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Puig AS. Fungal Pathogens of Cacao in Puerto Rico. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3855. [PMID: 38005752 PMCID: PMC10675365 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Cacao production is a rapidly expanding industry in Puerto Rico, with new farmers planting ~20,000 trees in the past few years. To determine the etiology and extent of diseases affecting cacao in Puerto Rico, a survey was performed at eight sites around the island. Pod rot and/or branch dieback were observed at all sites. Most organisms isolated from symptomatic pod and stem samples were identified as Diaporthe spp. (48%) and Lasiodiplodia spp. (25%) based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer and large subunit regions. Within these genera, Diaporthe tulliensis and Lasiodiplodia theobromae were the most prevalent species and were used in inoculation studies to determine their relative virulence on pods and stems. Phytophthora palmivora served as a positive control due to its well-established pathogenicity in all tissues. On pods, L. theobromae and P. palmivora caused significantly larger lesions (6.1 and 5.9 cm, respectively) than D. tulliensis (2.7 cm) four days post-inoculation. All three species caused disease on stems, with no differences found among species. Although P. palmivora was thought to be the primary pathogen affecting cacao in Puerto Rico, this study identifies L. theobromae and D. tulliensis as the common pathogens on the island. This improved understanding will help scientists and farmers control disease by selecting fungicides effective against both oomycetes and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Sandra Puig
- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA
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2
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da Silva Estrela Junior A, Solís K, Sobrinho CCDM, Garzón AI, Peñaherrera S, Vera DI, Solís Bonilla JL, Moraes WB, Laranjeira D, Gramacho KP. Viability of Moniliophthora roreri on Cocoa Beans Under Microfermentation and Long-Term Survival on Carrier Materials. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:3497-3505. [PMID: 37157116 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-22-2630-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The viability of Moniliophthora roreri inoculum was evaluated during the microfermentation process of diseased and healthy pulp-seed masses and on a range of carrier materials: aluminum, cloth, glass, paper, plastic, raffia, and rubber tire. Fungal survival was assessed before the microfermentation (0 h) and every 24 to 96 h by the growth of colonies in potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) and sporulation in seed shells. Colonies of M. roreri and sporulation on seed shells were observed from seeds not submitted to microfermentation. No growth was recovered from diseased cocoa beans after 48 h under the microfermentation. The viability of M. roreri spores recovered from carrier materials was evaluated at 7, 15, 30, 45, and 100 days after inoculation (DAI) by collecting spores and plating them on Sabouraud dextrose yeast extract agar amended with chloramphenicol (50 mg l1). The viability was determined by counting germinated and ungerminated spores under a light microscope (40×) after incubating in a moist chamber at 26 ± 2°C for 72 h. Spores maintained long-term viability on all tested carrier materials toward the end of the experiment (overall 26%) with significant differences (<0.05) among them. Maximum spore viability occurred at 7 and 15 DAI, with cloth and plastic carrier materials considered at high risk of acting as vehicles for the fungal spread. Mathematical models of spore viability over time were fit to the data using the Bayesian information criterion. Findings confirmed the importance of the fermentation process to hamper M. roreri growth and the potential of carrier materials for fungal dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karina Solís
- Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Mocache, Los Ríos, Ecuador
| | | | - Arturo Iván Garzón
- Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Mocache, Los Ríos, Ecuador
| | - Sofia Peñaherrera
- Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Mocache, Los Ríos, Ecuador
| | - Danilo I Vera
- Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Mocache, Los Ríos, Ecuador
| | - José Luis Solís Bonilla
- Campo Experimental Rosario Izapa (CERI), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Tuxtla Chico, Chiapas 30870, México
| | - Willian Bucker Moraes
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Delson Laranjeira
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Karina Peres Gramacho
- Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CEPEC), Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira (CEPLAC), Ilhéus, BA 45600-970, Brazil
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Minio A, Figueroa-Balderas R, Cohen SP, Ali SS, Carriel D, Britto D, Stack C, Baruah IK, Marelli JP, Cantu D, Bailey BA. Clonal reproduction of Moniliophthora roreri and the emergence of unique lineages with distinct genomes during range expansion. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad125. [PMID: 37337677 PMCID: PMC10468315 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The basidiomycete Moniliophthora roreri causes frosty pod rot of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in the western hemisphere. Moniliophthora roreri is considered asexual and haploid throughout its hemibiotrophic life cycle. To understand the processes driving genome modification, using long-read sequencing technology, we sequenced and assembled 5 high-quality M. roreri genomes out of a collection of 99 isolates collected throughout the pathogen's range. We obtained chromosome-scale assemblies composed of 11 scaffolds. We used short-read technology to sequence the genomes of 22 similarly chosen isolates. Alignments among the 5 reference assemblies revealed inversions, translocations, and duplications between and within scaffolds. Isolates at the front of the pathogens' expanding range tend to share lineage-specific structural variants, as confirmed by short-read sequencing. We identified, for the first time, 3 new mating type A locus alleles (5 in total) and 1 new potential mating type B locus allele (3 in total). Currently, only 2 mating type combinations, A1B1 and A2B2, are known to exist outside of Colombia. A systematic survey of the M. roreri transcriptome across 2 isolates identified an expanded candidate effector pool and provided evidence that effector candidate genes unique to the Moniliophthoras are preferentially expressed during the biotrophic phase of disease. Notably, M. roreri isolates in Costa Rica carry a chromosome segment duplication that has doubled the associated gene complement and includes secreted proteins and candidate effectors. Clonal reproduction of the haploid M. roreri genome has allowed lineages with unique genome structures and compositions to dominate as it expands its range, displaying a significant founder effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Minio
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis 95616, CA, USA
- Genome Center, University of California Davis, 95616 Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rosa Figueroa-Balderas
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - Stephen P Cohen
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville 20705, MD, USA
| | - Shahin S Ali
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville 20705, MD, USA
| | - Denny Carriel
- Mars La Chola (MLCH), Mars Inc., Guayaquil 090103, Ecuador
| | - Dahyana Britto
- Mars Center for Cocoa Science, Mars Inc., Fazenda Almirante, Caixa Postal 55, Itajuípe, BA, CEP 45630-000, Brazil
| | - Conrad Stack
- Mars Digital Technologies, Mars Inc., Chicago 60642, IL, USA
| | - Indrani K Baruah
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville 20705, MD, USA
| | | | - Dario Cantu
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, Davis 95616, CA, USA
| | - Bryan A Bailey
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville 20705, MD, USA
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de Novais DPS, Batista TM, Costa EA, Pirovani CP. Genomic and Pathogenicity Mechanisms of the Main Theobroma cacao L. Eukaryotic Pathogens: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1567. [PMID: 37375069 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes are responsible for large losses in annual world cocoa production. Managing the impact caused by these diseases is very complex because a common solution has yet to be found for different pathogens. In this context, the systematic knowledge of Theobroma cacao L. pathogens' molecular characteristics may help researchers understand the possibilities and limitations of cocoa disease management strategies. This work systematically organized and summarized the main findings of omics studies of T. cacao eukaryotic pathogens, focusing on the plant-pathogen interaction and production dynamics. Using the PRISMA protocol and a semiautomated process, we selected papers from the Scopus and Web of Science databases and collected data from the selected papers. From the initial 3169 studies, 149 were selected. The first author's affiliations were mostly from two countries, Brazil (55%) and the USA (22%). The most frequent genera were Moniliophthora (105 studies), Phytophthora (59 studies) and Ceratocystis (13 studies). The systematic review database includes papers reporting the whole-genome sequence from six cocoa pathogens and evidence of some necrosis-inducing-like proteins, which are common in T. cacao pathogen genomes. This review contributes to the knowledge about T. cacao diseases, providing an integrated discussion of T. cacao pathogens' molecular characteristics, common mechanisms of pathogenicity and how this knowledge is produced worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Pereira Silva de Novais
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil
- Bahia Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFBA), Porto Seguro 45810-000, BA, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mafra Batista
