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Devaraj A, Singh M, Narayanavari SA, Yong G, Chen J, Wang J, Becker M, Walisko O, Schorn A, Cseresznyés Z, Raskó T, Radscheit K, Selbach M, Ivics Z, Izsvák Z. HMGXB4 Targets Sleeping Beauty Transposition to Germinal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087283. [PMID: 37108449 PMCID: PMC10138897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposons are parasitic genetic elements that frequently hijack vital cellular processes of their host. HMGXB4 is a known Wnt signaling-regulating HMG-box protein, previously identified as a host-encoded factor of Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposition. Here, we show that HMGXB4 is predominantly maternally expressed, and marks both germinal progenitor and somatic stem cells. SB piggybacks HMGXB4 to activate transposase expression and target transposition to germinal stem cells, thereby potentiating heritable transposon insertions. The HMGXB4 promoter is located within an active chromatin domain, offering multiple looping possibilities with neighboring genomic regions. HMGXB4 is activated by ERK2/MAPK1, ELK1 transcription factors, coordinating pluripotency and self-renewal pathways, but suppressed by the KRAB-ZNF/TRIM28 epigenetic repression machinery, also known to regulate transposable elements. At the post-translational level, SUMOylation regulates HMGXB4, which modulates binding affinity to its protein interaction partners and controls its transcriptional activator function via nucleolar compartmentalization. When expressed, HMGXB4 can participate in nuclear-remodeling protein complexes and transactivate target gene expression in vertebrates. Our study highlights HMGXB4 as an evolutionarily conserved host-encoded factor that assists Tc1/Mariner transposons to target the germline, which was necessary for their fixation and may explain their abundance in vertebrate genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anantharam Devaraj
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manvendra Singh
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Suneel A Narayanavari
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Guo Yong
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiaxuan Chen
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jichang Wang
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mareike Becker
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Walisko
- Division of Hematology, Gene and Cell Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Andrea Schorn
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zoltán Cseresznyés
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamás Raskó
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathrin Radscheit
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Selbach
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zoltán Ivics
- Division of Hematology, Gene and Cell Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Izsvák
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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Chapman KM, Pudasaini A, Vanderbeck MN, Hamra FK. Rattus norvegicus Spermatogenesis Colony-Forming Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2677:233-257. [PMID: 37464246 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3259-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge gaps persist on signaling pathways and metabolic states in germ cells sufficient to support spermatogenesis independent of a somatic environment. Consequently, methods to culture mammalian stem cells through spermatogenesis in defined systems have not been established. Lack of success at culturing mammalian stem cells through spermatogenesis in defined systems reflects an inability to experimentally recapitulate biochemical events that develop in germ cells within the testis-specific seminiferous epithelium. Complex germ and somatic cell associations that develop each seminiferous epithelial cycle support such a hypothesis, conceivably explaining why highly pure mammalian spermatogonia do not effectively develop into and through meiosis without somatic cells. Here, we outline an in vitro spermatogenesis colony-forming assay to study how differentiating spermatogonial syncytia develop from rat spermatogonial stem cell lines. Robust spermatogonial differentiation under defined culture conditions, once established, is anticipated to facilitate molecular biology studies on pre-meiotic steps in gametogenesis by providing soma-free bioassays to systematically identify spermatogenic factors that promote meiotic progression in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Chapman
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | - F Kent Hamra
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Establishment of a Spermatogonial Stem Cell Line with Potential of Meiosis in a Hermaphroditic Fish, Epinephelus coioides. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182868. [PMID: 36139441 PMCID: PMC9496998 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are unique adult stem cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into sperm. Grouper is a protogynous hermaphroditic fish farmed widely in the tropical and subtropical seas. In this study, we established an SSC line derived from adult testis of orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. In the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), the cells could be maintained with proliferation and self-renewal over 20 months and 120 passages under in vitro culture conditions. The cells exhibited strong alkaline phosphatase activity and the characteristics of SSCs with the expression of germ cell markers, including Vasa, Dazl, and Plzf, as well as the stem cell markers Nanog, Oct4, and Ssea1. Furthermore, the cultured cells could be induced by 11-ketotestosterone treatment to highly express the meiotic markers Rec8, Sycp3, and Dmc1, and produce some spherical cells, and even sperm-like cells with a tail. The findings of this study suggested that the cultured grouper SSC line would serve as an excellent tool to study the molecular mechanisms behind SSCs self-renewal and differentiation, meiosis during spermatogenesis, and sex reversal in hermaphroditic vertebrates. Moreover, this SSC line has great application value in grouper fish aquaculture, such as germ cell transplantation, genetic manipulation, and disease research.
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Liang D, Sun Q, Zhu Z, Wang C, Ye S, Li Z, Wang Y. Xenotransplantation of Human Spermatogonia Into Various Mouse Recipient Models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:883314. [PMID: 35676935 PMCID: PMC9168328 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.883314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells are the foundation of continuous spermatogenesis in adult mammals. Xenograft models have been established to define human SSCs, mostly using infertile and immune-deficient mice as the recipients for human germ cell transplantation. However, it is time-consuming to prepare such recipients using irradiation or chemotherapeutic agents, and this approach may also introduce confounding factors when residual endogenous germ cells recover in transplanted recipients. It remains to be determined whether immune-competent genetically infertile mice can be suitable recipients for xenotransplantation. In this study, we observed similar engraftment efficiencies when using spermatogonia from human biopsied testes across immune-deficient nude mice, immune-competent ICR mice, and genetically infertile Kitw/w-v mice, suggesting minimal immunological rejection from immune-competent mouse recipients upon xenotransplantation of human germ cells. More importantly, we derived EpCAM negative and TNAP positive spermatogonia-like cells (SLCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), which highly expressed spermatogonial markers including PLZF, INTERGRINα6, TKTL1, CD90, and DRMT3. We found that upon transplantation, these SLCs proliferated and colonized at the basal membrane of seminiferous tubules in testes of both immune-deficient nude mice and Kitw/w-v mice, though complete spermatogenesis would likely require supporting human signaling factors and microenvironment. Taken together, our study functionally defined the cell identity of PSC-derived SLCs, and supported xenotransplantation using genetically infertile recipients as a convenient model for functionally evaluating spermatogonia derived from different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongli Liang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijue Zhu
- Department of Andrology, The Center for Men’s Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanyun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shicheng Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Andrology, The Center for Men’s Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yuan Wang, ; Zheng Li,
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Yuan Wang, ; Zheng Li,
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Binsila B, Selvaraju S, Ranjithkumaran R, Archana SS, Krishnappa B, Ghosh SK, Kumar H, Subbarao RB, Arangasamy A, Bhatta R. Current scenario and challenges ahead in application of spermatogonial stem cell technology in livestock. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:3155-3173. [PMID: 34661801 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the source for the mature male gamete. SSC technology in humans is mainly focusing on preserving fertility in cancer patients. Whereas in livestock, it is used for mining the factors associated with male fertility. The review discusses the present status of SSC biology, methodologies developed for in vitro culture, and challenges ahead in establishing SSC technology for the propagation of superior germplasm with special reference to livestock. METHOD Published literatures from PubMed and Google Scholar on topics of SSCs isolation, purification, characterization, short and long-term culture of SSCs, stemness maintenance, epigenetic modifications of SSCs, growth factors, and SSC cryopreservation and transplantation were used for the study. RESULT The fine-tuning of SSC isolation and culture conditions with special reference to feeder cells, growth factors, and additives need to be refined for livestock. An insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in maintaining stemness and proliferation of SSCs could facilitate the dissemination of superior germplasm through transplantation and transgenesis. The epigenetic influence on the composition and expression of the biomolecules during in vitro differentiation of cultured cells is essential for sustaining fertility. The development of surrogate males through gene-editing will be historic achievement for the foothold of the SSCs technology. CONCLUSION Detailed studies on the species-specific factors regulating the stemness and differentiation of the SSCs are required for the development of a long-term culture system and in vitro spermatogenesis in livestock. Epigenetic changes in the SSCs during in vitro culture have to be elucidated for the successful application of SSCs for improving the productivity of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishnan Binsila
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, 560 030, India.
