active constituents (e.g., terpenes, terpenoids, carotenoids, coumarins, curcumins) that have great significance in the food industry. Thus, the various properties of essential oils offer the possibility of using natural, safe, eco-friendly, cost-effective, renewable, and easily biodegradable antimicrobials for food commodity preservation in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay K. Pandey
- Bacteriology and Natural Pesticide Laboratory, Department of Botany, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur UniversityGorakhpur, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Forestry, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and TechnologyNirjuli, India
| | - Pooja Singh
- Bacteriology and Natural Pesticide Laboratory, Department of Botany, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur UniversityGorakhpur, India
| | - Nijendra N. Tripathi
- Bacteriology and Natural Pesticide Laboratory, Department of Botany, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur UniversityGorakhpur, India
| | - Vivek K. Bajpai
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam UniversityGyeongsan, South Korea
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20
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Chen J, Yu Y, Li S, Ding W. Resveratrol and Coumarin: Novel Agricultural Antibacterial Agent against Ralstonia solanacearum In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2016; 21:E1501. [PMID: 27834875 PMCID: PMC6273507 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial wilt is a destructive disease caused by the phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum), which is widely found in various tobacco-growing areas all over the world. Botanical bactericidal substances have gradually emerged as a hot topic in modern pesticide research. In this study, the antibacterial activities of two phytochemicals (resveratrol and coumarin) against R. solanacearum and their in vivo and in vitro efficacy for controlling tobacco bacterial wilt were evaluated. We rule out significant biological effects of both phytochemicals using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and fluorescence microscope, which suppressed the growth of R. solanacearum. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the toxicity mechanisms mainly involved damaging bacterial cell membrane and preventing swarming motility and biofilm formation. A further pot experiment demonstrated that coumarin and resveratrol significantly inhibited early adhesion and colonization of R. solanacearum in tobacco plants and the corresponding control efficacies were 68% and 85% after incubation for 13 days, respectively. The findings of this study suggest that both resveratrol and coumarin have potential as non-toxic antimicrobial strategies for controlling tobacco bacterial wilt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanni Chen
- Laboratory of Natural Product Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yanmei Yu
- Laboratory of Natural Product Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Shili Li
- Laboratory of Natural Product Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Wei Ding
- Laboratory of Natural Product Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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21
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Li S, Yu Y, Chen J, Guo B, Yang L, Ding W. Evaluation of the Antibacterial Effects and Mechanism of Action of Protocatechualdehyde against Ralstonia solanacearum. Molecules 2016; 21:E754. [PMID: 27294898 PMCID: PMC6274444 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocatechualdehyde (PCA) is an important plant-derived natural product that has been associated with a wide variety of biological activities and has been widely used in medicine as an antioxidant, anti-aging and an anti-inflammatory agent. However, fewer reports concerning its antibacterial effects on plant-pathogenic bacteria exist. Therefore, in this study, protocatechualdehyde was evaluated for its antibacterial activity against plant pathogens along with the mechanism of its antibacterial action. PCA at 40 μg/mL was highly active against R. solanacearum and significantly inhibited its growth. The minimum bactericidal concentration and minimum inhibitory concentration values for PCA were 40 μg/mL and 20 μg/mL, respectively. Further investigation of the mechanism of action of PCA via transmission electron microscopy and biological assays indicated that the destruction of the cell structure, the shapes and the inhibition of biofilm formation were important. In addition, the application of PCA effectively reduced the incidence of bacterial wilt on tobacco under greenhouse conditions, and the control efficiency was as high as 92.01% at nine days after inoculation. Taken together, these findings suggest that PCA exhibits strong antibacterial activity against R. solanacearum and has the potential to be applied as an effective antibacterial agent for controlling bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shili Li
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yanmei Yu
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Juanni Chen
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Bing Guo
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Liang Yang
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Wei Ding
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticides, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Shen Q, Zhou W, Li H, Hu L, Mo H. ROS Involves the Fungicidal Actions of Thymol against Spores of Aspergillus flavus via the Induction of Nitric Oxide. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155647. [PMID: 27196096 PMCID: PMC4872997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a well-known pathogenic fungus for both crops and human beings. The acquisition of resistance to azoles by A. flavus is leading to more failures occurring in the prevention of infection by A. flavus. In this study, we found that thymol, one of the major chemical constituents of the essential oil of Monarda punctate, had efficient fungicidal activity against A. flavus and led to sporular lysis. Further studies indicated that thymol treatment induced the generation of both ROS and NO in spores, whereas NO accumulation was far later than ROS accumulation in response to thymol. By blocking ROS production with the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase, NO generation was also significantly inhibited in the presence of thymol, which indicated that ROS induced NO generation in A. flavus in response to thymol treatment. Moreover, the removal of either ROS or NO attenuated lysis and death of spores exposed to thymol. The addition of SNP (exogenous NO donor) eliminated the protective effects of the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase on thymol-induced lysis and death of spores. Taken together, it could be concluded that ROS is involved in spore death induced by thymol via the induction of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Shen
