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Yoshimura N, Kariya R, Shimada M, Tateyama M, Matsunaga H, Shibata Y, Tanimura S, Takata K, Arima T, Kawakami J, Maeda K, Fukuma Y, Uragami M, Ideo K, Sugimoto K, Yonemitsu R, Matsushita K, Hisanaga S, Yugami M, Uehara Y, Masuda T, Nakamura T, Tokunaga T, Karasugi T, Sueyoshi T, Sato H, Iwakura Y, Araki K, Kobayashi E, Okada S, Miyamoto T. The IL-17-IL-17RA axis is required to promote osteosarcoma progression in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21572. [PMID: 38062130 PMCID: PMC10703823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is rare but is the most common bone tumor. Diagnostic tools such as magnetic resonance imaging development of chemotherapeutic agents have increased the survival rate in osteosarcoma patients, although 5-year survival has plateaued at 70%. Thus, development of new treatment approaches is needed. Here, we report that IL-17, a proinflammatory cytokine, increases osteosarcoma mortality in a mouse model with AX osteosarcoma cells. AX cell transplantation into wild-type mice resulted in 100% mortality due to ectopic ossification and multi-organ metastasis. However, AX cell transplantation into IL-17-deficient mice significantly prolonged survival relative to controls. CD4-positive cells adjacent to osteosarcoma cells express IL-17, while osteosarcoma cells express the IL-17 receptor IL-17RA. Although AX cells can undergo osteoblast differentiation, as can patient osteosarcoma cells, IL-17 significantly inhibited that differentiation, indicating that IL-17 maintains AX cells in the undifferentiated state seen in malignant tumors. By contrast, IL-17RA-deficient mice transplanted with AX cells showed survival comparable to wild-type mice transplanted with AX cells. Biopsy specimens collected from osteosarcoma patients showed higher expression of IL-17RA compared to IL-17. These findings suggest that IL-17 is essential to maintain osteosarcoma cells in an undifferentiated state and could be a therapeutic target for suppressing tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Yoshimura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Ryusho Kariya
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, 1-1-3 Minatojima, Chuo-ku, Koube, 650-8586, Japan
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masaki Shimada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Makoto Tateyama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hideto Matsunaga
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yuto Shibata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Tanimura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kosei Takata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Junki Kawakami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yuko Fukuma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masaru Uragami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Ideo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sugimoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yonemitsu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kozo Matsushita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hisanaga
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masaki Yugami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yusuke Uehara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Masuda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takuya Tokunaga
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Karasugi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takanao Sueyoshi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiro Sato
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-Shi, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Eisuke Kobayashi
- Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
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El Beaino M, Hoda ST, Eldeib AJ, Masrouha K. Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma: Diagnostic Controversies and Emerging Therapeutic Targets. Curr Oncol Rep 2023; 25:1117-1126. [PMID: 37603119 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-023-01441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The pathogenesis of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is controversial, and no genetic abnormality has consistently been identified in the disease. Focusing on the diagnostic challenges encountered in dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, the following review aims at summarizing the tumor's active neoplastic pathways while highlighting therapeutic modalities that could potentially be explored to enhance patient survivorship. RECENT FINDINGS Owing to the challenging examination of small needle biopsy sampling as well as the disease's overlapping morphological and immunohistochemical features with other bone and soft-tissue sarcomas, the diagnosis of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma can be problematic. While combined doxorubicin- and cisplatin-based regimens remain the first-line systemic chemotherapy in the disease, ~50% of tumors carry EXT1/2 or IDH1/2 mutations, advancing EXT or IDH inhibitors as potential alternative therapies, respectively. Despite systemic chemotherapy, dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma remains an aggressive tumor with dismal prognosis and limited survival. A multidisciplinary collaboration across multiple cancer centers is warranted to yield an accurate diagnosis, understand the disease's underlying pathogenesis, develop adequate treatment, and improve patient survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc El Beaino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
- School of Public Health, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
| | - Syed T Hoda
- Department of Surgical Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ahmed J Eldeib