| | - Sellappan Selvaraju
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, 560 030, India
| | - Rajan Ranjithkumaran
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, 560 030, India
| | - Santhanahalli Siddalingappa Archana
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, 560 030, India
| | - Balaganur Krishnappa
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, 560 030, India
| | - Subrata Kumar Ghosh
- Animal Reproduction Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India
| | - Harendra Kumar
- Animal Reproduction Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243 122, India
| | - Raghavendra B Subbarao
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, 560 030, India
| | - Arunachalam Arangasamy
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, 560 030, India
| | - Raghavendra Bhatta
- Indian council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, 560 030, India
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Prokai D, Pudasaini A, Kanchwala M, Moehlman AT, Waits AE, Chapman KM, Chaudhary J, Acevedo J, Keller P, Chao X, Carr BR, Hamra FK. Spermatogonial Gene Networks Selectively Couple to Glutathione and Pentose Phosphate Metabolism but Not Cysteine Biosynthesis. iScience 2021; 24:101880. [PMID: 33458605 PMCID: PMC7797946 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In adult males, spermatogonia maintain lifelong spermatozoa production for oocyte fertilization. To understand spermatogonial metabolism we compared gene profiles in rat spermatogonia to publicly available mouse, monkey, and human spermatogonial gene profiles. Interestingly, rat spermatogonia expressed metabolic control factors Foxa1, Foxa2, and Foxa3. Germline Foxa2 was enriched in Gfra1Hi and Gfra1Low undifferentiated A-single spermatogonia. Foxa2-bound loci in spermatogonial chromatin were overrepresented by conserved stemness genes (Dusp6, Gfra1, Etv5, Rest, Nanos2, Foxp1) that intersect bioinformatically with conserved glutathione/pentose phosphate metabolism genes (Tkt, Gss, Gc l c , Gc l m, Gpx1, Gpx4, Fth), marking elevated spermatogonial GSH:GSSG. Cystine-uptake and intracellular conversion to cysteine typically couple glutathione biosynthesis to pentose phosphate metabolism. Rat spermatogonia, curiously, displayed poor germline stem cell viability in cystine-containing media, and, like primate spermatogonia, exhibited reduced transsulfuration pathway markers. Exogenous cysteine, cysteine-like mercaptans, somatic testis cells, and ferroptosis inhibitors counteracted the cysteine-starvation-induced spermatogonial death and stimulated spermatogonial growth factor activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Prokai
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ashutosh Pudasaini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- GenomeDesigns Laboratory, LLC, 314 Stonebridge Drive, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Mohammed Kanchwala
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Andrew T. Moehlman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alexandrea E. Waits
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Karen M. Chapman
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jaideep Chaudhary
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jesus Acevedo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Patrick Keller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xing Chao
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bruce R. Carr
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - F. Kent Hamra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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7
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Khanshour AM, Kidane YH, Kozlitina J, Cornelia R, Rafipay A, De Mello V, Weston M, Paria N, Khalid A, Hecht JT, Dobbs MB, Richards BS, Vargesson N, Hamra FK, Wilson M, Wise C, Gurnett CA, Rios JJ. Genetic association and characterization of FSTL5 in isolated clubfoot. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 29:3717-3728. [PMID: 33105483 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Talipes equinovarus (clubfoot, TEV) is a congenital rotational foot deformity occurring in 1 per 1000 births with increased prevalence in males compared with females. The genetic etiology of isolated clubfoot (iTEV) remains unclear. Using a genome-wide association study, we identified a locus within FSTL5, encoding follistatin-like 5, significantly associated with iTEV. FSTL5 is an uncharacterized gene whose potential role in embryonic and postnatal development was previously unstudied. Utilizing multiple model systems, we found that Fstl5 was expressed during later stages of embryonic hindlimb development, and, in mice, expression was restricted to the condensing cartilage anlage destined to form the limb skeleton. In the postnatal growth plate, Fstl5 was specifically expressed in prehypertrophic chondrocytes. As Fstl5 knockout rats displayed no gross malformations, we engineered a conditional transgenic mouse line (Fstl5LSL) to overexpress Fstl5 in skeletal osteochondroprogenitors. We observed that hindlimbs were slightly shorter and that bone mineral density was reduced in adult male, but not female, Prrx1-cre;Fstl5LSL mice compared with control. No overt clubfoot-like deformity was observed in Prrx1-cre;Fstl5LSL mice, suggesting FSTL5 may function in other cell types to contribute to iTEV pathogenesis. Interrogating published mouse embryonic single-cell expression data showed that Fstl5 was expressed in cell lineage subclusters whose transcriptomes were associated with neural system development. Moreover, our results suggest that lineage-specific expression of the Fstl genes correlates with their divergent roles as modulators of transforming growth factor beta and bone morphogenetic protein signaling. Results from this study associate FSTL5 with iTEV and suggest a potential sexually dimorphic role for Fstl5 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas M Khanshour
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Yared H Kidane
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Julia Kozlitina
- McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Reuel Cornelia
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Alexandra Rafipay
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Vanessa De Mello
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - Mitchell Weston
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Nandina Paria
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Aysha Khalid
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew B Dobbs
- Paley Orthopedic and Spine Institute, West Palm Beach, FL 33407, USA
| | - B Stephens Richards
- Department of Orthopaedics, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - F Kent Hamra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Megan Wilson
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Carol Wise
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA.,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Christina A Gurnett
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jonathan J Rios
- Center for Pediatric Bone Biology and Translational Research, Scottish Rite for Children, Dallas, TX 75219, USA.,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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8
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Quan FB, Desban L, Mirat O, Kermarquer M, Roussel J, Koëth F, Marnas H, Djenoune L, Lejeune FX, Tostivint H, Wyart C. Somatostatin 1.1 contributes to the innate exploration of zebrafish larva. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15235. [PMID: 32943676 PMCID: PMC7499426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological experiments indicate that neuropeptides can effectively tune neuronal activity and modulate locomotor output patterns. However, their functions in shaping innate locomotion often remain elusive. For example, somatostatin has been previously shown to induce locomotion when injected in the brain ventricles but to inhibit fictive locomotion when bath-applied in the spinal cord in vitro. Here, we investigated the role of somatostatin in innate locomotion through a genetic approach by knocking out somatostatin 1.1 (sst1.1) in zebrafish. We automated and carefully analyzed the kinematics of locomotion over a hundred of thousand bouts from hundreds of mutant and control sibling larvae. We found that the deletion of sst1.1 did not impact acousto-vestibular escape responses but led to abnormal exploration. sst1.1 mutant larvae swam over larger distance, at higher speed and performed larger tail bends, indicating that Somatostatin 1.1 inhibits spontaneous locomotion. Altogether our study demonstrates that Somatostatin 1.1 innately contributes to slowing down spontaneous locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng B Quan
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), CNRS UMR 7221, Paris, France
| | - Laura Desban
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Olivier Mirat
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Kermarquer
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Julian Roussel
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Koëth
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Marnas
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Lydia Djenoune
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - François-Xavier Lejeune
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Tostivint
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), CNRS UMR 7221, Paris, France
| | - Claire Wyart
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Campus Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bld de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
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9
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Poursaeid S, Kalbassi MR, Hassani SN, Baharvand H. Isolation, characterization, in vitro expansion and transplantation of Caspian trout (Salmo caspius) type a spermatogonia. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 289:113341. [PMID: 31954748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sprmatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are valuable for preservation of endangered fish species, biological experimentation, as well as biotechnological applications. However, the rarity of SSCs in the testes has been a great obstacle in their application. Thus, establishment of an efficient in-vitro culture system to support continuous proliferation of SSCs is essential. The present study aimed to establish an efficient and simple method for in vitro culture of Caspian trout undifferentiated spermatogonial cells. Using a two-step enzymatic digestion, testicular cells were isolated from immature testes composed of mainly undifferentiated spermatogonial cells with gonadosomatic indices of <0.05%. The spermatogonial cells were purified by differential plating through serial passaging. The purified cells indicated high expression of type A spermatogonia-related genes (Ly75, Gfrα1, Nanos2, Plzf and Vasa). Proliferation of purified cells was confirmed by BrdU incorporation. Co-culture of purified cells with testicular somatic cells as a feeder layer, resulted in continuous proliferation of type A spermatogonia. The cultured cells continued to express type A spermatogonia-specific markers after one month culture. The cultured spermatogonia were successfully incorporated into the germline after being intraperitoneally transplanted into sterile triploid rainbow trout hatchlings. These results, for the first time, demonstrated that the somatic microenvironment of the rainbow trout gonad can support the colonization and survival of intraperitoneally transplanted cells derived from a fish species belonging to a different genus. Therefore, the combination of in vitro culture system and xenotransplantation can be considered as a promising strategy for conservation of Caspian trout genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Poursaeid