- Department of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Department of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Liangbin Hu
- Department of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Haizhen Mo
- Department of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
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23
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Farag MA, Al-Mahdy DA, Salah El Dine R, Fahmy S, Yassin A, Porzel A, Brandt W. Structure-Activity Relationships of Antimicrobial Gallic Acid Derivatives from Pomegranate and Acacia Fruit Extracts against Potato Bacterial Wilt Pathogen. Chem Biodivers 2016; 12:955-62. [PMID: 26080741 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201400194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilts of potato, tomato, pepper, and or eggplant caused by Ralstonia solanacearum are among the most serious plant diseases worldwide. In this study, the issue of developing bactericidal agents from natural sources against R. solanacearum derived from plant extracts was addressed. Extracts prepared from 25 plant species with antiseptic relevance in Egyptian folk medicine were screened for their antimicrobial properties against the potato pathogen R. solancearum by using the disc-zone inhibition assay and microtitre plate dilution method. Plants exhibiting notable antimicrobial activities against the tested pathogen include extracts from Acacia arabica and Punica granatum. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of A. arabica and P. granatum resulted in the isolation of bioactive compounds 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid and gallic acid, in addition to epicatechin. All isolates displayed significant antimicrobial activities against R. solanacearum (MIC values 0.5-9 mg/ml), with 3,5-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid being the most effective one with a MIC value of 0.47 mg/ml. We further performed a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study for the inhibition of R. solanacearum growth by ten natural, structurally related benzoic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini st., P. B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt (phone: +20-2-23632245; fax: +20-2-25320005). , .,Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Dept. Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, DE-06120 Halle (Saale). ,
| | - Dalia A Al-Mahdy
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini st., P. B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt (phone: +20-2-23632245; fax: +20-2-25320005)
| | - Riham Salah El Dine
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini st., P. B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt (phone: +20-2-23632245; fax: +20-2-25320005)
| | - Sherifa Fahmy
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini st., P. B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt (phone: +20-2-23632245; fax: +20-2-25320005)
| | - Aymen Yassin
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini st., P. B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Andrea Porzel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Dept. Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, DE-06120 Halle (Saale)
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El Aini st., P. B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt (phone: +20-2-23632245; fax: +20-2-25320005)
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Pandey AK, Sonker N, Singh P. Efficacy of Some Essential Oils AgainstAspergillus flavuswith Special Reference toLippia albaOil an Inhibitor of Fungal Proliferation and Aflatoxin B1Production in Green Gram Seeds during Storage. J Food Sci 2016; 81:M928-34. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhay K. Pandey
- Bacteriology and Natural Pesticide Laboratory, Dept. of Botany; DDU Gorakhpur Univ; Gorakhpur -273009 U.P India
- Plant Health Management Div; Natl. Inst. of Plant Health Management; Rajendra Nagar Hyderabad -500030 India
| | - Nivedita Sonker
- Bacteriology and Natural Pesticide Laboratory, Dept. of Botany; DDU Gorakhpur Univ; Gorakhpur -273009 U.P India
| | - Pooja Singh
- Bacteriology and Natural Pesticide Laboratory, Dept. of Botany; DDU Gorakhpur Univ; Gorakhpur -273009 U.P India
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25
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Erjavec J, Ravnikar M, Brzin J, Grebenc T, Blejec A, Gosak MŽ, Sabotič J, Kos J, Dreo T. Antibacterial Activity of Wild Mushroom Extracts on Bacterial Wilt Pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:453-464. [PMID: 30694152 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-14-0812-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In total, 150 protein extracts from 94 different basidiomycete and ascomycete wild mushroom species were tested for antibacterial activity against the quarantine plant-pathogen bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. In in vitro microtiter plate assays, 15 extracts with moderate to high antibacterial activities were identified: 11 completely inhibited bacterial growth and 4 showed partial inhibition. Of these 15 extracts, 5 were further tested and 3 extracts slowed disease progression and reduced disease severity in artificially inoculated tomato and potato plants. However, the in vitro activities of the extracts did not always correlate with their in vivo activities, which emphasizes the importance of performing early screening tests also in vivo. Testing of selected extracts against 12 R. solanacearum strains identified 6 with potential for broader applicability. Further analysis of extracts from Amanita phalloides and Clitocybe geotropa showed that the active substances are proteins with an approximate size of 180 kDa. To our knowledge, this is the first in vitro and in vivo study that demonstrates that mushroom protein extracts can be promising for treatment of bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Erjavec
