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Park MR, Ahn JS, Lee MG, Lee BR, Ock SA, Byun SJ, Hwang IS. Characterization of Enlarged Tongues in Cloned Piglets. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9103-9116. [PMID: 37998748 PMCID: PMC10670481 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the efficiency of cloning remains very low, this technique has become the most reliable way to produce transgenic pigs. However, the high rate of abnormal offspring such as an enlarged tongue lowers the cloning efficiency by reducing the early survivability of piglets. Thus, the present study was conducted to identify the characteristics of the enlarged tongue from cloned piglets by histologic and transcriptomic analysis. As a result, it was observed that the tissues from enlarged tongues (n = 3) showed isolated and broken muscle bundles with wide spaces while the tissues from normal tongues (n = 3) showed the tight connection of muscle bundles without space by histological analysis. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy results also showed the formation of isolated and broken muscle bundles in enlarged tongues. The transcriptome analysis showed a total of 197 upregulated and 139 downregulated genes with more than 2-fold changes in enlarged tongues. Moreover, there was clear evidence for the difference between groups in the muscle system process with high relation in the biological process by gene ontology analysis. The analysis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes pathway of differentially expressed genes indicated that the pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and glucagon signaling pathway were also involved. Conclusively, our results could suggest that the abnormal glycolytic regulation may result in the formation of an enlarged tongue. These findings might have the potential to understand the underlying mechanisms, abnormal development, and disease diagnosis in cloned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ryung Park
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.P.)
| | - Jin Seop Ahn
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Min Gook Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.P.)
| | - Bo Ram Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.P.)
| | - Sun A Ock
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.P.)
| | - Sung June Byun
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.P.)
| | - In-Sul Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.P.)
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Tanga BM, Fang X, Bang S, Seo C, Kang H, Cha D, Qamar AY, Shim J, Choi K, Saadeldin IM, Lee S, Cho J. The combination of rolipram and cilostamide improved the developmental competence of cloned porcine embryos. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5733. [PMID: 37029228 PMCID: PMC10081996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro maturation of porcine oocytes is characterized by asynchronous cytoplasmic and nuclear maturation, leading to less competent oocytes supporting embryo development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of rolipram and cilostamide as cyclic Adenine monophosphate (cAMP) modulators to find the maximum cAMP levels that temporarily arrest meiosis. We determined the optimal time to maintain functional gap junction communication during pre-in vitro maturation to be four hours. Oocyte competence was evaluated by the level of glutathione, reactive oxygen species, meiotic progression, and gene expression. We evaluated embryonic developmental competence after parthenogenetic activation and somatic cell nuclear transfer. The combined treatment group showed significantly higher glutathione and lower reactive oxygen species levels and a higher maturation rate than the control and single treatment groups. Cleavage and blastocyst formation rates in parthenogenetic activation and somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos were higher in two-phase in vitro maturation than in the other groups. The relative levels of BMP15and GDF9 expression were increased in two-phase in vitro maturation. Somatic cell nuclear transfer blastocysts from two-phase in vitro maturation oocytes showed a lower level of expression of apoptotic genes than the control, indicating better pre-implantation developmental competence. The combination of rolipram and cilostamide resulted in optimal synchrony of cytoplasmic and nuclear maturation in porcine in vitro matured oocytes and there by enhanced the developmental competence of pre-implantation embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bereket Molla Tanga
- Lab of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Xun Fang
- Lab of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggyu Bang
- Lab of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaerim Seo
- Lab of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejae Kang
- Lab of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Dabin Cha
- Lab of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmad Yar Qamar
- College of Veterinary & Animal Science, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Joohyun Shim
- Department of Transgenic Animal Research, Optipharm, Inc., Chungcheongbuk-do, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Kimyung Choi
- Department of Transgenic Animal Research, Optipharm, Inc., Chungcheongbuk-do, Cheongju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Islam M Saadeldin
- Lab of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Lab of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongki Cho
- Lab of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Nottle MB, Hawthorne WJ, Cowan PJ. The birth of Dolly and xenotransplantation 25 years on. Xenotransplantation 2023; 30:e12782. [PMID: 36413478 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A number of reviews have been written recently celebrating the 25th anniversary of the birth of Dolly the cloned sheep and the effect this breakthrough has had on various fields of research. However, arguably the biggest impact Dolly has had is on the field of xenotransplantation, described here based on our own experience and that of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Nottle
- School of Biomedicine and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wayne J Hawthorne
- The Centre for Transplant & Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Westmead Hospital, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter J Cowan
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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An Efficacious Transgenic Strategy for Triple Knockout of Xeno-Reactive Antigen Genes GGTA1, CMAH, and B4GALNT2 from Jeju Native Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091503. [PMID: 36146581 PMCID: PMC9505423 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are promising donors of biological materials for xenotransplantation; however, cell surface carbohydrate antigens, including galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (α-Gal), N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), and Sd blood group antigens, play a significant role in porcine xenograft rejection. Inactivating swine endogenous genes, including GGTA1, CMAH, and B4GALNT2, decreases the binding ratio of human IgG/IgM in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and erythrocytes and impedes the effectiveness of α-Gal, Neu5Gc, and Sd, thereby successfully preventing hyperacute rejection. Therefore, in this study, an effective transgenic system was developed to target GGTA1, CMAH, and B4GALNT2 using CRISPR-CAS9 and develop triple-knockout pigs. The findings revealed that all three antigens (α-Gal, Neu5Gc, and Sd) were not expressed in the heart, lungs, or liver of the triple-knockout Jeju Native Pigs (JNPs), and poor expression of α-Gal and Neu5G was confirmed in the kidneys. Compared with the kidney, heart, and lung tissues from wild-type JNPs, those from GGTA1/CMAH/ B4GALNT2 knockout-recipient JNPs exhibited reduced human IgM and IgG binding and expression of each immunological rejection component. Hence, reducing the expression of swine xenogeneic antigens identifiable by human immunoglobulins can lessen the immunological rejection against xenotransplantation. The findings support the possibility of employing knockout JNP organs for xenogeneic transplantation to minimize or completely eradicate rejection using multiple gene-editing methods.
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McLean ZL, Appleby SJ, Fermin LM, Henderson HV, Wei J, Wells DN, Oback B. Controlled Cytoplast Arrest and Morula Aggregation Enhance Development, Cryoresilience, and In Vivo Survival of Cloned Sheep Embryos. Cell Reprogram 2021; 23:14-25. [PMID: 33529123 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2020.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zona-free somatic cell transfer (SCT) and embryo aggregation increase throughput and efficiency of cloned embryo and offspring production, respectively, but both approaches have not been widely adopted. Cloning efficiency is further improved by cell cycle coordination between the interphase donor cell and metaphase-arrested recipient cytoplast. This commonly involves inclusion of caffeine and omission of calcium to maintain high mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase activity and low calcium levels, respectively, in the nonactivated cytoplast. The aim of our study was to integrate these various methodological improvements into a single work stream that increases sheep cloning success. We show that omitting calcium during zona-free SCT improved blastocyst development from 6% to 13%, while caffeine treatment reduced spontaneous oocyte activation from 17% to 8%. In a retrospective analysis, morula aggregation produced high morphological quality blastocysts with better in vivo survival to term than nonaggregated controls (15% vs. 9%), particularly after vitrification (14% vs. 0%). By combining cytoplast cell cycle control with zona-free embryo reconstruction and aggregation, this novel SCT protocol maximizes the benefits of vitrification by producing more cryoresilient blastocysts. The presented cloning methodology is relatively easy to operate and further increases throughput and efficiency of cloned embryo and offspring production. Integration of additional reprogramming steps or alternate donor cells is straightforward, providing a flexible workflow that can be adapted to changing experimental requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah Louis McLean
- Reproduction, AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Applied Translational Research Group and Centre for Brain Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Jane Appleby
- Reproduction, AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Jingwei Wei
- Reproduction, AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - David Norman Wells
- Reproduction, AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Björn Oback
- Reproduction, AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Wang R, Zhang JY, Lu KH, Lu SS, Zhu XX. Efficient generation of GHR knockout Bama minipig fibroblast cells using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2019; 55:784-792. [PMID: 31456163 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-019-00397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dwarfism, also known as growth hormone deficiency (GHD), is a disease caused by genetic mutations that result in either a lack of growth hormone or insufficient secretion of growth hormone, resulting in a person's inability to grow normally. In the past, many studies focusing on GHD have made use of models of other diseases such as metabolic or infectious diseases. A viable GHD specific model system has not been used previously, thus limiting the interpretation of GHD results. The Bama minipig is unique to Guangxi province and has strong adaptability and disease resistance, and an incredibly short stature, which is especially important for the study of GHD. In addition, studies of GHR knockout Bama minipigs and GHR knockout Bama minipig fibroblast cells generated using CRISPR/Cas9 have not been previously reported. Therefore, the Bama minipig was selected as an animal model and as a tool for the study of GHD in this work. In this study, a Cas9 plasmid with sgRNA targeting the first exon of the GHR gene was transfected into Bama minipig kidney fibroblast cells to generate 22 GHR knockout Bama minipig kidney fibroblast cell lines (12 male monoclonal cells and 10 female monoclonal cells). After culture and identification, 11 of the 12 male clone cell lines showed double allele mutations, and the rate of positive alteration of GHR was 91.67%. Diallelic mutation of the target sequence occurred in 10 female clonal cell lines, with an effective positive mutation rate of 100%. Our experimental results not only showed that CRISPR/Cas9 could efficiently be used for gene editing in Bama minipig cells but also identified a highly efficient target site for the generation of a GHR knockout in other porcine models. Thus, the generation of GHR knockout male and female Bama fibroblast cells could lay a foundation for the birth of a future dwarfism model pig. We anticipate that the "mini" Bama minipig will be of improved use for biomedical and agricultural scientific research and for furthering our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of GHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources; Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology; Faculty of Animal Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources; Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology; Faculty of Animal Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Ke-Huan Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources; Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology; Faculty of Animal Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Sheng-Sheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources; Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology; Faculty of Animal Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Xiang-Xing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources; Guangxi High Education Key Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology; Faculty of Animal Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China. .,Guangdong Center of Gene Editing Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China.