- Fisheries Department, School of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Kalbassi
- Fisheries Department, School of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Seyedeh-Nafiseh Hassani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Boroujeni MB, Peidayesh F, Pirnia A, Boroujeni NB, Ahmadi SAY, Gholami M. Effect of selenium on freezing-thawing damage of mice spermatogonial stem cell: a model to preserve fertility in childhood cancers. Stem Cell Investig 2019; 6:36. [PMID: 31853452 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2019.10.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background During treatment of childhood cancers, fertility of boys may be affected. Therefore, freezing spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) is recommended. However, freezing-thawing process may cause damage to SSCs. This study was conducted to evaluate protective effects of selenium on freezing-thawing damage of mice SSCs using investigation of cell viability and investigation of apoptosis related genes expression including Fas, Caspase3, Bcl2, Bax and P53. Methods SSCs were extracted from 80 6-day-old mice. The SSCs were divided into four groups: cryopreservation along with selenium (low and high dose), vitrification along with selenium (low and high dose), cryopreservation control, and vitrification control. Trypan blue staining and real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) were used to investigate cell viability and gene expression, respectively. Result Comparison of cell viability in the experimental groups did not show a significant association. Expression of Fas and Caspase3 was significantly lower in cryopreservation group with low-dose selenium. Expression of Bcl2 was significantly lower in cryopreservation group with high-dose selenium. Expression of Bax and Caspase3 was significantly lower in vitrification group with low-dose selenium, and expression of P53 was significantly upper. Expression of Bax and Fas was significantly lower in vitrification group with high-dose selenium, and expression of P53 was significantly upper (P<0.001). Conclusions Selenium had dose dependent effect on apoptosis related genes profile. The only evident effect was the effect of low-dose selenium in cryopreservation on inhibition of apoptosis via extrinsic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Beigi Boroujeni
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Peidayesh
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Afshin Pirnia
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Nasim Beigi Boroujeni
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Seyyed Amir Yasin Ahmadi
- Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Gholami
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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11
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Kim YH, Oh MG, Bhang DH, Kim BJ, Jung SE, Kim SM, Dohr G, Kim SU, Ryeom S, Ryu BY. Testicular endothelial cells promote self-renewal of spermatogonial stem cells in rats†. Biol Reprod 2019; 101:360-367. [PMID: 31187129 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the basis of spermatogenesis in male due to their capability to multiply in numbers by self-renewal and subsequent meiotic processes. However, as SSCs are present in a very small proportion in the testis, in vitro proliferation of undifferentiated SSCs will facilitate the study of germ cell biology. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of various cell lines as a feeder layer for rat SSCs. Germ cells enriched for SSCs were cultured on feeder layers including SIM mouse embryo-derived thioguanine and ouabain-resistant cells, C166 cells, and mouse and rat testicular endothelial cells (TECs) and their stem cell potential for generating donor-derived colonies and offspring was assessed by transplantation into recipient testes. Rat germ cells cultured on TECs showed increased mRNA and protein levels of undifferentiated spermatogonial markers. Rat SSCs derived from these germ cells underwent spermatogenesis and generated offspring when transplanted into recipients. Collectively, TECs can serve as an effective feeder layer that enhances the proliferative and self-renewal capacity of cultured rat SSCs while preserving their stemness properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hee Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Geun Oh
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ha Bhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, BK21Plus Program for 21st Century Biomedical Science Leader Development, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Jin Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sang-Eun Jung
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Man Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Gottfried Dohr
- Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.,Futuristic Animal Resource and Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sandra Ryeom
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Buom-Yong Ryu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea.,BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
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12
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Kubota H, Brinster RL. Spermatogonial stem cells. Biol Reprod 2019; 99:52-74. [PMID: 29617903 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the most primitive spermatogonia in the testis and have an essential role to maintain highly productive spermatogenesis by self-renewal and continuous generation of daughter spermatogonia that differentiate into spermatozoa, transmitting genetic information to the next generation. Since the 1950s, many experimental methods, including histology, immunostaining, whole-mount analyses, and pulse-chase labeling, had been used in attempts to identify SSCs, but without success. In 1994, a spermatogonial transplantation method was reported that established a quantitative functional assay to identify SSCs by evaluating their ability to both self-renew and differentiate to spermatozoa. The system was originally developed using mice and subsequently extended to nonrodents, including domestic animals and humans. Availability of the functional assay for SSCs has made it possible to develop culture systems for their ex vivo expansion, which dramatically advanced germ cell biology and allowed medical and agricultural applications. In coming years, SSCs will be increasingly used to understand their regulation, as well as in germline modification, including gene correction, enhancement of male fertility, and conversion of somatic cells to biologically competent male germline cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kubota
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Ralph L Brinster
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Noto FK, Adjan-Steffey V, Tong M, Ravichandran K, Zhang W, Arey A, McClain CB, Ostertag E, Mazhar S, Sangodkar J, DiFeo A, Crawford J, Narla G, Jamling TY. Sprague Dawley Rag2-Null Rats Created from Engineered Spermatogonial Stem Cells Are Immunodeficient and Permissive to Human Xenografts. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2481-2489. [PMID: 30206106 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The rat is the preferred model for toxicology studies, and it offers distinctive advantages over the mouse as a preclinical research model including larger sample size collection, lower rates of drug clearance, and relative ease of surgical manipulation. An immunodeficient rat would allow for larger tumor size development, prolonged dosing and drug efficacy studies, and preliminary toxicologic testing and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies in the same model animal. Here, we created an immunodeficient rat with a functional deletion of the Recombination Activating Gene 2 (Rag2) gene, using genetically modified spermatogonial stem cells (SSC). We targeted the Rag2 gene in rat SSCs with TALENs and transplanted these Rag2-deficient SSCs into sterile recipients. Offspring were genotyped, and a founder with a 27 bp deletion mutation was identified and bred to homozygosity to produce the Sprague-Dawley Rag2 - Rag2 tm1Hera (SDR) knockout rat. We demonstrated that SDR rat lacks mature B and T cells. Furthermore, the SDR rat model was permissive to growth of human glioblastoma cell line subcutaneously resulting in successful growth of tumors. In addition, a human KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer cell line (H358), a patient-derived high-grade serous ovarian cancer cell line (OV81), and a patient-derived recurrent endometrial cancer cell line (OV185) were transplanted subcutaneously to test the ability of the SDR rat to accommodate human xenografts from multiple tissue types. All human cancer cell lines showed efficient tumor uptake and growth kinetics indicating that the SDR rat is a viable host for a range of xenograft studies. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(11); 2481-9. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Min Tong
- Poseida Therapeutics Inc., San Diego, California
| | | | - Wei Zhang
- Hera BioLabs Inc., Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | | | - Eric Ostertag
- Transposagen Biopharmaceuticals Inc., Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Sahar Mazhar
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - Jack Crawford
- Hera BioLabs Inc., Lexington, Kentucky.,Transposagen Biopharmaceuticals Inc., Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Goutham Narla
- Hera BioLabs Inc., Lexington, Kentucky.,The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tseten Y Jamling
- Hera BioLabs Inc., Lexington, Kentucky. .,Transposagen Biopharmaceuticals Inc., Lexington, Kentucky
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14
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Shen Y, Tu W, Liu Y, Yang X, Dong Q, Yang B, Xu J, Yan Y, Pei X, Liu M, Xu W, Yang Y. TSPY1 suppresses USP7-mediated p53 function and promotes spermatogonial proliferation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:542. [PMID: 29748603 PMCID: PMC5945610 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Testis-specific protein Y-linked 1 (TSPY1) is expressed predominantly in adult human spermatogonia and functions in the process of spermatogenesis; however, our understanding of the underlying mechanism is limited. Here we observed that TSPY1, as an interacting partner of TSPY-like 5 (TSPYL5), enhanced the competitive binding of TSPYL5 to ubiquitin-specific peptidase 7 (USP7) in conjunction with p53. This activity, together with its promotion of TSPYL5 expression by acting as a transcription factor, resulted in increased p53 ubiquitylation. Moreover, TSPY1 could decrease the p53 level by inducing the degradation of ubiquitinated USP7. We demonstrated that the promotion of p53 degradation by TSPY1 influenced the activity of p53 target molecules (CDK1, p21, and BAX) to expedite the G2/M phase transition and decrease cell apoptosis, accelerating cell proliferation. Taken together, the observations reveal the significance of TSPY1 as a suppressor of USP7-mediated p53 function in inhibiting p53-dependent cell proliferation arrest. By simulating TSPY1 function in Tspy1-deficient spermatogonia derived from mouse testes, we found that TSPY1 could promote spermatogonial proliferation by decreasing the Usp7-modulated p53 level. The findings suggest an additional mechanism underlying the regulation of spermatogonial p53 function, indicating the significance of TSPY1 in germline homeostasis maintenance and the potential of TSPY1 in regulating human spermatogonial proliferation via the USP7-mediated p53 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shen