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Ravnikar
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jože Brzin
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tine Grebenc
- Department of Forest Physiology and Genetics, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Blejec
- Department of Entomology, National Institute of Biology
| | - Mateja Želko Gosak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology
| | | | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Dreo
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology
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26
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Rashid TS, Sijam K, Awla HK, Saud HM, Kadir J. Pathogenicity Assay and Molecular Identification of Fungi and Bacteria Associated with Diseases of Tomato in Malaysia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2016.76090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Liu L, Sun C, Liu S, Chai R, Huang W, Liu X, Tang C, Zhang Y. Bioorganic fertilizer enhances soil suppressive capacity against bacterial wilt of tomato. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121304. [PMID: 25830639 PMCID: PMC4382293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most destructive soil-borne diseases. Many strategies have been taken to improve soil suppressiveness against this destructive disease, but limited success has been achieved. In this study, a novel bioorganic fertilizer revealed a higher suppressive ability against bacterial wilt compared with several soil management methods in the field over four growing seasons from March 2011 to July 2013. The application of the bioorganic fertilizer significantly (P<0.05) reduced disease incidence of tomato and increased fruit yields in four independent trials. The association among the level of disease incidence, soil physicochemical and biological properties was investigated. The soil treated with the bioorganic fertilizer increased soil pH value, electric conductivity, organic carbon, NH4+-N, NO3--N and available K content, microbial activities and microbial biomass carbon content, which were positively related with soil suppressiveness. Bacterial and actinomycete populations assessed using classical plate counts were highest, whereas R. solanacearum and fungal populations were lowest in soil applied with the bioorganic fertilizer. Microbial community diversity and richness were assessed using denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis profile analysis. The soil treated with the bioorganic fertilizer exhibited higher bacterial community diversity but lower fungal community diversity. Redundancy analysis showed that bacterial community diversity and richness negatively related with bacterial wilt suppressiveness, while fungal community richness positively correlated with R. solanacearum population. We concluded that the alteration of soil physicochemical and biological properties in soil treated with the bioorganic fertilizer induced the soil suppressiveness against tomato bacterial wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengliang Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuangri Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rushan Chai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiqing Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caixian Tang
- Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Melbourne Campus, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Yongsong Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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28
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Yuliar, Nion YA, Toyota K. Recent trends in control methods for bacterial wilt diseases caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. Microbes Environ 2015; 30:1-11. [PMID: 25762345 PMCID: PMC4356456 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me14144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have described the development of control methods against bacterial wilt diseases caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. This review focused on recent advances in control measures, such as biological, physical, chemical, cultural, and integral measures, as well as biocontrol efficacy and suppression mechanisms. Biological control agents (BCAs) have been dominated by bacteria (90%) and fungi (10%). Avirulent strains of R. solanacearum, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., and Streptomyces spp. are well-known BCAs. New or uncommon BCAs have also been identified such as Acinetobacter sp., Burkholderia sp., and Paenibacillus sp. Inoculation methods for BCAs affect biocontrol efficacy, such as pouring or drenching soil, dipping of roots, and seed coatings. The amendment of different organic matter, such as plant residue, animal waste, and simple organic compounds, have frequently been reported to suppress bacterial wilt diseases. The combined application of BCAs and their substrates was shown to more effectively suppress bacterial wilt in the tomato. Suppression mechanisms are typically attributed to the antibacterial metabolites produced by BCAs or those present in natural products; however, the number of studies related to host resistance to the pathogen is increasing. Enhanced/modified soil microbial communities are also indirectly involved in disease suppression. New promising types of control measures include biological soil disinfection using substrates that release volatile compounds. This review described recent advances in different control measures. We focused on the importance of integrated pest management (IPM) for bacterial wilt diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliar
- Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Km 46, Cibinong Science Center 16911Indonesia
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology2–24–16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184–8588Japan
| | - Yanetri Asi Nion
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology2–24–16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184–8588Japan
- Palangka Raya University JlYos Sudarso, Center of Kalimantan, Palangka RayaIndonesia
| | - Koki Toyota