- Department of General Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Karim Masrouha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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Comparison of Selected Non-Coding RNAs and Gene Expression Profiles between Common Osteosarcoma Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184533. [PMID: 36139691 PMCID: PMC9496707 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant tumour affecting mainly children and elderly people. Despite significant advances in cancer medicine, osteosarcoma patients’ survival is not improving. The primary treatment methods are established using in vitro models that rely upon the application of well-established cell lines, including U-2 OS, Saos-2 and MG-63. The molecular phenotype of these cell lines is still not fully outlined. Therefore, our study aimed to establish the expression profile of molecular markers related to osteosarcoma survival, progression and metastasis. Non-bone-related cells were used as a reference, i.e. HeLa cell line and human adipose-derived stromal cells (hASCs). Evaluated osteosarcoma cell lines showed characteristic phenotypes with unique patterns related to upregulation of MMP-7, MMP-14, BMP-7, miR-21-5p, miR-124-3p and downregulation of lncRNA MEG3. Our findings may facilitate the selection of the most reliable cellular model for pre-clinical investigations focused on developing new and satisfying methods of osteosarcoma therapy. Abstract Osteosarcoma (OS) is a bone tumour affecting adolescents and elderly people. Unfortunately, basic treatment methods are still underdeveloped, which has a high impact on the poor survivability of the patients. Studies designed to understand the underlying mechanisms of osteosarcoma development, as well as preclinical investigations aimed at establishing novel therapeutic strategies, rely significantly upon in vitro models, which apply well-established cell lines such as U-2 OS, Saos-2 and MG-63. In this study, the expression of chosen markers associated with tumour progression, metastasis and survival were identified using RT-qPCR. Levels of several onco-miRs (miR-21-5p, miR-124-3p, miR-223-3p and miR-320a-3p) and long non-coding RNA MEG3 were established. The mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), including BMP-2, BMP-3, BMP-4, BMP-6, BMP-7, as well as their receptors: BMPR-IA, BMPR-IB and BMPR-II was also determined. Other tested markers included metalloproteinases, i.e., MMP-7 and MMP-14 and survivin (BIRC5), C-MYC, as well as CYCLIN D (CCND1). The analysis included comparing obtained profiles with transcript levels established for the osteogenic HeLa cell line and human adipose-derived stromal cells (hASCs). The tested OS cell lines were characterised by a cancer-related phenotype, such as increased expression of mRNA for BMP-7, as well as MMP-7 and MMP-14. Osteosarcoma cells differ considerably in miR-21-5p and miR-124-3p levels, which can be related to uncontrolled tumour growth. The comprehensive examination of osteosarcoma transcriptome profiles may facilitate the selection of appropriate cell models for preclinical investigations aimed at the development of new strategies for OS treatment.
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Marongiu G, Dolci A, Verona M, Capone A. The biology and treatment of acute long-bones diaphyseal fractures: Overview of the current options for bone healing enhancement. Bone Rep 2020; 12:100249. [PMID: 32025538 PMCID: PMC6997516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diaphyseal fractures represent a complex biological entity that could often end into impaired bone-healing, with delayed union and non-union occurring up to 10% of cases. The role of the modern orthopaedic surgeon is to optimize the fracture healing environment, recognize and eliminate possible interfering factors, and choose the best suited surgical fixation technique. The impaired reparative process after surgical intervention can be modulated with different surgical techniques, such as dynamization or exchange nailing after failed intramedullary nailing. Moreover, the mechanical stability of a nail can be improved through augmentation plating, bone grafting or external fixation techniques with satisfactory results. According to the "diamond concept", local therapies, such as osteoconductive scaffolds, bone growth factors, and osteogenic cells can be successfully applied in "polytherapy" for the enhancement of delayed union and non-union of long bones diaphyseal fractures. Moreover, systemic anti-osteoporosis anabolic drugs, such as teriparatide, have been proposed as off-label treatment for bone healing enhancement both in fresh complex shaft fractures and impaired unions, especially for fragility fractures. The article aims to review the biological and mechanical principles of failed reparative osteogenesis of diaphyseal fractures after surgical treatment. Moreover, the evidence about the modern non-surgical and pharmacological options for bone healing enhancement will discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Marongiu
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Lungomare Poetto, Cagliari 09126, Italy
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Sun Z, Cai S, Zabkiewicz C, Liu C, Ye L. Bone morphogenetic proteins mediate crosstalk between cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment at primary tumours and metastases (Review). Int J Oncol 2020; 56:1335-1351. [PMID: 32236571 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are pluripotent molecules, co‑ordinating cellular functions from early embryonic and postnatal development to tissue repair, regeneration and homeostasis. They are also involved in tumourigenesis, disease progression and the metastasis of various solid tumours. Emerging evidence has indicated that BMPs are able to promote disease progression and metastasis by orchestrating communication between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironment. The interactions occur between BMPs and epidermal growth factor receptor, hepatocyte growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and extracellular matrix components. Overall, these interactions co‑ordinate the cellular functions of tumour cells and other types of cell in the tumour to promote the growth of the primary tumour, local invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis, and the establishment and survival of cancer cells in the metastatic niche. Therefore, the present study aimed to provide an informative summary of the involvement of BMPs in the tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Sun