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A polyphenol-rich extract from an oenological oak-derived tannin influences in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes. Theriogenology 2019; 129:82-89. [PMID: 30826721 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tannins have been demonstrated to have antioxidant and various health benefit properties. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an ethanol extract (TRE) of a commercial oenological tannin (Quercus robur toasted oak wood, Tan'Activ R®) on female gamete using an in vitro model of pig oocyte maturation (IVM) and examining nuclear maturation, cytoplasmic maturation, intracellular GSH and ROS levels and cumulus cell steroidogenesis. To this aim, during IVM performed in medium either supplemented (IVM A) or not supplemented (IVM B) with cysteine and β-mercaptoethanol, TRE was added at different concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 20 μg/ml). The addition of TRE at all the concentration tested to either IVM A or IVM B, did not influence oocyte nuclear maturation. When IVM was performed in IVM A, no effect was induced on cytoplasmic maturation by TRE at the concentration of 1, 5 and 10 μg/ml, while TRE 20 μg/ml significantly reduced the penetration rate after IVF (p < 0.05) and the blastocyst rate after parthenogenetic activation (p < 0.01). Oocyte maturation in IVM B, compared to IVM A group, decreased GSH (p < 0.001) and increased ROS (p < 0.01) intracellular levels and in turn impaired oocyte cytoplasmic maturation reducing the ability to sustain male pronuclear formation after IVM (p < 0.001) and the developmental competence after parthenogenetic activation (p < 0.001). TRE supplementation to IVM B significantly reduced ROS production (5, 10, 20 μg/ml TRE) to levels similar to IVM A group, and increased GSH levels (10, 20 μg/ml TRE) compared to IVM B (p < 0.05) without reaching those of IVM A group. TRE supplementation to IVM B at the concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 μg/ml significantly improved (p < 0.001) oocyte cytoplasmic maturation enhancing the ability to sustain male pronuclear formation without reaching, however, IVM A group levels. TRE addition at all the concentration tested to both IVM A and IVM B, did not induce any effect on E2 and P4 secretion by cumulus cells suggesting that the biological effect of the ethanol extract is not exerted thought a modulation of cumulus cell steroidogenesis. In conclusion, TRE, thanks to its antioxidant activity, was partially able to reduce the negative effect of the absence of cysteine and β-mercaptoethanol in IVM B, while TRE at high concentration in IVM A was detrimental for oocyte cytoplasmic maturation underlying the importance of maintaining a balanced redox environment during oocyte maturation.
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Analysis of Apoptosis on the Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer embryos in porcine. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.12750/jet.2018.33.3.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Yoo JG, Kim BW, Park MR, Kwon DN, Choi YJ, Shin TS, Cho BW, Seo J, Kim JH, Cho SK. Influences of somatic donor cell sex on in vitro and in vivo embryo development following somatic cell nuclear transfer in pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 30:585-592. [PMID: 27764913 PMCID: PMC5394846 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective The present study investigates pre- and post-implantation developmental competence of nuclear-transferred porcine embryos derived from male and female fetal fibroblasts. Methods Male and female fetal fibroblasts were transferred to in vitro-matured enucleated oocytes and in vitro and in vivo developmental competence of reconstructed embryos was investigated. And, a total of 6,789 female fibroblast nuclear-transferred embryos were surgically transferred into 41 surrogate gilts and 4,746 male fibroblast nuclear-transferred embryos were surgically transferred into 25 surrogate gilts. Results The competence to develop into blastocysts was not significantly different between the sexes. The mean cell number of female and male cloned blastocysts obtained by in vivo culture (143.8±10.5 to 159.2±14.8) was higher than that of in vitro culture of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) groups (31.4±8.3 to 33.4±11.1). After embryo transfer, 5 pregnant gilts from each treatment delivered 15 female and 22 male piglets. The average birth weight of the cloned piglets, gestation length, and the postnatal survival rates were not significantly different (p<0.05) between sexes. Conclusion The present study found that the sex difference of the nuclear donor does not affect the developmental rate of porcine SCNT embryos. Furthermore, postnatal survivability of the cloned piglets was not affected by the sex of the donor cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Gyu Yoo
- Animal Diseases and Biosecurity Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Byeong-Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Korea
| | - Mi-Rung Park
- Animal Diseases and Biosecurity Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Deug-Nam Kwon
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, KonKuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Yun-Jung Choi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, KonKuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Teak-Soon Shin
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Korea
| | - Jakyeom Seo
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Korea
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, KonKuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Seong-Keun Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 627-706, Korea
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Galeati G, Zannoni A, Spinaci M, Bucci D, Ostanello F, Panarese S, Tamanini C, Sarli G. Porcine circovirus type 2 detection inin vitroproduced porcine blastocysts after virus sperm exposure. Anim Sci J 2015; 87:511-6. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Galeati
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Augusta Zannoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Marcella Spinaci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Diego Bucci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Fabio Ostanello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Serena Panarese
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Carlo Tamanini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sarli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
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Małysz-Cymborska I, Andronowska A. Ovarian stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin and equine chorionic gonadotropin affects prostacyclin and its receptor expression in the porcine oviduct. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2015; 53:17-25. [PMID: 26069941 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandins are well-known mediators of crucial events in the female reproductive tract, eg, early embryo development and implantation. Prostacyclin (PGI2) is the most synthesized prostaglandin in the human oviduct during the postovulatory period, indicating its important role in supporting and regulating the oviductal environment. The present study was undertaken to determine the influence of insemination and ovarian stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)/equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) on PGI2 synthesis in the porcine oviduct on day 3 post coitus. Mature gilts (n = 25) were assigned into 2 experiments. In experiment I, gilts were divided into cyclic (control; n = 5) and inseminated (control; n = 5) groups. In experiment II, there were 3 groups of animals: inseminated (n = 5), induced ovulation/inseminated (750 IU eCG, 500 IU hCG; n = 5), and superovulated/inseminated (1,500 IU eCG, 1,000 IU hCG; n = 5) gilts. Parts of oviducts (isthmus and ampulla) were collected 3 days after phosphate-buffered saline treatment (cyclic gilts of experiment I) or insemination (all other groups). Expression of messenger RNA for PGI2 synthase (PGIS) and its receptor (IP) was measured by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT PCR) and protein levels using Western blots. Concentrations of the PGI2 metabolite 6-keto PGF1α were evaluated by enzyme immunoassay and localization of PGIS and IP in the oviductal tissues using immunohistochemical staining. Insemination by itself increased PGIS protein levels in the oviductal isthmus (P < 0.05) and IP protein expression in the ampulla (P < 0.05). The concentration of 6-keto PGF1α increased significantly in the oviductal ampulla after insemination (P < 0.05). Induction of ovulation decreased IP protein levels in the oviductal ampulla (P < 0.05), whereas superovulation reduced IP levels in both parts of the oviduct (P < 0.01). Synthesis of 6-keto PGF1α was reduced by induction of ovulation and by superovulation in the oviductal ampulla (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the presence of PGIS in the muscular layer of the isthmus and both mucosa and muscular layers of the ampulla. IP-positive cells were observed in both mucosal and muscular layers of the isthmus and ampulla. This study showed for the first time that PGI2 synthesis and IP expression are insemination dependent. Moreover, ovarian stimulation with hCG/eCG decreases IP expression and 6-keto PGF1α concentrations in porcine oviducts. Therefore, disturbances in PGI2/IP expression and synthesis may lead to disruption of the oviductal environment and, in turn, perturbed development of embryos and their transport to the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Małysz-Cymborska