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology2–24–16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184–8588Japan
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29
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Vu TT, Kim JC, Choi YH, Choi GJ, Jang KS, Choi TH, Yoon TM, Lee SW. Effect of Gallotannins Derived from Sedum takesimense on Tomato Bacterial Wilt. PLANT DISEASE 2013; 97:1593-1598. [PMID: 30716836 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-13-0350-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the process of searching antibacterial agents from plants, we discovered that the methanol extract of Sedum takesimense showed potent antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum in vitro and in vivo. Eight antibacterial gallotannins were isolated from the aerial parts of S. takesimense and identified as gallic acid, methyl gallate, 4,6-di-O-galloylarbutin, 2,6-di-O-galloylarbutin, 2,4,6-tri-O-galloyl-glucose, 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-glucose, 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-glucose, and 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-glucose based on electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These gallotannins displayed broad-spectrum activity against various plant-pathogenic bacteria, and the strongest in vitro antibacterial activities of these gallotannins were against R. solanacearum minimum inhibitory concentration = 0.02 to 0.10 g/liter). Among these gallotannins, methyl gallate and 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-glucose showed the strongest activities. In addition, synergistic or partial synergistic effects were observed in most combinations between major antibacterial compounds. The wettable powder formulation of the S. takesimense crude extract effectively reduced the development of tomato bacterial wilt caused by R. solanacearum under greenhouse conditions for 14 days after infection. This is the first report on the isolation of antibacterial compounds from S. takesimense. These results suggest that the extract from S. takesimense or the isolated gallotannins could be used as natural bactericides for the control of tomato bacterial wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Thu Vu
- University of Science and Technology, Biobased Chemistry Research Center, Convergence Chemistry Division
| | - Jin-Cheol Kim
- University of Science and Technology, Biobased Chemistry Research Center, Convergence Chemistry Division
| | - Yong Ho Choi
- Biobased Chemistry Research Center, Convergence Chemistry Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Biobased Chemistry Research Center, Convergence Chemistry Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Soo Jang
- Biobased Chemistry Research Center, Convergence Chemistry Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ho Choi
- SNTech Co., Bundang-Technopark, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-816, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Mi Yoon
- SNTech Co., Bundang-Technopark, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 463-816, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Woo Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
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30
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Yuan GQ, Li QQ, Qin J, Ye YF, Lin W. Isolation of Methyl Gallate from Toxicodendron sylvestre and Its Effect on Tomato Bacterial Wilt. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:1143-1147. [PMID: 30727051 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-11-0150-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We determined that the methanol extract of Toxicodendron sylvestre could significantly inhibit Ralstonia solanacearum in vitro and in planta. One compound responsible for the antibacterial activity was isolated from the ethyl ether extract and identified as methyl gallate (MG) based on its 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance data as well as mass spectroscopy. MG displayed broad-spectrum activity against plant-pathogenic bacteria, and strong inhibitory effects on the growth of plant-pathogenic oomycetes. The half inhibition concentration of MG on R. solanacearum was 8.3 mg/liter, which was tested by the agar dilution method. Disease control trials in planta showed that both natural and synthetic MG could effectively reduce the incidence of tomato bacterial wilt, and there was no significant difference between them in control efficacy. This is the first report on the use of MG for the control of a plant bacterial disease. Because of its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and significant control efficacy on tomato bacterial wilt in planta, MG shows potential to be used as a bactericide to control plant bacterial wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Qing Yuan
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Qin Li
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Jian Qin
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Feng Ye
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plant, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Wei Lin
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, P.R. China
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31
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Feng CT, Su HJ, Chen CT, Ho WC, Tsou YR, Chern LL. Inhibitory Effects of Chinese Medicinal Herbs on Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria and Identification of the Active Components from Gallnuts of Chinese Sumac. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:1193-1197. [PMID: 30727060 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-11-0673-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aqueous extracts of 30 out of 67 Chinese medicinal herbs were shown to have inhibitory effects on growth of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria by a paper disc diffusion assay. The inhibitory substances with the strongest antibacterial activity were extracted from Chinese sumac gallnut and black myrobalan. The aqueous extract of gallnut inhibited the growth of eight of the tested plant-pathogenic bacteria, and that of black myrobalan inhibited five. The gallnut extract produced at least an 8-mm inhibition zone against Acidovorax citrulli, Ralstonia solanacearum, X. citri pv. citri, and X. euvesicatoria at a 10-fold dilution, and it was still active at 800- to 1,600-fold dilutions. The aqueous extract of gallnut was more inhibitory than the acetone-water extract. To identify the inhibitory compounds in the gallnut aqueous extract, the crude extract was chromatographed over a silica column, and the primary compounds in fractions 3 and 8 were identified by nuclear magnetic resonance as gallic acid and methyl gallate, respectively. The inhibitory effect of methyl gallate on the growth of four plant-pathogenic bacteria was 10 to 80 times that of gallic acid. The minimum inhibition and minimum bactericidal concentration tests showed that the inhibition effect of the original aqueous was higher than that of methyl gallate. These results indicate that methyl gallate in gallnut is an important compound that is inhibitory to plant-pathogenic bacterial growth, and there are other unidentified compounds that are also responsible for the antibacterial effects. This is the first report regarding the antibacterial effects of gallnut extract and its chemical components on plant-pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Feng
- Institute of Biological Resource, National Pingtung University of Science & Technology, Neipu 91201, Taiwan
| | - H J Su
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Neipu, 91202, Taiwan
| | - C T Chen
- Institute of Biological Resource, National Pingtung University of Science & Technology, Neipu 91201, Taiwan
| | - W C Ho
- Department of Biotechnology, Tajen University, Yenpu, Pingtung 09741, Taiwan
| | - Y R Tsou
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science & Technology, Neipu 91201, Taiwan
| | - L L Chern
- Department of Plant Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science & Technology, Neipu 91201, Taiwan
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Deberdt P, Perrin B, Coranson-Beaudu R, Duyck PF, Wicker E. Effect of Allium fistulosum Extract on Ralstonia solanacearum Populations and Tomato Bacterial Wilt. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:687-692. [PMID: 30727520 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-11-0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To control bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum, phylotype IIB/4NPB), the antimicrobial effect of Allium fistulosum aqueous extract was assessed as a preplant soil treatment. Three concentrations of extract (100, 50, and 25%, 1:1 [wt/vol]) were evaluated by in vitro inhibition assay and in vivo experiments in a growth chamber. In vitro, A. fistulosum (100 and 50%) suppressed growth of R. solanacearum. Preplant treatment of the soil with A. fistulosum extract significantly reduced the R. solanacearum populations. No pathogen was detected in the soil after treatment with 100% concentrated extract from the third day after application until the end of the experiment. A. fistulosum also significantly reduced the incidence of tomato bacterial wilt. In the untreated control, the disease affected 61% of the plants whereas, with 100 and 50% extracts, only 6 and 14% of the plants, respectively, were affected. These results suggest that A. fistulosum extracts could be used in biocontrol-based management strategies for bacterial wilt of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péninna Deberdt
- CIRAD, UPR HORTSYS, Pôle de Recherche Agroenvironnementale de Martinique (PRAM), Le Lamentin, Martinique, France, 97285
| | - Benjamin Perrin
- CIRAD, UPR HORTSYS, Pôle de Recherche Agroenvironnementale de Martinique (PRAM), Le Lamentin, Martinique, France, 97285
| | - Régine Coranson-Beaudu
- CIRAD, UPR HORTSYS, Pôle de Recherche Agroenvironnementale de Martinique (PRAM), Le Lamentin, Martinique, France, 97285
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Paret ML, Sharma SK, Alvarez AM. Characterization of biofumigated Ralstonia solanacearum cells using micro-Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2012; 102:105-13. [PMID: 21899389 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-10-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils of palmarosa, lemongrass, and eucalyptus have shown promise as biofumigants for control of the bacterial wilt disease of edible ginger (Zingiber officinale) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum race 4 in previous potting medium studies. Biochemical changes in R. solanacearum cells were evaluated with micro-Raman spectroscopy following treatment with essential oils at different concentrations (0.04, 0.07, and 0.14% [vol/vol] of culture medium) and changes in cell structure were observed using electron microscopy. All treatments except palmarosa oil at 0.04% caused significant reductions in levels of amino acids, purine and pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as indicated by significant reduction in Raman peak heights at 621, 1,003, and 1,031 inverse centimeters (cm(-1)) (phenylalanine); 643, 827, 852, 1,158, and 1,172 cm(-1) (tyrosine); 758 cm(-1) (tryptophan); 725, 782, 1,337, and 1,578 cm(-1) (adenine, cytosine plus uracil, adenine, and adenine plus guanine, respectively); 1,097 cm(-1) (carbohydrates); and 1,127, 1,450, and 2,932 cm(-1) (lipids) compared with untreated controls. Lemongrass oil treatments were the most effective in degrading cellular components. Scanning electron microscopy of palmarosa and lemongrass-oil-treated cells showed rupture of cell walls and cell debris but no degradation was noted for eucalyptus-oil-treated cells. Palmarosa- and lemongrass-oil-treated cells were positively stained with uranyl acetate when viewed by transmission electron microscopy whereas controls and eucalyptus-oil-treated cells were negatively stained, indicating that the cell membranes were intact. The viability of eucalyptus-oil-treated cells was confirmed by cell culture following treatment. Micro-Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool which can be further employed to better understand effects of fumigants and other bactericides on bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathews L Paret