- VIP‑II Division of Medical Department, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, P.R. China
| | - Shuo Cai
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Zabkiewicz
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Chang Liu
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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Marongiu G, Contini A, Cozzi Lepri A, Donadu M, Verona M, Capone A. The Treatment of Acute Diaphyseal Long-bones Fractures with Orthobiologics and Pharmacological Interventions for Bone Healing Enhancement: A Systematic Review of Clinical Evidence. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7010022. [PMID: 32102398 PMCID: PMC7148449 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The healing of long bones diaphyseal fractures can be often impaired and eventually end into delayed union and non-union. A number of therapeutic strategies have been proposed in combination with surgical treatment in order to enhance the healing process, such as scaffolds, growth factors, cell therapies and systemic pharmacological treatments. Our aim was to investigate the current evidence of bone healing enhancement of acute long bone diaphyseal fractures. METHODS A systematic review was conducted by using Pubmed/MEDLINE; Embase and Ovid databases. The combination of the search terms "long-bones; diaphyseal fracture; bone healing; growth factors; cell therapies; scaffolds; graft; bone substitutes; orthobiologics; teriparatide". RESULTS The initial search resulted in 4156 articles of which 37 papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were the subject of this review. The studies included 1350 patients (837 males and 513 females) with a mean age of 65.3 years old. CONCLUSIONS General lack of high-quality studies exists on the use of adjuvant strategies for bone healing enhancement in acute shaft fractures. Strong evidence supports the use of bone grafts, while only moderate evidence demineralized bone matrix and synthetic ceramics. Conflicting results partially supported the use of growth factors and cell therapies in acute fractures. Teriparatide showed promising results, particularly for atypical femoral fractures and periprosthetic femoral fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Marongiu
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-070-6094368
| | - Andrea Contini
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Cozzi Lepri
- Orthopaedic Traumatologic Center, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Matthew Donadu
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Marco Verona
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonio Capone
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (A.C.); (M.V.); (A.C.)
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Sun Z, Liu C, Jiang WG, Ye L. Deregulated bone morphogenetic proteins and their receptors are associated with disease progression of gastric cancer. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:177-188. [PMID: 31988704 PMCID: PMC6965205 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are members of the transforming growth factor β superfamily (TGF-β). BMPs are involved in tumourigenesis and disease progression of certain malignancies. To date, the role played by BMPs in gastric cancer (GC) remains largely unknown. In the present study, we systematically analysed the expression and clinical significance of BMP and BMP receptors (BMPR) in TCGA gastric cancer database and GEO database and explored the possible mechanism of action. BMP5 is reduced in gastric cancer tissues, while ACVRL1, ACVR1, TGFBR1, and BMPR2 were significantly increased in the gastric tumours. BMP3, ACVR1, TGFBR1, BMPR1B (also known as ALK6), TGFBR2 and BMPR2 were significantly associated with poorer overall survival of GC patients. A negative correlation was seen between BMP/BMPR and proliferation markers which was supported by their correlation with the cell cycle promoters and inhibitors. More interestingly, further analyses showed that BMPs and their receptors are positively correlated with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers and stemness in GC. Furthermore, positive correlations were also frequently seen between BMP receptors and markers/regulators of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in the gastric tumours. Taken together, these findings suggest that BMPs play dual roles in GC. They may inhibit proliferation of GC cells. On the other hand, they can also promote disease progression through a promotion of invasion, EMT and stemness. The elevated expression of BMP receptors in GC were also highly associated with tumour associated angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis which facilitate tumour growth, expansion and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Sun
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.,VIP-II Division of Medical Department, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education, Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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8
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Cancer Stem Cells and Osteosarcoma: Opportunities and Limitations. Tech Orthop 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/bto.0000000000000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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9