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, SCU-CUHK, Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenling Tu
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yunqiang Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiling Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jinyan Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuanlong Yan
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xue Pei
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mohan Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenming Xu
- Joint Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, SCU-CUHK, Key Laboratory of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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15
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Lord T, Oatley JM. A revised A single model to explain stem cell dynamics in the mouse male germline. Reproduction 2018. [PMID: 28624768 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and progenitor spermatogonia encompass the undifferentiated spermatogonial pool in mammalian testes. In rodents, this population is comprised of Asingle, Apaired and chains of 4-16 Aaligned spermatogonia. Although traditional models propose that the entire Asingle pool represents SSCs, and formation of an Apaired syncytium symbolizes irreversible entry to a progenitor state destined for differentiation; recent models have emerged that suggest that the Asingle pool is heterogeneous, and Apaired/Aaligned can fragment to produce new SSCs. In this review, we explore evidence from the literature for these differing models representing SSC dynamics, including the traditional 'Asingle' and more recently formed 'fragmentation' models. Further, based on findings using a fluorescent reporter transgene (eGfp) that reflects expression of the SSC-specific transcription factor 'inhibitor of DNA binding 4' (Id4), we propose a revised version of the traditional model in which SSCs are a subset of the Asingle population; the ID4-eGFP bright cells (SSCultimate). From the SSCultimate pool, other Asingle and Apaired cohorts arise that are ID4-eGFP dim. Although the SSCultimate possess a transcriptome profile that reflects a self-renewing state, the transcriptome of the ID4-eGFP dim population resembles that of cells in transition (SSCtransitory) to a progenitor state. Accordingly, at the next mitotic division, these SSCtransitory are likely to join the progenitor pool and have lost stem cell capacity. This model supports the concept of a linear relationship between spermatogonial chain length and propensity for differentiation, while leaving open the possibility that the SSCtransitory (some Asingle and potentially some Apaired spermatogonia), may contribute to the self-renewing pool rather than transition to a progenitor state in response to perturbations of steady-state conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Lord
- Center for Reproductive BiologySchool of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Jon M Oatley
- Center for Reproductive BiologySchool of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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16
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Wei X, Li K, Zhang G, Huang Y, Lv J, Li M, Zhao L, Fan C, Pu J, Hou J, Yuan H. B7-H3 promoted proliferation of mouse spermatogonial stem cells via the PI3K signaling pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 9:1542-1552. [PMID: 29416712 PMCID: PMC5788580 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We found seminal B7-H3 was associated with human sperm concentration. However, the mechanism is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of B7-H3 in mouse testis and determine the effects of B7-H3 on the proliferation of mouse spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and the underlying mechanisms. Methods B7-H3 expression in the testis of mice at different ages (3 weeks, 8 weeks, 4 months and 9 months) was detected by western blot and immunohistochemistry. CCK-8 were used to measure mouse SSCs proliferation after incubation with different concentrations of B7-H3 for 1-72 h in vitro. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle of mouse SSCs after incubation with different concentrations of B7-H3 for 48 and 72 h. The signaling pathways involved were assessed by western blot. Results Four-month-old mice had the highest expression of B7-H3 in the testis, while 3-week-old mice had the lowest expression of B7-H3. B7-H3 was predominantly detected on the membrane and in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells. Furthermore, B7-H3 promoted mouse SSCs proliferation and increased the percentage of cells in S+G2/M phase in a time- and dose-dependent manner in vitro. These effects were inhibited by LY294002, indicating the involvement of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling pathway. Conclusions The expression of B7-H3 in mouse testis, especially Sertoli cells, was associated with mouse age. In vitro, B7-H3 promoted the proliferation and accelerated the cell cycle of mouse SSCs via the PI3K pathway, indicating a critical role of B7-H3 expressed by Sertoli cells in mouse spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Wei
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangbo Zhang
- Department of Clinical Immunology Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Huang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxing Lv
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lun Zhao
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Caibin Fan
- Department of Urology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinxian Pu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianquan Hou
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hexing Yuan
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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17
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Abstract
Since its domestication over 100 years ago, the laboratory rat has been the preferred experimental animal in many areas of biomedical research (Lindsey and Baker The laboratory rat. Academic, New York, pp 1-52, 2006). Its physiology, size, genetics, reproductive cycle, cognitive and behavioural characteristics have made it a particularly useful animal model for studying many human disorders and diseases. Indeed, through selective breeding programmes numerous strains have been derived that are now the mainstay of research on hypertension, obesity and neurobiology (Okamoto and Aoki Jpn Circ J 27:282-293, 1963; Zucker and Zucker J Hered 52(6):275-278, 1961). Despite this wealth of genetic and phenotypic diversity, the ability to manipulate and interrogate the genetic basis of existing phenotypes in rat strains and the methodology to generate new rat models has lagged significantly behind the advances made with its close cousin, the laboratory mouse. However, recent technical developments in stem cell biology and genetic engineering have again brought the rat to the forefront of biomedical studies and enabled researchers to exploit the increasingly accessible wealth of genome sequence information. In this review, we will describe how a breakthrough in understanding the molecular basis of self-renewal of the pluripotent founder cells of the mammalian embryo, embryonic stem (ES) cells, enabled the derivation of rat ES cells and their application in transgenesis. We will also describe the remarkable progress that has been made in the development of gene editing enzymes that enable the generation of transgenic rats directly through targeted genetic modifications in the genomes of zygotes. The simplicity, efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the CRISPR/Cas gene editing system, in particular, mean that the ability to engineer the rat genome is no longer a limiting factor. The selection of suitable targets and gene modifications will now become a priority: a challenge where ES culture and gene editing technologies can play complementary roles in generating accurate bespoke rat models for studying biological processes and modelling human disease.
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18
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Hamra FK, Richie CT, Harvey BK. Long Evans rat spermatogonial lines are effective germline vectors for transgenic rat production. Transgenic Res 2017; 26:477-489. [PMID: 28608322 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-017-0025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Long Evans rat strains are applied as research models in a broad spectrum of biomedical fields (>15,800 citations, NCBI PubMed). Here, we report an approach to genetically modify the Long Evans rat germline in donor spermatogonial stem cells. Long Evans rat spermatogonial lines were derived from freshly isolated laminin-binding spermatogonia. Laminin-binding spermatogonia were cultured over multiple passages on fibroblast feeder layers in serum-free culture medium containing GDNF and FGF2. Long Evans rat spermatogonial lines were genetically modified by transposon transduction to express a germline, tdTomato reporter gene. Donor rat spermatogonial lines robustly regenerated spermatogenesis after transplantation into testes of busulfan-treated, allogenic, Long Evans rats. Donor-derived spermatogenesis largely restored testis size in the chemically sterilized, recipient Long Evans rats. Recipient Long Evans rats stably transmitted the tdTomato germline marker to subsequent generations. Overall, Long Evans rat spermatogonial lines provided effective donor germline vectors for genetically modifying Long Evans rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kent Hamra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. .,Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Christopher T Richie
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
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19
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Zhang P, Chen X, Zheng Y, Zhu J, Qin Y, Lv Y, Zeng W. Long-Term Propagation of Porcine Undifferentiated Spermatogonia. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1121-1131. [PMID: 28474535 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) provide the foundation for spermatogenesis and fertility throughout the adult life of a male. Genetic manipulations of SSCs combined with germ cell transplantation present a novel approach for gene therapy and production of genetically modified animals. However, the rarity of SSCs within mammalian testes remains an impediment to related applications, making in vitro expansion of SSCs a prerequisite. Nevertheless, long-term culture systems of SSCs from large animals have not been established yet. In this study, we developed an optimized in vitro culture condition for porcine undifferentiated spermatogonia. The germ cells were isolated and enriched from 7-day-old porcine testes by an optimized differential planting. We tested different feeder layers and found that neonatal autologous Sertoli cells acted better than the SIM mouse embryo-derived thioguanine- and ouabain-resistant (STO) cell line and adult Sertoli cells. The effects of several growth factors were also investigated. Using neonatal Sertoli cells as feeder and Dulbecco's modified eagle medium: nutrient mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12) culture medium supplemented with 10% KSR and four cytokines, the undifferentiated spermatogonia can proliferate in vitro for at least 2 months without loss of stemness. The expression of SSC markers indicated that the cultured cells maintained SSC expression profiles. Moreover, xenotransplantation and in vitro induction showed that the long-term cultured cells preserved the capacity to colonize in vivo and differentiate in vitro, respectively, demonstrating the presence of SSCs in the cultured cells. In conclusion, the conditions described in this study can support the normal proliferation of porcine undifferentiated spermatogonia with stemness and normal karyotype for at least 2 months. This culture system will serve as a basic refinement in the future studies and facilitate studies on SSC biology and genetic manipulation of male germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoxu Chen