- Environmental Science Training Center, Federal University of Southern Bahia (UFSB), Porto Seguro 45810-000, BA, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Almeida Costa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus 45662-900, BA, Brazil
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5
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Neves Dos Santos F, Magalhães DMA, Luz EDMN, Eberlin MN, Simionato AVC. Metabolite mass spectrometry profiling of cacao genotypes reveals contrasting resistances to Ceratocystis cacaofunesta phytopathogen. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2519-2527. [PMID: 34498763 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ceratocystis wilt is a lethal disease of cacao, and the search for resistant genotypes may provide the best way to deal with the disease. Resistance or susceptibility behavior of some cacao genotypes when infected by Ceratocystis cacaofunesta is not yet understood. Herein, we report an LC-MS metabolomic screening analysis based on high-resolution MS to obtain comprehensive metabolic profile associated with multivariate data analysis of PLS-DA, which was effective to classify CCN-51 and TSH-1188 as resistant genotypes to C. cacaofunesta fungus, while CEPEC2002 was classified as a susceptible one. Using reversed-phase LC method, electrospray interface, and high-resolution tandem MS by the quadrupole-TOF analyzer, the typical profiles of metabolites, such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, lipids, alkaloids, and amino acids, were obtained. Untargeted metabolite profiles were used to construct discriminant analysis by partial least squares (PLS-DA)-derived loading plots, which placed the cacao genotypes into two major clusters related to susceptible or resistant groups. Linolenic, linoleic, oleic, stearic, arachidonic, and asiatic acids were annotated metabolites of infected, susceptible, and resistant genotypes, while methyl jasmonate, jasmonic acid, hydroxylated jasmonic acid, caffeine, and theobromine were annotated as constituents of the resistant genotypes. Trends of these typical metabolites levels revealed that CCN51 is susceptible, CEPEC2002 is moderately susceptible, and TSH1188 is resistant to C. cacaofunesta. Therefore, profiles of major metabolites as screened by LC-MS offer an efficient tool to reveal the level of resistance of cacao genotypes to C. cacaofunesta present in any farm around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Neves Dos Santos
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biomolecule Analysis Tiselius-LABi Tiselius, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcos Nogueira Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,MackMass Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry, School of Engineering-PPGEMN, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Valéria Colnaghi Simionato
- Laboratory of Biomolecule Analysis Tiselius-LABi Tiselius, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytics (INCTBio), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Vasconcelos AA, José J, Tokimatu PM, Camargo AP, Teixeira PJPL, Thomazella DPT, do Prado PFV, Fiorin GL, Costa JL, Figueira A, Carazzolle MF, Pereira GAG, Baroni RM. Adaptive evolution of Moniliophthora PR-1 proteins towards its pathogenic lifestyle. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:84. [PMID: 33990179 PMCID: PMC8120714 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01818-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant pathogenesis related-1 (PR-1) proteins belong to the CAP superfamily and have been characterized as markers of induced defense against pathogens. Moniliophthora perniciosa and Moniliophthora roreri are hemibiotrophic fungi that respectively cause the witches' broom disease and frosty pod rot in Theobroma cacao. Interestingly, a large number of plant PR-1-like genes are present in the genomes of both species and many are up-regulated during the biotrophic interaction. In this study, we investigated the evolution of PR-1 proteins from 22 genomes of Moniliophthora isolates and 16 other Agaricales species, performing genomic investigation, phylogenetic reconstruction, positive selection search and gene expression analysis. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis revealed conserved PR-1 genes (PR-1a, b, d, j), shared by many Agaricales saprotrophic species, that have diversified in new PR-1 genes putatively related to pathogenicity in Moniliophthora (PR-1f, g, h, i), as well as in recent specialization cases within M. perniciosa biotypes (PR-1c, k, l) and M. roreri (PR-1n). PR-1 families in Moniliophthora with higher evolutionary rates exhibit induced expression in the biotrophic interaction and positive selection clues, supporting the hypothesis that these proteins accumulated adaptive changes in response to host-pathogen arms race. Furthermore, although previous work showed that MpPR-1 can detoxify plant antifungal compounds in yeast, we found that in the presence of eugenol M. perniciosa differentially expresses only MpPR-1e, k, d, of which two are not linked to pathogenicity, suggesting that detoxification might not be the main function of most MpPR-1. CONCLUSIONS Based on analyses of genomic and expression data, we provided evidence that the evolution of PR-1 in Moniliophthora was adaptive and potentially related to the emergence of the parasitic lifestyle in this genus. Additionally, we also discuss how fungal PR-1 proteins could have adapted from basal conserved functions to possible roles in fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrielle A Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana José
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Tokimatu
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio P Camargo
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo J P L Teixeira
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela P T Thomazella
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula F V do Prado
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel L Fiorin
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana L Costa
- Centro de Energia Nuclear Na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear Na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Carazzolle
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gonçalo A G Pereira
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Renata M Baroni
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Nelson JT, Motamayor JC, Cornejo OE. Environment and pathogens shape local and regional adaptations to climate change in the chocolate tree, Theobroma cacao L. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:656-669. [PMID: 33247971 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the potential fate of a species in the face of climate change requires knowing the distribution of molecular adaptations across the geographic range of the species. In this work, we analysed 79 genomes of Theobroma cacao, an Amazonian tree known for the fruit from which chocolate is produced, to evaluate how local and regional molecular signatures of adaptation are distributed across the natural range of the species. We implemented novel techniques that incorporate summary statistics from multiple selection scans to infer selective sweeps. The majority of the molecular adaptations in the genome are not shared among populations. We show that ~71.5% of genes under selection also show significant associations with changes in environmental variables. Our results support the interpretation that these genes contribute to local adaptation of the populations in response to abiotic factors. We also found strong patterns of molecular adaptation in a diverse array of disease resistance genes (6.5% of selective sweeps), suggesting that differential adaptation to pathogens also contributes significantly to local adaptations. Our results are consistent with the interpretation that local selective pressures are more important than regional selective pressures in explaining adaptation across the range of a species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Nelson
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Omar E Cornejo
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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8
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Lisboa DO, Evans HC, Araújo JPM, Elias SG, Barreto RW. Moniliophthora perniciosa, the mushroom causing witches' broom disease of cacao: Insights into its taxonomy, ecology and host range in Brazil. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:983-1003. [PMID: 33213787 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Witches' broom caused by Moniliophthora perniciosa is the main disease of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in Brazil. The fungus is known to occur on other host families and these populations have been addressed in the literature as biotypes: C (Malvaceae); H (Malpighiaceae); L (Bignoniaceae) and S (Solanaceae). No complete elucidation of the phylogenetic relationships of isolates obtained from this disparate host range appears in the literature. One member of H (ex Heteropterys acutifolia) has been described as a distinct species. But should other biotypes be also recognized as distinct taxa? In the present study, a survey yielding 24 isolates of M. perniciosa from ten hosts and covering a wide range of geographic regions in Brazil was undertaken. These isolates were compared with those from T. cacao using three DNA regions for the phylogenetic analyses: ITS, LSU and RPB1. Morphology was also examined. All isolates in this study were found to belong to M. perniciosa, including the population from H. acutifolia, formerly treated as Moniliophthora brasiliensis but reduced here to a synonym of M. perniciosa. This species ranged from pathogenic to a previously unreported occurrence as a non-pathogenic endophyte in the Atlantic rainforest tree Allophylus edulis (Sapindaceae). M. perniciosa was recorded on a range of solanaceous hosts (16 species) over a wide variety of ecosystems. The ecological and evolutionary significance of these novel findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela O Lisboa
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Harry C Evans
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil; CAB International, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK.
