1
|
Moparthi S, Parikh LP, Gunnink Troth EE, Burrows ME. Identification and Prevalence of Seedborne Botrytis spp. in Dry Pea, Lentil, and Chickpea in Montana. PLANT DISEASE 2023; 107:382-392. [PMID: 35822889 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-22-1236-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis spp. cause gray mold and are significant pathogens of pulse crops (dry pea, lentil, and chickpea). Seedling infection can result in plant stunting and death. In this study, 100 Botrytis isolates were recovered from pulse crop seed samples that were submitted to the Regional Pulse Crop Diagnostic Laboratory at Montana State University. Nine Botrytis spp. were found to be associated with pulse seeds in Montana based on a combination of cultural characteristics; the amplification of partial sequences of the G3PDH, HSP60, and RPB2 genes; and phylogenetic analysis. Botrytis cinerea (n = 54) was the predominant species, followed by B. euroamericana (n = 22) and B. prunorum (n = 11). There were a few isolates of B. mali and five novel Botrytis spp. that included one cryptic species. To determine the pathogenicity and aggressiveness of the isolates, dry pea cultivar Lifter, lentil cultivar Richlea, and chickpea cultivar Sierra, detached leaves were inoculated using mycelial plugs. Lesion diameter produced by Botrytis isolates on three hosts differed (P < 0.05). Aggressiveness of B. cinerea was high in all three hosts and varied among the tested isolates. Spore inoculations were conducted on greenhouse-grown dry pea, lentil and chickpea plants using one sporulating isolate each of B. cinerea, B. prunorum, and Botrytis sp. 1. Results indicated that these isolates were pathogenic on the tested hosts. This study illustrates that many species of Botrytis are associated with pulse crop seed in Montana and can be aggressive on multiple crops, which may have implications for disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swarnalatha Moparthi
- Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613
| | - Lipi P Parikh
- Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Erin E Gunnink Troth
- Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| | - Mary E Burrows
- Department of Plant Sciences & Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Naegele RP, Abdelsamad N, DeLong JA, Saito S, Xiao CL, Miles TD. Fungicide Resistance and Host Influence on Population Structure in Botrytis spp. from Specialty Crops in California. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2549-2559. [PMID: 35801851 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-22-0070-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis is an important genus of plant pathogens causing pre- and postharvest disease on diverse crops worldwide. This study evaluated Botrytis isolates collected from strawberry, blueberry, and table grape berries in California. Isolates were evaluated for resistance to eight different fungicides, and 60 amplicon markers were sequenced (neutral, species identification, and fungicide resistance associated) distributed across 15 of the 18 B. cinerea chromosomes. Fungicide resistance was common among the populations, with resistance to pyraclostrobin and boscalid being most frequent. Isolates from blueberry had resistance to the least number of fungicides, whereas isolates from strawberry had resistance to the highest number. Host and fungicide resistance-specific population structure explained 12 and 7 to 26%, respectively, of the population variability observed. Fungicide resistance was the major driver for population structure, with select fungicides explaining up to 26% and multiple fungicide resistance explaining 17% of the variability observed. Shared and unique significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with host and fungicide (fluopyram, thiabendazole, pyraclostrobin, and fenhexamid) resistance-associated population structures were identified. Although overlap between host and fungicide resistance SNPs were detected, unique SNPs suggest that both host and fungicide resistance play an important role in Botrytis population structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Naegele
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Noor Abdelsamad
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Jeff A DeLong
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Seiya Saito
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Chang-Lin Xiao
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 9611 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Timothy D Miles
- Michigan State University, Plant Pathology, 426 Auditorium Road, East Lansing, MI 48824
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Makris G, Nikoloudakis N, Samaras A, Karaoglanidis GS, Kanetis LI. Under Pressure: A Comparative Study of Botrytis cinerea Populations from Conventional and Organic Farms in Cyprus and Greece. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2236-2247. [PMID: 35671479 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-21-0510-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The highly heterogeneous nature of Botrytis cinerea provides adaptive benefits to variable environmental regimes. Disentangling pathogen population structure in anthropogenic agroecosystems is crucial to designing more effective management schemes. Herein, we studied how evolutionary forces exerted in different farming systems, in terms of agrochemicals-input, shape B. cinerea populations. In total, 360 B. cinerea isolates were collected from conventional and organic, strawberry and tomato farms in Cyprus and Greece. The occurrence and frequency of sensitivities to seven botryticides were estimated. Results highlighted widespread fungicide resistance in conventional farms since only 15.5% of the isolates were sensitive. A considerable frequency of fungicide-resistant isolates was also detected in the organic farms (14.9%). High resistance frequencies were observed for boscalid (67.7%), pyraclostrobin (67.3%), cyprodinil (65.9%), and thiophanate-methyl (61.4%) in conventional farms, while high levels of multiple fungicide resistance were also evident. Furthermore, B. cinerea isolates were genotyped using a set of seven microsatellite markers (simple sequence repeat [SSR] markers). Index of association analyses (Ia and rBarD) suggest asexual reproduction of the populations, even though the mating-type idiomorphs were equally distributed, indicating frequency-dependent selection. Fungicide resistance was correlated with farming systems across countries and crops, while SSRs were able to detect population structure associated with resistance to thiophanate-methyl, pyraclostrobin, boscalid, and cyprodinil. The expected heterozygosity in organic farms was significantly higher than in conventional, suggesting the absence of selective pressure that may change the allelic abundance in organic farms. However, genetic variance among strawberry and tomato populations was high, ranking host specificity higher than other selection forces studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Makris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Nikolaos Nikoloudakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Anastasios Samaras
- Department of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios S Karaoglanidis
- Department of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Loukas I Kanetis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Crandall SG, Spychalla J, Crouch UT, Acevedo FE, Naegele RP, Miles TD. Rotting Grapes Don't Improve with Age: Cluster Rot Disease Complexes, Management, and Future Prospects. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:2013-2025. [PMID: 35108071 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-21-0695-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cluster rots can be devastating to grape production around the world. There are several late-season rots that can affect grape berries, including Botrytis bunch rot, sour rot, black rot, Phomopsis fruit rot, bitter rot, and ripe rot. Tight-clustered varieties such as 'Pinot gris', 'Pinot noir', and 'Vignoles' are particularly susceptible to cluster rots. Symptoms or signs for these rots range from discolored berries or gray-brown sporulation in Botrytis bunch rot to sour rot, which smells distinctly of vinegar due to the presence of acetic acid bacteria. This review discusses the common symptoms and disease cycles of these different cluster rots. It also includes useful updates on disease diagnostics and management practices, including cultural practices in commercial vineyards and future prospects for disease management. By understanding what drives the development of different cluster rots, researchers will be able to identify new avenues for research to control these critical pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharifa G Crandall
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Jamie Spychalla
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Uma T Crouch
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Flor E Acevedo
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Entomology, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Rachel P Naegele
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Station, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Timothy D Miles
- Michigan State University, Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, East Lansing, MI 48824