- 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- 2 Center for Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam Research Institute Reproduction and Development, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jinshen Zhu
- 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuwei Qin
- 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Shaanxi, China
| | - Yinghua Lv
- 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenxian Zeng
- 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University , Shaanxi, China
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Ahmed M, Ghabriel M, Amleh A. Enrichment, Propagation, and Characterization of Mouse Testis-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Cell Reprogram 2017; 19:35-43. [PMID: 28055237 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2016.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) largely depends on the isolation and expansion methods used. In this study, we propose a laminin-based technique to select and enrich for MSCs isolated from the mouse testis. Primary cell cultures were prepared from juvenile mouse testes and the capacity to generate colony forming units together with population doubling time (PDT) during expansion were determined. The identity of MSCs was assayed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry for the active expression of cell surface markers, such as CD44, CD73, and CD29; absence of the CD45 hematopoietic cell marker; and in vitro differentiation of the cells into osteoblasts and adipocytes. Testis-derived MSCs (tMSCs) displayed self-renewal properties and in the early passages, exhibited high proliferation patterns with an average PDT of 44.1 hours. The lack of Vasa expression implied that the tMSCs were not of germ cell origin. The RT-PCR data, which were confirmed by immunophenotyping, revealed high expression of CD44 and the absence of CD45 expression in tMSCs. The strong Alizarin Red stain in tMSCs that were stimulated into making bone cells was indicative of the presence of calcium-producing cells (osteoblasts). Likewise, the adipogenic potential of tMSCs was demonstrated based on Oil Red O staining of lipid vacuoles in differentiated cells. Loss of fibroblast-like morphology in late passage cells along with the increase in PDT and the decrease in the mRNA levels of CD73 and CD29 suggested that the tMSCs developmental program is reformed at this stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Ahmed
- 1 Biotechnology Program, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo , New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Myret Ghabriel
- 1 Biotechnology Program, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo , New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asma Amleh
- 1 Biotechnology Program, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo , New Cairo, Egypt .,2 Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo , New Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
Knowledge gaps persist on signaling pathways and metabolic states in germ cells sufficient to support spermatogenesis independent of a somatic environment. Consequently, methods to culture mammalian stem cells through spermatogenesis in defined systems have not been established. Lack of success at culturing mammalian stem cells through spermatogenesis in defined systems reflects an inability to experimentally recapitulate biochemical events that develop in germ cells during a seminiferous epithelial cycle. Complex germ and somatic cell associations that develop each seminiferous epithelial cycle support such a hypothesis, conceivably explaining why highly pure mammalian spermatogonia have not developed into meiosis, much less through meiosis without somatic cells. Here, we outline an in vitro spermatogenesis colony-forming assay to study how differentiating spermatogonial syncytia develop from rat spermatogonial stem cell lines. Robust spermatogonial differentiation under defined culture conditions will facilitate molecular biology studies on pre-meiotic steps in gamete development, and provide a soma-free bioassay to identify spermatogenic factors that promote meiotic progression in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kent Hamra
- Department of Pharmacology, Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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22
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Afsartala Z, Rezvanfar MA, Hodjat M, Tanha S, Assadollahi V, Bijangi K, Abdollahi M, Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei M. Amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into germ cells in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 52:1060-1071. [PMID: 27503516 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report on differentiation of mouse amniotic membrane mesenchymal stem cells (AM-MSCs) into male germ cells (GCs). AM-MSCs have the multipotent differentiation capacity and can be differentiated into various cell types. In the present study, AM-MSCs were induced for differentiation into GCs. AM-MSCs were isolated from mouse embryonic membrane by enzymatic digestion. AM-MSCs were characterized with osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation test and flow cytometric analysis of some CD-markers. AM-MSCs were induced to differentiate into GCs using a creative two-step method. Passage-3 AM-MSCs were firstly treated with 25 ng/ml bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) for 5 d and in continuing with 1 μM retinoic acid (RA) for 12 d (total treatment time was 17 d). At the end of the treatment period, real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was performed to evaluate the expression of GC-specific markers-Itgb1, Dazl, Stra8, Piwil2, Mvh, Oct4, and c-Kit- in the cells. Moreover, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining were performed to evaluate the expression of Mvh and Dazl at protein level. Real-time RT-PCR showed that most of the tested markers were upregulated in the treated AM-MSCs. Furthermore, flow cytometric and immunofluorescence analyses both revealed that a considerable part of the treated cells expressed GC-specific markers. The percentage of positive cells for Mvh and Dazl was about 23 and 46%, respectively. Our results indicated that a number of AM-MSCs successfully differentiated into the GCs. Finally, it seems that AM-MSCs would be a potential source of adult pluripotent stem cells for in vitro generation of GCs and cell-based therapies for treatment of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Afsartala
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Rezvanfar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Hodjat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Tanha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahideh Assadollahi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei
- Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 47318-38711, Amirkola, Babol, Iran.
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23
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Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis requires a stem cell pool, a period of amplification of cell numbers, the completion of reduction division to haploid cells (meiosis), and the morphological transformation of the haploid cells into spermatozoa (spermiogenesis). The net result of these processes is the production of massive numbers of spermatozoa over the reproductive lifetime of the animal. One study that utilized homogenization-resistant spermatids as the standard determined that human daily sperm production (dsp) was at 45 million per day per testis (60). For each human that means ∼1,000 sperm are produced per second. A key to this level of gamete production is the organization and architecture of the mammalian testes that results in continuous sperm production. The seemingly complex repetitious relationship of cells termed the "cycle of the seminiferous epithelium" is driven by the continuous commitment of undifferentiated spermatogonia to meiosis and the period of time required to form spermatozoa. This commitment termed the A to A1 transition requires the action of retinoic acid (RA) on the undifferentiated spermatogonia or prospermatogonia. In stages VII to IX of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, Sertoli cells and germ cells are influenced by pulses of RA. These pulses of RA move along the seminiferous tubules coincident with the spermatogenic wave, presumably undergoing constant synthesis and degradation. The RA pulse then serves as a trigger to commit undifferentiated progenitor cells to the rigidly timed pathway into meiosis and spermatid differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Griswold
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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24
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Sahare M, Kim SM, Otomo A, Komatsu K, Minami N, Yamada M, Imai H. Factors supporting long-term culture of bovine male germ cells. Reprod Fertil Dev 2016; 28:2039-2050. [DOI: 10.1071/rd15003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are unipotent in nature, but mouse SSCs acquire pluripotency under the appropriate culture conditions. Although culture systems are available for rodent and human germ-cell lines, no proven culture system is yet available for livestock species. Here, we examined growth factors, matrix substrates and serum-free supplements to develop a defined system for culturing primitive germ cells (gonocytes) from neonatal bovine testis. Poly-L-lysine was a suitable substrate for selective inhibition of the growth of somatic cells and made it possible to maintain a higher gonocyte : somatic cell ratio than those maintained with gelatin, collagen or Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) substrates. Among the serum-free supplements tested in our culture medium, knockout serum replacement (KSR) supported the proliferation and survival of gonocytes better than the supplements B-27 and StemPro-SFM after sequential passages of colonies. Under our optimised culture conditions consisting of 15% KSR supplement on poly-L-lysine-coated dishes, the stem-cell and germ-cell potentials of the cultured gonocytes were maintained with normal karyotype for more than 2 months (over 13 passages). The proposed culture system, which can maintain a population of proliferating bovine germ stem cells, could be useful for studying SSC biology and germline modifications in livestock animals.