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Services, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Duraipandiyan V, Ignacimuthu S, Gabriel Paulraj M. Antifeedant and larvicidal activities of Rhein isolated from the flowers of Cassia fistula L. Saudi J Biol Sci 2011; 18:129-33. [PMID: 23961115 PMCID: PMC3730718 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifeedant and larvicidal activities of rhein (1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone-3-carboxylic acid) isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Cassia fistula flower were studied against lepidopteron pests Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa armigera. Significant antifeedant activity was observed against H. armigera (76.13%) at 1000 ppm concentration. Rhein exhibited larvicidal activity against H. armigera (67.5), S. litura (36.25%) and the LC50 values was 606.50 ppm for H. armigera and 1192.55 ppm for S. litura. The survived larvae produced malformed adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Ignacimuthu
- Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600034, India
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Paret ML, Cabos R, Kratky BA, Alvarez AM. Effect of Plant Essential Oils on Ralstonia solanacearum Race 4 and Bacterial Wilt of Edible Ginger. PLANT DISEASE 2010; 94:521-527. [PMID: 30754476 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-94-5-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Palmarosa (Cymbopogon martini), lemongrass (C. citratus), and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) oils were investigated for their effects on Ralstonia solanacearum race 4 and their potential use as biofumigants for reducing bacterial wilt disease of edible ginger (Zingiber officinale). Three concentrations of the oils (0.04, 0.07, and 0.14% vol/vol) were evaluated by culture amendment assays, epifluorescence microscopy, and studies in potting medium. In culture amendment assays with palmarosa and lemongrass oils at 0.04%, both oils significantly reduced the growth of the bacterium compared with the control, and at 0.07 and 0.14% they showed complete inhibition of bacterial growth. Epifluorescence microscopic observations showed cell deterioration in 95 to 100% of the cells at all concentrations of palmarosa and lemongrass oils, indicating its bactericidal properties. Eucalyptus oil treatments at 0.04 and 0.07% had bacteriostatic effects on the cells. The pathogen was not detected in R. solanacearum-infested potting medium after treatment with palmarosa and lemongrass oils at 0.07 and 0.14% in any of the experiments. Bacterial wilt incidence on edible ginger was significantly reduced when planted in essential oil-treated potting medium. None of the essential oil treatments reduced the growth or yield of edible ginger grown for 180 days in 5-liter pots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathews L Paret
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences (PEPS), University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu 96822
| | - Roxana Cabos
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI 96720
| | - B A Kratky
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa
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Kotan R, Cakir A, Dadasoglu F, Aydin T, Cakmakci R, Ozer H, Kordali S, Mete E, Dikbas N. Antibacterial activities of essential oils and extracts of Turkish Achillea, Satureja and Thymus species against plant pathogenic bacteria. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:145-160. [PMID: 20355025 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to examine the chemical composition of the essential oils and hexane extracts of the aerial parts of Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss., Thymus fallax Fisch. & CA Mey, Achillea biebersteinii Afan, and Achillea millefolium L. by GC and GC-MS, and to test antibacterial efficacy of essential oils and n-hexane, chloroform, acetone and methanol extracts as an antibacterial and seed disinfectant against 25 agricultural plant pathogens. RESULTS Thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, thymol methyl ether and gamma-terpinene were the main constituents of S. spicigera and T. fallax oils and hexane extracts. The main components of the oil of Achillea millefolium were 1,8-cineole, delta-cadinol and caryophyllene oxide, whereas the hexane extract of this species contained mainly n-hexacosane, n-tricosane and n-heneicosane. The oils and hexane extracts of S. spicigera and T. fallax exhibited potent antibacterial activity over a broad spectrum against 25 phytopathogenic bacterial strains. Carvacrol and thymol, the major constituents of S. spicigera and T. fallax oils, also showed potent antibacterial effect against the bacteria tested. The oils of Achillea species showed weak antibacterial activity. Our results also revealed that the essential oil of S. spicigera, thymol and carvacrol could be used as potential disinfection agents against seed-borne bacteria. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that S. spicigera, T. fallax oils, carvacrol and thymol could become potentials for controlling certain important agricultural plant pathogenic bacteria and seed disinfectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep Kotan
- Atatürk University, Department of Plant Protection, 25240-Erzurum, Turkey
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Ji P, Momol MT, Rich JR, Olson SM, Jones JB. Development of an Integrated Approach for Managing Bacterial Wilt and Root-Knot on Tomato Under Field Conditions. PLANT DISEASE 2007; 91:1321-1326. [PMID: 30780512 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-91-10-1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A 2-year field study was conducted to develop a field application method using thymol as a preplant soil treatment for controlling bacterial wilt and root-knot nematode on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). In addition, acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), which induces plant systemic resistance, was applied in conjunction with thymol to determine whether combining these tactics could improve bacterial wilt management. The test sites were artificially infested with Ralstonia solanacearum and Meloidogyne arenaria, and thymol was applied as preplant fumigation through drip irrigation lines under polyethylene mulch at a rate of 73 kg/ha in both 2004 and 2005. ASM was applied primarily as foliar spray at a concentration of 25 mg/liter. Application of thymol significantly reduced incidence of bacterial wilt on tomato in both years of the trial. In thymol-treated plots, 26.0 and 22.6% of the plants wilted in 2004 and 2005, respectively; whereas, in untreated plots, more than 95% of the plants wilted in each year. Number of root-knot nematode juveniles was significantly reduced in field plots treated with thymol and ASM for both years. The combined use of thymol and ASM provided the greatest reduction of root galling among the treatments. Tomato yield (cv. FL47) was evaluated only in the 2005 trial; thymol-treated plots produced significantly higher marketable yield than untreated plots, and the thymol treatment in combination with ASM significantly increased tomato yield compared with thymol or ASM alone. These results indicate that use of thymol and ASM was beneficial in controlling bacterial wilt and root-knot. We developed an effective method for applying thymol through drip irrigation lines for managing these diseases in tomato production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingsheng Ji