- Department of Hormonal Action Mechanisms, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A Andronowska
- Department of Hormonal Action Mechanisms, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Jain SK, Jain H, Kumar D, Bedekar MK, Pandey AK, Sarkhel BC. Quantitative Evaluation of Myostatin Gene in Stably Transfected Caprine Fibroblast Cells by Anti-Myostatin shRNA. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 177:486-97. [PMID: 26234434 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1757-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the major component of lean tissue that is used for consumption, and myostatin is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth. Downregulation of this gene therefore offers a strategy for developing superior animals with enhanced muscle growth. Knockdown of myostatin was achieved by RNA interference technology. The anti-myostatin shRNA were designed and stably transfected in caprine fibroblast cells. The reduced expression of target gene was achieved and measured in clonal fibroblast cells by real-time PCR. Two single-cell clones induced significant decrease of myostatin gene expression by 73.96 and 72.66 %, respectively (P < 0.05). To ensure the appropriate growth of transfected cell, seven media were tested. The best suited media was used for transfected fibroblast cell proliferation. The findings suggest that shRNA provides a novel potential tool for gene knockdown and these stably transfected cells can be used as the donor cells for animal cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Jain
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, JNKVV Campus, Krishi Nagar, Adhartal, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, 482004, India,
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13
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Patel UA, Patel AK, Joshi CG. Stable suppression of myostatin gene expression in goat fetal fibroblast cells by lentiviral vector-mediated RNAi. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 31:452-9. [PMID: 25395261 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is a secreted growth factor that negatively regulates skeletal muscle mass, and therefore, strategies to block myostatin-signaling pathway have been extensively pursued to increase the muscle mass in livestock. Here, we report a lentiviral vector-based delivery of shRNA to disrupt myostatin expression into goat fetal fibroblasts (GFFs) that were commonly used as karyoplast donors in somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) studies. Sh-RNA positive cells were screened by puromycin selection. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we demonstrated efficient knockdown of endogenous myostatin mRNA with 64% down-regulation in sh2 shRNA-treated GFF cells compared to GFF cells treated by control lentivirus without shRNA. Moreover, we have also demonstrated both the induction of interferon response and the expression of genes regulating myogenesis in GFF cells. The results indicate that myostatin-targeting siRNA produced endogenously could efficiently down-regulate myostatin expression. Therefore, targeted knockdown of the MSTN gene using lentivirus-mediated shRNA transgenics would facilitate customized cell engineering, allowing potential use in the establishment of stable cell lines to produce genetically engineered animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsav A Patel
- Dept. of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India, 388001
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14
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Grupen CG. The evolution of porcine embryo in vitro production. Theriogenology 2014; 81:24-37. [PMID: 24274407 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro production of porcine embryos has presented numerous challenges to researchers over the past four decades. Some of the problems encountered were specific to porcine gametes and embryos and needed the concerted efforts of many to overcome. Gradually, porcine embryo in vitro production systems became more reliable and acceptable rates of blastocyst formation were achieved. Despite the significant improvements, the problem of polyspermic fertilization has still not been adequately resolved and the embryo in vitro culture conditions are still considered to be suboptimal. Whereas early studies focused on increasing our understanding of the reproductive processes involved, the technology evolved to the point where in vitro-matured oocytes and in vitro-produced embryos could be used as research material for developing associated reproductive technologies, such as SCNT and embryo cryopreservation. Today, the in vitro procedures used to mature oocytes and culture embryos are integral to the production of transgenic pigs by SCNT. This review discusses the major achievements, advances, and knowledge gained from porcine embryo in vitro production studies and highlights the future research perspectives of this important technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Grupen
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia.
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15
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Liu H, Lv P, Zhu X, Wang X, Yang X, Zuo E, Lu Y, Lu S, Lu K. In vitro development of porcine transgenic nuclear-transferred embryos derived from newborn Guangxi Bama mini-pig kidney fibroblasts. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 50:811-21. [PMID: 24879084 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porcine transgenic cloning has potential applications for improving production traits and for biomedical research purposes. To produce a transgenic clone, kidney fibroblasts from a newborn Guangxi Bama mini-pig were isolated, cultured, and then transfected with red and green fluorescent protein genes using lipofectamine for nuclear transfer. The results of the present study show that the kidney fibroblasts exhibited excellent proliferative capacity and clone-like morphology, and were adequate for generation of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)-derived embryos, which was confirmed by their cleavage activity and blastocyst formation rate of 70.3% and 7.9%, respectively. Cells transfected with red fluorescent protein genes could be passed more than 35 times. Transgenic embryos cloned with fluorescent or blind enucleation methods were not significantly different with respect to cleavage rates (92.5% vs. 86.8%, p > 0.05) and blastocyst-morula rates (26.9% vs. 34.0%, p > 0.05), but were significantly different with respect to blastocyst rates (3.0% vs. 13.2%, p < 0.05). Cleavage (75.3%, 78.5% vs. 78.0%, p > 0.05), blastocyst (14.1%, 16.1% vs. 23.1%, p > 0.05) and morula/blastocyst rates (43.5%, 47.0% vs. 57.6%, p > 0.05) were not significantly different between the groups of transgenic cloned embryos, cloned embryos, and parthenogenetic embryos. This indicates that long-time screening by G418 caused no significant damage to kidney fibroblasts. Thus, kidney fibroblasts represent a promising new source for transgenic SCNT, and this work lays the foundation for the production of genetically transformed cloned Guangxi Bama mini-pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, and College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, 100 Daxuedong Road, Nanning, 530004, China
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16
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Abstract
The effects of cytoplasmic volumes on development and developmental kinetics of in vitro produced porcine embryos were investigated. During hand-made cloning (HMC), selected cytoplasts were separated into two groups according to their size in relation to the initial oocyte: ~75% or ~50%. Following two fusion steps and activation (day 0), reconstructed embryos were cultured in vitro for 6 days. Cleavage rates on day 2 as well as blastocyst rates and cell numbers on day 6 were recorded. Results showed that embryo development was no different for ~50% versus ~75% cytoplasm at first fusion. This result was used in the following experiments, where the effect of varying cytoplasm volume in second fusion to obtain a final cytoplasm volume of ~75% to ~200% was tested. The results showed that the lowest quality was obtained when the final cytoplasm volume was ~75% and the highest quality at ~200% of the original oocyte. Similar results were observed in parthenogenetic (PA) embryos activated with different cytoplasmic volumes. A common pattern for the developmental kinetics of HMC and PA embryos was observed: the smaller group tended to have a longer time for the first two cell cycles, but subsequently a shorter time to form morula and blastocyst. In conclusion, the developmental kinetics of in vitro produced embryos was affected by the cytoplasm volume of the initial oocyte, and this further accounted for the developmental ability of the reconstructed embryos.