| | - João P M Araújo
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Samuel G Elias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Microbiana, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Bloco E, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Robert W Barreto
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Etaware PM, Adedeji AR, Osowole OI, Odebode AC. ETAPOD: A forecast model for prediction of black pod disease outbreak in Nigeria. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0209306. [PMID: 31923186 PMCID: PMC6953891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Food poisoning and environmental pollution are products of excessive chemical usage in Agriculture. In Nigeria, cocoa farmers apply fungicides frequently to control black pod disease (BPD), this practice is life threatening and lethal to the environment. The development of a warning system to detect BPD outbreak can help minimize excessive usage of fungicide by farmers. 8 models (MRM1-MRM8) were developed and 5 (MRM1-MRM5) selected for optimization and performance check. MRM5 (ETAPOD) performed better than the other forecast models. ETAPOD had 100% performance rating for BPD prediction in Ekiti (2009, 2010, 2011 and 2015) with model efficiency of 95–100%. The performance of the model was rated 80% in 2010 and 2015 (Ondo) with model efficiency of 85–90%, 70% in 2011 (Osun) with model efficiency of 81–84%, 60% in 2010 (Ondo and Osun) and 2015 (Osun) with model efficiency of 75–80%, 40% in 2009 (Osun) with model efficiency of 65–69% and 0% 1n 2011 (Ondo) with model efficiency between 0 and 49%. ETAPOD is a simplified BPD detection device for the past, present and future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Etaware
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- * E-mail:
| | - Abiodun R. Adedeji
- Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Idi-Ayunre, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oyedeji I. Osowole
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Adegboyega C. Odebode
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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10
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Martins Alves AM, Pereira Menezes S, Matos Lima E, Peres Gramacho K, Silva Andrade B, Macêdo Ferreira M, Pirovani CP, Micheli F. The selenium-binding protein of Theobroma cacao: A thermostable protein involved in the witches' broom disease resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:472-481. [PMID: 31430675 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The selenium-binding proteins are known to be inducers of apoptosis in human and animals, and have been studied as target for the treatment of various types of cancer. In plants, SBP expression has been related to abiotic and biotic stress resistance. The SBP from Theobroma cacao (TcSBP) was first identified from a cocoa-Moniliophthora perniciosa cDNA library. The present study provides details on the TcSBP gene and protein structure. Multiple alignments revealed conserved domains between SBP from plants, human and archea. Homology modeling and molecular docking were performed and showed that the TcSBP has affinity to selenite in the active CSSC site. This result was confirmed by circular dichroism of the recombinant TcSBP, which also presented thermostable behavior. RT-qPCR analysis showed that TcSBP was differentially expressed in resistant vs susceptible cacao varieties inoculated by M. perniciosa and its expression was probably due to hormone induction via cis-regulating elements present in its promotor. The presence of the CSSC domain suggested that TcSBP acted by altering oxidation/reduction of proteins during H2O2 production and programmed cell death in the final stages of the witches' broom disease. To our knowledge, this is the first in silico and in vitro analysis of the SBP from cacao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akyla Maria Martins Alves
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Sara Pereira Menezes
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Eline Matos Lima
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Av. José Moreira Sobrinho, Jequié, Bahia, 45206-190, Brazil
| | - Monaliza Macêdo Ferreira
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Fabienne Micheli
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil; CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
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11
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Marelli JP, Guest DI, Bailey BA, Evans HC, Brown JK, Junaid M, Barreto RW, Lisboa DO, Puig AS. Chocolate Under Threat from Old and New Cacao Diseases. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1331-1343. [PMID: 31115251 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-18-0477-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Theobroma cacao, the source of chocolate, is affected by destructive diseases wherever it is grown. Some diseases are endemic; however, as cacao was disseminated from the Amazon rain forest to new cultivation sites it encountered new pathogens. Two well-established diseases cause the greatest losses: black pod rot, caused by several species of Phytophthora, and witches' broom of cacao, caused by Moniliophthora perniciosa. Phytophthora megakarya causes the severest damage in the main cacao producing countries in West Africa, while P. palmivora causes significant losses globally. M. perniciosa is related to a sister basidiomycete species, M. roreri which causes frosty pod rot. These Moniliophthora species only occur in South and Central America, where they have significantly limited production since the beginnings of cacao cultivation. The basidiomycete Ceratobasidium theobromae causing vascular-streak dieback occurs only in South-East Asia and remains poorly understood. Cacao swollen shoot disease caused by Cacao swollen shoot virus is rapidly spreading in West Africa. This review presents contemporary research on the biology, taxonomy and genomics of what are often new-encounter pathogens, as well as the management of the diseases they cause.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David I Guest
- 2Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Bryan A Bailey
- 3USDA-ARS/Sustainable Perennial Crops Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705, U.S.A
| | | | - Judith K Brown
- 5School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- 2Sydney Institute of Agriculture, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, the University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- 8Cocoa Research Group/Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, 90245 Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Alina S Puig
- 7USDA-ARS/Subtropical Horticultural Research Station, Miami, FL 33131, U.S.A
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12
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Mata-Quirós A, Arciniegas-Leal A, Phillips-Mora W, Meinhardt LW, Motilal L, Mischke S, Zhang D. Assessing hidden parentage and genetic integrity of the "United Fruit Clones" of cacao ( Theobroma cacao) from Costa Rica using SNP markers. BREEDING SCIENCE 2018; 68:545-553. [PMID: 30697115 PMCID: PMC6345235 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.18057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The international cacao collection in CATIE, Costa Rica contains nearly 1200 accessions of cacao, mainly from the center of genetic diversity of this species. Among these accessions, the United Fruit clones (UF clones) were developed by the United Fruit Company in Costa Rica, and they represent one of the earliest groups of improved cacao germplasm in the world. Some of these UF clones have been used as key progenitors for breeding resistance/tolerance to Frosty Pod and Black Pod diseases in the Americas. Accurate information on the identity and background of these clones is important for their effective use in breeding. Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers, we genotyped 273 cacao germplasm accessions including 44 UF clones and 229 reference accessions. We verified the true-to-type identity of UF clones in the CATIE cacao collection and analyzed their population memberships using maximum-likelihood-based approaches. Three duplicate groups, representing approximately 30% of the UF clones, were identified. Both distance- and model-based clustering methods showed that the UF clones were mainly composed of Trinitario, ancient Nacional and hybrids between ancient Nacional and Amelonado. This result filled the information gap about the UF clones thus will improve their utilization for cacao breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Mata-Quirós
- Programa de Mejoramiento Genético de Cacao,
CATIE 7170, Turrialba 30501,
Costa Rica
| | | | | | - Lyndel W. Meinhardt
- USDA-ARS BARC, SPCL,
Rm 223 Bldg 001 BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705,
USA
| | - Lambert Motilal
- Cocoa Research Center, University of the West Indies,
Trinidad & Tobago
| | - Sue Mischke
- USDA-ARS BARC, SPCL,
Rm 223 Bldg 001 BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705,
USA
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- USDA-ARS BARC, SPCL,
Rm 223 Bldg 001 BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705,
USA
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13
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14
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Fiorin GL, Sanchéz-Vallet A, Thomazella DPDT, do Prado PFV, do Nascimento LC, Figueira AVDO, Thomma BPHJ, Pereira GAG, Teixeira PJPL. Suppression of Plant Immunity by Fungal Chitinase-like Effectors. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3023-3030.e5. [PMID: 30220500 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Crop diseases caused by fungi constitute one of the most important problems in agriculture, posing a serious threat to food security [1]. To establish infection, phytopathogens interfere with plant immune responses [2, 3]. However, strategies to promote virulence employed by fungal pathogens, especially non-model organisms, remain elusive [4], mainly because fungi are more complex and difficult to study when compared to the better-characterized bacterial pathogens. Equally incomplete is our understanding of the birth of microbial virulence effectors. Here, we show that the cacao pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa evolved an enzymatically inactive chitinase (MpChi) that functions as a putative pathogenicity factor. MpChi is among the most highly expressed fungal genes during the biotrophic interaction with cacao and encodes a chitinase with mutations that abolish its enzymatic activity. Despite the lack of chitinolytic activity, MpChi retains substrate binding specificity and prevents chitin-triggered immunity by sequestering immunogenic chitin fragments. Remarkably, its sister species M. roreri encodes a second non-orthologous catalytically impaired chitinase with equivalent function. Thus, a class of conserved enzymes independently evolved as putative virulence factors in these fungi. In addition to unveiling a strategy of host immune suppression by fungal pathogens, our results demonstrate that the neofunctionalization of enzymes may be an evolutionary pathway for the rise of new virulence factors in fungi. We anticipate that analogous strategies are likely employed by other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Lorencini Fiorin
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Andrea Sanchéz-Vallet
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 Wageningen, the Netherlands; Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Paula Favoretti Vital do Prado
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil; Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Leandro Costa do Nascimento
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil; Centro Nacional de Processamento de Alto Desempenho, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Antonio Vargas de Oliveira Figueira
- Laboratório de Melhoramento de Plantas, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Campus "Luiz de Queiroz," Piracicaba 13400-970, Brazil
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil.