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Busada JT, Geyer CB. The Role of Retinoic Acid (RA) in Spermatogonial Differentiation. Biol Reprod 2015; 94:10. [PMID: 26559678 PMCID: PMC4809555 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.135145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) directs the sequential, but distinct, programs of spermatogonial differentiation and meiotic differentiation that are both essential for the generation of functional spermatozoa. These processes are functionally and temporally decoupled, as they occur in distinct cell types that arise over a week apart, both in the neonatal and adult testis. However, our understanding is limited in terms of what cellular and molecular changes occur downstream of RA exposure that prepare differentiating spermatogonia for meiotic initiation. In this review, we describe the process of spermatogonial differentiation and summarize the current state of knowledge regarding RA signaling in spermatogonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Busada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Christopher B Geyer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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26
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Chapman KM, Medrano GA, Chaudhary J, Hamra FK. NRG1 and KITL Signal Downstream of Retinoic Acid in the Germline to Support Soma-Free Syncytial Growth of Differentiating Spermatogonia. Cell Death Discov 2015; 1. [PMID: 26500786 PMCID: PMC4613782 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2015.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Defined culture systems supporting spermatogonial differentiation will provide experimental platforms to study spermatogenesis. However, germline-intrinsic signaling mechanisms sufficient to support spermatogonial differentiation without somatic cells remain largely undefined. Here, we analyzed EGF superfamily receptor and ligand diversity in rat testis cells, and delineated germline-intrinsic signaling via an ERBB3 co-transducer, ERBB2, as essential for retinoic acid-induced syncytial growth by differentiating spermatogonia. Like the ERBB2/3 agonist NRG1, we found KIT Ligand (KITL) robustly supported spermatogonial differentiation without serum or somatic cells. ERBB2 inhibitors failed to disrupt KITL-dependent spermatogonial development, and, KITL prevented ERBB3-deficient spermatogonial degeneration upon differentiation. Thus, we report NRG1 and KITL activate alternative pathways downstream of retinoic acid signaling in the germline that are essential for stem cells to undergo pre-meiotic steps of spermatogenesis in culture. Robust serum/soma-free spermatogonial differentiation opens new doors to study mammalian germ cell biology in culture, which will facilitate the discovery of spermatogenic factors that can drive meiotic progression in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gerardo A Medrano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jaideep Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - F Kent Hamra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA ; Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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27
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Zhang X, Li L, Bai Y, Shi R, Wei H, Zhang S. Mouse undifferentiated spermatogonial stem cells cultured as aggregates under simulated microgravity. Andrologia 2015; 46:1013-21. [PMID: 25436272 DOI: 10.1111/and.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic simulated microgravity (SMG) culture systems provide environments that stimulate stem cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the effect of SMG on spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) remains unclear. Here, we used a rotating cell culture system (RCCS) to determine its effect on mouse SSC proliferation and differentiation. SSCs were enriched from mouse pub testis and cocultured with Sertoli cell feeders pre-treated with mitomycin C on fibrin scaffolds in a rotary bioreactor for 14 days. Our results show that mouse SSCs cultured in a rotary bioreactor exhibited enhanced proliferation surpassing those cultured in static conditions, although SSC cultures in SMG underwent a growth lag at initial 3 days. After 14 days, mouse SSCs and feeders grew into cell aggregates with average diameters of 242.63 ± 16.53 μm compared with those in conventional static culture (49.51 ± 15.64 μm). Related detection revealed that proliferating SSCs in SMG remained undifferentiated, maintained clone-forming capacity and were capable of differentiation into round spermatids with flagella. The growth characteristics of mouse SSCs in RCCS suggest that the resulting aggregates are similar to native in vivo cells. Rotary bioreactors that create SMG environments may be an alternative to conventional systems for the clinical application of SSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial key lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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28
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Chapman KM, Medrano GA, Jaichander P, Chaudhary J, Waits AE, Nobrega MA, Hotaling JM, Ober C, Hamra FK. Targeted Germline Modifications in Rats Using CRISPR/Cas9 and Spermatogonial Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1828-35. [PMID: 25772367 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms with targeted genomic modifications are efficiently produced by gene editing in embryos using CRISPR/Cas9 RNA-guided DNA endonuclease. Here, to facilitate germline editing in rats, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to catalyze targeted genomic mutations in rat spermatogonial stem cell cultures. CRISPR/Cas9-modified spermatogonia regenerated spermatogenesis and displayed long-term sperm-forming potential following transplantation into rat testes. Targeted germline mutations in Epsti1 and Erbb3 were vertically transmitted from recipients to exclusively generate "pure," non-mosaic mutant progeny. Epsti1 mutant rats were produced with or without genetic selection of donor spermatogonia. Monoclonal enrichment of Erbb3 null germlines unmasked recessive spermatogenesis defects in culture that were buffered in recipients, yielding mutant progeny isogenic at targeted alleles. Thus, spermatogonial gene editing with CRISPR/Cas9 provided a platform for generating targeted germline mutations in rats and for studying spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gerardo A Medrano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Priscilla Jaichander
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jaideep Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alexandra E Waits
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Marcelo A Nobrega
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - James M Hotaling
- Department of Surgery (Urology), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84134, USA
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - F Kent Hamra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Cecil H. & Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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29
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Hendriks S, Dancet EA, van Pelt AM, Hamer G, Repping S. Artificial gametes: a systematic review of biological progress towards clinical application. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 21:285-96. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Kanatsu-Shinohara M, Ogonuki N, Matoba S, Morimoto H, Ogura A, Shinohara T. Improved serum- and feeder-free culture of mouse germline stem cells. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:88. [PMID: 25210127 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.122317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) undergo self-renewal division, which can be recapitulated in vitro. Attempts to establish serum-free culture conditions for SSCs have met with limited success. Although we previously reported that SSCs can be cultured without serum on laminin-coated plates, the growth rate and SSC concentration were relatively low, which made it inefficient for culturing large numbers of SSCs. In this study, we report on a novel culture medium that showed improved SSC maintenance. We used Iscove modified Dulbecco medium, supplemented with lipid mixture, fetuin, and knockout serum replacement. In the presence of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), SSCs cultured on laminin-coated plates could proliferate for more than 5 mo and maintained normal karyotype and androgenetic DNA methylation patterns in imprinted genes. Germ cell transplantation showed that SSCs in the serum-free medium proliferated more actively than those in the serum-supplemented medium and that the frequency of SSCs was comparable between the two culture media. Cultured cells underwent germline transmission. Development of a new serum- and feeder-free culture method for SSCs will facilitate studies into the effects of microenvironments on self-renewal and will stimulate further improvements to derive SSC cultures from different animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mito Kanatsu-Shinohara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroko Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Shinohara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Kyoto, Japan
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Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei M, Sedighi-Gilani MA, Eslaminejad MB. Induction of Ram Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Germ Cell Lineage using Transforming Growth Factor-β Superfamily Growth Factors. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:588-598. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei
- Fatemeh-Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center; Babol University of Medical Sciences; Babol Iran
| | - MA Sedighi-Gilani
- Department of Andrology at Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology; ACECR; Tehran Iran
| | - MB Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology; ACECR; Tehran Iran
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Hendriks S, Dancet EAF, Meissner A, van der Veen F, Mochtar MH, Repping S. Perspectives of infertile men on future stem cell treatments for nonobstructive azoospermia. Reprod Biomed Online 2014; 28:650-7. [PMID: 24656558 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Concerns have been expressed about the rapid introduction of new fertility treatments into clinical practice. Patients' perspectives on new treatments and their introduction into clinical practice are unexplored. Two alternative treatments for testicular sperm extraction followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection in men with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA), the formation of artificial sperm and autotransplantation of in vitro proliferated spermatogonial stem cells, are in a preclinical phase of development. This study aimed to explore, prior to future clinical introduction, which treatment aspects are valued by NOA patients and would be taken into account in deciding to undergo these future treatment options. In-depth telephone interviews were conducted with 14 men with NOA. Interviews were transcribed, analysed with content analysis and data saturation was reached. Besides the obvious factors, success rates and safety, patients valued 'the intensity of the procedure', 'the treatments' resemblance to natural conception' and 'feeling cured'. Patients supported the development of these treatments and were eager to take part if such treatments would become available in the future. The patient's perspective on innovative treatments can (co)direct reproductive research. More research into the patients' perspectives on innovations and minimal thresholds to be met prior to their introduction into clinical practice is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hendriks
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E A F Dancet