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17
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Małysz-Cymborska I, Ziecik AJ, Waclawik A, Andronowska A. Effect of hCG and eCG Treatments on Prostaglandins Synthesis in the Porcine Oviduct. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 48:1034-42. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I Małysz-Cymborska
- Department of Hormonal Action Mechanisms; Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences; Olsztyn Poland
| | - AJ Ziecik
- Department of Hormonal Action Mechanisms; Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences; Olsztyn Poland
| | - A Waclawik
- Department of Hormonal Action Mechanisms; Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences; Olsztyn Poland
| | - A Andronowska
- Department of Hormonal Action Mechanisms; Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences; Olsztyn Poland
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Li J, Li R, Liu Y, Villemoes K, Purup S, Callesen H. Developmental kinetics of pig embryos by parthenogenetic activation or by handmade cloning. Reprod Domest Anim 2013; 48:866-73. [PMID: 23617742 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The developmental kinetics of pig embryos produced by parthenogenetic activation without (PAZF) or with (PAZI) zona pellucida or by handmade cloning (HMC) was compared by time-lapse videography. After cumulus cell removal, the matured oocytes were either left zona intact (PAZI) or were made zona free by pronase digestion (PAZF) before they were activated (PA). Other matured oocytes were used for HMC based on foetal fibroblast cells. On Day 0 (day of PA or reconstruction), the embryos were cultured for 7 days in vitro in our time-lapse system. Pictures were taken every 30 min, and afterwards, each cell cycle was identified for each embryo to be analysed. Results showed that the PA embryos (both PAZF and PAZI) had shorter first cell cycle compared with HMC (17.4. 17.8 vs 23.6 h), but had a longer time length from four cell to morula stages (57.9, 53.8 vs 44.9 h). However, at the second cell cycle, PAZF embryos needed shorter time, while PAZI embryos had similar time length as HMC embryos, and both were longer than PAZF (23.4, 24.8 vs 14.6 h). Both PAZF and PAZI embryos used similar time to reach the blastocyst stage, and this was later than HMC embryos. In addition, when all of these embryos were grouped into viable (developed to blastocysts) and non-viable (not developed to blastocysts), the only difference in the time length was observed on the first cell cycle (18.6 vs 24.5 h), but not on the later cell cycles. In conclusion, our results not only give detailed information regarding the time schedule of in vitro-handled pig embryos, but also indicate that the first cell cycle could be used as a selecting marker for embryo viability. However, to evaluate the effect of the produced techniques, the whole time schedule of the pre-implantation developmental kinetics should be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Bang JI, Yoo JG, Park MR, Shin TS, Cho BW, Lee HG, Kim BW, Kang TY, Kong IK, Kim JH, Cho SK. The effects of artificial activation timing on the development of SCNT-derived embryos and newborn piglets. Reprod Biol 2013; 13:127-32. [PMID: 23719117 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2013.01.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of two different activation regimens on the developmental potential of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos and postnatal survivability of the cloned piglets. In vitro matured oocytes were enucleated and reconstructed with porcine fetal fibroblasts. On the basis of the activation regimen used, the reconstructed porcine embryos were allocated into two groups: Group 1-simultaneous electrical pulses and activation group (SFA group); and Group 2-electrical fusion without calcium followed by electrical pulses with calcium after colcemid and cytochalasin B treatment for 5h (DA group). Embryonic development in both SFA and DA groups was determined at day 6 of culture in NSCU-23 medium. To investigate the post-implantation development after the two activation methods, embryos were cultured for 1 day and then transferred into the oviducts of estrus-synchronized recipients. DA group had significantly (p<0.05) higher cleavage rates than SFA group. However, the developmental rate to the blastocyst stage and the mean cell number of blastocysts did not differ (p>0.05) between SFA and DA groups. Moreover, the pregnancy rate of SFA group was not significantly different compared to DA group. A total of 20 cloned piglets (SFA group-8 live piglets, DA group-11 live piglets and one stillborn) were obtained in the present study. The birth weight of the cloned piglets (live births) did not differ (p>0.05) between the two groups. Furthermore, no difference was observed in the postnatal survival rates of the cloned piglets obtained using two different activation regimens. These results suggest that the timing of artificial activation and additional chemical treatments do not affect the developmental rate of porcine SCNT embryos. Remarkably, the pregnancy rate and postnatal survivability of the cloned piglets did not vary between SFA and DA groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Il Bang
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea
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20
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Pseudophysiological transcomplementary activation of reconstructed oocytes as a highly efficient method used for producing nuclear-transferred pig embryos originating from transgenic foetal fibroblast cells. Pol J Vet Sci 2013; 15:509-16. [PMID: 23214372 DOI: 10.2478/v10181-012-0078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The completely new strategy of pseudophysiological transcomplementary (transcytoplasmic) activation (PP-TCA) of nuclear-transferred oocytes, which had been derived from pWAPhGH-GFPBsd transfected foetal fibroblast cells, was recently applied to the somatic cell cloning of pigs. It resulted in the considerable enhancing not only the cleavage activity of cultured cloned embryos, but also their morula and blastocyst formation rates as compared to the use of standard simultaneous fusion and electrical activation of reconstituted oocytes (77% vs. 57%, 63% vs. 46% and 40% vs. 27%, respectively). Altogether, the use of cytosolic components descended from heterologous (rabbit) zygotes as the agents for stimulation of porcine clonal cytoplasmic hybrids (cybrids) turned out to be reliable and feasible strategy for the generation of transgenic blastocysts by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Furthermore, to our knowledge, no previous study has reported the preimplantation developmental outcome of transgenic nuclear-transferred pig embryos following the PP-TCA that was developed and optimised in our laboratory.
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21
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Li Z, Shi J, Liu D, Zhou R, Zeng H, Zhou X, Mai R, Zeng S, Luo L, Yu W, Zhang S, Wu Z. Effects of donor fibroblast cell type and transferred cloned embryo number on the efficiency of pig cloning. Cell Reprogram 2012; 15:35-42. [PMID: 23256540 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2012.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, cloning efficiency in pigs is very low. Donor cell type and number of cloned embryos transferred to an individual surrogate are two major factors that affect the successful rate of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pigs. This study aimed to compare the influence of different donor fibroblast cell types and different transferred embryo numbers on recipients' pregnancy rate and delivery rate, the average number of total clones born, clones born alive and clones born healthy per litter, and the birth rate of healthy clones (=total number of healthy cloned piglets born /total number of transferred cloned embryos). Three types of donor fibroblasts were tested in large-scale production of cloned pigs, including fetal fibroblasts (FFBs) from four genetically similar Western swine breeds of Pietrain (P), Duroc (D), Landrace (L), and Yorkshire (Y), which are referred to as P,D,LY-FFBs, adult fibroblasts (AFBs) from the same four breeds, which are designated P,D,L,Y-AFBs, and AFBs from a Chinese pig breed of Laiwu (LW), which is referred to as LW-AFBs. Within each donor fibroblast cell type group, five transferred cloned embryo number groups were tested. In each embryo number group, 150-199, 200-249, 250-299, 300-349, or 350-450 cloned embryos were transferred to each individual recipient sow. For the entire experiment, 92,005 cloned embryos were generated from nearly 115,000 matured oocytes and transferred to 328 recipients; in total, 488 cloned piglets were produced. The results showed that the mean clones born healthy per litter resulted from transfer of embryos cloned from LW-AFBs (2.53 ± 0.34) was similar with that associated with P,D,L,Y-FFBs (2.72 ± 0.29), but was significantly higher than that resulted from P,D,L,Y-AFBs (1.47 ± 0.18). Use of LW-AFBs as donor cells for SCNT resulted in a significantly higher pregnancy rate (72.00% vs. 59.30% and 48.11%) and delivery rate (60.00% vs. 45.93% and 35.85%) for cloned embryo recipients, and a significantly higher birth rate of healthy clones (0.5009% vs. 0.3362% and 0.2433%) than that resulting from P,D,L,Y-AFBs and P,D,L,Y-FFBs. This suggests that using LW-AFBs as donor cells results in a higher cloning efficiency in pigs, compared with the other two donor fibroblast cell types. The birth rate of healthy clones was significantly improved when the number of transferred cloned embryos was increased from 150-199 to 200-450 per recipient. However, increase of the number of transferred embryos from 200-249 to 250-450 per surrogate did not change the birth rate of healthy clones. This suggests that transfer of excessive (250-450) cloned embryos to an individual surrogate is not necessary for increasing the cloning efficiency in pigs, and the relatively optimal number of reconstructed embryos transferred to individual recipient is 200-249. Furthermore, our results indicated that the numbers of total born clones, clones born alive, and clones born healthy per litter have a significantly high positive correlation with each other. The present study provides useful information for improving SCNT efficiency in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicong Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China
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22
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Samiec M, Skrzyszowska M. Roscovitine is a novel agent that can be used for the activation of porcine oocytes reconstructed with adult cutaneous or fetal fibroblast cell nuclei. Theriogenology 2012; 78:1855-67. [PMID: 22979963 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the preimplantation developmental competence of cloned pig embryos that were derived from fibroblast cell nuclei by different methods for the activation of reconstructed oocytes. In subgroups IA and IB, nuclear-transferred (NT) oocytes derived from either adult cutaneous or fetal fibroblast cells that had been classified as nonapoptotic by intra vitam analysis for programmed cell death using the YO-PRO-1 DNA fluorochrome underwent sequential physical (i.e., electrical) and chemical activation (SE-CA). This novel method of SE-CA, which was developed and optimized in our laboratory, involves treatment of reconstituted oocytes with direct current pulses and subsequent exposure to 7.5 μM calcium ionomycin, followed by incubation with 30 μM R-roscovitine (R-RSCV), 0.7 mM 6-dimethylaminopurine and 3.5 μg/mL cycloheximide. In subgroups IIA and IIB, NT oocytes were subjected to the standard method of simultaneous fusion and activation mediated by direct current pulses. The proportion of cloned embryos in subgroup IA that reached the morula and blastocyst stages was 145/248 (58.5%) and 78/248 (31.5%), respectively. The proportions of cloned embryos in subgroup IB that reached the morula and blastocyst stages were 186/264 (70.5%) and 112/264 (42.4%), respectively. In turn, subgroup IIA yielded proportions at the morula and blastocyst stages of 110/234 (47.0%) and 49/234 (20.9%), respectively. Subgroup IIB yielded proportions at the morula and blastocyst stages of 144/243 (59.3%) and 74/243 (30.5%), respectively. In summary, the SE-CA of NT oocytes reconstructed from either type of nonapoptotic/nonnecrotic (i.e., YO-PRO-1-negative) fibroblast cell resulted in porcine cloned embryos with considerably better in vitro developmental outcomes than those of cloned embryos generated using the simultaneous fusion and activation approach. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the successful stimulation of porcine NT oocytes using electric pulses followed by an additional activation with a higher dose (1.5 times) of calcium ionomycin and subsequent exposure to a combination of 30 μM R-RSCV and lower concentrations (by 3 times) of 6-dimethylaminopurine and cycloheximide. Moreover, we report here the first use of R-RSCV, a novel meiosis-promoting factor-related p34(cdc2) kinase inhibitor, in the oocyte activation protocol for the somatic cell cloning of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Samiec
- Department of Biotechnology of Animal Reproduction, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice n. Kraków, Poland.