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Caseys C, Shi G, Soltis N, Gwinner R, Corwin J, Atwell S, Kliebenstein DJ. Quantitative interactions: the disease outcome of Botrytis cinerea across the plant kingdom. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab175. [PMID: 34003931 PMCID: PMC8496218 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a fungal pathogen that causes necrotic disease on more than a thousand known hosts widely spread across the plant kingdom. How B. cinerea interacts with such extensive host diversity remains largely unknown. To address this question, we generated an infectivity matrix of 98 strains of B. cinerea on 90 genotypes representing eight host plants. This experimental infectivity matrix revealed that the disease outcome is largely explained by variations in either the host resistance or pathogen virulence. However, the specific interactions between host and pathogen account for 16% of the disease outcome. Furthermore, the disease outcomes cluster among genotypes of a species but are independent of the relatedness between hosts. When analyzing the host specificity and virulence of B. cinerea, generalist strains are predominant. In this fungal necrotroph, specialization may happen by a loss in virulence on most hosts rather than an increase of virulence on a specific host. To uncover the genetic architecture of Botrytis host specificity and virulence, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed and revealed up to 1492 genes of interest. The genetic architecture of these traits is widespread across the B. cinerea genome. The complexity of the disease outcome might be explained by hundreds of functionally diverse genes putatively involved in adjusting the infection to diverse hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine Caseys
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gongjun Shi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Nicole Soltis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Raoni Gwinner
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental, Manaus 69010-970, Brazil
| | - Jason Corwin
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolution Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0334, USA
| | - Susanna Atwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C DK-1871, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Naegele RP, DeLong J, Alzohairy SA, Saito S, Abdelsamad N, Miles TD. Population Genetic Analyses of Botrytis cinerea Isolates From Michigan Vineyards Using a High-Throughput Marker System Approach. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:660874. [PMID: 33959117 PMCID: PMC8093758 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.660874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As sequencing costs continue to decrease, new tools are being developed for assessing pathogen diversity and population structure. Traditional marker types, such as microsatellites, are often more cost effective than single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) panels when working with small numbers of individuals, but may not allow for fine scale evaluation of low or moderate structure in populations. Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic plant pathogen with high genetic variability that can infect more than 200 plant species worldwide. A panel of 52 amplicons were sequenced for 82 isolates collected from four Michigan vineyards representing 2 years of collection and varying fungicide resistance. A panel of nine microsatellite markers previously described was also tested across 74 isolates from the same population. A microsatellite and SNP marker analysis of B. cinerea populations was performed to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of Michigan vineyards, and the results from both marker types were compared. Both methods were able to detect population structure associated with resistance to the individual fungicides thiabendazole and boscalid, and multiple fungicide resistance (MFR). Microsatellites were also able to differentiate population structure associated with another fungicide, fluopyram, while SNPs were able to additionally differentiate structure based on year. For both methods, AMOVA results were similar, with microsatellite results explaining a smaller portion of the variation compared with the SNP results. The SNP-based markers presented here were able to successfully differentiate population structure similar to microsatellite results. These SNP markers represent new tools to discriminate B. cinerea isolates within closely related populations using multiple targeted sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P Naegele
- Crop Diseases, Pests and Genetics Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, United States
| | - Jeff DeLong
- Crop Diseases, Pests and Genetics Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, United States
| | - Safa A Alzohairy
- Small Fruit and Hop Pathology Laboratory, Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Seiya Saito
- Commodity Protection and Quality Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, United States
| | - Noor Abdelsamad
- Crop Diseases, Pests and Genetics Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA, United States
| | - Timothy D Miles
- Small Fruit and Hop Pathology Laboratory, Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Samaras A, Hadjipetrou C, Karaoglanidis G. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain QST713 may contribute to the management of SDHI resistance in Botrytis cinerea. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1316-1327. [PMID: 33078570 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance of Botrytis cinerea to SDHI fungicides is widely distributed throughout the world and is associated with mutations in sdhB, differentially affecting mutant sensitivity to several succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI) and the fitness of the strains. This study was initiated to test the hypothesis that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713 (Ba QST713) can be utilized in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs aiming to control grey mould and eliminate sdhB mutants (H272R/Y, N230I and P225F/H/L). RESULTS Protective and curative applications of Ba QST713 on artificially inoculated bean plants resulted in a significant reduction of disease incidence and severity. Competition experiments between sdhB mutants and wild-type isolates conducted either in the absence of any treatment or in the presence of Ba QST713 or fluopyram showed a dominance of sensitive strains over the mutated strains on untreated and Ba QST713-treated plants. Additionally, the efficacy of Ba QST713 in controlling grey mould and its effects on the selection of sdhB mutants was assessed in a greenhouse experiment. The applications of Ba QST713 in alternation schemes with fluopyram provided high control efficacy and reduced SDHI resistance frequency. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study showed that Ba QST713 can contribute both to moderate/high levels of grey mould suppression and to a reduction in SDHI resistance frequency. Thus, Ba QST713 can be an efficient tool for SDHI resistance management of B. cinerea in the field. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Samaras
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chloe Hadjipetrou
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Karaoglanidis
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Meng L, Mestdagh H, Ameye M, Audenaert K, Höfte M, Van Labeke MC. Phenotypic Variation of Botrytis cinerea Isolates Is Influenced by Spectral Light Quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1233. [PMID: 32903526 PMCID: PMC7438557 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, a fungal pathogen that causes gray mold, displays a high degree of phenotypic diversity. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) with specific light spectrum are increasingly used as lighting resource for plant greenhouse production. The chosen light spectrum can also have an effect on the pathogens in this production system. In this study, we investigated the phenological diversity in 15 B. cinerea isolates upon different light treatments. Daylight, darkness, and LED lights with different wavelengths (white, blue, red, blue+red) were chosen as treatments. The 15 Botrytis isolates differed in their mycelial growth rate, conidia production, and sclerotia formation. Light quality had a limited effect on growth rate. All isolates sporulated under daylight treatment, red light resulted in lower sporulation, while white, blue, and blue+red light inhibited sclerotia formation in all isolates, and sporulation in most, but not all isolates. Pathogenicity of the Botrytis isolates was studied on 2-week-old strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa 'Elsanta') leaves grown under white, blue, and red LED lights. The isolates differed in virulence on strawberry leaves, and this was positively correlated to oxalic acid production by B. cinerea in vitro. Red LED light improved leaf basal resistance to all the tested Botrytis isolates. Blue light pretreatment resulted in decreased leaf resistance to some isolates. Furthermore, we used image analysis to quantify the virulence of the different Botrytis isolates based on changes in photosynthetic performance of the strawberry leaves: chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), chlorophyll index (ChlIdx) and anthocyanin content (modified anthocyanin reflection index, mAriIdx). Fv/Fm showed a strong negative correlation with disease severity and can be an indicator for the early detection of gray mold on strawberry leaves.