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Leuven University Fertility Centre, Leuven University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Meissner
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F van der Veen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M H Mochtar
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Repping
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Chimenti I, Gaetani R, Forte E, Angelini F, De Falco E, Zoccai GB, Messina E, Frati G, Giacomello A. Serum and supplement optimization for EU GMP-compliance in cardiospheres cell culture. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:624-34. [PMID: 24444305 PMCID: PMC4000114 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) isolated as cardiospheres (CSs) and CS-derived cells (CDCs) are a promising tool for cardiac cell therapy in heart failure patients, having CDCs already been used in a phase I/II clinical trial. Culture standardization according to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) is a mandatory step for clinical translation. One of the main issues raised is the use of xenogenic additives (e.g. FBS, foetal bovine serum) in cell culture media, which carries the risk of contamination with infectious viral/prion agents, and the possible induction of immunizing effects in the final recipient. In this study, B27 supplement and sera requirements to comply with European GMPs were investigated in CSs and CDCs cultures, in terms of process yield/efficiency and final cell product gene expression levels, as well as phenotype. B27− free CS cultures produced a significantly reduced yield and a 10-fold drop in c-kit expression levels versus B27+ media. Moreover, autologous human serum (aHS) and two different commercially available GMP AB HSs were compared with standard research-grade FBS. CPCs from all HSs explants had reduced growth rate, assumed a senescent-like morphology with time in culture, and/or displayed a significant shift towards the endothelial phenotype. Among three different GMP gamma-irradiated FBSs (giFBSs) tested, two provided unsatisfactory cell yields, while one performed optimally, in terms of CPCs yield/phenotype. In conclusion, the use of HSs for the isolation and expansion of CSs/CDCs has to be excluded because of altered proliferation and/or commitment, while media supplemented with B27 and the selected giFBS allows successful EU GMP-complying CPCs culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isotta Chimenti
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Latina, Italy
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Zheng Y, Tian X, Zhang Y, Qin J, An J, Zeng W. In vitro propagation of male germline stem cells from piglets. J Assist Reprod Genet 2013; 30:945-52. [PMID: 23779100 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-013-0031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the effects of serum and growth factors on propagation of porcine male germline stem cells (MGSCs) in vitro and develop a culture system for these stem cells. METHODS Fresh testicular cells from neonatal piglets were obtained by mechanical dissociation and collagenase-trypsin digestion. After differential plating, non-adhering cells were cultured in media supplemented with different concentrations of serum (0, 1 %, 2 %, 5 %, 10 %). After 10 days of primary culture, the cells were maintained in media supplemented with different concentrations of growth factors (basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor at 1, 5, 10 ng/ml). The number of MGSC-derived colonies with different sizes was determined in each treatment to assess the effects of serum concentrations and growth factors. RESULTS The number of MGSC-derived colonies was significantly higher in the presence of 1 % rather than 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS). Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) at 1, 5 ng/ml and epidermal growth factor (EGF) at 5, 10 ng/ml significantly promoted colony formation. Immunocytochemistry, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and xenotransplantation assays demonstrated the presence of functional stem cells in cultured cell population. CONCLUSIONS In vitro propagation of porcine MGSCs could be maintained in the presence of 1 % FBS and supplementation of growth factors for 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xi-nong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
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Harkey MA, Asano A, Zoulas ME, Torok-Storb B, Nagashima J, Travis A. Isolation, genetic manipulation, and transplantation of canine spermatogonial stem cells: progress toward transgenesis through the male germ-line. Reproduction 2013; 146:75-90. [PMID: 23690628 DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The dog is recognized as a highly predictive model for preclinical research. Its size, life span, physiology, and genetics more closely match human parameters than do those of the mouse model. Investigations of the genetic basis of disease and of new regenerative treatments have frequently taken advantage of canine models. However, full utility of this model has not been realized because of the lack of easy transgenesis. Blastocyst-mediated transgenic technology developed in mice has been very slow to translate to larger animals, and somatic cell nuclear transfer remains technically challenging, expensive, and low yield. Spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) transplantation, which does not involve manipulation of ova or blastocysts, has proven to be an effective alternative approach for generating transgenic offspring in rodents and in some large animals. Our recent demonstration that canine testis cells can engraft in a host testis, and generate donor-derived sperm, suggests that SSC transplantation may offer a similar avenue to transgenesis in the canine model. Here, we explore the potential of SSC transplantation in dogs as a means of generating canine transgenic models for preclinical models of genetic diseases. Specifically, we i) established markers for identification and tracking canine spermatogonial cells; ii) established methods for enrichment and genetic manipulation of these cells; iii) described their behavior in culture; and iv) demonstrated engraftment of genetically manipulated SSC and production of transgenic sperm. These findings help to set the stage for generation of transgenic canine models via SSC transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Harkey
- Clinical Research, Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Mail Stop D1-100, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, PO Box 19024, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
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Nowak-Imialek M, Niemann H. Pluripotent cells in farm animals: state of the art and future perspectives. Reprod Fertil Dev 2013; 25:103-28. [PMID: 23244833 DOI: 10.1071/rd12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent cells, such as embryonic stem (ES) cells, embryonic germ cells and embryonic carcinoma cells are a unique type of cell because they remain undifferentiated indefinitely in in vitro culture, show self-renewal and possess the ability to differentiate into derivatives of the three germ layers. These capabilities make them a unique in vitro model for studying development, differentiation and for targeted modification of the genome. True pluripotent ESCs have only been described in the laboratory mouse and rat. However, rodent physiology and anatomy differ substantially from that of humans, detracting from the value of the rodent model for studies of human diseases and the development of cellular therapies in regenerative medicine. Recently, progress in the isolation of pluripotent cells in farm animals has been made and new technologies for reprogramming of somatic cells into a pluripotent state have been developed. Prior to clinical application of therapeutic cells differentiated from pluripotent stem cells in human patients, their survival and the absence of tumourigenic potential must be assessed in suitable preclinical large animal models. The establishment of pluripotent cell lines in farm animals may provide new opportunities for the production of transgenic animals, would facilitate development and validation of large animal models for evaluating ESC-based therapies and would thus contribute to the improvement of human and animal health. This review summarises the recent progress in the derivation of pluripotent and reprogrammed cells from farm animals. We refer to our recent review on this area, to which this article is complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Nowak-Imialek
- Institut of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loefller-Institut (FLI), Biotechnology, Höltystrasse 10, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany.
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Chuykin I, Stauske M, Guan K. Spermatogonial Stem Cells. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Kadam PH, Kala S, Agrawal H, Singh KP, Singh MK, Chauhan MS, Palta P, Singla SK, Manik RS. Effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factor 2 and epidermal growth factor on proliferation and the expression of some genes in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) spermatogonial cells. Reprod Fertil Dev 2013; 25:1149-57. [DOI: 10.1071/rd12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on proliferation and the expression of some genes in spermatogonial cells. Spermatogonial cells were isolated from prepubertal buffalo testes and enriched by double enzyme treatment, filtration through 80- and 60-μm nylon mesh filters, differential plating on lectin-coated dishes and Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Cells were then cultured on a buffalo Sertoli cell feeder layer and formed colonies within 15–18 days. The colonies were found to predominantly contain undifferentiated Type A spermatogonia because they bound Dolichos biflorus agglutinin and did not express c-kit. The colonies expressed alkaline phosphatase, NANOG, octamer-binding transcription factor (OCT)-4 and tumour rejection antigen (TRA)-1–60. Cells were subcultured for 15 days, with or without growth factor supplementation. After 15 days, colony area and the relative mRNA abundance of PLZF were higher (P < 0.05) following supplementation with 40 ng mL–1 GDNF + 10 ng mL–1 EGF + 10 ng mL–1 FGF2 than with the same concentrations of GDNF alone or GDNF plus either EGF or FGF2. Expression of TAF4B was higher (P < 0.05) in the presence of FGF2, whereas the expression of THY1 was not affected by growth factor supplementation. In the Sertoli cell feeder layer, EGF and FGF2 decreased (P < 0.05), whereas GDNF increased (P < 0.05), the relative mRNA abundance of ETV5 compared with control. In conclusion, an in vitro culture system that incorporates various growth factors was developed for the short-term culture of buffalo spermatogonia.
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Abstract
The continuous production of spermatazoa throughout the reproductive lifetime of a male depends on the maintenance of a pool of progenitor cells called spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). SSCs represent a very small fraction of the cellular population in the testes and lack definitive molecular markers for their identification. The discovery of conditions that allow one to propagate mouse SSCs in vitro essentially indefinitely has truly facilitated studies of the molecular mechanisms regulating SSC function. While multiple conditions for culturing SSCs have now been described, here we detail a method for culturing SSCs that uses a simpler medium than the original formulation. As with numerous other primary and stem cell cultures, it is difficult to introduce DNA into cultured SSCs using standard transfection approaches. However, VSV-G pseudotyped lentivirus efficiently infects cultured SSCs with minimal toxicity. Here we present protocols for producing lentivirus and stably modifying the genome of cultured SSCs using lentiviral vectors.