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15
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Bailey BA, Ali SS, Strem MD, Meinhardt LW. Morphological variants of Moniliophthora roreri on artificial media and the biotroph/necrotroph shift. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:701-716. [PMID: 29880205 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Moniliophthora roreri (Mr) causes frosty pod rot of Theobroma cacao in a hemibiotrophic association. The Mr biotroph-like phase has not been studied in culture. Mr spores (isolates Co12, Co52, and B3) were germinated on high (V8) and low (BPMM) nutrients with different media hardness (0.5% to 3% agarose). Germination was high on V8 media. Hardness affected germination on BPMM. Most colonies on V8 were slow-growing, failing to sporulate. Colony morphology depended on the isolate. On BPMM, exaggerated mycelia formed of limited length with enlarged cells. On agarose, rapidly expanding sporulating necrotrophic colonies formed rarely. Co12 and B3 spores were germinated on V8 and BPMM with low melting point (LMP) agarose. Slow-growing colonies of B3 on BPMM were unstable on LMP agarose, often forming slow-growing/rapidly expanding hybrids. Slow-growing colonies are hypothesized to represent the biotrophic phase. One nucleus was common in Mr cells, other than spores. Binucleate cells were occasionally observed in aged cells of slow-growing mycelia. Co52 cells often had more than two nuclei per cell after germination. Mr mycelia cells typically carry a single nucleus, being considered haploid. Biotroph- and necrotroph-like mycelia displayed differential gene expression but results were inconsistent with published in vivo results and require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Bailey
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States.
| | - Shahin S Ali
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States
| | - Mary D Strem
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States
| | - Lyndel W Meinhardt
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, United States
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16
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McElroy MS, Navarro AJR, Mustiga G, Stack C, Gezan S, Peña G, Sarabia W, Saquicela D, Sotomayor I, Douglas GM, Migicovsky Z, Amores F, Tarqui O, Myles S, Motamayor JC. Prediction of Cacao ( Theobroma cacao) Resistance to Moniliophthora spp. Diseases via Genome-Wide Association Analysis and Genomic Selection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:343. [PMID: 29662497 PMCID: PMC5890178 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cacao (Theobroma cacao) is a globally important crop, and its yield is severely restricted by disease. Two of the most damaging diseases, witches' broom disease (WBD) and frosty pod rot disease (FPRD), are caused by a pair of related fungi: Moniliophthora perniciosa and Moniliophthora roreri, respectively. Resistant cultivars are the most effective long-term strategy to address Moniliophthora diseases, but efficiently generating resistant and productive new cultivars will require robust methods for screening germplasm before field testing. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) provide two potential avenues for predicting the performance of new genotypes, potentially increasing the selection gain per unit time. To test the effectiveness of these two approaches, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and GS on three related populations of cacao in Ecuador genotyped with a 15K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray for three measures of WBD infection (vegetative broom, cushion broom, and chirimoya pod), one of FPRD (monilia pod) and two productivity traits (total fresh weight of pods and % healthy pods produced). GWAS yielded several SNPs associated with disease resistance in each population, but none were significantly correlated with the same trait in other populations. Genomic selection, using one population as a training set to estimate the phenotypes of the remaining two (composed of different families), varied among traits, from a mean prediction accuracy of 0.46 (vegetative broom) to 0.15 (monilia pod), and varied between training populations. Simulations demonstrated that selecting seedlings using GWAS markers alone generates no improvement over selecting at random, but that GS improves the selection process significantly. Our results suggest that the GWAS markers discovered here are not sufficiently predictive across diverse germplasm to be useful for MAS, but that using all markers in a GS framework holds substantial promise in accelerating disease-resistance in cacao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel S. McElroy
- Department of Plant, Food and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Alberto J. R. Navarro
- MARS, Incorporated c/o United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Guiliana Mustiga
- MARS, Incorporated c/o United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Conrad Stack
- MARS, Incorporated c/o United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Salvador Gezan
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Geover Peña
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Widem Sarabia
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Diego Saquicela
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Gavin M. Douglas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Zoë Migicovsky
- Department of Plant, Food and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Freddy Amores
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo, Quevedo, Ecuador
| | - Omar Tarqui
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sean Myles
- Department of Plant, Food and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - Juan C. Motamayor
- MARS, Incorporated c/o United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Juan C. Motamayor,
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17
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Ngo Bieng MA, Alem L, Curtet C, Tixier P. Tree spacing impacts the individual incidence of Moniliophthora roreri disease in cacao agroforests. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:2386-2392. [PMID: 28581254 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using conventional pesticides in crop protection has raised serious environmental concerns and there is therefore a need for integrated pest management (IPM) methods. In this paper, we found that the spacing of trees can impact disease, which could result in a reduction in pesticide applications and may act as a potential IPM method. We studied Frosty Pod Rot (FPR) in 20 cacao agroforests in Costa Rica (Upala region). RESULTS Using a generalized linear mixed model, we analyzed the impact of the neighborhood composition and distance from a studied cacao individual on its individual FPR incidence. We found that the number of cacao tree neighbors in a radius of 3.7 m and the number of fruit trees in a radius of 4.3 m had a significant negative influence on the incidence of FPR on individual cacao trees. Moreover, cacao tree neighbors had the most significant local influence compared to the neighborhood of other taller categories such as fruit or forest trees. CONCLUSION The mechanisms involved are related to the barrier effect, due to the effectiveness of the cacao tree's architecture as an efficient barrier against FPR spore dispersal. This paper provides new insights into optimization of the spatial environment around each host as an original IPM method. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Ange Ngo Bieng
- CIRAD, UMR SYSTEM, 30501 Turrialba, Costa Rica
- CIRAD, UMR SYSTEM, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- CATIE, 30501 Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Laudine Alem
- CIRAD, UMR SYSTEM, 30501 Turrialba, Costa Rica
- CIRAD, UMR SYSTEM, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- CATIE, 30501 Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Chloé Curtet
- CIRAD, UMR SYSTEM, 30501 Turrialba, Costa Rica
- CIRAD, UMR SYSTEM, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- CATIE, 30501 Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Philippe Tixier
- CATIE, 30501 Turrialba, Costa Rica
- CIRAD, UPR GECO, F-34398 Montpellier, France
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18
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Ramada MHS, Brand GD, Abrão FY, Oliveira M, Filho JLC, Galbieri R, Gramacho KP, Prates MV, Bloch C. Encrypted Antimicrobial Peptides from Plant Proteins. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13263. [PMID: 29038449 PMCID: PMC5643462 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13685-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Examples of bioactive peptides derived from internal sequences of proteins are known for decades. The great majority of these findings appear to be fortuitous rather than the result of a deliberate and methodological-based enterprise. In the present work, we describe the identification and the biological activities of novel antimicrobial peptides unveiled as internal fragments of various plant proteins founded on our hypothesis-driven search strategy. All putative encrypted antimicrobial peptides were selected based upon their physicochemical properties that were iteratively selected by an in-house computer program named Kamal. The selected peptides were chemically synthesized and evaluated for their interaction with model membranes. Sixteen of these peptides showed antimicrobial activity against human and/or plant pathogens, some with a wide spectrum of activity presenting similar or superior inhibition efficacy when compared to classical antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). These original and previously unforeseen molecules constitute a broader and undisputable set of evidences produced by our group that illustrate how the intragenic concept is a workable reality and should be carefully explored not only for microbicidal agents but also for many other biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H S Ramada
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, 70790-160, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - G D Brand
- Laboratório de Síntese e Análise de Biomoléculas, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - F Y Abrão
- Faculdade de Farmácia, FacUnicamps, 74535-280, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - M Oliveira
- Faculdade de Farmácia, FacUnicamps, 74535-280, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - J L Cardozo Filho
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Instituto Mato-Grossense do Algodão, 78850-000, Primavera do Leste, MT, Brazil
| | - R Galbieri
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Instituto Mato-Grossense do Algodão, 78850-000, Primavera do Leste, MT, Brazil
| | - K P Gramacho
- Laboratório de Fitopatologia Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa do Cacau, 45600-970, Itabuna, BA, Brazil
| | - M V Prates
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - C Bloch
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, 70770-917, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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19
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Araújo FDS, Vieira RL, Molano EPL, Máximo HJ, Dalio RJD, Vendramini PH, Araújo WL, Eberlin MN. Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging reveals chemical defense of Burkholderia seminalis against cacao pathogens. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03895j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DESI-MSI of metabolites identified inB. seminalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. D. S. Araújo