Collapse
|
9
|
Fungal Evolution in Anthropogenic Environments: Botrytis cinerea Populations Infecting Small Fruit Hosts in the Pacific Northwest Rapidly Adapt to Human-Induced Selection Pressures. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02908-19. [PMID: 32086310 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02908-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fungal pathogens have short generation times, large population sizes, and mixed reproductive systems, providing high potential to adapt to heterogeneous environments of agroecosystems. Such adaptation complicates disease management and threatens food production. A better understanding of pathogen population biology in such environments is important to reveal key aspects of adaptive divergence processes to allow improved disease management. Here, we studied how evolutionary forces shape population structure of Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold, in the Pacific Northwest agroecosystems. Populations of B. cinerea from adjacent fields of small fruit hosts were characterized by combining neutral markers (microsatellites) with markers that directly respond to human-induced selection pressures (fungicide resistance). Populations were diverse, without evidence for recombination and association of pathogen genotype with host. Populations were highly localized with limited migration even among adjacent fields within a farm. A fungicide resistance marker revealed strong selection on population structure due to fungicide use. We found no association of resistance allele with genetic background, suggesting de novo development of fungicide resistance and frequent extinction/recolonization events by different genotypes rather than the spread of resistance alleles among fields via migration of a dominant genotype. Overall our results showed that in agroecosystems, B. cinerea populations respond strongly to selection by fungicide use with greater effect on population structure compared to adaptation to host plant species. This knowledge will be used to improve disease management by developing strategies that limit pathogen local adaptation to fungicides and other human-induced selection pressures present in Pacific Northwest agroecosystems and elsewhere.IMPORTANCE Agroecosystems represent an efficient model for studying fungal adaptation and evolution in anthropogenic environments. In this work, we studied what evolutionary forces shape populations of one of the most important fungal plant pathogens, B. cinerea, in small fruit agroecosystems of the Pacific Northwest. We hypothesized that host, geographic, and anthropogenic factors of agroecosystems structure B. cinerea populations. By combining neutral markers with markers that directly respond to human-induced selection pressures, we show that pathogen populations are highly localized and that selection pressure caused by fungicide use can have a greater effect on population structure than adaptation to host. Our results give a better understanding of population biology and evolution of this important plant pathogen in heterogeneous environments but also provide a practical framework for the development of efficient management strategies by limiting pathogen adaptation to fungicides and other human-induced selection pressures present in agroecosystems of the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere.
Collapse
|
10
|
DeLong JA, Saito S, Xiao CL, Naegele RP. Population Genetics and Fungicide Resistance of Botrytis cinerea on Vitis and Prunus spp . in California. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:694-702. [PMID: 32017671 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-19-0362-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold, has high genetic diversity and a broad host range. In Vitis sp. and Prunus spp., B. cinerea causes pre- and postharvest diseases, and fungicides are routinely applied to prevent yield loss. In total, 535 isolates of B. cinerea collected from Vitis sp. and Prunus spp. in 2012, 2016, and 2017 were genotyped using 18 microsatellite markers and the transposable elements (TEs) Boty and Flipper. Only nine of the polymorphic markers and the two TEs were considered informative and retained for the final analyses. Of the 532 isolates, 297 were tested for resistance to seven fungicides representing six Fungicide Resistance Action Committee classes. After clone correction, 295 multilocus genotype groups were retained across the 3 years in 326 individuals, and four genetic subpopulations were detected. High levels of clonality were observed across the dataset. Significant pairwise differentiation was detected among years, locations, and TE composition. However, most of the diversity observed was within a subpopulation and not among subpopulations. No genetic differentiation was detected among resistant and sensitive isolates for individual fungicide classes. When resistance to the total number of fungicides was compared, regardless of the fungicide class, significant differentiation was detected among isolates that are resistant to two fungicide classes and those resistant to three or four fungicide groups. Fungicide resistance frequencies were stable for most chemistries evaluated with the exception of fluopyram, which increased from 2012 to 2016/2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery A DeLong
- Crop Diseases, Pest and Genetic Research Unit, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Seiya Saito
- Commodity Protection and Quality Research Unit, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Chang-Lin Xiao
- Commodity Protection and Quality Research Unit, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Rachel P Naegele
- Crop Diseases, Pest and Genetic Research Unit, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Parlier, CA 93648
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Diao Y, Larsen MM, Kamvar ZN, Zhang C, Li S, Wang W, Lin D, Peng Q, Knaus BJ, Foster ZSL, Grünwald NJ, Liu X. Genetic Differentiation and Clonal Expansion of Chinese Botrytis cinerea Populations from Tomato and Other Crops in China. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:428-439. [PMID: 31454305 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-18-0347-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is an important pathogen of vegetable and fruit crops but little is known about its population structure and genetics in China. We hypothesized that the geographic populations of B. cinerea in China would be genetically differentiated by host, geographic location, and/or year. In this study, we collected 393 B. cinerea isolates representing 28 populations from tomato, cherry, and nectarine from 2006 to 2014 in China. The isolates were analyzed using 14 microsatellite markers, including six new markers that provided more genotyping power than the eight previously published loci. We also investigated the B. cinerea population structure and inferred its mode of reproduction and dispersal based on genotype data. High genotypic diversity was detected in all populations, and clonal reproduction was dominant. Southern China populations harbored more genotypes than northern populations. Differentiation by host plant was evident. Between 2011 and 2012, genotypes changed only slightly among years for Liaoning populations, but they changed substantially among years for the Shanghai and Fujian populations. Clonal dispersal was detected and the farthest dispersal distance was estimated to be about 1,717 km. Two high-frequency genotypes were widely distributed in more than 10 populations and across several years. Our results provide useful, novel information for plant breeding programs and control of B. cinerea in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhao Diao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193
- Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A
| | - Meredith M Larsen
- Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A
| | - Zhian N Kamvar
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193
| | - Shuo Li
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China 100125
| | - Weizhen Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193
| | - Dong Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193
| | - Qin Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193
| | - Brian J Knaus
- Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A
| | - Zachary S L Foster
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A
| | - Niklaus J Grünwald
- Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR 97330, U.S.A
