1
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Huang YT, Wu YF, Wang HK, Yao CCJ, Chiu YH, Sun JS, Chao YH. Cyclic mechanical stretch regulates the AMPK/Egr1 pathway in tenocytes via Ca2+-mediated mechanosensing. Connect Tissue Res 2022; 63:590-602. [PMID: 35229695 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2022.2044321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mechanical stimuli are essential for the maintenance of tendon tissue homeostasis. The study aims to elucidate the mechanobiological mechanisms underlying the maintenance of tenocyte homeostasis by cyclic mechanical stretch under high-glucose (HG) condition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary tenocytes were isolated from rat Achilles tendon and 2D-cultured under HG condition. The in vitro effects of a single bout, 2-h cyclic biaxial stretch session (1 Hz, 8%) on primary rat tenocytes were explored through Flexcell system. Cell viability, tenogenic gene expression, intracellular calcium concentration, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) expression, and signaling pathway activation were analyzed in tenocytes with or without mechanical stretch. RESULTS Mechanical stretch increased tenocyte proliferation and upregulated early growth response protein 1 (Egr1) expression. An increase in intracellular calcium was observed after 30 min of stretching. Mechanical stretch phosphorylated FAK, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2), and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in a time-dependent manner, and these effects were abrogated after blocking intracellular calcium. Inhibition of FAK, CaMKK2, and AMPK downregulated the expression of Egr1. In addition, mechanical stretch reinforced cytoskeletal organization via calcium (Ca2+)/FAK signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that mechanical stretch-induced calcium influx activated CaMKK2/AMPK signaling and FAK-cytoskeleton reorganization, thereby promoting the expression of Egr1, which may help maintain tendon cell characteristics and homeostasis in the context of diabetic tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Huang
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fu Wu
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, College of Applied Health Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Hsing-Kuo Wang
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chen Jane Yao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Dental Department, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Heng Chiu
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Sheng Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Tai-Chung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hung Chao
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center of Physical Therapy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Garcia de Durango CR, Monteiro MN, Bijnsdorp IV, Pham TV, De Wit M, Piersma SR, Knol JC, Pérez-Gordo M, Fijneman RJA, Vidal-Vanaclocha F, Jimenez CR. Lipopolysaccharide-regulated secretion of soluble and vesicle-based proteins from a panel of colorectal cancer cell lines. Proteomics Clin Appl 2021; 15:e1900119. [PMID: 33587312 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To mimic the perioperative microenvironment where bacterial products get in contact with colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and study its impact on protein release, we exposed six CRC cell lines to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and investigated the effect on the secretome using in-depth mass spectrometry-based proteomics. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Cancer cell secretome was harvested in bio-duplicate after LPS treatment, and separated in EV and soluble secretome (SS) fractions. Gel-fractionated proteins were analysed by label-free nano-liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. NF-κB activation, triggered upon LPS treatment, was evaluated. RESULTS We report a CRC secretome dataset of 5601 proteins. Comparison of all LPS-treated cells with controls revealed 37 proteins with altered abundance in the SS, including RPS25; and 13 in EVs, including HMGB1. Comparing controls and LPS-treated samples per cell line, revealed 564 significant differential proteins with fold-change >3. The LPS-induced release of RPS25 was validated by western blot. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Bacterial endotoxin has minor impact on the global CRC cell line secretome, yet it may alter protein release in a cell line-specific manner. This modulation might play a role in orchestrating the development of a permissive environment for CRC liver metastasis, especially through EV-communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cira R Garcia de Durango
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Pathology Institute Munich, DKTK Partner Site, Madrid, Munich, Spain, Germany
| | - Madalena N Monteiro
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Irene V Bijnsdorp
- Department of Urology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thang V Pham
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Meike De Wit
- Department of Urology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander Rogier Piersma
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaco C Knol
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marina Pérez-Gordo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Pathology Institute Munich, DKTK Partner Site, Madrid, Munich, Spain, Germany
| | - Remond J A Fijneman
- Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Vidal-Vanaclocha
- Valencia Institute of Pathology (IVP), Catholic University of Valencia School of Medicine and Odontology, Valencia, Spain
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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3
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Wu X, Hu J, Li G, Li Y, Li Y, Zhang J, Wang F, Li A, Hu L, Fan Z, Lü S, Ding G, Zhang C, Wang J, Long M, Wang S. Biomechanical stress regulates mammalian tooth replacement via the integrin β1-RUNX2-Wnt pathway. EMBO J 2019; 39:e102374. [PMID: 31830314 PMCID: PMC6996503 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Renewal of integumentary organs occurs cyclically throughout an organism's lifetime, but the mechanism that initiates each cycle remains largely unknown. In a miniature pig model of tooth development that resembles tooth development in humans, the permanent tooth did not begin transitioning from the resting to the initiation stage until the deciduous tooth began to erupt. This eruption released the accumulated mechanical stress inside the mandible. Mechanical stress prevented permanent tooth development by regulating expression and activity of the integrin β1-ERK1-RUNX2 axis in the surrounding mesenchyme. We observed similar molecular expression patterns in human tooth germs. Importantly, the release of biomechanical stress induced downregulation of RUNX2-wingless/integrated (Wnt) signaling in the mesenchyme between the deciduous and permanent tooth and upregulation of Wnt signaling in the epithelium of the permanent tooth, triggering initiation of its development. Consequently, our findings identified biomechanical stress-associated Wnt modulation as a critical initiator of organ renewal, possibly shedding light on the mechanisms of integumentary organ regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinrong Hu
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Fortune Link Triones Scitech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Fu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Oral Basic Science, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhipeng Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Shouqin Lü
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jinsong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mian Long
- Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Songlin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Capital Medical University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Marciniak J, Lossdörfer S, Knaup I, Bastian A, Craveiro RB, Jäger A, Wolf M. Orthodontic cell stress modifies proinflammatory cytokine expression in human PDL cells and induces immunomodulatory effects via TLR-4 signaling in vitro. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:1411-1419. [PMID: 31691860 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Biomechanical orthodontics loading of the periodontium initiates a cascade of inflammatory signaling events that induce periodontal remodeling and finally facilitate orthodontic tooth movement. Pattern recognition receptors such as toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been well characterized for their ability to induce the activation of inflammatory, immunomodulatory cytokines. Here, we examined whether the cellular response of human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells to mechanical stress involves TLR-4 signaling in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Confluent hPDL cells were cultured in the presence of 5 μg/ml TLR-4 antibody (TLR-4ab) for 1 h prior to the induction of compressive forces by the use of round glass plates for 24 h. At harvest, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 (IL-6, IL-8) mRNA and protein expression were analyzed by real-time PCR and ELISA. The immunomodulatory role of mechanical cell stress and TLR-4 signaling was addressed in co-culture experiments of hPDL and THP-1 cells targeting monocyte adhesion and by culturing osteoclastic precursors (RAW 264.7) in the presence of the conditioned medium of hPDL cells that had been mechanically loaded before. RESULTS Basal expression of IL-6 and IL-8 was not affected by TLR-4ab, but increased significantly upon mechanical loading of hPDL cells. When cells were mechanically stressed in the presence of TLR-4ab, the effect seen for loading alone was markedly reduced. Likewise, monocyte adhesion and osteoclastic differentiation were enhanced significantly by mechanical stress of hPDL cells and this effect was partially inhibited by TLR-4ab. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study indicate a proinflammatory and immunomodulatory influence of mechanical loading on hPDL cells. Intracellular signaling involves a TLR-4-dependent pathway. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings hold out the prospect of interfering with the cellular response to mechanical cell stress in order to minimize undesired side effects of orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Marciniak
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Lossdörfer
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabel Knaup
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Asisa Bastian
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rogerio B Craveiro
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Jäger
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, University of Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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5
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Domura R, Sasaki R, Ishikawa Y, Okamoto M. Cellular Morphology-Mediated Proliferation and Drug Sensitivity of Breast Cancer Cells. J Funct Biomater 2017; 8:E18. [PMID: 28587314 PMCID: PMC5491999 DOI: 10.3390/jfb8020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The interpretation of the local microenvironment of the extracellular matrix for malignant tumor cells is in intimate relation with metastatic spread of cancer cells involving the associated issues of cellular proliferation and drug responsiveness. This study was aimed to assess the combination of both surface topographies (fiber alignments) and different stiffness of the polymeric substrates (poly(l-lactic acid) and poly(ε-caprolactone), PLLA and PCL, respectively) as well as collagen substrates (coat and gel) to elucidate the effect of the cellular morphology on cellular proliferation and drug sensitivities of two different types of breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7). The morphological spreading parameter (nucleus/cytoplasm area ratio) induced by the anthropogenic substrates has correlated intimately with the cellular proliferation and the drug sensitivity the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of cancer cells. This study demonstrated the promising results of the parameter for the evaluation of cancer cell malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Domura
- Advanced Polymeric Nanostructured Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyota Technological Institute, 2-12-1 Hisakata, Tempaku, Nagoya 468 8511, Japan.
| | - Rie Sasaki
- Advanced Polymeric Nanostructured Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyota Technological Institute, 2-12-1 Hisakata, Tempaku, Nagoya 468 8511, Japan.
| | - Yuma Ishikawa
- Advanced Polymeric Nanostructured Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyota Technological Institute, 2-12-1 Hisakata, Tempaku, Nagoya 468 8511, Japan.
| | - Masami Okamoto
- Advanced Polymeric Nanostructured Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyota Technological Institute, 2-12-1 Hisakata, Tempaku, Nagoya 468 8511, Japan.