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas
- Brazil
| | - R. L. Vieira
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas
- Brazil
| | - E. P. L. Molano
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory
- Department of Genetics
- Evolution and Bio-agents
- Institute of Biology
- University of Campinas
| | - H. J. Máximo
- Biotechnology Laboratory
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/Agronomic Institute
- Brazil
| | - R. J. D. Dalio
- Biotechnology Laboratory
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/Agronomic Institute
- Brazil
| | - P. H. Vendramini
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas
- Brazil
| | - W. L. Araújo
- Department of Microbiology
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences
- University of São Paulo
- Brazil
| | - M. N. Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas
- Brazil
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20
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Romero Navarro JA, Phillips-Mora W, Arciniegas-Leal A, Mata-Quirós A, Haiminen N, Mustiga G, Livingstone III D, van Bakel H, Kuhn DN, Parida L, Kasarskis A, Motamayor JC. Application of Genome Wide Association and Genomic Prediction for Improvement of Cacao Productivity and Resistance to Black and Frosty Pod Diseases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1905. [PMID: 29184558 PMCID: PMC5694496 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chocolate is a highly valued and palatable confectionery product. Chocolate is primarily made from the processed seeds of the tree species Theobroma cacao. Cacao cultivation is highly relevant for small-holder farmers throughout the tropics, yet its productivity remains limited by low yields and widespread pathogens. A panel of 148 improved cacao clones was assembled based on productivity and disease resistance, and phenotypic single-tree replicated clonal evaluation was performed for 8 years. Using high-density markers, the diversity of clones was expressed relative to 10 known ancestral cacao populations, and significant effects of ancestry were observed in productivity and disease resistance. Genome-wide association (GWA) was performed, and six markers were significantly associated with frosty pod disease resistance. In addition, genomic selection was performed, and consistent with the observed extensive linkage disequilibrium, high predictive ability was observed at low marker densities for all traits. Finally, quantitative trait locus mapping and differential expression analysis of two cultivars with contrasting disease phenotypes were performed to identify genes underlying frosty pod disease resistance, identifying a significant quantitative trait locus and 35 differentially expressed genes using two independent differential expression analyses. These results indicate that in breeding populations of heterozygous and recently admixed individuals, mapping approaches can be used for low complexity traits like pod color cacao, or in other species single gene disease resistance, however genomic selection for quantitative traits remains highly effective relative to mapping. Our results can help guide the breeding process for sustainable improved cacao productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Allan Mata-Quirós
- Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center, Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Niina Haiminen
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Harm van Bakel
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY, United States
| | - David N. Kuhn
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Laxmi Parida
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andrew Kasarskis
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Icahn Institute of Genomics and Multiscale Biology, New York, NY, United States
| | - Juan C. Motamayor
- Mars Incorporated, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Juan C. Motamayor
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21
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Tata A, Perez C, Campos ML, Bayfield MA, Eberlin MN, Ifa DR. Imprint Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging for Monitoring Secondary Metabolites Production during Antagonistic Interaction of Fungi. Anal Chem 2015; 87:12298-305. [PMID: 26637047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Direct analysis of microbial cocultures grown on agar media by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) is quite challenging. Due to the high gas pressure upon impact with the surface, the desorption mechanism does not allow direct imaging of soft or irregular surfaces. The divots in the agar, created by the high-pressure gas and spray, dramatically change the geometry of the system decreasing the intensity of the signal. In order to overcome this limitation, an imprinting step, in which the chemicals are initially transferred to flat hard surfaces, was coupled to DESI-MS and applied for the first time to fungal cocultures. Note that fungal cocultures are often disadvantageous in direct imaging mass spectrometry. Agar plates of fungi present a complex topography due to the simultaneous presence of dynamic mycelia and spores. One of the most devastating diseases of cocoa trees is caused by fungal phytopathogen Moniliophthora roreri. Strategies for pest management include the application of endophytic fungi, such as Trichoderma harzianum, that act as biocontrol agents by antagonizing M. roreri. However, the complex chemical communication underlying the basis for this phytopathogen-dependent biocontrol is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the metabolic exchange that takes place during the antagonistic interaction between M. roreri and T. harzianum. Using imprint-DESI-MS imaging we annotated the secondary metabolites released when T. harzianum and M. roreri were cultured in isolation and compared these to those produced after 3 weeks of coculture. We identified and localized four phytopathogen-dependent secondary metabolites, including T39 butenolide, harzianolide, and sorbicillinol. In order to verify the reliability of the imprint-DESI-MS imaging data and evaluate the capability of tape imprints to extract fungal metabolites while maintaining their localization, six representative plugs along the entire M. roreri/T. harzianum coculture plate were removed, weighed, extracted, and analyzed by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Our results not only provide a better understanding of M. roreri-dependent metabolic induction in T. harzianum, but may seed novel directions for the advancement of phytopathogen-dependent biocontrol, including the generation of optimized Trichoderma strains against M. roreri, new biopesticides, and biofertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tata
- Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, York University , Chemistry Building, 4700 Keele Street, M3J 1P3 Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas , Rua Josué Castro, s/n Cidade Universitária, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Consuelo Perez
- Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, York University , Chemistry Building, 4700 Keele Street, M3J 1P3 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michel L Campos
- Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, York University , Chemistry Building, 4700 Keele Street, M3J 1P3 Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Natural Active Principles and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University , Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú, km 1, CEP 14 801-902 Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mark A Bayfield
- Department of Biology, York University , 4700 Keele Street, M3J 1P3 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas , Rua Josué Castro, s/n Cidade Universitária, CEP 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Demian R Ifa
- Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, York University , Chemistry Building, 4700 Keele Street, M3J 1P3 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Ali SS, Shao J, Strem MD, Phillips-Mora W, Zhang D, Meinhardt LW, Bailey BA. Combination of RNAseq and SNP nanofluidic array reveals the center of genetic diversity of cacao pathogen Moniliophthora roreri in the upper Magdalena Valley of Colombia and its clonality. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:850. [PMID: 26379633 PMCID: PMC4550789 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Moniliophthora roreri is the fungal pathogen that causes frosty pod rot (FPR) disease of Theobroma cacao L., the source of chocolate. FPR occurs in most of the cacao producing countries in the Western Hemisphere, causing yield losses up to 80%. Genetic diversity within the FPR pathogen population may allow the population to adapt to changing environmental conditions and adapt to enhanced resistance in the host plant. The present study developed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from RNASeq results for 13 M. roreri isolates and validated the markers for their ability to reveal genetic diversity in an international M. roreri collection. The SNP resources reported herein represent the first study of RNA sequencing (RNASeq)-derived SNP validation in M. roreri and demonstrates the utility of RNASeq as an approach for de novo SNP identification in M. roreri. A total of 88 polymorphic SNPs were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of 172 M. roreri cacao isolates resulting in 37 distinct genotypes (including 14 synonymous groups). Absence of heterozygosity for the 88 SNP markers indicates reproduction in M. roreri is clonal and likely due to a homothallic life style. The upper Magdalena Valley of Colombia showed the highest levels of genetic diversity with 20 distinct genotypes of which 13 were limited to this region, and indicates this region as the possible center of origin for M. roreri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin S Ali
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Plant Sciences Institute, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Shao
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Plant Sciences Institute, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Mary D Strem
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Plant Sciences Institute, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Wilberth Phillips-Mora
- Departamento de Agricultura y Agroforestería, Centro Agronómico Tropica de Investigación y Enseñanza Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Plant Sciences Institute, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Lyndel W Meinhardt
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Plant Sciences Institute, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Bryan A Bailey
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Plant Sciences Institute, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West Beltsville, MD, USA
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23