| | - Xili Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China 100193
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mercier A, Carpentier F, Duplaix C, Auger A, Pradier JM, Viaud M, Gladieux P, Walker AS. The polyphagous plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea encompasses host-specialized and generalist populations. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:4808-4821. [PMID: 31608584 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The host plant is often the main variable explaining population structure in fungal plant pathogens, because specialization contributes to reduce gene flow between populations associated with different hosts. Previous population genetic analysis revealed that French populations of the grey mould pathogen Botrytis cinerea were structured by hosts tomato and grapevine, suggesting host specialization in this highly polyphagous pathogen. However, these findings raised questions about the magnitude of this specialization and the possibility of specialization to other hosts. Here we report specialization of B. cinerea populations to tomato and grapevine hosts but not to other tested plants. Population genetic analysis revealed two pathogen clusters associated with tomato and grapevine, while the other clusters co-occurred on hydrangea, strawberry and bramble. Measurements of quantitative pathogenicity were consistent with host specialization of populations found on tomato, and to a lesser extent, populations found on grapevine. Pathogen populations from hydrangea and strawberry appeared to be generalist, while populations from bramble may be weakly specialized. Our results suggest that the polyphagous B. cinerea is more accurately described as a collection of generalist and specialist individuals in populations. This work opens new perspectives for grey mould management, while suggesting spatial optimization of crop organization within agricultural landscapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mercier
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Florence Carpentier
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France.,UR MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Clémentine Duplaix
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Annie Auger
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Jean-Marc Pradier
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Muriel Viaud
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- UMR BGPI, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier Supagro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Walker
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pei YG, Tao QJ, Zheng XJ, Li Y, Sun XF, Li ZF, Qi XB, Xu J, Zhang M, Chen HB, Chang XL, Tang HM, Sui LY, Gong GS. Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization of Botrytis cinerea Population from Kiwifruit in Sichuan Province, China. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:748-758. [PMID: 30789316 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-18-0707-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea (anamorph of Botryotinia fuckeliana) causes gray mold on numerous plants, including kiwifruit. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of the Botrytis cinerea population from kiwifruit in Sichuan Province, China. In all, 176 isolates were collected from kiwifruit orchards from eight geographic regions in Sichuan. All isolates were identified as B. cinerea sensu stricto based on the combined datasets, including morphological criteria, determination of the Bc-hch allele, and phylogenetic analysis of the genes RPB2, G3PDH, and HSP60. Three colony types (i.e., sclerotial, mycelial, and conidial) were observed on potato dextrose agar after 2 weeks, with sclerotial isolates, the predominant category, accounting for 40.91%. No obvious differences in microscopic characteristics were observed among the three types. Three genotypes of transposable elements were identified in the B. cinerea population: boty, flipper, and transposa types. The most prevalent genotype from different geographic populations of B. cinerea was transposa; in contrast, the flipper genotype accounted for only 3.98% of the total population, whereas the vacuma genotype was absent. According to MAT locus amplification, 87 and 89 isolates are MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 type, respectively, and the two mating types were found to be balanced overall in the population. Forty-eight representative isolates were all able to cause gray mold to some extent, and disease severities were significantly different between the cultivars Hongyang and Hort16A (P < 0.01). Disease severity was significantly greater on young leaves than on mature leaves (P < 0.01). No significant relationship was found between pathogenicity and geographical region, colony type, or transposon distribution. The results obtained in the present study suggest a relatively uniform species diversity of Botrytis but rich phenotypic and genetic differentiation within the B. cinerea population on kiwifruit in China. Utilizing resistant cultivars and rain-shelter cultivation instead of fungicides may be an effective approach to delaying pathogen variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Gang Pei
- 1 College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Qin-Jun Tao
- 1 College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zheng
- 1 College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Ying Li
- 1 College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Fang Sun
- 1 College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Fei Li
- 1 College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
- 2 Sichuan HuaSheng Agricultural Co., Ltd, Deyang 618200, P. R. China; and
| | - Xiao-Bo Qi
- 1 College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- 1 College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- 1 College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Bao Chen
- 1 College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Chang
- 1 College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Min Tang
- 1 College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Li-Yun Sui
- 3 Chengdu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Shu Gong
- 1 College of Agronomy & Key Laboratory for Major Crop Diseases, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Polat İ, Baysal Ö, Mercati F, Gümrükcü E, Sülü G, Kitapcı A, Araniti F, Carimi F. Characterization of Botrytis cinerea isolates collected on pepper in Southern Turkey by using molecular markers, fungicide resistance genes and virulence assay. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 60:151-159. [PMID: 29505818 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a polyphagous fungal pathogen causing gray mold disease. Moreover, it is one of the most destructive infections of small fruit crops such as pepper (Capsicum annnum L.). C. sativum is a species belonging to the Solanaceae family and Turkey is one of the main producers in the World. In the present work, aiming to obtain information useful for pest management, fifty B. cinerea isolates collected from Turkey and a reference isolate (B05.10) were characterized using molecular markers and fungicide resistance genes. Morphological and molecular (ITS1-ITS4) identification of B. cinerea isolates, the degree of virulence and mating types were determined. Since one or several allelic mutations in the histidine kinase (Bos1) and β-tubulin genes generally confer the resistance to fungicides, the sequences of these target genes were investigated in the selected isolates, which allowed the identification of two different haplotypes. Mating types were also determined by PCR assays using primer specific for MAT1-1 alpha gene (MAT1-1-1) and MAT1-2 HMG (MAT1-2-1) of B. cinerea. Twenty-two out of 50 isolates (44%) were MAT1-2, while 38% were MAT1-1. Interestingly, out of whole studied samples, 9 isolates (18%) were heterokaryotic or mixed colonies. In addition, cluster and population structure analyses identified five main groups and two genetic pools, respectively, underlining a good level of variability in the analysed panel. The results highlighted the presence of remarkable genetic diversity in B. cinerea isolates collected in a crucial economical area for pepper cultivation in Turkey and the data will be beneficial in view of future gray mold disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- İlknur Polat
- Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ömür Baysal
- Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 48000 Muğla, Turkey.