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Ghasemzadeh-Hasankolaei M, Eslaminejad M, Batavani R, Sedighi-Gilani M. Comparison of the efficacy of three concentrations of retinoic acid for transdifferentiation induction in sheep marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into male germ cells. Andrologia 2012; 46:24-35. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - M.B. Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology; Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology; ACECR; Tehran Iran
| | - R. Batavani
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Urmia University; Urmia Iran
| | - M. Sedighi-Gilani
- Department of Andrology; Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology; ACECR; Tehran Iran
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Heim CN, Fanslow DA, Dann CT. Development of quantitative microscopy-based assays for evaluating dynamics of living cultures of mouse spermatogonial stem/progenitor cells. Biol Reprod 2012; 87:90. [PMID: 22933516 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.101717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) self-renewal and differentiation are required for continuous production of spermatozoa and long-term fertility. Studying SSCs in vivo remains challenging because SSCs are rare cells and definitive molecular markers for their identification are lacking. The development of a method for propagating SSCs in vitro greatly facilitated analysis of SSCs. The cultured cells grow as clusters of a dynamic mixture of "true" stem cells and differentiating progenitor cells. Cells in the stem/progenitor culture system share many properties with spermatogonia in vivo; however, to fully exploit it as a model for spermatogonial development, new assays are needed that account for the dynamic heterogeneity inherent in the culture system. Here, assays were developed for quantifying dynamics of cultures of stem/progenitor cells that expressed histone-green fluorescent protein (GFP). First, we built on published results showing that cluster formation in vitro reliably predicts the relative number of SSCs. The GFP-based in vitro cluster assay allows quantification of SSCs with significantly fewer resources than a transplantation assay. Second, we compared the dynamics of differentiation in two experimental paradigms by imaging over a 17-day time frame. Finally, we performed short-term live imaging and observed cell migration, coordinated cell proliferation, and cell death resembling that of spermatogonia in the testes. The methods that we present provide a foundation for the use of fluorescent reporters in future microscopy-based high-throughput screens by using living spermatogonial stem/progenitor cultures applicable to toxicology, contraceptive discovery, and identification of regulators of self-renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal N Heim
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA
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Lokanga RA, Entezam A, Kumari D, Yudkin D, Qin M, Smith CB, Usdin K. Somatic expansion in mouse and human carriers of fragile X premutation alleles. Hum Mutat 2012; 34:157-66. [PMID: 22887750 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Repeat expansion diseases result from expansion of a specific tandem repeat. The three fragile X-related disorders (FXDs) arise from germline expansions of a CGG•CCG repeat tract in the 5' UTR (untranslated region) of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. We show here that in addition to germline expansion, expansion also occurs in the somatic cells of both mice and humans carriers of premutation alleles. Expansion in mice primarily affects brain, testis, and liver with very little expansion in heart or blood. Our data would be consistent with a simple two-factor model for the organ specificity. Somatic expansion in humans may contribute to the mosaicism often seen in individuals with one of the FXDs. Because expansion risk and disease severity are related to repeat number, somatic expansion may exacerbate disease severity and contribute to the age-related increased risk of expansion seen on paternal transmission in humans. As little somatic expansion occurs in murine lymphocytes, our data also raise the possibility that there may be discordance in humans between repeat numbers measured in blood and that present in brain. This could explain, at least in part, the variable penetrance seen in some of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Adihe Lokanga
- Section on Gene Structure and Disease, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892–0830, USA
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Kopylow K, Staege H, Schulze W, Will H, Kirchhoff C. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is highly expressed in rarely dividing human type A spermatogonia. Histochem Cell Biol 2012; 138:759-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-012-0991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Liu T, Huang Y, Huang Q, Jiang L, Guo L, Liu Z. Use of human amniotic epithelial cells as a feeder layer to support undifferentiated growth of mouse spermatogonial stem cells via epigenetic regulation of the Nanog and Oct-4 promoters. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2012; 63:167-79. [PMID: 22695517 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.63.2012.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are defined by unique properties like other stem cells. However, there are two major challenges: long-term cultivation of normal SSCs into stable cell lines and maintaining the SSCs as undifferentiated and capable of self-renewal. Here, we compared different culture methods for mouse SSCs isolated and cultured from testicular tissue. We found that human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) can behave as feeder cells, allowing mouse SSCs to maintain a high level of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity when cultured long-term. Also, we observed that expression of Nanog, Oct-4 and other important stem cells markers were higher in mouse SSCs cultured on hAECs compared to those cultured on MEF or without any feeder cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the CpG islands of the Nanog and Oct-4 promoters were hypomethylated in cells cultured on hAECs. In addition, mouse SSCs cultured on hAECs exhibited higher levels of H3AC and H3K4Me3 in the Nanog and Oct-4 promoters than those cultured on MEF or without feeder cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the hAEC-induced epigenetic modifications at the Nanog and Oct-4 locus could be a key mechanism for maintaining mouse SSCs in an undifferentiated state capable of self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
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Nasiri Z, Hosseini S, Hajian M, Abedi P, Bahadorani M, Baharvand H, Nasr-Esfahani M. Effects of different feeder layers on short-term culture of prepubertal bovine testicular germ cells In-vitro. Theriogenology 2012; 77:1519-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ferranti F, Muciaccia B, Ricci G, Dovere L, Canipari R, Magliocca F, Stefanini M, Catizone A, Vicini E. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor promotes invasive behaviour in testicular seminoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 35:758-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2012.01267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Waheeb R, Hofmann MC. Human spermatogonial stem cells: a possible origin for spermatocytic seminoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 34:e296-305; discussion e305. [PMID: 21790653 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, spermatogenesis is maintained throughout life by a small subpopulation of type A spermatogonia called spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). In rodents, SSCs, or Asingle spermatogonia, form the self-renewing population. SSCs can also divide into Apaired (Apr) spermatogonia that are predestined to differentiate. Apaired spermatogonia produce chains of Aaligned (Aal) spermatogonia that divide to form A1 to A4, then type B spermatogonia. Type B spermatogonia will divide into primary spermatocytes that undergo meiosis. In human, there are only two different types of A spermatogonia, the Adark and Apale spermatogonia. The Adark spermatogonia are considered reserve stem cells, whereas the Apale spermatogonia are the self-renewing stem cells. There is only one generation of type B spermatogonia before differentiation into spermatocytes, which makes human spermatogenesis less efficient than in rodents. Although the biology of human SSCs is not well known, a panel of phenotypic markers has recently emerged that is remarkably similar to the list of markers expressed in mice. One such marker, the orphan receptor GPR125, is a plasma membrane protein that can be used to isolate human SSCs. Human SSCs proliferate in culture in response to growth factors such as GDNF, which is essential for SSC self-renewal in mice and triggers the same signalling pathways in both species. Therefore, despite differences in the spermatogonial differentiation scheme, both species use the same genes and proteins to maintain the pool of self-renewing SSCs within their niche. Spermatocytic seminomas are mainly found in the testes of older men, and they rarely metastasize. It is believed that these tumours originate from a post-natal germ cell. Because these lesions can express markers specific for meiotic prophase, they might originate from a primary spermatocyte. However, morphological appearance and overall immunohistochemical profile of these tumours indicate that the cell of origin could also be a spermatogonial stem cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Waheeb
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Short-term in-vitro culture of goat enriched spermatogonial stem cells using different serum concentrations. J Assist Reprod Genet 2011; 29:39-46. [PMID: 22160429 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-011-9687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of serum supplementing on short-term culture, fate determination and gene expression of goat spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). METHODS Crude testicular cells were plated over Datura-Stramonium Agglutinin (DSA) for 1 h, and non-adhering cells were cultured in the presence of different serum concentrations (1, 5, 10, and 15%) for 7 days in a highly enriched medium initially developed in mice. Colonies developed in each group were used for the assessment of morphology, immunocytochemistry, and gene expression. RESULTS Brief incubation of testicular cells with DSA resulted in a significant increase in the number of cells that expressed the germ cell marker (VASA). The expression of THY1, a specific marker of undifferentiated spermatogonia, was significantly higher in colonies developed in the presence of 1% rather than 5, 10 and 15% serum. CONCLUSION Goat SSCs could proliferate and maintain in SSC culture media for 1 week at serum concentrations as low as 1%, while higher concentrations had detrimental effects on SSC culture/expansion.
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Abstract
We describe an experimental approach for generating mutant alleles in rat spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) using Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon-mediated insertional mutagenesis. The protocol is based on mobilization of mutagenic gene-trap transposons from transfected plasmid vectors into the genomes of cultured stem cells. Cells with transposon insertions in expressed genes are selected on the basis of activation of an antibiotic-resistance gene encoded by the transposon. These gene-trap clones are transplanted into the testes of recipient males (either as monoclonal or polyclonal libraries); crossing of these founders with wild-type females allows the insertions to be passed to F(1) progeny. This simple, economic and user-friendly methodological pipeline enables screens for functional gene annotation in the rat, with applicability in other vertebrate models where germ line-competent stem cells have been established. The complete protocol from transfection of SSCs to the genotyping of heterozygous F(1) offspring that harbor genomic SB gene-trap insertions takes 5-6 months.
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E-cadherin can be expressed by a small population of rat undifferentiated spermatogonia in vivo and in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2011; 47:593-600. [PMID: 21853397 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-011-9446-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) maintain gamete production in the testes throughout adult life by balancing self-renewal and differentiation. In vitro culture of SSCs is a crucial technique for gene manipulation of SSCs to generate transgenic animals, for transplantation of SSCs to restore male fertility for infertile man, and for generation of pluripotent stem cells from SSCs to differentiate into various cell lineages. Isolation of highly purified SSCs is an all-important component for development of these techniques. However, definitive markers for SSCs, which purify SSCs (100% enrichment), are unknown. SSCs of many species can colonize the mouse testis; thus, we reasoned that same molecules of SSCs are conserved between species. In mouse, undifferentiated spermatogonia express the surface marker E-cadherin. The hypothesis tested in this work was that E-cadherin (also known as CDH1) can be expressed by undifferentiated spermatogonia of rat testes. In this paper, cross-section immunohistochemistry and whole-mount immunohistochemistry of rat seminiferous tubules were conducted to show that E-cadherin-positive cells were small in number and there are single, paired, and aligned spermatogonia attached along the basement membrane. During in vitro culture period, the undifferentiated rat spermatogonial colonies co-expressed E-cadherin and glial-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha-1 or E-cadherin and promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger. Data collected during the study demonstrate that E-cadherin is expressed by a small population of rat undifferentiated spermatogonia both in vivo and during in vitro culture period.
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