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Maas B, Karp DS, Bumrungsri S, Darras K, Gonthier D, Huang JCC, Lindell CA, Maine JJ, Mestre L, Michel NL, Morrison EB, Perfecto I, Philpott SM, Şekercioğlu ÇH, Silva RM, Taylor PJ, Tscharntke T, Van Bael SA, Whelan CJ, Williams-Guillén K. Bird and bat predation services in tropical forests and agroforestry landscapes. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015. [PMID: 26202483 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding distribution patterns and multitrophic interactions is critical for managing bat- and bird-mediated ecosystem services such as the suppression of pest and non-pest arthropods. Despite the ecological and economic importance of bats and birds in tropical forests, agroforestry systems, and agricultural systems mixed with natural forest, a systematic review of their impact is still missing. A growing number of bird and bat exclosure experiments has improved our knowledge allowing new conclusions regarding their roles in food webs and associated ecosystem services. Here, we review the distribution patterns of insectivorous birds and bats, their local and landscape drivers, and their effects on trophic cascades in tropical ecosystems. We report that for birds but not bats community composition and relative importance of functional groups changes conspicuously from forests to habitats including both agricultural areas and forests, here termed 'forest-agri' habitats, with reduced representation of insectivores in the latter. In contrast to previous theory regarding trophic cascade strength, we find that birds and bats reduce the density and biomass of arthropods in the tropics with effect sizes similar to those in temperate and boreal communities. The relative importance of birds versus bats in regulating pest abundances varies with season, geography and management. Birds and bats may even suppress tropical arthropod outbreaks, although positive effects on plant growth are not always reported. As both bats and birds are major agents of pest suppression, a better understanding of the local and landscape factors driving the variability of their impact is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bea Maas
- Agroecology, Georg-August University, Grisebachstraße 6, 37077, Goettingen, Germany. .,Division of Tropical Ecology and Animal Biodiversity, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Daniel S Karp
- The Nature Conservancy, 201 Mission Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94105, U.S.A.,Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Mulford Hall, 130 Hilgard Way, Berkeley, CA, 94720, U.S.A
| | - Sara Bumrungsri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand 15 Karnjanavanich Rd., Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Kevin Darras
- Agroecology, Georg-August University, Grisebachstraße 6, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - David Gonthier
- The Nature Conservancy, 201 Mission Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94105, U.S.A.,School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, U.S.A
| | - Joe C-C Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Box 43131, Lubbock, TX, 79409, U.S.A.,Southeast Asian Bat Conservation and Research Unit, Department of Biological Science, Box 43131, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409-3131, U.S.A
| | - Catherine A Lindell
- Integrative Biology Department, Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane RM 203, East Lansing, MI, 48824, U.S.A
| | - Josiah J Maine
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Dr., Carbondale, IL, 62901, U.S.A
| | - Laia Mestre
- CREAF, Carretera de Bellaterra a l'Autònoma, s/n, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès,, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma, Carretera de Bellaterra a l'Autònoma, s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicole L Michel
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Emily B Morrison
- Integrative Biology Department, Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan State University, 288 Farm Lane RM 203, East Lansing, MI, 48824, U.S.A
| | - Ivette Perfecto
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, U.S.A
| | - Stacy M Philpott
- Environmental Studies Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA, 95062, U.S.A
| | - Çagan H Şekercioğlu
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 South 1400 East, Rm. 201, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, U.S.A.,College of Sciences, Koç University, Rumelifeneri, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Roberta M Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Peter J Taylor
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa.,SARChI Chair on Biodiversity Value & Change and Centre for Invasion Biology, School of Mathematical & Natural Sciences, University of Venda, P. Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Georg-August University, Grisebachstraße 6, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sunshine A Van Bael
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70118, U.S.A.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama
| | - Christopher J Whelan
- Illinois Natural History Survey, c/o Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60607, U.S.A
| | - Kimberly Williams-Guillén
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, 440 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, U.S.A.,Paso Pacífico, PO Box 1244, Ventura, CA, 94302, U.S.A
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24
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Zhang Y, Smith P, Maximova SN, Guiltinan MJ. Application of glycerol as a foliar spray activates the defence response and enhances disease resistance of Theobroma cacao. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:27-37. [PMID: 24863347 PMCID: PMC6638433 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous work has implicated glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) as a mobile inducer of systemic immunity in plants. We tested the hypothesis that the exogenous application of glycerol as a foliar spray might enhance the disease resistance of Theobroma cacao through the modulation of endogenous G3P levels. We found that exogenous application of glycerol to cacao leaves over a period of 4 days increased the endogenous level of G3P and decreased the level of oleic acid (18:1). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were produced (a marker of defence activation) and the expression of many pathogenesis-related genes was induced. Notably, the effects of glycerol application on G3P and 18:1 fatty acid content, and gene expression levels, in cacao leaves were dosage dependent. A 100 mm glycerol spray application was sufficient to stimulate the defence response without causing any observable damage, and resulted in a significantly decreased lesion formation by the cacao pathogen Phytophthora capsici; however, a 500 mm glycerol treatment led to chlorosis and cell death. The effects of glycerol treatment on the level of 18:1 and ROS were constrained to the locally treated leaves without affecting distal tissues. The mechanism of the glycerol-mediated defence response in cacao and its potential use as part of a sustainable farming system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Zhang
- The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA; The Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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25
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de Oliveira Ceita G, Vilas-Boas LA, Castilho MS, Carazzolle MF, Pirovani CP, Selbach-Schnadelbach A, Gramacho KP, Ramos PIP, Barbosa LV, Pereira GAG, Góes-Neto A. Analysis of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway cloning, molecular characterization and phylogeny of lanosterol 14 α-demethylase (ERG11) gene of Moniliophthora perniciosa. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37:683-93. [PMID: 25505843 PMCID: PMC4261968 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572014005000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytopathogenic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel) Aime & Philips-Mora, causal agent of witches' broom disease of cocoa, causes countless damage to cocoa production in Brazil. Molecular studies have attempted to identify genes that play important roles in fungal survival and virulence. In this study, sequences deposited in the M. perniciosa Genome Sequencing Project database were analyzed to identify potential biological targets. For the first time, the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway in M. perniciosa was studied and the lanosterol 14α-demethylase gene (ERG11) that encodes the main enzyme of this pathway and is a target for fungicides was cloned, characterized molecularly and its phylogeny analyzed. ERG11 genomic DNA and cDNA were characterized and sequence analysis of the ERG11 protein identified highly conserved domains typical of this enzyme, such as SRS1, SRS4, EXXR and the heme-binding region (HBR). Comparison of the protein sequences and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the M. perniciosa enzyme was most closely related to that of Coprinopsis cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geruza de Oliveira Ceita
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia,
Departamento de Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana,
Feira de Santana,
BA,
Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular,
Instituto de Biologia,
Departamento de Biologia Geral,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador,
BA,
Brazil
| | - Laurival Antônio Vilas-Boas
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas,
Departamento de Biologia Geral,
Universidade Estadual de Londrina,
Londrina,
PR,
Brazil
| | - Marcelo Santos Castilho
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Modelagem Molecular,
Departamento do Medicamento,
Faculdade de Farmácia,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador,
BA,
Brazil
| | - Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle
- Laboratório de Genômica e Proteômica,
Departamento de Genética e Evolução,
Universidade Estadual de Campinas,
Campinas,
SP,
Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética,
Departamento de Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz,
Ilhéus,
BA,
Brazil
| | - Alessandra Selbach-Schnadelbach
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular,
Instituto de Biologia,
Departamento de Biologia Geral,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador,
BA,
Brazil
| | - Karina Peres Gramacho
- Laboratório de Fitopatologia Molecular,
Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau,
Ilhéus,
BA,
Brazil
| | - Pablo Ivan Pereira Ramos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular,
Instituto de Biologia,
Departamento de Biologia Geral,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador,
BA,
Brazil
| | - Luciana Veiga Barbosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular,
Instituto de Biologia,
Departamento de Biologia Geral,
Universidade Federal da Bahia,
Salvador,
BA,
Brazil
| | | | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Microbiologia,
Departamento de Ciências Biológicas,
Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana,
Feira de Santana,
BA,
Brazil
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26
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Ali SS, Melnick RL, Crozier J, Phillips-Mora W, Strem MD, Shao J, Zhang D, Sicher R, Meinhardt L, Bailey BA. Successful pod infections by Moniliophthora roreri result in differential Theobroma cacao gene expression depending on the clone's level of tolerance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:698-710. [PMID: 24528440 PMCID: PMC6638783 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