| | - Francesco Mercati
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Emine Gümrükcü
- Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Görkem Sülü
- Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Aytül Kitapcı
- Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesco Carimi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Walker AS, Ravigne V, Rieux A, Ali S, Carpentier F, Fournier E. Fungal adaptation to contemporary fungicide applications: the case of Botrytis cinerea populations from Champagne vineyards (France). Mol Ecol 2017; 26:1919-1935. [PMID: 28231406 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In addition to being one of the most acute problems impeding chemical control of fungal diseases, the evolution of fungicide resistance is an emblematic case of local adaptation to spatially heterogeneous and temporally variable selection pressures. Here we dissected the adaptation of Botrytis cinerea (the causal agent of grey mould) populations on grapes to several fungicides. We carried out a 2-year survey (four collection dates) on three treated/untreated pairs of plots from vineyards in Champagne (France) and monitored the frequency of four resistant phenotypes that are unambiguously associated with four distinct genotypes. For two loci under selection by currently used fungicides (MDR1 and MDR2), the frequencies of resistant mutations at vintage were greater in treated plots compared to untreated plots, showing that the effect of selection is detectable even at the plot scale. This effect was not detectable for two other loci under selection by previously used fungicides (BenR1 and ImiR1). We also found that treatment with currently used fungicides reduced B. cinerea effective population size, leading to a significant decrease in genic diversity and allelic richness in treated vs. untreated plots. We further highlight that even under ample drift and migration, fungal populations can present an efficient response to selection. Finally, for the four studied loci, the costs of fungicide resistance were estimated by modelling the decrease in the frequency of resistant mutations in the absence of treatment. We discuss the importance of these estimates for defining strategies for limiting or counteracting the local adaptation of pests to fungicides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-S Walker
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - V Ravigne
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, 97410, Saint-Pierre, Réunion, France
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - A Rieux
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, 97410, Saint-Pierre, Réunion, France
- CIRAD, UMR BGPI, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - S Ali
- UMR BGPI, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, TA A 54/K, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan
| | - F Carpentier
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - E Fournier
- UMR BGPI, INRA, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, TA A 54/K, Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ciliberti N, Fermaud M, Roudet J, Rossi V. Environmental Conditions Affect Botrytis cinerea Infection of Mature Grape Berries More Than the Strain or Transposon Genotype. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26218433 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-14-0264-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Effects of environment, Botrytis cinerea strain, and their interaction on the infection of mature grape berries were investigated. The combined effect of temperature (T) of 15, 20, 25, and 30°C and relative humidity (RH) of 65, 80, 90, and 100% was studied by inoculating berries with mycelium plugs. Regardless of the T, no disease occurred at 65% RH, and both disease incidence and severity increased with increasing RH. The combined effect of T (5 to 30°C) and wetness duration (WD) of 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 h was studied by inoculating berries with conidia. At WD of 36 h, disease incidence was approximately 75% of affected berries at 20 or 25°C, 50% at 15°C, and 30 to 20% at 30 and 10°C; no infection occurred at 5°C. Under favorable conditions (100% RH or 36 h of WD) and unfavorable conditions (65% RH or 3 h of WD), berry wounding did not significantly affect disease incidence; under moderately favorable conditions (80% RH or 6 to 12 h of WD), disease incidence was approximately 1.5 to 5 times higher in wounded than in intact berries. Our data collectively showed that (i) T and RH or WD were more important than strain for mature berry infection by either mycelium or conidia and (ii) the effect of the environment on the different strains was similar. Two equations were developed describing the combined effect of T and RH, or T and WD, on disease incidence following inoculation by mycelium (R2=0.99) or conidia (R2=0.96), respectively. These equations may be useful in the development of models used to predict and control Botrytis bunch rot during berry ripening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ciliberti
- First and fourth authors: Istituto di Entomologia e Patologia Vegetale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via E. Parmense 84, Piacenza, I-29122, Italy; second and third authors: INRA, UMR 1065 SAVE "Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble", ISVV, Université de Bordeaux, CS 20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cédèx, France
| | - Marc Fermaud
- First and fourth authors: Istituto di Entomologia e Patologia Vegetale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via E. Parmense 84, Piacenza, I-29122, Italy; second and third authors: INRA, UMR 1065 SAVE "Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble", ISVV, Université de Bordeaux, CS 20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cédèx, France
| | - Jean Roudet
- First and fourth authors: Istituto di Entomologia e Patologia Vegetale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via E. Parmense 84, Piacenza, I-29122, Italy; second and third authors: INRA, UMR 1065 SAVE "Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble", ISVV, Université de Bordeaux, CS 20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cédèx, France
| | - Vittorio Rossi
- First and fourth authors: Istituto di Entomologia e Patologia Vegetale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via E. Parmense 84, Piacenza, I-29122, Italy; second and third authors: INRA, UMR 1065 SAVE "Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble", ISVV, Université de Bordeaux, CS 20032, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon Cédèx, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Muñoz G, Campos F, Salgado D, Galdames R, Gilchrist L, Chahin G, Andrade O. Molecular identification of Botrytis cinerea, Botrytis paeoniae and Botrytis pseudocinerea associated with gray mould disease in peonies (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) in Southern Chile. Rev Iberoam Micol 2015; 33:43-7. [PMID: 25982419 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Chile, the peony is the most important ornamental flower exported from the country. Gray mould is a phytopathological problem of this crop. This disease is caused by Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis paeoniae. AIMS We carried out the first survey of Botrytis species associated with peony gray mould in Southern Chile to estimate the diversity of these pathogens. METHODS Diseased peony leaves were collected from seven locations in Southern Chile covering a distance of 300km. The Botrytis isolates obtained were studied by morphological and molecular methods. Finally, a PCR assay using primers based on the necrosis and ethylene-inducing protein gene (nep1) was used to specifically identify B. paeoniae. RESULTS Seventeen isolates belonging to Botrytis genus were obtained, and all of them were pathogenic to peonies when inoculated in plants grown in a greenhouse. Morphological analyses showed that four isolates shared common characteristics, which distinguish them from the rest. Homology and phylogenetic analysis of G3PDH, as well as determination of the Bc-hch allele, allowed us to identify 12 isolates as B. cinerea, 4 as B. paeoniae and one isolate as Botrytis pseudocinerea. The PCR assay was found to be specific to B. paeoniae, amplifying a single band of 470bp. CONCLUSIONS Three Botrytis species involved in peony gray mould disease are present in Chile. This is the first time that both B. paeoniae and B. pseudocinerea have been reported to be present in the country and also that they affect peonies. Finally, to our knowledge, the PCR based method herein described is the first of its kind to be used to identify B. paeoniae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Muñoz
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Talcahuano, Chile.