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6
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Domura R, Sasaki R, Okamoto M, Hirano M, Kohda K, Napiwocki B, Turng LS. Comprehensive study on cellular morphologies, proliferation, motility, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells incubated on electrospun polymeric fiber substrates. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:2588-2600. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00207f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aligned fibers substrates caused elongation and alignment of the MDA-MB-231 cells along the fiber directionsviareducing the cell roundness and E-cadherin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Domura
- Advanced Polymeric Nanostructured Materials Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Toyota Technological Institute
- Tempaku
- Japan
| | - Rie Sasaki
- Advanced Polymeric Nanostructured Materials Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Toyota Technological Institute
- Tempaku
- Japan
| | - Masami Okamoto
- Advanced Polymeric Nanostructured Materials Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Toyota Technological Institute
- Tempaku
- Japan
| | | | | | - Brett Napiwocki
- Department of Engineering Physics
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- USA
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery and Polymer Engineering Center
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Wisconsin-Madison
- USA
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7
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Janssen LJ, Mukherjee S, Ask K. Calcium Homeostasis and Ionic Mechanisms in Pulmonary Fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:135-48. [PMID: 25785898 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0269tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are key cellular mediators of many chronic interstitial lung diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, scleroderma, sarcoidosis, drug-induced interstitial lung disease, and interstitial lung disease in connective tissue disease. A great deal of effort has been expended to understand the signaling mechanisms underlying the various cellular functions of fibroblasts. Recently, it has been shown that Ca(2+) oscillations play a central role in the regulation of gene expression in human pulmonary fibroblasts. However, the mechanisms whereby cytosolic [Ca(2+)] are regulated and [Ca(2+)] oscillations transduced are both poorly understood. In this review, we present the general concepts of [Ca(2+)] homeostasis, of ionic mechanisms responsible for various Ca(2+) fluxes, and of regulation of gene expression by [Ca(2+)]. In each case, we then also summarize the original findings that pertain specifically to pulmonary fibroblasts. From these data, we propose an overall signaling cascade by which excitation of the fibroblasts triggers pulsatile release of internally sequestered Ca(2+), which, in turn, activates membrane conductances, including voltage-dependent Ca(2+) influx pathways. Collectively, these events produce recurring Ca(2+) oscillations, the frequency of which is transduced by Ca(2+)-dependent transcription factors, which, in turn, orchestrate a variety of cellular events, including proliferation, synthesis/secretion of extracellular matrix proteins, autoactivation (production of transforming growth factor-β), and transformation into myofibroblasts. That unifying hypothesis, in turn, allows us to highlight several specific cellular targets and therapeutic intervention strategies aimed at controlling unwanted pulmonary fibrosis. The relationships between Ca(2+) signaling events and the unfolded protein response and apoptosis are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Janssen
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subhendu Mukherjee
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Hypertrophic scar contracture is mediated by the TRPC3 mechanical force transducer via NFkB activation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11620. [PMID: 26108359 PMCID: PMC4479825 DOI: 10.1038/srep11620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing process is a complex and highly orchestrated process that ultimately results in the formation of scar tissue. Hypertrophic scar contracture is considered to be a pathologic and exaggerated wound healing response that is known to be triggered by repetitive mechanical forces. We now show that Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) C3 regulates the expression of fibronectin, a key regulatory molecule involved in the wound healing process, in response to mechanical strain via the NFkB pathway. TRPC3 is highly expressed in human hypertrophic scar tissue and mechanical stimuli are known to upregulate TRPC3 expression in human skin fibroblasts in vitro. TRPC3 overexpressing fibroblasts subjected to repetitive stretching forces showed robust expression levels of fibronectin. Furthermore, mechanical stretching of TRPC3 overexpressing fibroblasts induced the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB), a regulator fibronectin expression, which was able to be attenuated by pharmacologic blockade of either TRPC3 or NFκB. Finally, transplantation of TRPC3 overexpressing fibroblasts into mice promoted wound contraction and increased fibronectin levels in vivo. These observations demonstrate that mechanical stretching drives fibronectin expression via the TRPC3-NFkB axis, leading to intractable wound contracture. This model explains how mechanical strain on cutaneous wounds might contribute to pathologic scarring.
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9
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Letsiou E, Rizzo AN, Sammani S, Naureckas P, Jacobson JR, Garcia JGN, Dudek SM. Differential and opposing effects of imatinib on LPS- and ventilator-induced lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L259-69. [PMID: 25480336 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00323.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction underlies the pathophysiology of vascular disorders such as acute lung injury (ALI) syndromes. Recent work has identified the Abl family kinases (c-Abl and Arg) as important regulators of endothelial cell (EC) barrier function and suggests that their inhibition by currently available pharmaceutical agents such as imatinib may be EC protective. Here we describe novel and differential effects of imatinib in regulating lung pathophysiology in two clinically relevant experimental models of ALI. Imatinib attenuates endotoxin (LPS)-induced vascular leak and lung inflammation in mice but exacerbates these features in a mouse model of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). We next explored these discrepant observations in vitro through investigation of the roles for Abl kinases in cultured lung EC. Imatinib attenuates LPS-induced lung EC permeability, restores VE-cadherin junctions, and reduces inflammation by suppressing VCAM-1 expression and inflammatory cytokine (IL-8 and IL-6) secretion. Conversely, in EC exposed to pathological 18% cyclic stretch (CS) (in vitro model of VILI), imatinib decreases VE-cadherin expression, disrupts cell-cell junctions, and increases IL-8 levels. Downregulation of c-Abl expression with siRNA attenuates LPS-induced VCAM-1 expression, whereas specific reduction of Arg reduces VE-cadherin expression in 18% CS-challenged ECs to mimic the imatinib effects. In summary, imatinib exhibits pulmonary barrier-protective and anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-injured mice and lung EC; however, imatinib exacerbates VILI as well as dysfunction in 18% CS-EC. These findings identify the Abl family kinases as important modulators of EC function and potential therapeutic targets in lung injury syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Letsiou
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Illinois; and
| | - A N Rizzo
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Illinois; and
| | - S Sammani
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Illinois; and
| | - P Naureckas
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Illinois; and
| | - J R Jacobson
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Illinois; and
| | - J G N Garcia
- Arizona Health Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Arizona
| | - S M Dudek
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Allergy, Illinois; and
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10
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In vitro experimental study for the determination of cellular axial strain threshold and preferential axial strain from cell orientation behavior in a non-uniform deformation field. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:1249-59. [PMID: 23703662 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cells within connective tissues are routinely subjected to a wide range of non-uniform mechanical loads that regulate many cell behaviors. In the present study, the relationship between cell orientation angle and strain value of the membrane was comprehensively investigated using an inhomogeneous strain field. Additionally, the cellular axial strain threshold, which corresponds to the launching of cell reorientation response, was elucidated. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were used for these experiments. In this study, an inhomogeneous strain distribution was easily created by removing one side holes of an elastic chamber in a commonly used uniaxial stretching device. The strains of 2D stretched membranes were quantified on a position-by-position basis using the digital image correlation method. The normal strain in the direction of stretch was changed continuously from 2.0 to 15.0%. A 3D histogram of the cell frequency, which was correlated with the cell orientation angle and normal strain of the membrane, made it possible to determine the axial strain threshold accurately. The value of the axial strain threshold was 4.4 ± 0.3%, which was reasonable compared with previous studies based on cyclic uniaxial stretch stimulation (homogeneous strain field). Additionally, preferential axial strain of cells, which was a cell property firstly introduced, was also achieved and the value was -2.0 ± 0.1%. This study is novel in three respects: (i) it precisely and easily determined the axial strain threshold of cells; (ii) it is the first to suggest preferential axial strain of cells; and (iii) it methodically investigated cell behavior in an inhomogeneous strain field.