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23
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Saadeldin IM, Choi W, Roibas Da Torre B, Kim B, Lee B, Jang G. Embryonic development and implantation related gene expression of oocyte reconstructed with bovine trophoblast cells. J Reprod Dev 2012; 58:425-31. [PMID: 22522228 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.11-112h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal progressive increase of interferon tau (IFNτ) secretion from the bovine trophoblast is a major embryonic signal of establishing pregnancy. Here, we cultured and isolated bovine trophoblast cells (BTs) from IVM/IVF oocytes and in vitro produced blastocysts, used them, for the first time, as donor cells for nuclear transfer and compared them with adult fibroblasts (AFs) as donor cells. BTs were reprogrammed in enucleated oocytes to blastocysts with similar efficiency to AFs (14.5% and 15.6% respectively, P≤0.05). The levels of IFNτ, CDX2 and OCT4 expression in IVF-, BT- and AF-derived blastocysts were analyzed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR and RT-qPCR). IVF-produced embryos were used as reference to analyze the linear progressive expression of IFNτ through mid, expanded and hatching blastocysts. RT-PCR and RT-qPCR studies showed that IFNτ expression was higher in BT-derived blastocysts than IVF- and AF-derived blastocysts. Both IVF- and BT-derived blastocysts showed a progressive increase in IFNτ expression as blastocyst development advanced when it compared with AF-derived blastocysts. OCT4 was inversely related with IFNτ expression, while CDX2 was found to be directly related with IFNτ temporal expression. Persistence of high expression of IFNτ and CDX2 was found to be higher in BT-derived embryos than in IVF- or AF-derived embryos. In conclusion, using BTs expressing IFNτ as donor cells for bovine NT could be a useful tool for understanding the IFNτ genetics and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam M Saadeldin
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Vassiliev I, Vassilieva S, Truong KP, Beebe LF, McIlfatrick SM, Harrison SJ, Nottle MB. Isolation and In Vitro Characterization of Putative Porcine Embryonic Stem Cells from Cloned Embryos Treated with Trichostatin A. Cell Reprogram 2011; 13:205-13. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2010.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Vassiliev
- Reproductive Biotechnology Group, Robinson Institute, Centre for Stem Cell Research and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Svetlana Vassilieva
- Reproductive Biotechnology Group, Robinson Institute, Centre for Stem Cell Research and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kam P. Truong
- Reproductive Biotechnology Group, Robinson Institute, Centre for Stem Cell Research and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Luke F.S. Beebe
- Reproductive Biotechnology Group, Robinson Institute, Centre for Stem Cell Research and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stephen M. McIlfatrick
- Reproductive Biotechnology Group, Robinson Institute, Centre for Stem Cell Research and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sharon J. Harrison
- Reproductive Biotechnology Group, Robinson Institute, Centre for Stem Cell Research and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mark B. Nottle
- Reproductive Biotechnology Group, Robinson Institute, Centre for Stem Cell Research and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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25
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Effective donor cell fusion conditions for production of cloned dogs by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Theriogenology 2011; 75:777-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Oh HJ, Park JE, Kim MJ, Hong SG, Ra JC, Jo JY, Kang SK, Jang G, Lee BC. Recloned dogs derived from adipose stem cells of a transgenic cloned beagle. Theriogenology 2011; 75:1221-31. [PMID: 21220163 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have postulated that efficiency in mammalian cloning is inversely correlated with donor cell differentiation status and may be increased by using undifferentiated cells as nuclear donors. Here, we attempted the recloning of dogs by nuclear transfer of canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (cAd-MSCs) from a transgenic cloned beagle to determine if cAd-MSCs can be a suitable donor cell type. In order to isolate cAd-MSCs, adipose tissues were collected from a transgenic cloned beagle produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) of canine fetal fibroblasts modified genetically with a red fluorescent protein (RFP) gene. The cAd-MSCs expressed the RFP gene and cell-surface marker characteristics of MSCs including CD29, CD44 and thy1.1. Furthermore, cAd-MSCs underwent osteogenic, adipogenic, myogenic, neurogenic and chondrogenic differentiation when exposed to specific differentiation-inducing conditions. In order to investigate the developmental potential of cAd-MSCs, we carried out SCNT. Fused-couplets (82/109, 75.2%) were chemically activated and transferred into the uterine tube of five naturally estrus-synchronized surrogates. One of them (20%) maintained pregnancy and subsequently gave birth to two healthy cloned pups. The present study demonstrated for the first time the successful production of cloned beagles by nuclear transfer of cAd-MSCs. Another important outcome of the present study is the successful recloning of RFP-expressing transgenic cloned beagle pups by nuclear transfer of cells derived from a transgenic cloned beagle. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that adipose stem cells can be a good nuclear donor source for dog cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Oh
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
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27
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Gock H, Nottle M, Lew AM, d'Apice AJ, Cowan P. Genetic modification of pigs for solid organ xenotransplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2011; 25:9-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Mizobe Y, Kurino S, Sata Y, Mori H, Yoshida M, Miyoshi K. Stage-specific effects of osmolarity of a culture medium on development of pig oocytes and miniature pig somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos activated by ultrasound treatment. Anim Sci J 2010; 81:453-60. [PMID: 20662814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2010.00758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Whether high osmolarity of a culture medium at the early culture stage affects the development of pig oocytes and miniature pig somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos activated by ultrasound was examined. When oocytes were cultured in modified porcine zygote medium-3 (mPZM-3) with increased NaCl to 138 mmol/L (mPZM-3+NaCl; 326 mOsm) or 50 mmol/L sucrose (mPZM-3+sucrose; 318 mOsm) for the first 2 days and then cultured in normal mPZM-3 (273 mOsm) for 5 days, the cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of oocytes cultured in mPZM-3 for 7 days. The cleavage and blastocyst formation rates of SCNT embryos cultured in mPZM-3+NaCl for the first 2 days and then cultured in mPZM-3 for 5 days were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of embryos cultured in mPZM-3 for 7 days. These results showed that the high osmolarity of a culture medium induced by increasing NaCl concentration during the first 2 days improves the development of pig oocytes and miniature pig SCNT embryos activated by ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamato Mizobe
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Liu HB, Lv PR, He RG, Yang XG, Qin XE, Pan TB, Huang GY, Huang MR, Lu YQ, Lu SS, Li DS, Lu KH. Cloned Guangxi Bama Minipig (Sus scrofa) and Its Offspring Have Normal Reproductive Performance. Cell Reprogram 2010; 12:543-50. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2009.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bio-Resource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Ru Lv
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bio-Resource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruo-Gang He
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Gan Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bio-Resource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-E Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bio-Resource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Biao Pan
- Guangxi Institute of Animal Husbandry, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Yun Huang
- Guangxi Institute of Animal Husbandry, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Rui Huang
- Guangxi Institute of Animal Husbandry, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Qing Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bio-Resource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Sheng Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bio-Resource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Sheng Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research. Tai-He Hospital, Yunyang Medical College, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Huan Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bio-Resource Conservation and Utilization, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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Malenko GP, Komissarov AV, Stepanov OI. In vitro development of the reconstructed bovine embryos activated at various time after electrofusion. BIOL BULL+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s106235901005002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Ju S, Rui R, Lu Q, Lin P, Guo H. Analysis of apoptosis and methyltransferase mRNA expression in porcine cloned embryos cultured in vitro. J Assist Reprod Genet 2010; 27:49-59. [PMID: 20084449 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-009-9378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryo developmental competence with embryonic cell apoptosis and DNA methylation. METHODS The apoptotic incidence was examined via comet assay, and the mRNA expression of genes implicated in apoptosis (Bcl-2) and DNA methylation (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a) was determined using real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Comet assay showed that the SCNT embryos exhibited significantly higher apoptotic rate at 2-cell stage (8.3% versus 2.1%, P<0.05), 16-cell stage (27.3% versus 19.2%, P<0.05) and morula (37.5% versus 26.9, P<0.05) compared with IVF embryos. Compared with IVF embryos, a higher Bcl-2 mRNA expression pattern was observed in SCNT embryos before the 8-cell stage and differed significantly at 2- and 4-cell stages (P<0.05). After the 16-stage, Bcl-2 mRNA expression pattern became significantly lower in SCNT group (P<0.05). The relative expression level of Dnmt1 mRNA showed a higher expression level in oocytes, then sharply decreased and started to increase slightly after the 8-cell (IVF embryos) or 16-cell stage (SCNT embryos). Dnmt1 mRNA expression in IVF embryos appeared to have been lower than that of SCNT group before 16-cell stage embryos, especially at 4- and 8-cell stages (P<0.05). Although a trend for a similar increase of Dnmt3a expression was observed in IVF and SCNT embryos after 8-cell embryos, SCNT group resulted in much higher Dnmt3a mRNA abundance compared with the IVF group, particularly after 16-cell embryos (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results showed that low efficiency of porcine SCNT technology may be associated with either embryonic apoptosis or incomplete reprogramming of donor nuclear caused by abnormal Dnmts mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Ju