| | - Felipe Campos
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Daisy Salgado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) Carillanca, Temuco, Chile
| | - Rafael Galdames
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) Carillanca, Temuco, Chile
| | - Lucy Gilchrist
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) Carillanca, Temuco, Chile
| | - Gabriela Chahin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA) Carillanca, Temuco, Chile
| | - Orlando Andrade
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ciliberti N, Fermaud M, Languasco L, Rossi V. Influence of Fungal Strain, Temperature, and Wetness Duration on Infection of Grapevine Inflorescences and Young Berry Clusters by Botrytis cinerea. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:325-333. [PMID: 25354016 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-14-0152-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of temperature and wetness duration on infection of Vitis vinifera inflorescences (from "inflorescence clearly visible" to "end of flowering" stages) and young berry clusters (at "fruit swelling" and "berries groat-sized" stages) by Botrytis cinerea was investigated. Artificial inoculations were carried out using conidial suspensions of eight B. cinerea strains belonging to the transposon genotypes transposa and vacuma. Infection incidence was significantly affected by strain but not by transposon genotype (transposon genotype accounted for only 6.5% of the variance). Infection incidence was also affected by the interaction between strain and growth stage of the inflorescence or berry cluster (overall accounting for approximately 57% of the experimental variance). Thus, under our experimental conditions, the ability to cause infection was a strain rather than a transposon genotype attribute. Across all strains, infection incidence was lowest when inflorescences were clearly visible or fully developed, highest at flowering (from beginning to end of flowering), and intermediate at the postflowering fruit stages (fruit swelling and berries groat-sized). One transposa strain, however, was highly virulent on all grapevine growth stages tested. The effects of temperature and wetness duration on infection incidence were similar for all fungal strains and grapevine growth stages; infection incidence was highest at 20°C and lowest at 30°C, and was also low at 5°C. Similar results were obtained for mycelial growth and conidial germination. Based on the pooled data for all strains and grapevine growth stages, an equation was developed that accounted for the combined effects of temperature and wetness duration on relative infection incidence. This equation should be useful for developing decision-making systems concerning B. cinerea control at early grapevine growth stages.
Collapse
|
19
|
Walker AS, Gladieux P, Decognet V, Fermaud M, Confais J, Roudet J, Bardin M, Bout A, C. Nicot P, Poncet C, Fournier E. Population structure and temporal maintenance of the multihost fungal pathogenBotrytis cinerea: causes and implications for disease management. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:1261-74. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Walker
- INRA, UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP; Avenue Lucien Brétignières Thiverval-Grignon F-78850 France
| | - Pierre Gladieux
- CNRS, UMR 8079 Ecologie Systématique Evolution; Bâtiment 360 Orsay F-91405 France
- University of Paris-Sud; Orsay F-91405 France
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Véronique Decognet
- INRA, UR 407 Plant Pathology Unit; Domaine Saint Maurice; Montfavet F-84143 France
| | - Marc Fermaud
- INRA UMR 1065 SAVE; ISVV; 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux Villenave d'Ornon F-33882 France
| | - Johann Confais
- INRA, UR 1290 BIOGER-CPP; Avenue Lucien Brétignières Thiverval-Grignon F-78850 France
| | - Jean Roudet
- INRA UMR 1065 SAVE; ISVV; 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux Villenave d'Ornon F-33882 France
| | - Marc Bardin
- INRA, UR 407 Plant Pathology Unit; Domaine Saint Maurice; Montfavet F-84143 France
| | - Alexandre Bout
- INRA, UMR 1355 ISA, TEAPEA; Sophia-Antipolis F-06903 France
| | - Philippe C. Nicot
- INRA, UR 407 Plant Pathology Unit; Domaine Saint Maurice; Montfavet F-84143 France
| | | | - Elisabeth Fournier
- INRA, UMR BGPI; TA A 54/K; Campus International de Baillarguet Montpellier F-34398 France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bardin M, Decognet V, Nicot PC. Remarkable predominance of a small number of genotypes in greenhouse populations of Botrytis cinerea. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2014; 104:859-864. [PMID: 24521484 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-13-0271-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although Botrytis cinerea is known for its ability to produce high amounts of spores on diseased plants, enabling it to complete rapidly numerous developmental cycles in favorable environments, population genetics studies of this fungus indicate enormous diversity and limited clonal spread. Here, we report an exception to this situation in the settings of commercial tomato greenhouses. The genotypic characterization of 712 isolates collected from the air and from diseased plants, following the development of gray mold epidemics in four greenhouses in southern France, revealed the presence of a few predominant genotypes in a background of highly diverse populations. The comparison of genotypic profiles for isolates collected in the air or on the plants was compatible with the hypothesis of an entry in the greenhouse of substantial amounts of inoculum from the outside environment but it also highlighted the importance of secondary inoculum produced within the crop. The overall results of this work suggest that sporulation could be an important target for disease management strategies in the greenhouse.