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11
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Bonakdar N, Schilling A, Lennert P, Spörrer M, Gerum RC, Alonso JL, Goldmann WH. Measuring mechanical properties in cells: three easy methods for biologists. Cell Biol Int 2014; 38:1227-32. [PMID: 24803101 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navid Bonakdar
- Department of Physics, Biophysics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Ishihara S, Yasuda M, Harada I, Mizutani T, Kawabata K, Haga H. Substrate stiffness regulates temporary NF-κB activation via actomyosin contractions. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2916-27. [PMID: 24113574 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Physical properties of the extracellular matrix (ECM) can control cellular phenotypes via mechanotransduction, which is the process of translation of mechanical stresses into biochemical signals. While current research is clarifying the relationship between mechanotransduction and cytoskeleton or adhesion complexes, the contribution of transcription factors to mechanotransduction is not well understood. The results of this study revealed that the transcription factor NF-κB, a major regulator for immunoreaction and cancer progression, is responsive to substrate stiffness. NF-κB activation was temporarily induced in H1299 lung adenocarcinoma cells grown on a stiff substrate but not in cells grown on a soft substrate. Although the activation of NF-κB was independent of the activity of integrin β1, an ECM-binding protein, the activation was dependent on actomyosin contractions induced by phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC). Additionally, the inhibition of MRLC phosphorylation by Rho kinase inhibitor Y27632 reduced the activity of NF-κB. We also observed substrate-specific morphology of the cells, with cells grown on the soft substrate appearing more rounded and cells grown on the stiff substrate appearing more spread out. Inhibiting NF-κB activation caused a reversal of these morphologies on both substrates. These results suggest that substrate stiffness regulates NF-κB activity via actomyosin contractions, resulting in morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Ishihara
- Transdisciplinary Life Science Course, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N10-W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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Davidovich N, DiPaolo BC, Lawrence GG, Chhour P, Yehya N, Margulies SS. Cyclic stretch-induced oxidative stress increases pulmonary alveolar epithelial permeability. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 49:156-64. [PMID: 23526210 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0252oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation with high tidal volumes has been associated with pulmonary alveolar flooding. Understanding the mechanisms underlying cyclic stretch-induced increases in alveolar epithelial permeability may be important in designing preventive measures for acute lung injury. In this work, we assessed whether cyclic stretch leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species in type I-like alveolar epithelial cells, which increase monolayer permeability via activation of NF-κB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). We cyclically stretched type I-like rat primary alveolar epithelial cells at magnitudes of 12, 25, and 37% change in surface area (ΔSA) for 10 to 120 minutes. High levels of reactive oxygen species and of superoxide and NO specifically were detected in cells stretched at 37% ΔSA for 10 to 120 minutes. Exogenous superoxide and NO stimulation increased epithelial permeability in unstretched cells, which was preventable by the NF-κB inhibitor MG132. The cyclic stretch-induced increase in permeability was decreased by the superoxide scavenger tiron and by MG132. Furthermore, tiron had a dramatic protective effect on in vivo lung permeability under mechanical ventilation conditions. Cyclic stretch increased the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, which was significantly decreased with the ERK inhibitor U0126. Altogether, our in vitro and in vivo data demonstrate the sensitivity of permeability to stretch- and ventilation-induced superoxide production, suggesting that using antioxidants may be helpful in the prevention and treatment of ventilator-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurit Davidovich
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Bistolfi F. Evidence of interlinks between bioelectromagnetics and biomechanics: from biophysics to medical physics. Phys Med 2012; 22:71-95. [PMID: 17664154 DOI: 10.1016/s1120-1797(06)80002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Revised: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A vast literature on electromagnetic and mechanical bioeffects at the bone and soft tissue level, as well as at the cellular level (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, chondrocytes, nerve cells, endothelial and muscle cells) has been reviewed and analysed in order to show the evident connections between both types of physical energies. Moreover, an intimate link between the two is suggested by transduction phenomena (electromagnetic-acoustic transduction and its reverse) occurring in living matter, as a sound biophysical literature has demonstrated. However, electromagnetic and mechanical signals are not always interchangeable, depending on their respective intensity. Calculations are reported in order to show in which cases (read: for which values of electric field in V/m and of mechanical pressure in Pa) a given electromagnetic or mechanical bioeffect is only due to the directly impinging energy or even to the indirect transductional energy. The relevance of the treated item for the applications of medical physics to regenerative medicine is stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bistolfi
- Radiotherapy Department, Galliera Hospital, Genova (Italy)
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15
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Abstract
Benign and malignant fibroproliferative disorders (FPDs) include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, hepatic cirrhosis, myelofibrosis, systemic sclerosis, Dupuytren's contracture, hypertrophic scars, and keloids. They are characterized by excessive connective tissue accumulation and slow but continuous tissue contraction that lead to progressive deterioration in the normal structure and function of affected organs. In recent years, research in diverse fields has increasingly highlighted the potential role of mechanobiology in the molecular mechanisms of fibroproliferation. Mechanobiology, the heart of which is mechanotransduction, is the process whereby cells sense mechanical forces and transduce them, thereby changing the intracellular biochemistry and gene expression. Understanding mechanosignaling may provide new insights into the convergent roles played by interrelated molecules and overlapping signaling pathways during the inflammatory, proliferative, and fibrotic cellular activities that are the hallmarks of fibroproliferation. The main cellular players in FPDs are fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Consequently, this article discusses integrins and the roles they play in cellular-extracellular matrix interactions. Also described are the signaling pathways that are known to participate in mechanosignaling: these include the transforming growth factor-β/Smad, mitogen-activated protein kinase, RhoA/ROCK, Wnt/β-catenin, and tumor necrosis factor-α/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells pathways. Also outlined is the progress in our understanding of the cellular-extracellular matrix interactions that are associated with fibroproliferative mechanosignaling through matricellular proteins. The tensegrity and tensional homeostasis models are also discussed. A better understanding of the mechanosignaling pathways in the FPD microenvironment will almost certainly lead to the development of novel interventions that can prevent, reduce, or even reverse FPD formation and/or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Huang
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Fibroblast Morphology on Dynamic Softening of Hydrogels. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 40:1061-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Kook SH, Jang YS, Lee JC. Involvement of JNK-AP-1 and ERK-NF-κB signaling in tension-stimulated expression of Type I collagen and MMP-1 in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1575-83. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00348.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I collagen (COL I) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) are the predominant matrix proteins in the extracellular matrix of the human periodontal ligament (PDL). The expression of these proteins in PDL fibroblasts (PLF) is sensitive to physiological and mechanical stress and is critical for PDL remodeling accompanied by alveolar bone remodeling. This study examined how dose tensile force regulates the expression of COL I and MMP-1 and explored the possible roles of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and transcription factors, such as activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Tensile force stimulated the mRNA expression of COL I and MMP-1 in the cells and also activated MAPKs including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK. A pharmacological inhibitor of ERK or JNK prevented the expression of matrix genes and the nuclear translocation of c-Jun proteins in the force-applied PLF. The knockdown of c-Jun by transfecting the cells with its antisense oligonucleotides reduced the force-induced increase in matrix gene expression. In particular, the ERK inhibitor but not JNK or p38 MAPK inhibitor attenuated the force-mediated stimulation of NF-κB-DNA binding and MMP-1 expression. Overall, these results highlight the mechanotransduction pathways involved in matrix gene expression in PLF, where the tension-stimulated expression of COL I and MMP-1 is controlled by the ERK/JNK-AP-1 and ERK-NF-κB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ho Kook
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yong-Suk Jang
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University
| | - Jeong-Chae Lee
- Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Chonbuk National University
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry (BK21 Program), Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
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18
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Role of heme oxygenase-1 in inflammatory response induced by mechanical stretch in synovial cells. Inflamm Res 2011; 60:861-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-011-0346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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19
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Brosig M, Ferralli J, Gelman L, Chiquet M, Chiquet-Ehrismann R. Interfering with the connection between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton affects nuclear rotation, mechanotransduction and myogenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:1717-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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20