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, 210095, China
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32
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Roh S, Choi HY, Park SK, Won C, Kim BW, Kim JH, Kang H, Lee ER, Cho SG. Porcine nuclear transfer using somatic donor cells altered to express male germ cell function. Reprod Fertil Dev 2009; 21:882-91. [PMID: 19698292 DOI: 10.1071/rd09063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies reported that the direct transformation of one differentiated somatic cell type into another is possible. In the present study, we were able to modulate the cell fate of somatic cells to take on male germ cell function by introducing cell extracts derived from porcine testis tissue. Fibroblasts were treated with streptolysin O, which reversibly permeabilises the plasma membrane, and incubated with testis extracts. Our results showed that the testis extracts (TE) could activate expression of male germ cell-specific genes, implying that TE can provide regulatory components required for altering the cell fate of fibroblasts. Male germ cell function was sustained for more than 10 days after the introduction of TE. In addition, a single TE-treated cell was injected directly into the cytoplasm of in vitro-matured porcine oocytes. The rate of blastocyst formation was significantly higher in the TE-treated nuclear donor cell group than in the control cell group. The expression level of Nanog, Sox9 and Eomes was drastically increased when altered cells were used as donor nuclei. Our results suggest that TE can be used to alter the cell fate of fibroblasts to express male germ cell function and improve the developmental efficiency of the nuclear transfer porcine embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Roh
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory, Dental Research Institute and CLS21, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea. ;
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33
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Cervera RP, Silvestre MA, Martí N, García-Mengual E, Moreno R, Stojkovic M. Effects of different oocyte activation procedures on development and gene expression of porcine pre-implantation embryos. Reprod Domest Anim 2009; 45:e12-20. [PMID: 19663811 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Among the factors that affect the efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pigs, the activation protocol is the most variable among the current SCNT procedures. The aim of this study is focused on defining an efficient activation treatment of porcine oocytes. In Experiment 1, we studied the effects of nine different oocyte activation procedures (including chemical- and electrical-based treatments) on parthenogenetic embryo development. In Experiment 2, we studied the effect of the more efficient activation procedures on the gene expression profile of Oct4 and Igf2r in parthenogenetic blastocysts. In conclusion, ionomycin as a first calcium stimulus is not able to activate porcine oocytes efficiently in comparison with electric procedures. Electrical treatments with 6-DMAP significantly increased the level of Oct4 expression, whereas the single and double pulse treatments alone maintained the same profile as the IVF group.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Cervera
- Cellular Reprogramming Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Avenida Autopista del Saler, Valencia, Spain.
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Hong SG, Kim MK, Jang G, Oh HJ, Park JE, Kang JT, Koo OJ, Kim T, Kwon MS, Koo BC, Ra JC, Kim DY, Ko C, Lee BC. Generation of red fluorescent protein transgenic dogs. Genesis 2009; 47:314-22. [PMID: 19358155 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dogs (Canis familiaris) share many common genetic diseases with humans and development of disease models using a transgenic approach has long been awaited. However, due to the technical difficulty in obtaining fertilizable eggs and the unavailability of embryonic stem cells, no transgenic dog has been generated. Canine fetal fibroblasts were stably transfected with a red fluorescent protein (RFP) gene-expressing construct using retrovirus gene delivery method. Somatic cell nuclear transfer was then employed to replace the nucleus of an oocyte with the nucleus of the RFP-fibroblasts. Using this approach, we produced the first generation of transgenic dogs with four female and two male expressing RFP.
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35
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Zheng YM, Zhao HY, Zhao XE, Quan FS, Hua S, He XY, Liu J, He XN, Lin H. Development of cloned embryos from porcine neural stem cells and amniotic fluid-derived stem cells transfected with enhanced green fluorescence protein gene. Reproduction 2009; 137:793-801. [PMID: 19261834 DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the developmental ability of embryos cloned from porcine neural stem (NS) cells, amniotic fluid-derived stem (AFS) cells, fetal fibroblast cells, adult fibroblast, and mammary gland epithelial cells. The five cell lines were transfected with enhanced green fluorescence protein gene respectively using lipofection. NS and AFS cells were induced to differentiate in vitro. Stem cells and their differentiated cells were harvested for analysis of the markers using RT-PCR. The five cell lines were used for nuclear transfer. The two-cell stage-cloned embryos derived from each cell line were transferred into the oviducts of surrogate mothers. The results showed that both NS and AFS cells expressed POU5F1, THY1 and SOX2, and they were both induced to differentiate into astrocyte (GFAP+), oligodendrocyte (GalC+), neuron (NF+, ENO2+, and MAP2+), adipocyte (LPL+ and PPARG-D+), osteoblast (osteonectin+ and osteocalcin+), myocyte (MYF6+ and MYOD+), and endothelium (PECAM1+, CD34+, CDH5+, and NOS3+) respectively. Seven cloned fetuses (28 days and 32 days) derived from stem cells were obtained. The in vitro developmental ability (morula-blastocyst rate was 28.26-30.07%) and in vivo developmental ability (pregnancy rate were 1.67-2.17%) of the embryos cloned from stem cells were higher (P<0.05) than that of the embryos cloned from somatic cells (morula-blastocyst rate was 16.27-19.28% and pregnancy rate was 0.00%), which suggests that the undifferentiated state of the donor cells increases cloning efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Mao Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, Northwest A&F University, 1-06#, Research Building, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
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36
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Tomii R, Kurome M, Wako N, Ochiai T, Matsunari H, Kano K, Nagashima H. Production of cloned pigs by nuclear transfer of preadipocytes following cell cycle synchronization by differentiation induction. J Reprod Dev 2008; 55:121-7. [PMID: 19106484 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.20126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Four methods of cell cycle synchronization of porcine preadipocytes for use as nuclear donors in somatic cell cloning were compared: serum starvation, differentiation induction, contact inhibition and roscovitine treatment. After three days of differentiation induction, the percentage of nuclear donor cells synchronized at the G0/G1 phase reached a peak value of 91.8%, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the percentage attained by serum starvation (84.9-89.8%), contact inhibition (78.3-83.7%) or roscovitine treatment (67.8-80.3%). Cell cycle synchronization by serum starvation, contact inhibition and roscovitine treatment all increased the percentage of apoptotic cells, while no increase was observed when the donor-cell cycle was synchronized by differentiation induction (Annexin V-positive: 15.7% to 19.3% vs. 7.7%, P<0.05; TUNEL-positive: 12.8% to 14.0% vs. 8.3%, P<0.05). Additionally, comparison of the in vitro development of nuclear transfer (NT) embryos formed from the nuclei of differentiation-induced or serum-starved preadipocytes revealed that, in both cases, a high proportion of embryos developed to the blastocyst stage (39.0 and 33.7%, respectively). In this study, NT embryos reconstructed with preadipocytes synchronized by differentiation induction were transferred to four recipient pigs, three of which gave birth to a total of 17 piglets (4.2%, 17/403). These results demonstrate that donor-cell cycle synchronization by differentiation induction enables effective production of cloned pigs. The findings also indicate that differentiation induction of multipotent cells is an excellent method of cell cycle synchronization that permits highly efficient synchronization of cells at the G0/G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tomii
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Science, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan.