Collapse
|
21
|
Fournier E, Gladieux P, Giraud T. The 'Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde fungus': noble rot versus gray mold symptoms of Botrytis cinerea on grapes. Evol Appl 2013; 6:960-9. [PMID: 24062804 PMCID: PMC3779096 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cryptic species have recently been discovered in fungi, especially in fungal plant pathogens. Cryptic fungal species co-occurring in sympatry may occupy slightly different ecological niches, for example infecting the same crop plant but specialized on different organs or having different phenologies. Identifying cryptic species in fungal pathogens of crops and determining their ecological specialization are therefore crucial for disease management. Here, we addressed this question in the ascomycete Botrytis cinerea, the agent of gray mold on a wide range of plants. On grape, B. cinerea causes severe damage but is also responsible for noble rot used for processing sweet wines. We used microsatellite genotyping and clustering methods to elucidate whether isolates sampled on gray mold versus noble rot symptoms in three French regions belong to genetically differentiated populations. The inferred population structure matched geography rather than the type of symptom. Noble rot symptoms therefore do not seem to be caused by a specific B. cinerea population but instead seem to depend essentially on microclimatic conditions, which has applied consequences for the production of sweet wines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Fournier
- Biologie et Génétique des Interactions Plante-Parasite, INRA-CIRAD-SupAgro Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
González-Fernández R, Aloria K, Valero-Galván J, Redondo I, Arizmendi JM, Jorrín-Novo JV. Proteomic analysis of mycelium and secretome of different Botrytis cinerea wild-type strains. J Proteomics 2013; 97:195-221. [PMID: 23811051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is a very damaging phytopathogen of wide host range and environmental persistence. It is difficult to control because of its genetic versatility, expressed in the many phenotypical differences among isolates. The genomes of the B. cinerea B05.10 and T4 strains have been recently sequenced, becoming a model system for necrotrophic pathogens, and thus opening new alternatives for functional genomics analysis. In this work, the mycelium and secreted proteome of six wild-type strains with different host range, and grown in liquid minimal medium, have been analyzed by using complementary gel-based (1-DE and 2-DE) and gel-free/label-free (nUPLC-MS(E)) approaches. We found differences in the protein profiles among strains belonging to both the mycelium and the secretome. A total of 47 and 51 variable proteins were identified in the mycelium and the secretome, respectively. Some of them, such as malate dehydrogenase or peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase from the mycelium, and endopolygalacturonase, aspartic protease or cerato-platanin protein from the secretome have been reported as virulence factors, which are involved in host-tissue invasion, pathogenicity or fungal development. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is an important phytopathogen of wide host range and environmental persistence, causing substantial economic losses worldwide. In this work, the mycelium and secreted proteome of six B. cinerea wild-type strains with different host range have been analyzed by using complementary gel-based and gel-free/label-free approaches. Fungal genetic versatility was confirmed at the proteome level for both mycelium proteome and secreted proteins. A high number of hypothetical proteins with conserved domains related to toxin compounds or to unknown functions were identified, having qualitative differences among strains. The identification of hypothetical proteins suggests that the B. cinerea strains differ mostly in processes involved in adaptation to a particular environment or a growth condition, rather than in essential metabolic reactions. Proteomics can help in the identification of variable proteins related to the infection and colonization of host plant tissues, as well as of virulence and aggressiveness factors among different B. cinerea wild-type strains. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Trends in Microbial Proteomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel González-Fernández
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Group, Dpt. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Kerman Aloria
- Proteomics Core Facility-SGIKER, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - José Valero-Galván
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Group, Dpt. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14071 Córdoba, Spain; Dpt. of Chemistry-Biology, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez, 32300 Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. http://www.uco.es/botrytis/
| | - Inmaculada Redondo
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Group, Dpt. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14071 Córdoba, Spain. http://www.uco.es/botrytis/
| | - Jesús M Arizmendi
- Dpt. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Jesús V Jorrín-Novo
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Group, Dpt. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 14071 Córdoba, Spain. http://www.uco.es/botrytis/
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
MS Analysis and Molecular Characterization of Botrytis cinerea Protease Prot-2. Use in Bioactive Peptides Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:231-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
24
|
Asadollahi M, Fekete E, Karaffa L, Flipphi M, Árnyasi M, Esmaeili M, Váczy KZ, Sándor E. Comparison of Botrytis cinerea populations isolated from two open-field cultivated host plants. Microbiol Res 2013; 168:379-388. [PMID: 23353014 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is reported to infect more than 220 host plants worldwide. In phylogenetical-taxonomical terms, the pathogen is considered a complex of two cryptic species, group I and group II. We sampled populations of B. cinerea on sympatric strawberry and raspberry cultivars in the North-East of Hungary for three years during flowering and the harvest period. Four hundred and ninety group II B. cinerea isolates were analyzed for the current study. Three different data sets were generated: (i) PCR-RFLP patterns of the ADP-ATP translocase and nitrate reductase genes, (ii) MSB1 minisatellite sequence data, and (iii) the fragment sizes of five microsatellite loci. The structures of the different populations were similar as indicated by Nei's gene diversity and haplotype diversity. The F statistics (Fst, Gst), and the gene flow indicated ongoing differentiation within sympatric populations. The population genetic parameters were influenced by polymorphisms within the three data sets as assessed using Bayesian algorithms. Data Mining analysis pointed towards the five microsatellite loci as the most defining markers to study differentiation in the 490 isolates. The results suggest the occurrence of host-specific, sympatric divergence of generalist phytoparasites in perennial hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Asadollahi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; Institute of Food Processing, Quality Assurance and Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Fekete
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Levente Karaffa
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Michel Flipphi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mariann Árnyasi
- Sámuel Diószegi Institute of Agricultural Innovation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mahdi Esmaeili
- Department of Computer Science, Islamic Azad University, Kashan Branch, Kashan, Iran
| | - Kálmán Zoltán Váczy
- KRC Research Institute for Viticulture and Enology, Kőlyuktető, PO Box 83, 3301 Eger, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Sándor