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Lutz R, Sakai T, Chiquet M. Pericellular fibronectin is required for RhoA-dependent responses to cyclic strain in fibroblasts. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:1511-21. [PMID: 20375066 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.060905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that the pericellular fibronectin matrix is involved in mechanotransduction, we compared the response of normal and fibronectin-deficient mouse fibroblasts to cyclic substrate strain. Normal fibroblasts seeded on vitronectin in fibronectin-depleted medium deposited their own fibronectin matrix. In cultures exposed to cyclic strain, RhoA was activated, actin-stress fibers became more prominent, MAL/MKL1 shuttled to the nucleus, and mRNA encoding tenascin-C was induced. By contrast, these RhoA-dependent responses to cyclic strain were suppressed in fibronectin knockdown or knockout fibroblasts grown under identical conditions. On vitronectin substrate, fibronectin-deficient cells lacked fibrillar adhesions containing alpha5 integrin. However, when fibronectin-deficient fibroblasts were plated on exogenous fibronectin, their defects in adhesions and mechanotransduction were restored. Studies with fragments indicated that both the RGD-synergy site and the adjacent heparin-binding region of fibronectin were required for full activity in mechanotransduction, but not its ability to self-assemble. In contrast to RhoA-mediated responses, activation of Erk1/2 and PKB/Akt by cyclic strain was not affected in fibronectin-deficient cells. Our results indicate that pericellular fibronectin secreted by normal fibroblasts is a necessary component of the strain-sensing machinery. Supporting this hypothesis, induction of cellular tenascin-C by cyclic strain was suppressed by addition of exogenous tenascin-C, which interferes with fibronectin-mediated cell spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Lutz
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Iwaki M, Ito S, Morioka M, Iwata S, Numaguchi Y, Ishii M, Kondo M, Kume H, Naruse K, Sokabe M, Hasegawa Y. Mechanical stretch enhances IL-8 production in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:531-6. [PMID: 19747898 PMCID: PMC9940996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical over-distension of the lung by a large tidal volume causes further damage and inflammation, called ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), however, it is unclear how mechanical stretch affects the cellular functions or morphology in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVECs). IL-8 has been proposed to play an important role in the progression of VILI by activating neutrophils. We demonstrated that HPMVECs exposed to cyclic uni-axial stretch produce IL-8 protein with p38 activation in strain- and time-dependent manners. The IL-8 synthesis was not regulated by other signal transduction pathways such as ERK1/2, JNK, or stretch-activated Ca(2+) channels. Moreover, cyclic stretch enhanced IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production and reoriented cell perpendicularly to the stretch axis accompanied by actin polymerization. Taken together, IL-8 production by HPMVECs due to excessive mechanical stretch may activate neutrophilic inflammation, which leads to VILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Iwaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Satoru Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan,Corresponding author. Address: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan. Fax: +81 52 744 2176
| | - Masataka Morioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Susumu Iwata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yasushi Numaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masakazu Ishii
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masashi Kondo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kume
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan
| | - Keiji Naruse
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sokabe
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan,ICORP/SORST Cell Mechanosensing, JST, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan,Department of Molecular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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22
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FAK signalling mediates NF-κB activation by mechanical stress in cardiac myocytes. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 403:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Chiquet M, Gelman L, Lutz R, Maier S. From mechanotransduction to extracellular matrix gene expression in fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:911-20. [PMID: 19339214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue mechanics provide an important context for tissue growth, maintenance and function. On the level of organs, external mechanical forces largely influence the control of tissue homeostasis by endo- and paracrine factors. On the cellular level, it is well known that most normal cell types depend on physical interactions with their extracellular matrix in order to respond efficiently to growth factors. Fibroblasts and other adherent cells sense changes in physical parameters in their extracellular matrix environment, transduce mechanical into chemical information, and integrate these signals with growth factor derived stimuli to achieve specific changes in gene expression. For connective tissue cells, production of the extracellular matrix is a prominent response to changes in mechanical load. We will review the evidence that integrin-containing cell-matrix adhesion contacts are essential for force transmission from the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton, and describe novel experiments indicating that mechanotransduction in fibroblasts depends on focal adhesion adaptor proteins that might function as molecular springs. We will stress the importance of the contractile actin cytoskeleton in balancing external with internal forces, and describe new results linking force-controlled actin dynamics directly to the expression of specific genes, among them the extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C. As assembly lines for diverse signaling pathways, matrix adhesion contacts are now recognized as the major sites of crosstalk between mechanical and chemical stimuli, with important consequences for cell growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Chiquet
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland.
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24
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Chiang CH, Pai HI, Liu SL. Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) promotes ischemia/reperfusion lung injury (I/R) and NF-kB antibody attenuates both injuries. Resuscitation 2008; 79:147-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2008.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Revised: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 02/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Hirano Y, Ishiguro N, Sokabe M, Takigawa M, Naruse K. Effects of tensile and compressive strains on response of a chondrocytic cell line embedded in type I collagen gel. J Biotechnol 2008; 133:245-52. [PMID: 17868945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.07.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2006] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tensile and compressive strains are commonly used in mechanobiological models. Here we report on the development of a novel three-dimensional cell-culture method, which allows both tensile and compressive loads to be applied. Preliminary results were obtained using HCS2/8 chondrocytic cells embedded in type I collagen gel. This construct was subjected to either 16% tension or 14% compression. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that both tension and compression caused significant cell deformation. The collagen gel-embedded HCS2/8 cells were subjected to static tension, dynamic tension, static compression or dynamic compression for 24h. Dynamic compression led to significantly decreased 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation compared with the control group. PCR analysis revealed upregulation of type II collagen caused by dynamic tension, upregulation of aggrecan caused by static compression, and downregulation of type II collagen and aggrecan caused by dynamic compression. Nitric oxide production was significantly increased by static tension and static compression compared with the control group. Our experimental system effectively applied several types of strain to HCS2/8 cells embedded in collagen gel. Our results suggest that the mode of mechanical strain affects the response of HCS2/8 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Hirano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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26
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Mechanobiology of adult and stem cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 271:301-46. [PMID: 19081546 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)01207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces, including gravity, tension, compression, hydrostatic pressure, and fluid shear stress, play a vital role in human physiology and pathology. They particularly influence extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression, ECM protein synthesis, and production of inflammatory mediators of many load-sensitive adult cells such as fibroblasts, chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. Furthermore, the mechanical forces generated by cells themselves, known as cell traction forces (CTFs), also influence many biological processes such as wound healing, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Thus, the quantitative characterization of CTFs by qualities such as magnitude and distribution is useful for understanding physiological and pathological events at the tissue and organ levels. Recently, the effects of mechanical loads on embryonic and adult stem cells in terms of self-renewal, differentiation, and matrix protein expression have been investigated. While it seems certain that mechanical loads applied to stem cells regulate their self-renewal and induce controlled cell lineage differentiation, the detailed molecular signaling mechanisms responsible for these mechano-effects remain to be elucidated. Challenges in the fields of both adult- and stem-cell mechanobiology include devising novel experimental and theoretical methodologies to examine mechano-responses more closely to various forms of mechanical forces and mechanotransduction mechanisms of these cells in a more physiologically accurate setting. Such novel methodologies will lead to better understanding of various pathological diseases, their management, and translational applications in the ever expanding field of tissue engineering.