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
| | - M Timur Momol
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
| | - Jimmy R Rich
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
| | - Stephen M Olson
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy 32351
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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Musetti R, Polizzotto R, Vecchione A, Borselli S, Zulini L, D'Ambrosio M, di Toppi LS, Pertot I. Antifungal activity of diketopiperazines extracted from Alternaria alternata against Plasmopara viticola: An ultrastructural study. Micron 2007; 38:643-50. [PMID: 17071094 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Three dipeptides, belonging to the family of diketopiperazines (DKPs), were extracted from broth culture of the grapevine endophyte Alternaria alternata, and were tested against Plasmopara viticola on leaves of grapevine plants grown in greenhouse. DKPs, used at different concentrations (10(-3), 10(-4), 10(-5) and 10(-6)M) both singularly and in mixtures, demonstrated real effectiveness in inhibiting P. viticola sporulation when applied 2 or 24h after pathogen inoculation. Moreover, no necrotic lesions or other phytotoxicity symptoms were observed on DKP-treated grapevine leaf tissues. Ultrastructural analysis performed on grapevine leaf tissues revealed that the DKPs used singularly and in mixture, at above reported concentrations, did not cause leaf tissue damages. By contrast, hyphae of P. viticola exhibited marked structural changes, similar to those induced by the endophyte A. alternata. This demonstrates the involvement of these metabolites in the relationship of P. viticola and the endophyte. Further experimental trials will be carried out in the next future in order to test the effectiveness of these molecules also under field conditions, and to better understand the mechanism of action involved in the pathogen inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Musetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia Applicata alla Difesa delle Piante, Università di Udine, via delle Scienze 208, 33100 Udine, Italy.
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Fock I, Collonnier C, Lavergne D, Vaniet S, Ambroise A, Luisetti J, Kodja H, Sihachakr D. Evaluation of somatic hybrids of potato with Solanum stenotomum after a long-term in vitro conservation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2007; 45:209-15. [PMID: 17400465 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Somatic hybrids of potato with a cultivated relative, Solanum stenotomum also called Solanum tuberosum Stenotomum group, were evaluated for their physiological and agronomical characteristics as well as the stability of the introgressed resistance to bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, after a long-term in vitro conservation for more than 5 years. Analysis of photosynthesis showed that the PEPC/Rubisco ratio remained lower than 0.5 for all vitroplants of potato and the somatic hybrids, except for the relative species. This indicates that the carbon metabolism is heterotrophic (ratio>1) for S. stenotomum, and autotrophic for potato and the somatic hybrids (ratio<1). In both in vitro and greenhouse conditions, potato and the somatic hybrids produced few bigger tubers, while many small tubers were obtained from the relative. The hybrid tubers were morphologically intermediate. The starch content of hybrid tubers was much lower than that of potato, but similar to that of the relative species. Interestingly, the level of bacterial resistance, introgressed from S. stenotomum into potato, was shown to be very stable and remained as high as that of the relative after a long-term period of in vitro conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Fock
- Université de La Réunion, UMR Peuplements végétaux et bio-agresseurs en milieu tropical, La Réunion, France.
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Pawar VC, Thaker VS. Evaluation of the anti-Fusarium oxysporum f. sp cicer and anti-Alternaria porri effects of some essential oils. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-006-9339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Pradhanang PM, Ji P, Momol MT, Olson SM, Mayfield JL, Jones JB. Application of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl Enhances Host Resistance in Tomato Against Ralstonia solanacearum. PLANT DISEASE 2005; 89:989-993. [PMID: 30786634 DOI: 10.1094/pd-89-0989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The chemical elicitor acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM; Actigard 50 WG), which induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR), was investigated to determine the effect on bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum on moderately resistant cultivars under greenhouse and field conditions. In greenhouse experiments, ASM was applied as foliar spray and/or soil drench (3 μg/ml) before and as foliar spray (30 μg/ml) after transplanting. The chemical elicitor was ineffective in reducing bacterial wilt incidence on susceptible tomato cultivars Equinox and FL 47 when plants were inoculated with R. solanacearum. However, greenhouse studies indicated that ASM significantly enhanced resistance in cultivars with moderate resistance to bacterial wilt such as Neptune and BHN 466. It appeared that ASM-mediated resistance was partially due to prevention of internal spread of R. solanacearum toward upper stem tissues of tomato plants. The effect of ASM on moderately resistant cultivars was consistent in field experiments conducted in 2002 and 2003 in Quincy, FL, where bacterial wilt incidence was significantly reduced in ASM-treated BHN 466 (in 2002), FL 7514 (in 2003), and Neptune (both years) plants. ASM-treated BHN 466 and FL 7514 produced significantly higher tomato yield than the untreated controls. This is the first report of ASM-mediated control of bacterial wilt under field conditions, which suggests that use of this treatment for moderately resistant genotypes may be effective for control of bacterial wilt of tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Pradhanang