An understanding of the tolerance mechanisms of Theobroma cacao used against Moniliophthora roreri, the causal agent of frosty pod rot, is important for the generation of stable disease-tolerant clones. A comparative view was obtained of transcript populations of infected pods from two susceptible and two tolerant clones using RNA sequence (RNA-Seq) analysis. A total of 3009 transcripts showed differential expression among clones. KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes indicated shifts in 152 different metabolic pathways between the tolerant and susceptible clones. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time qRT-PCR) analyses of 36 genes verified the differential expression. Regression analysis validated a uniform progression in gene expression in association with infection levels and fungal loads in the susceptible clones. Expression patterns observed in the susceptible clones diverged in tolerant clones, with many genes showing higher expression at a low level of infection and fungal load. Principal coordinate analyses of real-time qRT-PCR data separated the gene expression patterns between susceptible and tolerant clones for pods showing malformation. Although some genes were constitutively differentially expressed between clones, most results suggested that defence responses were induced at low fungal load in the tolerant clones. Several elicitor-responsive genes were highly expressed in tolerant clones, suggesting rapid recognition of the pathogen and induction of defence genes. Expression patterns suggested that the jasmonic acid-ethylene- and/or salicylic acid-mediated defence pathways were activated in the tolerant clones, being enhanced by reduced brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis and catabolic inactivation of both BR and abscisic acids. Finally, several genes associated with hypersensitive response-like cell death were also induced in tolerant clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin S Ali
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, Plant Sciences Institute, USDA/ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
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27
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Bailey BA, Melnick RL, Strem MD, Crozier J, Shao J, Sicher R, Phillips-Mora W, Ali SS, Zhang D, Meinhardt L. Differential gene expression by Moniliophthora roreri while overcoming cacao tolerance in the field. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:711-29. [PMID: 24612180 PMCID: PMC6638715 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Frosty pod rot (FPR) of Theobroma cacao (cacao) is caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Moniliophthora roreri. Cacao clones tolerant to FPR are being planted throughout Central America. To determine whether M. roreri shows a differential molecular response during successful infections of tolerant clones, we collected field-infected pods at all stages of symptomatology for two highly susceptible clones (Pound-7 and CATIE-1000) and three tolerant clones (UF-273, CATIE-R7 and CATIE-R4). Metabolite analysis was carried out on clones Pound-7, CATIE-1000, CATIE-R7 and CATIE-R4. As FPR progressed, the concentrations of sugars in pods dropped, whereas the levels of trehalose and mannitol increased. Associations between symptoms and fungal loads and some organic and amino acid concentrations varied depending on the clone. RNA-Seq analysis identified 873 M. roreri genes that were differentially expressed between clones, with the primary difference being whether the clone was susceptible or tolerant. Genes encoding transcription factors, heat shock proteins, transporters, enzymes modifying membranes or cell walls and metabolic enzymes, such as malate synthase and alternative oxidase, were differentially expressed. The differential expression between clones of 43 M. roreri genes was validated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The expression profiles of some genes were similar in susceptible and tolerant clones (other than CATIE-R4) and varied with the biotrophic/necrotropic shift. Moniliophthora roreri genes associated with stress metabolism and responses to heat shock and anoxia were induced early in tolerant clones, their expression profiles resembling that of the necrotrophic phase. Moniliophthora roreri stress response genes, induced during the infection of tolerant clones, may benefit the fungus in overcoming cacao defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Bailey
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, USDA/ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
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28
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Wielgoss A, Tscharntke T, Rumede A, Fiala B, Seidel H, Shahabuddin S, Clough Y. Interaction complexity matters: disentangling services and disservices of ant communities driving yield in tropical agroecosystems. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 281:20132144. [PMID: 24307667 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to complex direct and indirect effects, impacts of higher trophic levels on plants is poorly understood. In tropical agroecosystems, ants interact with crop mutualists and antagonists, but little is known about how this integrates into the final ecosystem service, crop yield. We combined ant exclusion and introduction of invasive and native-dominant species in cacao agroecosystems to test whether (i) ant exclusion reduces yield, (ii) dominant species maximize certain intermediate ecosystem services (e.g. control of specific pests) rather than yield, which depends on several, cascading intermediate services and (iii) even, species-rich ant communities result in highest yields. Ants provided services, including reduced leaf herbivory and fruit pest damage and indirect pollination facilitation, but also disservices, such as increased mealybug density, phytopathogen dissemination and indirect pest damage enhancement. Yields were highest with unmanipulated, species-rich, even communities, whereas ant exclusion decreased yield by 27%. Introduction of an invasive-dominant ant decreased species density and evenness and resulted in 34% lower yields, whereas introduction of a non-invasive-dominant species resulted in similar species density and yields as in the unmanipulated control. Species traits and ant community structure affect services and disservices for agriculture in surprisingly complex ways, with species-rich and even communities promoting highest yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Wielgoss
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, , Grisebachstrasse 6, Göttingen 37077, Germany, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology (Zoology III), Biocenter, University of Würzburg, , Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany, Department of Agriculture, Klabat University, , Airmadidi No. 1, Manado 95371, Indonesia, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tadulako, , Palu 94118, Indonesia, Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, , Sölvegatan 37, Lund 223 62, Sweden
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29
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de O Barsottini MR, de Oliveira JF, Adamoski D, Teixeira PJPL, do Prado PFV, Tiezzi HO, Sforça ML, Cassago A, Portugal RV, de Oliveira PSL, de M Zeri AC, Dias SMG, Pereira GAG, Ambrosio ALB. Functional diversification of cerato-platanins in Moniliophthora perniciosa as seen by differential expression and protein function specialization. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:1281-93. [PMID: 23902259 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-13-0148-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cerato-platanins (CP) are small, cysteine-rich fungal-secreted proteins involved in the various stages of the host-fungus interaction process, acting as phytotoxins, elicitors, and allergens. We identified 12 CP genes (MpCP1 to MpCP12) in the genome of Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease in cacao, and showed that they present distinct expression profiles throughout fungal development and infection. We determined the X-ray crystal structures of MpCP1, MpCP2, MpCP3, and MpCP5, representative of different branches of a phylogenetic tree and expressed at different stages of the disease. Structure-based biochemistry, in combination with nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry, allowed us to define specialized capabilities regarding self-assembling and the direct binding to chitin and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) tetramers, a fungal cell wall building block, and to map a previously unknown binding region in MpCP5. Moreover, fibers of MpCP2 were shown to act as expansin and facilitate basidiospore germination whereas soluble MpCP5 blocked NAG6-induced defense response. The correlation between these roles, the fungus life cycle, and its tug-of-war interaction with cacao plants is discussed.
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30
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Teixeira PJPL, Costa GGL, Fiorin GL, Pereira GAG, Mondego JMC. Novel receptor-like kinases in cacao contain PR-1 extracellular domains. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:602-9. [PMID: 23573899 PMCID: PMC6638629 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Members of the pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR-1) family are well-known markers of plant defence responses, forming part of the arsenal of the secreted proteins produced on pathogen recognition. Here, we report the identification of two cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) PR-1s that are fused to transmembrane regions and serine/threonine kinase domains, in a manner characteristic of receptor-like kinases (RLKs). These proteins (TcPR-1f and TcPR-1g) were named PR-1 receptor kinases (PR-1RKs). Phylogenetic analysis of RLKs and PR-1 proteins from cacao indicated that PR-1RKs originated from a fusion between sequences encoding PR-1 and the kinase domain of a LecRLK (Lectin Receptor-Like Kinase). Retrotransposition marks surround TcPR-1f, suggesting that retrotransposition was involved in the origin of PR-1RKs. Genes with a similar domain architecture to cacao PR-1RKs were found in rice (Oryza sativa), barrel medic (Medicago truncatula) and a nonphototrophic bacterium (Herpetosiphon aurantiacus). However, their kinase domains differed from those found in LecRLKs, indicating the occurrence of convergent evolution. TcPR-1g expression was up-regulated in the biotrophic stage of witches' broom disease, suggesting a role for PR-1RKs during cacao defence responses. We hypothesize that PR-1RKs transduce a defence signal by interacting with a PR-1 ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo José Pereira Lima Teixeira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas-Uicamp, CP 6109, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