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27
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Ito S, Kume H, Naruse K, Kondo M, Takeda N, Iwata S, Hasegawa Y, Sokabe M. A novel Ca2+ influx pathway activated by mechanical stretch in human airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 38:407-13. [PMID: 17975175 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0259oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to mechanical stretch, airway smooth muscle exhibits various cellular functions such as contraction, proliferation, and cytoskeletal remodeling, all of which are implicated in the pathophysiology of asthma. We tested the hypothesis that mechanical stretch of airway smooth muscle cells increases intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) by activating stretch-activated (SA) nonselective cation channels. A single uniaxial stretch (3 s) was given to human bronchial smooth muscle cells cultured on an elastic silicone membrane. After the mechanical stretch, a transient increase in [Ca(2+)](i) was observed. The [Ca(2+)](i) increase was significantly dependent on stretch amplitude. The augmented [Ca(2+)](i) due to stretch was completely abolished by removal of extracellular Ca(2+) and was markedly attenuated by an application of Gd(3+), an inhibitor of SA channels, or ruthenium red, a transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) inhibitor. In contrast, the stretch-induced rises of [Ca(2+)](i) were not altered by other Ca(2+) channel inhibitors such as nifedipine, BTP-2, and SKF-96365. Moreover, the [Ca(2+)](i) increases were not affected by indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, U-73122, a phospholipase C inhibitor, or xestospongin C, an inhibitor of the inositol-trisphosphate receptor. These findings demonstrate that a novel Ca(2+) influx pathway activated by mechanical stretch, possibly through the Ca(2+)-permeable SA channel activated directly by stretch rather than by indirect mechanisms via intracellular messenger production, is involved in human airway smooth muscle cells. A molecular candidate for the putative SA channel may be one of the members of the TRPV channel family. Thus, abnormal Ca(2+) homeostasis in response to excessive mechanical strain would contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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28
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Pugin J, Dunn-Siegrist I, Dufour J, Tissières P, Charles PE, Comte R. Cyclic stretch of human lung cells induces an acidification and promotes bacterial growth. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 38:362-70. [PMID: 17921360 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0114oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The reasons for bacterial proliferation in the lungs of mechanically ventilated patients are poorly understood. We hypothesized that prolonged cyclic stretch of lung cells influenced bacterial growth. Human alveolar type II-like A549 cells were submitted in vitro to prolonged cyclic stretch. Bacteria were cultured in conditioned supernatants from cells submitted to stretch and from control static cells. Escherichia coli had a marked growth advantage in conditioned supernatants from stretched A549 cells, but also from stretched human bronchial BEAS-2B cells, human MRC-5 fibroblasts, and murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Stretched cells compared with control static cells acidified the milieu by producing increased amounts of lactic acid. Alkalinization of supernatants from stretched cells blocked E. coli growth. In contrast, acidification of supernatants from control cells stimulated bacterial growth. The effect of various pharmacological inhibitors of metabolic pathways was tested in this system. Treatment of A549 cells and murine RAW 264.7 macrophages with the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase pump inhibitor ouabain during cyclic stretch blocked both the acidification of the milieu and bacterial growth. Several pathogenic bacteria originating from lungs of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) also grow better in vitro at slightly acidic pH (pH 6-7.2), pH similar to those measured in the airways from ventilated patients. This novel metabolic pathway stimulated by cyclic stretch may represent an important pathogenic mechanism of VAP. Alkalinization of the airways may represent a promising preventive strategy in ventilated critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Pugin
- Soins Intensifs, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, 1211 Genève 14, Switzerland.
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29
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Iwata M, Hayakawa K, Murakami T, Naruse K, Kawakami K, Inoue-Miyazu M, Yuge L, Suzuki S. Uniaxial cyclic stretch-stimulated glucose transport is mediated by a ca-dependent mechanism in cultured skeletal muscle cells. Pathobiology 2007; 74:159-68. [PMID: 17643061 DOI: 10.1159/000103375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 12/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mechanical stimuli such as stretch increase glucose transport and glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the mechanotransduction events are poorly understood. The present study was conducted in order to determine whether the signaling mechanism leading to mechanical stretch-stimulated glucose transport is similar to, or distinct from, the signaling mechanisms leading to insulin- and contraction-stimulated glucose transport in cultured muscle cells. METHODS Cultured C2C12 myotubes were stretched, after which the 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) uptake was measured. RESULTS Following cyclic stretch, C2C12 myotubes showed a significant increase in 2-DG uptake, and this effect was not prevented by inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase and by extracellular Ca(2+) chelation. Conversely, the stretch-stimulated 2-DG uptake was completely prevented by dantrolene (an inhibitor of Ca(2+) release from sarcoplasmic reticulum). Furthermore, the stretch-stimulated 2-DG uptake was prevented by the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase inhibitor KN93 which did not prevent the insulin-stimulated 2-DG uptake. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the effects of stretch-stimulated glucose transport are independent of the insulin-signaling pathway. By contrast, following mechanical stretch in skeletal muscle, the signal transduction pathway leading to glucose transport may require the participation of cytosolic Ca(2+) and Ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase, but not 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Iwata
- Program in Physical and Occupational Therapy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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30
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Lim SH, Son Y, Kim CH, Shin H, Kim JI. The effect of a long-term cyclic strain on human dermal fibroblasts cultured in a bioreactor on chitosan-based scaffolds for the development of tissue engineered artificial dermis. Macromol Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03218801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Regenerative medicine focuses on new therapies to replace or restore lost, damaged, or aging cells in the human body to restore function. This goal is being realized by collaborative efforts in nonmammalian and human development, stem cell biology, genetics, materials science, bioengineering, and tissue engineering. At present, understanding existing reparative processes in humans and exploring the latent ability to regenerate tissue remains the focus in this field. This review covers recent work in limb regeneration, fetal wound healing, stem cell biology, somatic nuclear transfer, and tissue engineering as a foundation for developing new clinical therapies to augment and stimulate human regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey C Gurtner
- Children's Surgical Research Program, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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Sasaki K, Takagi M, Konttinen YT, Sasaki A, Tamaki Y, Ogino T, Santavirta S, Salo J. Upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and its activator MMP-3 of human osteoblast by uniaxial cyclic stimulation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007; 80:491-8. [PMID: 16862557 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Proper mechanical loading is essential for bone remodeling and maintenance of human skeletal system. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are secreted by mesenchymal stromal lining cells and osteoblasts to prepare the initiation sites for osteoclastic bone resorption at the beginning of the remodeling cycle. However, only a few studies have addressed the effect of mechanical stress on MMPs and their endogenous tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in osteoblasts. In this study, the response of human osteoblasts to uniaxial cyclic stretching was investigated to clarify this more in detail. Stretching affected the orientation of the osteoblasts, and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed coordinated upregulation of MMP-1 and its activator MMP-3 mRNA by cyclic 5% stretching at 3 h (p < 0.01). Upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA was also found in response to cyclic 1 and 5% stretchings at 1, 3, and 6 h (p < 0.01). No changes were found in MMP-2, TIMP-1, and -2. The mRNA expression of MMP-9 was low and MMP-13 was not detected. This study suggests that MMP-1 and -3, enhanced by uniaxial cyclic mechanical stimulation of osteoblasts, are candidate key enzymes in the processing of collagen on bone surface, which might be necessary to allow osteoclastic recruitment leading to bone resorption. The strain might also play a role in cleaning of demineralized bone surface during the reversal phase, before bone formation starts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Sasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
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Wang JHC, Thampatty BP, Lin JS, Im HJ. Mechanoregulation of gene expression in fibroblasts. Gene 2007; 391:1-15. [PMID: 17331678 PMCID: PMC2893340 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical loads placed on connective tissues alter gene expression in fibroblasts through mechanotransduction mechanisms by which cells convert mechanical signals into cellular biological events, such as gene expression of extracellular matrix components (e.g., collagen). This mechanical regulation of ECM gene expression affords maintenance of connective tissue homeostasis. However, mechanical loads can also interfere with homeostatic cellular gene expression and consequently cause the pathogenesis of connective tissue diseases such as tendinopathy and osteoarthritis. Therefore, the regulation of gene expression by mechanical loads is closely related to connective tissue physiology and pathology. This article reviews the effects of various mechanical loading conditions on gene regulation in fibroblasts and discusses several mechanotransduction mechanisms. Future research directions in mechanoregulation of gene expression are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H-C Wang
- MechanoBiology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 210 Lothrop St., BST, E1640, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Salingcarnboriboon R, Tsuji K, Komori T, Nakashima K, Ezura Y, Noda M. Runx2 is a target of mechanical unloading to alter osteoblastic activity and bone formation in vivo. Endocrinology 2006; 147:2296-305. [PMID: 16455780 DOI: 10.1210/en.2005-1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying unloading-induced reduction of bone formation have not yet been fully understood. In vitro, Runx2 has been suggested to be involved in mechanical signaling in osteoblasts. However, the roles of Runx2 in vivo during the bone response to mechanical stimuli have not yet been known. The purpose of this paper was to examine the roles of Runx2 in unloading-induced bone loss in vivo. Tail suspension was conducted for 2 wk using 9- to 11-wk-old Runx2 heterozygous knockout mice (Runx2(+/-)) and wild-type (Wt) littermates. Bones were subjected to two-dimensional micro-x-ray computed tomography, bone histomorphometry and RT-PCR analyses. Loss of half Runx2 gene dosage-exacerbated unloading-induced bone loss in trabecular and cortical envelopes. Unloading-induced reduction in mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate in cortical bone as well as trabecular bone was exacerbated in Runx2(+/-) mice, compared with Wt mice. Bone resorption parameters were not significantly affected by unloading or Runx2(+/-) genotype. Basal Runx2 and osterix mRNA levels in bone were reduced by 50% in Wt, whereas unloading in Runx2(+/-) mice did not further alter Runx2 and osterix mRNA levels. In contrast, osteocalcin mRNA levels were reduced by unloading, regardless of Runx2 gene dosage. These data demonstrated that full Runx2 gene dosage is required for maintaining normal function of osteoblasts in mechanical unloading or nonphysiological condition. Finally, we propose Runx2 as a critical target gene in unloading to alter osteoblastic activity and bone formation in vivo.