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Li Y, Liu J, Dai J, Xing F, Fang Z, Zhang T, Shi Z, Zhang D, Chen X. Production of cloned miniature pigs by enucleation using the spindle view system. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 45:608-13. [PMID: 19144014 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer (NT) has been successfully performed, but its efficiency remains quite low. In this study, we improvised on the enucleation method to enhance the development of NT embryos. Initially, an experiment was performed to determine the location relationship between the metaphase plate and the first polar body, where the results showed that the metaphase plate may frequently be displaced during the varying period of maturation process. When the metaphase plates were removed using the 'blind' enucleation method, the enucleation rate was affected by the maturation time; however, when the spindle view system was used, an enucleation rate of 100% was achieved. In the next experiment, these two methods were used to construct embryos: the fusion efficiency was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the spindle view system group and the development rates of the reconstructed embryos were significantly higher in the spindle view system group compared with the 'blind' enucleation group (p < 0.01). An average of 174 (141-210) cloned embryos from the spindle view system group were transferred into five surrogate pigs and one piglet was delivered at 114 days after embryo transfer by caesarean section. DNA analysis confirmed that the piglet was genetically identical to the male donor pig. We showed that enucleation by the spindle view system is the another new technique compare the handmade cloning method [Theriogenology 2007: 68, 1104] to promote the development of the reconstructed embryos, and that a full-term cloned pig could be produced using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
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38
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Hong SG, Jang G, Kim MK, Oh HJ, Park JE, Kang JT, Koo OJ, Kim DY, Lee BC. Dogs cloned from fetal fibroblasts by nuclear transfer. Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 115:334-9. [PMID: 19135320 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fetal fibroblasts have been considered as the prime candidate donor cells for the canine reproductive cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in regard to the future production of transgenic dogs, mainly due to their higher developmental competence and handling advantage in gene targeting. In this study, the cloning efficiency with canine fetal fibroblasts as donor cells was determined. A total of 50 presumptive cloned embryos were reconstructed, activated and transferred into the oviducts of naturally synchronous recipient bitches. While the fusion rate (76.9%) was similar to those of our earlier studies with adult fibroblasts as donor cells (73.9-77.1%), a high cloning efficiency (4.0%; 2 births/50 embryos transferred) was found compared to the previous success rate with adult fibroblasts (0.2-1.8%). The cloned beagles were healthy and genotypically identical to the donor fibroblast cells. This study shows that a fetal fibroblast cell would be an excellent donor for future production of transgenic dogs via gene targeting in this cell followed cloning using SCNT technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Gun Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Mori H, Mizobe Y, Inoue S, Uenohara A, Takeda M, Yoshida M, Miyoshi K. Effects of cycloheximide on parthenogenetic development of pig oocytes activated by ultrasound treatment. J Reprod Dev 2008; 54:364-9. [PMID: 18635923 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.20064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to examine the parthenogenetic development of pig oocytes treated with different concentrations of cycloheximide for different durations following activation by ultrasound stimulation. When oocytes were treated with 10 microg/ml cycloheximide for different durations, the blastocyst formation rate of oocytes treated for 5 h was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of oocytes treated for 0-2 h. The blastocyst formation rate of oocytes treated with 10 microg/ml cycloheximide for 5 h was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of oocytes treated with 0-5 or 15-20 microg/ml cycloheximide for the same duration. When oocytes were treated with different concentrations of cycloheximide for 2 h, however, the blastocyst formation rate of oocytes treated with 40 microg/ml cycloheximide was significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of oocytes treated with 0-10 or 50 microg/ml cycloheximide. The blastocyst formation rate of oocytes treated with 10 microg/ml cycloheximide for 5 h was not significantly different from that of oocytes treated with 40 microg/ml cycloheximide for 2 h. These treatments did not affect the activation status of oocytes compared with controls that were not treated with cycloheximide. The results of the present study showed that cycloheximide improves the parthenogenetic development of pig oocytes activated by ultrasound stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Mori
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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40
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Parthenogenesis as an approach to pluripotency: advantages and limitations involved. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:127-35. [PMID: 18548354 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-008-9027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are invaluable cells derived from the inner cell mass of the mammalian blastocyst. They have nearly indefinite self-renewal, retain their developmental potential after prolonged periods in culture and display great plasticity that allow them to differentiate into all cell types of the body. They provide exciting opportunities to develop unique models for developmental research and hold great potential for cell and tissue replacement therapy. However, these unique cells cannot be obtained without destroying an embryo and, despite the potential therapeutic usefulness, their derivation in the human raises substantial ethical as well as legal and political concerns because it unavoidably involves the destruction of viable embryos. In the recent years a number of scientific proposals that do not require the generation and subsequent destruction of human embryos have been put forward in an attempt to fill the gap between ethical questions and potential scientific and medical benefits. In this review we briefly summarize data obtained from the literature related to these different alternative approaches and focus in more details on our experience in the derivation of parthenothes, as a possible alternative source for pluripotent cells, discussing the advantages as well as the limits of these cell lines.
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Kurome M, Tomii R, Ueno S, Hiruma K, Matsumoto S, Okumura K, Nakamura K, Matsumoto M, Kaji Y, Endo F, Nagashima H. Production of Cloned Pigs from Salivary Gland-Derived Progenitor Cells. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2008; 10:277-86. [DOI: 10.1089/clo.2007.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kurome
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Science, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Ryo Tomii
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Science, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueno
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Science, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Katsumi Hiruma
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Science, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Shirou Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kenji Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kimitoshi Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Mitsuhito Matsumoto
- National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region, Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan
| | - Yuji Kaji
- National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region, Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan
| | - Fumio Endo
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Science, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
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Skrzyszowska M, Samiec M, Słomski R, Lipiński D, Mały E. Development of porcine transgenic nuclear-transferred embryos derived from fibroblast cells transfected by the novel technique of nucleofection or standard lipofection. Theriogenology 2008; 70:248-59. [PMID: 18501417 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to determine the in vitro developmental potential of porcine nuclear-transferred (NT) embryos that had been reconstructed with Tg(pWAPhGH-GFPBsd) transgene-expressing fibroblast cells. The gene construct was introduced into fibroblast cells by the novel method of nucleofection or standard lipofection. NT oocytes derived from foetal and adult dermal fibroblast cells were stimulated by either simultaneous fusion and electrical activation (Groups IA and IB) or sequential electrical and chemical activation (Groups IIA and IIB). The percentages of cloned embryos that reached the morula and blastocyst stages were 152/254 (59.8%) and 77/254 (30.3%) or 139/276 (50.4%) and 45/276 (16.3%) in Groups IA or IB, respectively. The rates of NT embryos that developed to the morula and blastocyst stages were 103/179 (57.5%) and 41/179 (22.9%) or 84/193 (43.5%) and 27/193 (14.0%) in Groups IIA and IIB, respectively. In conclusion, the in vitro developmental competences of porcine transgenic NT embryos that had been reconstructed with the Tg(pWAPhGH-GFPBsd) gene-transfected fibroblast cells were relatively high. Further, the nucleofection efficiency of all the porcine fibroblast cell lines as estimated by intra-vitam fluorescent evaluation based on the index of reporter eGFP transgene expression was nearly 100%. However, PCR analysis for transgene screening confirmed the absence of Tg(pWAPhGH-GFPBsd) fusion gene in some of the nucleofected cell lines. To our knowledge, the novel method of nucleofection is the first to transfect nuclear donor cells in the production of transgenic cloned embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Skrzyszowska
- Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice/Kraków, Poland.