- Institute of Food Processing, Quality Assurance and Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Samuel S, Veloukas T, Papavasileiou A, Karaoglanidis GS. Differences in Frequency of Transposable Elements Presence in Botrytis cinerea Populations from Several Hosts in Greece. PLANT DISEASE 2012; 96:1286-1290. [PMID: 30727158 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-12-0103-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted primarily to investigate the presence and frequency distribution of the transposable elements Boty and Flipper in populations of the necrotroph plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea in Greece. In total, 334 isolates were collected from diseased grape, strawberry, tomato, cucumber, kiwifruit, and apple fruit during 2009. The presence of the two transposable elements was based on polymerase chain reaction detection. Results showed that all the sampled hosts occurred in sympatry, with four possible different genotypes (transposa type carrying both transposable elements, Boty type carrying only the Boty element, Flipper type carrying only the Flipper element, and vacuma type carrying neither transposable element). Marked differences in genotype frequencies among populations were observed. In tomato, cucumber, grape, and strawberry, transposa isolates carrying both elements were predominant in the populations whereas, in kiwifruit and apple fruit populations, the vacuma isolates were prevailing. Furthermore, in kiwi and apple fruit populations, high frequencies of Flipper-type isolates were observed. In an attempt to explain the observed predominance of vacuma isolates in kiwifruit populations, the mycelial growth rate of a set of vacuma isolates was compared with the mycelial growth rate of a set of transposa isolates at three different temperatures (0, 10, and 20°C). The same set of isolates was used to compare pathogenicity of isolates on wound-inoculated kiwifruit incubated at two different temperatures (0 and 20°C), in terms of disease incidence and disease severity. In addition, the selected isolates were used to compare their ability in causing latent infections on kiwifruit in the field. The results showed that vacuma and transposa isolates had similar mycelial growth rates at the limiting temperatures of 0 and 10°C, while vacuma isolates grew faster at the optimum temperature of 20°C. Similarly, there was no significant difference regarding pathogenicity on kiwifruit between transposa and vacuma isolates. However, artificial inoculations conducted on blossoms in the field showed that vacuma isolates caused significantly higher incidence of latent infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Samuel
- Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Laboratory, POB 269, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas Veloukas
- Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Laboratory, POB 269, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonios Papavasileiou
- Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Laboratory, POB 269, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George S Karaoglanidis
- Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Pathology Laboratory, POB 269, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pintye A, Bereczky Z, Kovács GM, Nagy LG, Xu X, Legler SE, Váczy Z, Váczy KZ, Caffi T, Rossi V, Kiss L. No indication of strict host associations in a widespread mycoparasite: grapevine powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) is attacked by phylogenetically distant Ampelomyces strains in the field. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2012; 102:707-716. [PMID: 22512466 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-11-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pycnidial fungi belonging to the genus Ampelomyces are common intracellular mycoparasites of powdery mildews worldwide. Some strains have already been developed as commercial biocontrol agents (BCAs) of Erysiphe necator and other powdery mildew species infecting important crops. One of the basic, and still debated, questions concerning the tritrophic relationships between host plants, powdery mildew fungi, and Ampelomyces mycoparasites is whether Ampelomyces strains isolated from certain species of the Erysiphales are narrowly specialized to their original mycohosts or are generalist mycoparasites of many powdery mildew fungi. This is also important for the use of Ampelomyces strains as BCAs. To understand this relationship, the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial actin gene (act1) sequences of 55 Ampelomyces strains from E. necator were analyzed together with those of 47 strains isolated from other powdery mildew species. These phylogenetic analyses distinguished five major clades and strains from E. necator that were present in all but one clade. This work was supplemented with the selection of nine inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers for strain-specific identification of Ampelomyces mycoparasites to monitor the environmental fate of strains applied as BCAs. The genetic distances among strains calculated based on ISSR patterns have also highlighted the genetic diversity of Ampelomyces mycoparasites naturally occurring in grapevine powdery mildew. Overall, this work showed that Ampelomyces strains isolated from E. necator are genetically diverse and there is no indication of strict mycohost associations in these strains. However, these results cannot rule out a certain degree of quantitative association between at least some of the Ampelomyces lineages identified in this work and their original mycohosts.
Collapse
|
27
|
Fekete É, Fekete E, Irinyi L, Karaffa L, Árnyasi M, Asadollahi M, Sándor E. Genetic diversity of a Botrytis cinerea cryptic species complex in Hungary. Microbiol Res 2012; 167:283-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
28
|
Esterio M, Muñoz G, Ramos C, Cofré G, Estévez R, Salinas A, Auger J. Characterization of Botrytis cinerea Isolates Present in Thompson Seedless Table Grapes in the Central Valley of Chile. PLANT DISEASE 2011; 95:683-690. [PMID: 30731896 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-10-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea isolates from flowers and berries of Vitis vinifera 'Thompson seedless' (grapevine) were characterized in terms of two transposable elements (TEs) Boty and Flipper, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), infection levels, and resistance to iprodione. The isolates were collected from grapevines under fungicide programs of variable numbers of iprodione applications, and replicated in three Chilean Central Valley locations. Recovery was repeated from clusters collected at four phenological stages. Highest infection levels were found at bloom. Fungicide programs including one iprodione application or a combination of other fungicides were most effective for reducing gray mold symptoms. A total of 457 isolates collected from fungicide programs including only one iprodione application, and the control program, were tested for the presence of TEs. In all locations and during all phenological stages, transposa isolates (containing both TEs) were most common, followed by Boty. Vacuma isolates (containing neither TE) were identified at very low levels in two locations and only in the control treatment, and isolates with only Flipper were not detected at any time or location. Vacuma and Boty isolates were all sensitive to iprodione, while transposa isolates showed a wide range of resistance. Based on response to iprodione, the presence of TEs, and presence of vegetative-incompatibility alleles (Bc-hch), the isolates studied belong to B. cinerea Group II, a phylogenetic species within B. cinerea. Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance and genetic diversity analyses of the RAPD genotypes showed a genetic differentiation linked to location, but it was not related to geographic distance. Moreover, a genetic differentiation related to the phenological stage of grapes was also detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Esterio
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Código Postal 8820808, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gastón Muñoz
- Centro de Biotecnología del Gran Concepción. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Sede Concepción, Autopista Concepción - Talcahuano 7100
| | - Cecilia Ramos
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Código Postal 8820808, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cofré
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Código Postal 8820808, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Estévez
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Código Postal 8820808, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Salinas
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Código Postal 8820808, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Auger
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Código Postal 8820808, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Microsatellite stability in the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea after exposure to different selective pressures. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:949-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
30
|
Genetic characterization of grapevine-infecting Botrytis cinerea isolates from Argentina. Rev Iberoam Micol 2010; 27:66-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|