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Wedhas N, Klamut HJ, Dogra C, Srivastava AK, Mohan S, Kumar A. Inhibition of mechanosensitive cation channels inhibits myogenic differentiation by suppressing the expression of myogenic regulatory factors and caspase-3 activity. FASEB J 2006; 19:1986-97. [PMID: 16319142 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-4198com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mechanosensitive cation channels (MSC) are ubiquitous in eukaryotic cell types. However, the physiological functions of MSC in several tissues remain in question. In this study we have investigated the role of MSC in skeletal myogenesis. Treatment of C2C12 myoblasts with gadolinium ions (MSC blocker) inhibited myotube formation and the myogenic index in differentiation medium (DM). The enzymatic activity of creatine kinase (CK) and the expression of myosin heavy chain-fast twitch (MyHCf) in C2C12 cultures were also blocked in response to gadolinium. Treatment of C2C12 myoblasts with gadolinium ions did not affect the expression of either cyclin A or cyclin D1 in DM. Other inhibitors of MSC such as streptomycin and GsTMx-4 also suppressed the expression of CK and MyHCf in C2C12 cultures. The inhibitory effect of gadolinium ions on myogenic differentiation was reversible and independent of myogenic cell type. Real-time-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that inhibition of MSC decreases the expression of myogenic transcription factors MyoD, myogenin, and Myf-5. Furthermore, the activity of skeletal alpha-actin promoter was suppressed on MSC blockade. Treatment of C2C12 myoblasts with gadolinium ions prevented differentiation-associated cell death and inhibited the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and activation of caspase-3. On the other hand, delivery of active caspase-3 protein to C2C12 myoblasts reversed the inhibitory effect of gadolinium ions on myogenesis. Our data suggest that inhibition of MSC suppresses myogenic differentiation by inhibiting the caspase-3 activity and the expression of myogenic regulatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia Wedhas
- Molecular Genetics Division, Musculoskeletal Disease Center, Jerry L. Pettis VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA
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Amma H, Naruse K, Ishiguro N, Sokabe M. Involvement of reactive oxygen species in cyclic stretch-induced NF-kappaB activation in human fibroblast cells. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 145:364-73. [PMID: 15778740 PMCID: PMC1576145 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1 Uniaxial cyclic stretch leads to an upregulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 through increases in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration via the stretch-activated (SA) channel and following nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation in human fibroblasts. However, the signaling mechanism as to how the elevated Ca(2+) activates NF-kappaB is unknown. In this study, we examined the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as an intermediate signal, which links the elevated Ca(2+) with NF-kappaB activation. 2 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) was produced and modified IkappaB peaking at 2 min. The phosphorylation of IkappaB peaked at 8 min. HNE modification and IkappaB phosphorylation, NF-kappaB translocation to the nucleus, and following COX-2 production were inhibited by extracellular Ca(2+) removal or Gd(3+) application, as well as by the antioxidants. The stretch-induced Ca(2+) increase was inhibited by extracellular Ca(2+) removal, or Gd(3+) application. 3 IkappaB kinase (IKK) activity peaked at 4 min, which was inhibited by extracellular Ca(2+) removal, Gd(3+) or the antioxidants. IKK was also HNE-modified and, similarly to IkappaB, peaked at 2 min. IKK under static conditions was activated by exogenously applied HNE at a relatively low dose (1 microM), while it was inhibited at higher concentrations, suggesting that HNE could be one of the candidate signals in the stretch-induced NF-kappaB activation. 4 The present study suggests that the NF-kappaB activation by cyclic stretch is mediated by the following signal cascade: SA channel activation --> intracellular Ca(2+) increase --> production of ROS --> activation of IKK --> phosphorylation of IkappaB --> NF-kappaB translocation to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Amma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Keiji Naruse
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- Cell Mechanosensing Project, ICORP, JST, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sokabe
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- Cell Mechanosensing Project, ICORP, JST, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Molecular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
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Copland IB, Post M. Stretch-activated signaling pathways responsible for early response gene expression in fetal lung epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2006; 210:133-43. [PMID: 16998809 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
High-tidal volume ventilation has been shown to increase the expression of several inflammation-associated genes prior to overt physiologic lung injury. Herein, using an in vitro stretch system, we investigated the mechanotransduction pathways involved in ventilation-induced expression of these early response genes (i.e., early growth response gene (Egr)1, heat-shock protein (HSP)70, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and MIP-2). Mechanical stretch of fetal lung epithelial cells activated various signaling pathways, resulting in transient or progressive increases in gene expression of the early response genes. The transient increase in Egr1 and IL-6 expression was mediated via p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p44/42 MAPK), while nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) was responsible for the sustained and progressive increase in expression of HSP70 and MIP-2. Blockage of Egr-1 expression did not affect the upregulation of IL-6, HSP70, MIP-2, and itself by stretch. Inhibition of calcium mobilization abolished stretch-induced p44/42 MAPK activation and NF-kappaB nuclear translocation as well as increased expression of all early response genes. Similar results were obtained with an inhibitor of Ras. These results suggest that mechanical stretch of fetal lung epithelial cells evokes a complex network of signaling molecules, which diverge downstream to regulate the temporal expression of a unique set of early response genes, but upstream converge at calcium. Thus, calcium mobilization may be a point of hierarchical integration of mechanotransduction in lung epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B Copland
- Lung Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Sano S, Okawa A, Nakajima A, Tahara M, Fujita K, Wada Y, Yamazaki M, Moriya H, Sasho T. Identification of Pip4k2beta as a mechanical stimulus responsive gene and its expression during musculoskeletal tissue healing. Cell Tissue Res 2005; 323:245-52. [PMID: 16220274 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-0068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 07/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the mechano-transduction system of cells, we identified genes responsive to a cyclic mechanical stimulus. MC3T3.E1 cells were cultured on a computer-controlled vacuum-pump-operated device designed to provide a cyclic mechanical stimulus. A maximum elongation of 15% of membrane at 10 cycles/min (3 s extension followed by 3 s relax per cycle) was repeated for 48 h. By means of a differential display, the gene expression pattern of cells exposed to the stimulus was compared with that of unexposed cells. As a result, a gene fragment that was exclusively expressed in mechanically stressed cells was identified. By using expressed sequence tag walking together with the oligo-capping method, this gene was identified as phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type II beta (initially known as Pip5k2beta but now reclassified as Pip4k2beta). The specific up-regulation of Pip4k2beta upon mechanical stimulus was also confirmed by using another apparatus, viz. a computer-controlled linearized-stepping motor system. To examine the involvement of the cyclic mechanical stimulus in the regulation of Pip4k2beta expression in musculoskeletal tissue, we created an Achilles tendon transection model in rabbits. The temporal expression of Pip4k2beta was assessed by means of a quantitative reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction. In the gastrocnemius muscle, expression of Pip4k2beta rapidly decreased 1 week after transection but was restored to normal levels at 4 weeks. In the Achilles tendon, however, expression remained decreased until 4 weeks after transection. We suggest that the expression of Pip4k2beta can be used as a marker for cells receiving a suitable mechanical stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakae Sano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