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Beebe L, McIlfatrick S, Grupen C, Boquest A, Harrison S, Faast R, Ashman R, Wengle J, Hamilton H, Nottle M. A comparison of two in vitro maturation media for use with adult porcine oocytes for adult somatic cell nuclear transfer. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2008; 9:564-70. [PMID: 18154516 DOI: 10.1089/clo.2007.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Two media used to mature adult porcine oocytes for somatic cell nuclear transfer were compared. In the first experiment, parthenogenetic embryos were produced using a maturation medium used by us previously to clone pigs (OMM199) and that described by Kühholzer et al. (2001) to transport oocytes overnight (BOMED). There was no difference in maturation rates between the two different media. However, BOMED medium increased the percentage of parthenogenetic embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage compared with OMM199 (49% vs. 29%, respectively). In a second experiment, BOMED medium increased the percentage of SCNT embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage compared with OMM199 (22% vs. 8%, respectively). The efficiency of our cloning protocol using adult oocytes matured in BOMED medium was then determined by transferring SCNT embryos reconstructed using adult fibroblasts to synchronized recipients. Primary cultures of adult fibroblasts were obtained from two adult male pigs and used for SCNT (passages 2-4). Between 82 and 146 fused couplets were transferred to seven recipients synchronized 1 day behind the embryos. Five recipients (71% pregnancy rate) subsequently farrowed a total of 23 piglets (4.4 average litter size). Overall efficiencies (liveborn/embryos transferred) were 3.2% for all transfers and 4.3% for animals that gave birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Beebe
- Reproductive Biotechnology Group, Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Abstract
The derivation and study of human embryonic stem cell lines, despite their potential therapeutic usefulness, raise considerable ethical, religious, legal and political concerns because it inevitably leads to the destruction of viable embryos. In an attempt to bridge the division between ethical questions and potential scientific and medical benefits, considerable efforts have been devoted to the search for alternative sources of pluripotent cell lines. In this review we discuss the use of artificial parthenogenesis as a way to create entities, called parthenotes, that may represent an alternative ethical source for pluripotent cell lines. We describe the biological differences between parthenotes and embryos, in order to provide a rationale for the discussion on whether their use can be acceptable as a source of stem cells. We present data derived from animal models on the extent parthenogenetic stem cells are similar to biparental cell lines and discuss these aspects in the context of their extension to the human species. Finally, we present experiments recently carried out in our laboratory that allowed us to generate human parthenotes through artificial activation of human oocytes and to use them as a source for the derivation of parthenogenetic pluripotent cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A L Brevini
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology, Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Spinaci M, Volpe S, De Ambrogi M, Tamanini C, Galeati G. Effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on in vitro maturation and fertilization of porcine oocytes. Theriogenology 2008; 69:877-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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McElroy S, Kim J, Kim S, Jeong Y, Lee E, Park S, Hossein M, Koo O, Abul Hashem M, Jang G, Kang S, Lee B, Hwang W. Effects of culture conditions and nuclear transfer protocols on blastocyst formation and mRNA expression in pre-implantation porcine embryos. Theriogenology 2008; 69:416-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cho SK, Kim JH, Park JY, Choi YJ, Bang JI, Hwang KC, Cho EJ, Sohn SH, Uhm SJ, Koo DB, Lee KK, Kim T, Kim JH. Serial cloning of pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer: restoration of phenotypic normality during serial cloning. Dev Dyn 2008; 236:3369-82. [PMID: 17849457 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (scNT) is a useful way to create cloned animals. However, scNT clones exhibit high levels of phenotypic instability. This instability may be due to epigenetic reprogramming and/or genomic damage in the donor cells. To test this, we produced transgenic pig fibroblasts harboring the truncated human thrombopoietin (hTPO) gene and used them as donor cells in scNT to produce first-generation (G1) cloned piglets. In this study, 2,818 scNT embryos were transferred to 11 recipients and five G1 piglets were obtained. Among them, a clone had a dimorphic facial appearance with severe hypertelorism and a broad prominent nasal bridge. The other clones looked normal. Second-generation (G2) scNT piglets were then produced using ear cells from a G1 piglet that had an abnormal nose phenotype. We reasoned that, if the phenotypic abnormality of the G1 clone was not present in the G2 and third-generation (G3) clones, or was absent in the G2 clones but reappeared in the G3 clones, the phenotypic instability of the G1 clone could be attributed to faulty epigenetic reprogramming rather than to inherent/accidental genomic damage to the donor cells. Blastocyst rates, cell numbers in blastocyst, pregnancy rates, term placenta weight and ponderal index, and birth weight between G1 and G2 clones did not differ, but were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than control age- and sex-matched piglets. Next, we analyzed global methylation changes during development of the preimplantation embryos reconstructed by donor cells used for the production of G1 and G2 clones and could not find any significant differences in the methylation patterns between G1 and G2 clones. Indeed, we failed to detect the phenotypic abnormality in the G2 and G3 clones. Thus, the phenotypic abnormality of the G1 clone is likely to be due to epigenetic dysregulation. Additional observations then suggested that expression of the hTPO gene in the transgenic clones did not appear to be the cause of the phenotypic abnormality in the G1 clones and that the abnormality was acquired by only a few of the G1 clone's cells during its gestational development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Keun Cho
- Division of Applied Life Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, GyeongNam, South Korea
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Kurome M, Ishikawa T, Tomii R, Ueno S, Shimada A, Yazawa H, Nagashima H. Production of transgenic and non-transgenic clones in miniature pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer. J Reprod Dev 2008; 54:156-63. [PMID: 18296867 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.19165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Miniature pigs have been recognized as valuable experimental animals in various fields such as medical and pharmaceutical research. However, the amount of information on somatic cell cloning in miniature pigs, as well as genetically modified miniature pigs, is much less than that available for common domestic pigs. The objective of the present study was to establish an efficient technique of cloning miniature pigs by somatic cell nuclear transfer. A high pregnancy rate was achieved following transfer of parthenogenetic (3/3) and cloned (5/6) embryos using female miniature pigs in the early pregnancy period as recipients after estrus synchronization with prostaglandin F2 alpha analog and gonadotrophins. The production efficiency of the cloned miniature pigs using male and female fetal fibroblasts as nucleus donors was 0.9% (2/215 and 3/331, respectively). Cloned miniature pigs were also produced efficiently (7.8%, 5/64) by transferring reconstructed embryos into the uteri of common domestic pigs. When donor cells transfected with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene were used in nuclear transfer, the production efficiency of the reconstructed embryos and rate of blastocyst development were comparable to those obtained by non-transfected cells. When transfected cell-derived reconstructed embryos were transferred to three common domestic pig recipients, all became pregnant, and a total of ten transgenic cloned miniature pigs were obtained (piglet production efficiency: 2.7%, 10/365). Hence, we were able to establish a practical system for producing cloned and transgenic-cloned miniature pigs with a syngeneic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Kurome
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Science, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
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Miyoshi K, Mori H, Yamamoto H, Kishimoto M, Yoshida M. Effects of demecolcine and sucrose on the incidence of cytoplasmic protrusions containing chromosomes in pig oocytes matured in vitro. J Reprod Dev 2008; 54:117-21. [PMID: 18239352 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.19142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to examine whether demecolcine and sucrose affect the formation of a cytoplasmic protrusion containing chromosomes in pig oocytes independently or in combination. In the presence of 20 mM sucrose, the rates of oocytes with a cytoplasmic protrusion after culture for 60 min with 0.2-1.0 microg/ml demecolcine were significantly higher than those with 0.01-0.05 microg/ml demecolcine. When oocytes were cultured for 15 min in the presence of 0.2 microg/ml demecolcine and 20 mM sucrose, 35.1% of them extruded a cytoplasmic protrusion; this rate was significantly lower than those of oocytes cultured for 30-90 min. In the presence of 0.2 microg/ml demecolcine, significantly fewer oocytes extruded a cytoplasmic protrusion after culture for 30 min with 160 mM sucrose than with 0-80 mM sucrose. Significantly more oocytes extruded a cytoplasmic protrusion after culture for 30 min with 0.2 microg/ml demecolcine than without it, regardless of the presence or absence of 20 mM sucrose. In 88.9-100% of the oocytes, the cytoplasmic protrusions contained chromosomes with no significant differences among the different concentrations of demecolcine and sucrose and among the different treatment times. The results of the present study show that the cytoplasmic protrusion containing chromosomes in the pig oocyte is attributable to demecolcine, but sucrose does not affect its formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuchika Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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50
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Miyoshi K, Inoue S, Himaki T, Mikawa S, Yoshida M. Birth of cloned miniature pigs derived from somatic cell nuclear transferred embryos activated by ultrasound treatment. Mol Reprod Dev 2008; 74:1568-74. [PMID: 17427963 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.20730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to determine (1) the optimal duty cycle of ultrasound for activation of pig oocytes and cloned embryos derived from miniature pig fetal fibroblasts and (2) whether cloned embryos can develop to term following activation by ultrasound stimulation. When oocytes were exposed to ultrasound with 20% or 30% duty cycle, the blastocyst formation rates were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of oocytes exposed to ultrasound with 10% duty cycle. In contrast, the blastocyst formation rate of cloned embryos decreased as the duty cycle of ultrasound increased; the value of embryos exposed to ultrasound with 10% duty cycle was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of embryos exposed to ultrasound with 50% duty cycle. When cloned embryos exposed to ultrasound with 10% duty cycle were transferred into the oviducts of two recipient gilts to assess their development in vivo, the pregnancy of one of the gilts was maintained to term and two piglets were delivered via Cesarean section. The results of the present study showed that (1) although the duty cycle of ultrasound affects in vitro development after activation of both pig oocytes and miniature pig cloned embryos, the optimal duty cycle is different between them and (2) miniature pig cloned embryos have the ability to develop into piglets after activation by ultrasound stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuchika Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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