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, 155 Research Road, Quincy 32351
| | - P Ji
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, 155 Research Road, Quincy 32351
| | - M T Momol
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, 155 Research Road, Quincy 32351
| | - S M Olson
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, 155 Research Road, Quincy 32351
| | - J L Mayfield
- Gadsden County Extension, University of Florida, IFAS, Quincy 32351
| | - J B Jones
- Plant Pathology Department, 2253 Fifield Hall, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville 32611
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Ji P, Momol MT, Olson SM, Pradhanang PM, Jones JB. Evaluation of Thymol as Biofumigant for Control of Bacterial Wilt of Tomato Under Field Conditions. PLANT DISEASE 2005; 89:497-500. [PMID: 30795428 DOI: 10.1094/pd-89-0497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Volatile plant essential oils thymol and palmarosa oil, used at a concentration of 0.7%, were evaluated under field conditions for control of bacterial wilt of tomato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. The experimental fields were artificially infested with the bacterial pathogen. Two hours after infestation, the plant essential oils were applied, then the plots were sealed with plastic mulch for 3 or 6 days. Tomato seedlings were transplanted into the field 7 days later. In fall of 2002, 92.5% of tomato plants (cv. Equinox) wilted in the untreated control plots. Both thymol and palmarosa oil soil treatments reduced bacterial wilt incidence significantly. Thymol was more effective than palmarosa oil based on the final assessment, when 33.1 and 48.1% of the plants had wilted in plots treated with thymol and palmarosa oil, respectively. Soil treatment with either thymol or palmarosa oil produced significantly higher yield of tomato than the untreated control. In 2003, only thymol was evaluated. Thymol application significantly reduced bacterial wilt incidence on the susceptible cultivar Solar Set. Disease incidence in untreated plots reached 65.5%, while in thymol treated plots only 12% of plants wilted. Thymol treatment also increased yield of Solar Set significantly compared with the untreated control. This is the first report on the use of thymol for controlling a plant disease under field conditions, which indicated that this compound provided effective control of bacterial wilt on susceptible tomato cultivars when used as preplant treatment of soils. Because of its volatile property and broad-spectrum functions, thymol shows potential to be used as a soil biofumigant for the management of various plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ji
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, 155 Research Road, Quincy 32351
| | - M T Momol
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, 155 Research Road, Quincy 32351
| | - S M Olson
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, 155 Research Road, Quincy 32351
| | - P M Pradhanang
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, 155 Research Road, Quincy 32351
| | - J B Jones
- Plant Pathology Department, 2253 Fifield Hall, University of Florida, IFAS, Gainesville 32611
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Anith KN, Momol MT, Kloepper JW, Marois JJ, Olson SM, Jones JB. Efficacy of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria, Acibenzolar-S-Methyl, and Soil Amendment for Integrated Management of Bacterial Wilt on Tomato. PLANT DISEASE 2004; 88:669-673. [PMID: 30812591 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2004.88.6.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR; Bacillus pumilus SE 34, Pseudomonas putida 89B61, BioYield, and Equity), acibenzolar-S-methyl (Actigard), and a soil amendment with S-H mixture (contains agricultural and industrial wastes such as bagasse, rice husk, oyster shell powder, urea, potassium nitrate, calcium super phosphate, and mineral ash) on bacterial wilt incidence caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (race 1, biovar 1) in susceptible tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Solar Set). In experiments with PGPR, Pseudomonas putida 89B61 significantly reduced bacterial wilt incidence when applied to the transplants at the time of seeding and 1 week prior to inoculation with Ralstonia solanacearum. BioYield, a formulated PGPR that contained two Bacillus strains, decreased disease significantly in three experiments. Equity, a formulation containing more than 40 different microbial strains, did not reduced wilt incidence compared with the untreated control. With inoculum at low pathogen densities of 1 × 105 and 1 × 106 CFU/ml, disease incidence of Actigard-treated plants was significantly less than with nontreated plants. This is the first report of Actigard-mediated reduction of bacterial wilt incidence in a susceptible tomato cultivar. When PGPR and Actigard applications were combined, Actigard plus P. putida 89B61 or BioYield reduced bacterial wilt incidence compared with the untreated control. Incorporation of S-H mixture into infested soil 2 weeks before transplanting reduced bacterial wilt incidence in one experiment. Combination of Actigard with the S-H mixture significantly reduced bacterial wilt incidence in tomato in two experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Anith
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy 32351
| | - M T Momol
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy 32351
| | - J W Kloepper
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - J J Marois
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy 32351
| | - S M Olson
- North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 155 Research Road, Quincy 32351
| | - J B Jones
- Plant Pathology Department, 2253 Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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