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Kumar A, Murphy R, Robinson P, Wei L, Boriek AM. Cyclic mechanical strain inhibits skeletal myogenesis through activation of focal adhesion kinase, Rac-1 GTPase, and NF-kappaB transcription factor. FASEB J 2005; 18:1524-35. [PMID: 15466361 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2414com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Myogenesis is a multistep developmental program that generates and regenerates skeletal muscles. Several extracellular factors have been identified that participate in the regulation of myogenesis. Although skeletal muscles are always subjected to mechanical stress in vivo, the role of mechanical forces in the regulation of myogenesis remains unknown. We have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which cyclic mechanical strain modulates myogenesis. Application of cyclic mechanical strain using the computer-controlled Flexcell Strain Unit increased the proliferation of C2C12 cells and inhibited their differentiation into myotubes. Cyclic strain increased the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2) and the cellular level of cyclin A, and inhibited the expression of myosin heavy chain and formation of myotubes in C2C12 cultures. The activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) transcription factor and the expression of NF-kappaB-regulated genes, cyclin D1 and IL-6, were augmented in response to mechanical strain. Cyclic strain also increased the activity of Rho GTPases, especially Rac-1. The inhibition of Rho GTPases activity, by overexpression of Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (Rho-GDI), inhibited the strain-induced activation of NF-kappaB in C2C12 cells. Overexpression of either NF-kappaB inhibitory protein IkappaBalphaDeltaN (a degradation resistant mutant IkappaBalpha) or Rho-GDI blocked the strain-induced proliferation of C2C12 cells. Furthermore, overexpression of FRNK, a dominant negative mutant of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), inhibited the strain-induced proliferation of C2C12 cells. Our study demonstrates that cyclic mechanical strain inhibits myogenesis through the activation of FAK, Rac-1, and NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Suite 520B, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Kim-Kaneyama JR, Suzuki W, Ichikawa K, Ohki T, Kohno Y, Sata M, Nose K, Shibanuma M. Uni-axial stretching regulates intracellular localization of Hic-5 expressed in smooth-muscle cells in vivo. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:937-49. [PMID: 15713747 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hic-5 is a focal adhesion protein belonging to the paxillin LIM family that shuttles in and out of the nucleus. In the present study, we examined the expression of Hic-5 among mouse tissues by immunohistochemistry and found its expression only in smooth-muscle cells in several tissues. This result is consistent with a previous report on adult human tissues and contradicts the relatively ubiquitous expression of paxillin, the protein most homologous to Hic-5. One factor characterizing smooth-muscle cells in vivo is a continuous exposure to mechanical stretching in the organs. To study the involvement of Hic-5 in cellular responses to mechanical stress, we exposed mouse embryo fibroblasts to a uni-axial cyclic stretching and found that Hic-5 was relocalized from focal adhesions to stress fibers through its C-terminal LIM domains during the stress. In sharp contrast to this, paxillin did not change its focal-adhesion-based localization. Of the factors tested, which included interacting partners of Hic-5, only CRP2 (an only-LIM protein expressed in vascular smooth-muscle cells) and GIT1 were, like Hic-5, localized to stress fibers during the cyclic stretching. Interestingly, Hic-5 showed a suppressive effect on the contractile capability of cells embedded in three-dimensional collagen gels, and the effect was further augmented when CRP2 co-localized with Hic-5 to fiber structures of those cells. These results suggested that Hic-5 was a mediator of tensional force, translocating directly from focal adhesions to actin stress fibers upon mechanical stress and regulating the contractile capability of cells in the stress fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-ri Kim-Kaneyama
- Department of Microbiology, Showa University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
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Gruden G, Setti G, Hayward A, Sugden D, Duggan S, Burt D, Buckingham RE, Gnudi L, Viberti G. Mechanical stretch induces monocyte chemoattractant activity via an NF-kappaB-dependent monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-mediated pathway in human mesangial cells: inhibition by rosiglitazone. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16:688-96. [PMID: 15677312 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2004030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemodynamic abnormalities are important in the pathogenesis of the glomerular damage in diabetes. Glomerular macrophage infiltration driven by the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is an early event in diabetic nephropathy. The thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone ameliorates albumin excretion rate in diabetic patients with microalbuminuria and has anti-inflammatory properties, raising the possibility of a relationship between its renoprotective and anti-inflammatory activity. Investigated was whether mesangial cell stretching, mimicking in vitro glomerular capillary hypertension, enhances MCP-1 expression and monocyte chemoattractant activity. The effect of the combination of stretch with high glucose on MCP-1 production was studied and, finally, the effect of rosiglitazone on these processes was assessed. Stretching of human mesangial cells significantly enhanced their monocyte chemoattractant activity. This effect was mediated by MCP-1 as it was paralleled by a significant rise in both MCP-1 mRNA and protein levels and was completely abolished by MCP-1 blockade. Combined exposure to both stretch and high glucose further increased MCP-1 production. Stretch activated the IkappaB-NF-kappaB pathway, and NF-kappaB inhibition, with the use of the specific inhibitor SN50, completely abolished stretch-induced MCP-1, indicating that stretch-induced MCP-1 was NF-kappaB dependent. The addition of rosiglitazone significantly diminished stretch-induced NF-kappaB activation, MCP-1 production, and monocyte chemotaxis. In conclusion, stretching of mesangial cells stimulates their monocyte chemoattractant activity via an NF-kappaB-mediated, MCP-1-dependent pathway, and this effect is prevented by rosiglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Gruden
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Cardiovascular Division, King's College, London, UK.
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Terzidou V, Sooranna SR, Kim LU, Thornton S, Bennett PR, Johnson MR. Mechanical stretch up-regulates the human oxytocin receptor in primary human uterine myocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:237-46. [PMID: 15494465 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2004-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin receptor (OTR) expression is increased before the onset of labor in all models of parturition. However, the mechanisms responsible for the increase in OTR expression are uncertain. Animal data suggest that uterine stretch increases OTR mRNA expression. In primary cultures of human uterine smooth muscle cells obtained from nonpregnant (NP) women and pregnant women before (NL) and after (L) the onset of labor, we investigated the effect of stretch on the expression of OTR mRNA and DNA binding of activator protein-1 (AP-1), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)beta, and nuclear factor-kappaB transcription factors. OTR expression was least in NL, intermediate in NP, and greatest in L cells. Stretch of NL cells resulted in up-regulation of OTR mRNA expression associated with increased OTR gene promoter activity. Stretch of NP and L cells did not affect OTR mRNA expression. The increased promoter activity was associated with increased DNA binding of C/EBP and AP-1 but not nuclear factor-kappaB transcription factors. Overexpression of C/EBP, but not AP-1, increased OTR promoter activity. We conclude that stretch of NL cells results in increased OTR mRNA expression probably through increased C/EBPbeta DNA binding. These data suggest that stretch contributes to the massive increase in OTR expression before the onset of human labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasso Terzidou
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, London, United Kingdom
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Sasamoto A, Nagino M, Kobayashi S, Naruse K, Nimura Y, Sokabe M. Mechanotransduction by integrin is essential for IL-6 secretion from endothelial cells in response to uniaxial continuous stretch. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 288:C1012-22. [PMID: 15613495 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00314.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that uniaxial continuous stretch in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion via IkappaB kinase (IKK)/nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. The aim of the present study was to clarify the upstream signaling mechanism responsible for this phenomenon. Stretch-induced IKK activation and IL-6 secretion were inhibited by application of alpha(5)beta(1) integrin-inhibitory peptide (GRGDNP), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor (LY-294002), phospholipase C-gamma inhibitor (U-73122), or protein kinase C inhibitor (H7). Although depletion of intra- or extracellular Ca(2+) pool using thapsigargin (TG) or EGTA, respectively, showed little effect, a TG-EGTA mixture significantly inhibited stretch-induced IKK activation and IL-6 secretion. An increase in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) upon continuous stretch was observed even in the presence of TG, EGTA, or GRGDNP, but not in a solution containing the TG-EGTA mixture, indicating that both integrin activation and [Ca(2+)](i) rise are crucial factors for stretch-induced IKK activation and after IL-6 secretion in HUVECs. Furthermore, while PKC activity was inhibited by the TG-EGTA mixture, GRGDNP, LY-294002, or U-73122, PLC-gamma activity was retarded by GRGDNP or LY-294002. These results indicate that continuous stretch-induced IL-6 secretion in HUVECs depends on outside-in signaling via integrins followed by a PI3-K-PLC-gamma-PKC-IKK-NF-kappaB signaling cascade. Another crucial factor, [Ca(2+)](i) increase, may at least be required to activate PKC needed for NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitoshi Sasamoto
- Department of Physiology, Nagoya Univ. Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Morita N, Iizuka K, Okita K, Oikawa T, Yonezawa K, Nagai T, Tokumitsu Y, Murakami T, Kitabatake A, Kawaguchi H. Exposure to pressure stimulus enhances succinate dehydrogenase activity in L6 myoblasts. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 287:E1064-9. [PMID: 15292033 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00364.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Contraction of skeletal muscle generates pressure stimuli to intramuscular tissues. However, the effects of pressure stimuli, other than those created by electricity or nerve impulse, on physiological and biochemical responses in skeletal muscles are unknown. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of a pure pressure stimulus on metabolic responses in a skeletal muscle cell line. Atmospheric pressure was applied to L6 myoblasts using an original apparatus. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity was evaluated by colorimetric assay using tetrazolium monosodium salt. The amounts of 2-deoxy-[(3)H]glucose uptake and lactate release were measured. SDH activity was 2.6- to 2.9-fold higher in pressurized L6 cells than in nonpressurized L6 cells (P < 0.01), and 2-deoxy-[(3)H]glucose uptake was 2.2-fold higher (P < 0.001). In addition, the amount of released lactate decreased from 6.8 to 3.7 mumol/dish when pressure was applied (P < 0.001). In contrast, the intracellular lactate contents of the pressurized cells were higher than those of nonpressurized cells (P < 0.01). However, the total amount of released lactate and intracellular lactate was lower in the pressurized cells than in nonpressurized cells. These findings demonstrate that a pure pressure stimulus enhances aerobic metabolism in L6 skeletal muscle cells and raise the possibility that elevated intramuscular pressure during muscle activity may be an important factor in stimulating oxidative metabolic responses in skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriteru Morita
- Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15 Nishi-7 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Lammerding J, Schulze PC, Takahashi T, Kozlov S, Sullivan T, Kamm RD, Stewart CL, Lee RT. Lamin A/C deficiency causes defective nuclear mechanics and mechanotransduction. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:370-8. [PMID: 14755334 PMCID: PMC324542 DOI: 10.1172/jci19670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2003] [Accepted: 11/11/2003] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the lamin A/C gene (LMNA) cause a variety of human diseases including Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. The tissue-specific effects of lamin mutations are unclear, in part because the function of lamin A/C is incompletely defined, but the many muscle-specific phenotypes suggest that defective lamin A/C could increase cellular mechanical sensitivity. To investigate the role of lamin A/C in mechanotransduction, we subjected lamin A/C-deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts to mechanical strain and measured nuclear mechanical properties and strain-induced signaling. We found that Lmna-/- cells have increased nuclear deformation, defective mechanotransduction, and impaired viability under mechanical strain. NF-kappaB-regulated transcription in response to mechanical or cytokine stimulation was attenuated in Lmna-/- cells despite increased transcription factor binding. Lamin A/C deficiency is thus associated with both defective nuclear mechanics and impaired mechanically activated gene transcription. These findings suggest that the tissue-specific effects of lamin A/C mutations observed in the laminopathies may arise from varying degrees of impaired nuclear mechanics and transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lammerding
- Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Kumar A, Khandelwal N, Malya R, Reid MB, Boriek AM. Loss of dystrophin causes aberrant mechanotransduction in skeletal muscle fibers. FASEB J 2004; 18:102-13. [PMID: 14718391 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0453com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dystrophin is a cytoskeletal protein found at the inner surface of skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers. We hypothesize that deficiency of dystrophin increases muscle compliance and causes an aberrant mechanotransduction in muscle fibers. To test this hypothesis, we measured the length-tension relationships and determined intracellular signaling leading to the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in diaphragm muscle fibers from dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Compared with controls, length-tension curves of the mdx mice were shifted to the right. A higher level of activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1 or p38 MAP kinase was observed in the mdx muscle compared with the normal muscle in response to mechanical stretch. Removal of Ca2+ from the medium inhibited stretch-induced ERK1/2 activation only in mdx muscle fibers but not in the normal fibers. Conversely, pretreatment with TMB-8 (an antagonist of intracellular Ca2+ blocked the mechanical stretch-induced ERK1/2 activation in normal but not in mdx muscle fibers. Pretreatment of muscle with nifedipine (L-type calcium channel antagonist) marginally decreased the activation of ERK1/2 in normal or mdx muscle whereas pretreatment with gadolinium (III) chloride (an inhibitor of stretch-activated channels) only blocked the activation of ERK1/2 in mdx muscle, with no significant effect on normal muscle. A higher basal level of activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor was observed in dystrophin-deficient diaphragm, which was further augmented by mechanical stretch. Mechanical stretch-induced activation of AP-1 was decreased by pretreatment of muscle fibers with PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) and removal of Ca2+ ions from incubation medium. Our results show that dystrophin is a load-bearing element and its deficiency leads to loss of muscle stiffness and aberrant mechanotransduction in skeletal muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Lammerding J, Schulze PC, Takahashi T, Kozlov S, Sullivan T, Kamm RD, Stewart CL, Lee RT. Lamin A/C deficiency causes defective nuclear mechanics and mechanotransduction. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200419670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 753] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Kumar A, Lnu S, Malya R, Barron D, Moore J, Corry DB, Boriek AM. Mechanical stretch activates nuclear factor-kappaB, activator protein-1, and mitogen-activated protein kinases in lung parenchyma: implications in asthma. FASEB J 2003; 17:1800-11. [PMID: 14519659 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-1148com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of mechanical stretch and induced stimulation of lung parenchyma on the activation of proinflammatory transcription factors in normal mice and in a mouse model of asthma. Mechanical stretching of lung parenchyma led to increased activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 transcription factors. Incubation of lung parenchyma with methacholine increased the activation of NF-kappaB, which was further augmented by stretch. Activation of NF-kappaB in response to mechanical stretch was associated with the phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha and the activation of IkappaB kinase. Stretch-induced activation of NF-kappaB involves activation of stretch-activated (SA) channels and the production of free radicals. Mechanical stretch and/or treatment with methacholine resulted in an increased activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinase, and the inhibition of the activity of these kinases partially blocked the stretch-induced NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation. A greater level of NF-kappaB and ERK1/2 activity was observed in the asthmatic mice, which was further increased by mechanical stretching. The level of cyclooxygenase-2, an NF-kappaB-regulated enzyme, was also higher in lung parenchyma from asthmatic mice than in normal mice. Our data suggest that mechanical stretching of lung parenchyma activates NF-kappaB and AP-1, at least in part, through the activation of MAP kinase signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Chen NX, Geist DJ, Genetos DC, Pavalko FM, Duncan RL. Fluid shear-induced NFkappaB translocation in osteoblasts is mediated by intracellular calcium release. Bone 2003; 33:399-410. [PMID: 13678782 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(03)00159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone formation in response to exogenous mechanical loading is dependent on prostaglandin synthesis by the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase, COX-2. While several transcription factors target the COX-2 gene, we examined the role of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) on COX-2 upregulation in osteoblasts in response to fluid shear due to its involvement in immune and inflammatory responses in other cell types. Application of 12 dyn/cm2 laminar flow to MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells resulted in translocation of NFkappaB to the nucleus within 1 h of the onset of shear, with NFkappaB returning to the cytoplasm after 2 h of continuous flow. NFkappaB translocation in response to shear was inhibited by the protease inhibitor, Nalpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethylketone hydrochloride (TLCK), or a cell-permeant peptide that blocks the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) on NFkappaB. Block of NFkappaB translocation with these inhibitors blocked the shear-induced upregulation of COX-2. We found that disruption of the actin cytoskeleton with cytochalasin D or microtubules with nocodozol did not alter NFkappaB translocation in response to shear. However, addition of the intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA completely blocked NFkappaB translocation. While block of Ca2+ entry with channel blockers failed to inhibit NFkappaB translocation, inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC)-induced intracellular Ca2+ release with the PLC inhibitor U73122 completely abrogated the NFkappaB response to shear. These data indicate that NFkappaB translocation to the nucleus is essential for the fluid shear-induced increase in COX-2. Further, these studies suggest that intracellular Ca2+ release, but not the cytoskeletal architecture, is important to NFkappaB translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal X Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Kobayashi S, Nagino M, Komatsu S, Naruse K, Nimura Y, Nakanishi M, Sokabe M. Stretch-induced IL-6 secretion from endothelial cells requires NF-kappaB activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 308:306-12. [PMID: 12901869 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion from endothelial cells (ECs) in response to mechanical stimuli plays an important role in the regenerative and inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanism for the secretion of IL-6 from ECs in response to uni-axial continuous stretch. Continuous stretch induced IL-6 secretion from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a dose-dependent manner. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification showed that the transcription of the IL-6 gene peaked 2h after stretch. In vitro kinase assay of IkappaB kinase (IKKs) activity demonstrated that the activation of IKKs peaked 15 min after stretch. Two NF-kappaB inhibitors, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamanate (PDTC) and SN50, or antisense oligodeoxynucleotides for NF-kappaB p65 and p50 suppressed IL-6 mRNA expressions induced by continuous stretch. In conclusion, continuous stretch induces IL-6 secretion from ECs, most likely through sequential activation of IKKs and NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kobayashi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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