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Saski CA, Feltus FA, Staton ME, Blackmon BP, Ficklin SP, Kuhn DN, Schnell RJ, Shapiro H, Motamayor JC. A genetically anchored physical framework for Theobroma cacao cv. Matina 1-6. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:413. [PMID: 21846342 PMCID: PMC3173454 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fermented dried seeds of Theobroma cacao (cacao tree) are the main ingredient in chocolate. World cocoa production was estimated to be 3 million tons in 2010 with an annual estimated average growth rate of 2.2%. The cacao bean production industry is currently under threat from a rise in fungal diseases including black pod, frosty pod, and witches' broom. In order to address these issues, genome-sequencing efforts have been initiated recently to facilitate identification of genetic markers and genes that could be utilized to accelerate the release of robust T. cacao cultivars. However, problems inherent with assembly and resolution of distal regions of complex eukaryotic genomes, such as gaps, chimeric joins, and unresolvable repeat-induced compressions, have been unavoidably encountered with the sequencing strategies selected. Results Here, we describe the construction of a BAC-based integrated genetic-physical map of the T. cacao cultivar Matina 1-6 which is designed to augment and enhance these sequencing efforts. Three BAC libraries, each comprised of 10× coverage, were constructed and fingerprinted. 230 genetic markers from a high-resolution genetic recombination map and 96 Arabidopsis-derived conserved ortholog set (COS) II markers were anchored using pooled overgo hybridization. A dense tile path consisting of 29,383 BACs was selected and end-sequenced. The physical map consists of 154 contigs and 4,268 singletons. Forty-nine contigs are genetically anchored and ordered to chromosomes for a total span of 307.2 Mbp. The unanchored contigs (105) span 67.4 Mbp and therefore the estimated genome size of T. cacao is 374.6 Mbp. A comparative analysis with A. thaliana, V. vinifera, and P. trichocarpa suggests that comparisons of the genome assemblies of these distantly related species could provide insights into genome structure, evolutionary history, conservation of functional sites, and improvements in physical map assembly. A comparison between the two T. cacao cultivars Matina 1-6 and Criollo indicates a high degree of collinearity in their genomes, yet rearrangements were also observed. Conclusions The results presented in this study are a stand-alone resource for functional exploitation and enhancement of Theobroma cacao but are also expected to complement and augment ongoing genome-sequencing efforts. This resource will serve as a template for refinement of the T. cacao genome through gap-filling, targeted re-sequencing, and resolution of repetitive DNA arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Saski
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, USDA-ARS, 13601 Old Culter Road, Miami, FL 33158, USA
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Feltus FA, Saski CA, Mockaitis K, Haiminen N, Parida L, Smith Z, Ford J, Staton ME, Ficklin SP, Blackmon BP, Cheng CH, Schnell RJ, Kuhn DN, Motamayor JC. Sequencing of a QTL-rich region of the Theobroma cacao genome using pooled BACs and the identification of trait specific candidate genes. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:379. [PMID: 21794110 PMCID: PMC3154204 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background BAC-based physical maps provide for sequencing across an entire genome or a selected sub-genomic region of biological interest. Such a region can be approached with next-generation whole-genome sequencing and assembly as if it were an independent small genome. Using the minimum tiling path as a guide, specific BAC clones representing the prioritized genomic interval are selected, pooled, and used to prepare a sequencing library. Results This pooled BAC approach was taken to sequence and assemble a QTL-rich region, of ~3 Mbp and represented by twenty-seven BACs, on linkage group 5 of the Theobroma cacao cv. Matina 1-6 genome. Using various mixtures of read coverages from paired-end and linear 454 libraries, multiple assemblies of varied quality were generated. Quality was assessed by comparing the assembly of 454 reads with a subset of ten BACs individually sequenced and assembled using Sanger reads. A mixture of reads optimal for assembly was identified. We found, furthermore, that a quality assembly suitable for serving as a reference genome template could be obtained even with a reduced depth of sequencing coverage. Annotation of the resulting assembly revealed several genes potentially responsible for three T. cacao traits: black pod disease resistance, bean shape index, and pod weight. Conclusions Our results, as with other pooled BAC sequencing reports, suggest that pooling portions of a minimum tiling path derived from a BAC-based physical map is an effective method to target sub-genomic regions for sequencing. While we focused on a single QTL region, other QTL regions of importance could be similarly sequenced allowing for biological discovery to take place before a high quality whole-genome assembly is completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Feltus
- Clemson University Genomics Institute, Clemson University, 51 New Cherry Street, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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Hanada RE, Pomella AWV, Costa HS, Bezerra JL, Loguercio LL, Pereira JO. Endophytic fungal diversity in Theobroma cacao (cacao) and T. grandiflorum (cupuaçu) trees and their potential for growth promotion and biocontrol of black-pod disease. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:901-10. [PMID: 21036333 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The endophytic niches of plants are a rich source of microbes that can directly and indirectly promote plant protection, growth and development. The diversity of culturable endophytic fungi from stems and branches of Theobroma cacao (cacao) and Theobroma grandiflorum (cupuaçu) trees growing in the Amazon region of Brazil was assessed. The collection of fungal endophytic isolates obtained was applied in field experiments to evaluate their potential as biocontrol agents against Phytophthora palmivora, the causal agent of the black-pod rot disease of cacao, one of the most important pathogens in cocoa-producing regions worldwide. The isolated endophytic fungi from 60 traditional, farmer-planted, healthy cacao and 10 cupuaçu plants were cultured in PDA under conditions inducing sporulation. Isolates were classified based upon the morphological characteristics of their cultures and reproductive structures. Spore suspensions from a total of 103 isolates that could be classified at least up to genus level were tested against P. palmivora in pods attached to cacao trees in the field. Results indicated that ∼70% of isolates showed biocontrol effects to a certain extent, suggesting that culturable endophytic fungal biodiversity in this system is of a mostly mutualistic type of interaction with the host. Eight isolates from genera Trichoderma (reference isolate), Pestalotiopsis, Curvularia, Tolypocladium and Fusarium showed the highest level of activity against the pathogen, and were further characterized. All demonstrated their endophytic nature by colonizing axenic cacao plantlets, and confirmed their biocontrol activity on attached pods trials by showing significant decrease in disease severity in relation to the positive control. None, however, showed detectable growth-promotion effects. Aspects related to endophytic biodiversity and host-pathogen-endophyte interactions in the environment of this study were discussed on the context of developing sustainable strategies for biological control of black-pod rot of cacao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Eiji Hanada
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA/CPPF), Av. André Araujo, 2936, Petrópolis, Cx. Postal 478, 69083-000 Manaus-AM, Brazil
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Mondego JMC, Carazzolle MF, Costa GGL, Formighieri EF, Parizzi LP, Rincones J, Cotomacci C, Carraro DM, Cunha AF, Carrer H, Vidal RO, Estrela RC, García O, Thomazella DPT, de Oliveira BV, Pires AB, Rio MCS, Araújo MRR, de Moraes MH, Castro LAB, Gramacho KP, Gonçalves MS, Neto JPM, Neto AG, Barbosa LV, Guiltinan MJ, Bailey BA, Meinhardt LW, Cascardo JC, Pereira GAG. A genome survey of Moniliophthora perniciosa gives new insights into Witches' Broom Disease of cacao. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:548. [PMID: 19019209 PMCID: PMC2644716 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The basidiomycete fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa is the causal agent of Witches' Broom Disease (WBD) in cacao (Theobroma cacao). It is a hemibiotrophic pathogen that colonizes the apoplast of cacao's meristematic tissues as a biotrophic pathogen, switching to a saprotrophic lifestyle during later stages of infection. M. perniciosa, together with the related species M. roreri, are pathogens of aerial parts of the plant, an uncommon characteristic in the order Agaricales. A genome survey (1.9× coverage) of M. perniciosa was analyzed to evaluate the overall gene content of this phytopathogen. Results Genes encoding proteins involved in retrotransposition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) resistance, drug efflux transport and cell wall degradation were identified. The great number of genes encoding cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (1.15% of gene models) indicates that M. perniciosa has a great potential for detoxification, production of toxins and hormones; which may confer a high adaptive ability to the fungus. We have also discovered new genes encoding putative secreted polypeptides rich in cysteine, as well as genes related to methylotrophy and plant hormone biosynthesis (gibberellin and auxin). Analysis of gene families indicated that M. perniciosa have similar amounts of carboxylesterases and repertoires of plant cell wall degrading enzymes as other hemibiotrophic fungi. In addition, an approach for normalization of gene family data using incomplete genome data was developed and applied in M. perniciosa genome survey. Conclusion This genome survey gives an overview of the M. perniciosa genome, and reveals that a significant portion is involved in stress adaptation and plant necrosis, two necessary characteristics for a hemibiotrophic fungus to fulfill its infection cycle. Our analysis provides new evidence revealing potential adaptive traits that may play major roles in the mechanisms of pathogenicity in the M. perniciosa/cacao pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M C Mondego
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Ploetz RC. Cacao diseases: important threats to chocolate production worldwide. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2007; 97:1634-9. [PMID: 18943724 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-97-12-1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Theobroma cacao, cacao, is an ancient, neotropical domesticate. It is now grown throughout the humid, lowland tropics and is the basis of a multibillion dollar confectionary trade. Diverse diseases impact production of the crop. They reduce yields by ca. 20%, but could cause far greater losses if certain highly damaging diseases were to become more widely distributed. Among the most potentially dangerous of these diseases are frosty pod, caused by Moniliophthora roreri, and witches' broom, caused by M. perniciosa (previously Crinipellis perniciosa). These two diseases occur only in the Western Hemisphere, and severe losses would follow their introduction to West Africa and Asia, where ca. 86% of all cacao production occurs. Elsewhere, Cacao swollen shoot virus and the damaging black pod agent, Phytophthora megakarya, are found in Western Africa; whereas vascular streak dieback, caused by Oncobasidium theobromae, is present only in Asia. Breeding programs are challenged by minimal resistance to some of the diseases. Progress that has been made is threatened by the "emergence" of other serious diseases, such as Ceratocystis wilt (Ceratocystis cacaofunesta). During this symposium, new insights are discussed on the biology, origins, pathology and phylogeny of the pathogens; as well as the biological, chemical and genetic management of the diseases that they cause.
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