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Clinical significance of bone morphogenetic protein in osteosarcoma: A systematic review. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/bco.0000000000000804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Tian H, Zhou T, Chen H, Li C, Jiang Z, Lao L, Kahn SA, Duarte MEL, Zhao J, Daubs MD, Buser Z, Brochmann EJ, Wang JC, Murray SS. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 promotes osteosarcoma growth by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1638-1648. [PMID: 30737824 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between BMP-2 and osteosarcoma growth has gained increased interest in the recent years, however, there is still no consensus. In this study, we tested the effects of BMP-2 on osteosarcoma cells through both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The effect of BMP-2 on the proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells was tested in vitro. Subcutaneous and intratibial tumor models were used for the in vivo experiments in nude mice. The effects of BMP-2 on EMT of osteosarcoma cells and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were also tested using a variety of biochemical methods. In vitro tests did not show a significant effect of BMP-2 on tumor cell proliferation. However, BMP-2 increased the mobility of tumor cells and the invasion assay demonstrated that BMP-2 promoted invasion of osteosarcoma cells in vitro. In vivo animal study showed that BMP-2 dramatically enhanced tumor growth. We also found that BMP-2 induced EMT of osteosarcoma cells. The expression levels of Axin2 and Dkk-1 were both down regulated by BMP-2 treatment, while β-catenin, c-myc and Cyclin-D1 were all upregulated. The expression of Wnt3α and p-GSK-3β were also significantly upregulated indicating that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was activated during the EMT of osteosarcoma driven by BMP-2. From this study, we can conclude that BMP-2 significantly promotes growth of osteosarcoma cells (143B, MG63), and enhances mobility and invasiveness of tumor cells as demonstrated in vitro. The underlying mechanism might be that BMP-2 promotes EMT of osteosarcoma through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1638-1648, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tangjun Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongfang Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenshuang Li
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ziyue Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lifeng Lao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Suzana Assad Kahn
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | | | - Jie Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael D Daubs
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, Neveda
| | - Zorica Buser
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elsa J Brochmann
- Research Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, California.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeffrey C Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California
| | - Samuel S Murray
- Research Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, California.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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11
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Chen X, Zhang Y. BMP-2 and miR-29c in osteosarcoma tissues on proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:5389-5394. [PMID: 31186756 PMCID: PMC6507451 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and microRNA (miR)-29c in osteosarcoma tissues and effects on proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells were investigated. A retrospective analysis of 75 patients with osteosarcoma who underwent surgery in Tianjin Baodi Hospital from May 2013 to June 2017 was conducted. A total of 75 osteosarcoma tissues and 51 normal paraneoplastic tissues were collected. RT-PCR was used to compare the expression difference of BMP-2 and miR-29c. miR-29c mimics (experimental group A) and BMP-2 siRNA plasmid (experimental group B) were transfected into human osteosarcoma cells MG-63, respectively. The transfected cells were divided into miRNA negative control (miR-NC) group (cells transfected with miR-negative control), siRNA negative control group (cells transfected with non-silent siRNA) and blank group (cells without any transfection). MTT assay was used to detect cell proliferation in each group at different time periods. Transwell insert was used to detect invasion of cells in vitro. The relative expression of BMP-2 in osteosarcoma tissue was significantly higher than that in paraneoplastic tissue (P<0.05). Τhe relative expression of miR-29c in osteosarcoma tissue was significantly lower than that in paraneoplastic tissue (P<0.05). The cell survival rates in experimental groups A and B were significantly lower than those in the blank, miR-NC negative control and siRNA negative control groups on day 5 (P<0.05). The number of cell transmembranes in experimental groups A and B was significantly lower than those in the blank, miR-NC negative control and siRNA negative control groups (P<0.05). BMP-2 is over-expressed in osteosarcoma tissues, and miR-29c is under-expressed in osteosarcoma tissues. Interfering with the expression of BMP-2 and overexpression of miR-29c can inhibit the proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells, indicating that BMP-2 and miR-29c may be involved in the regulation of proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells and could be used as new molecular target markers for the diagnosis and treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
| | - Yingjian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
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12
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Ayoub A, Gillgrass T. The Clinical Application of Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7 for Reconstruction of Alveolar Cleft: 10 Years' Follow-Up. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019; 77:571-581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Emerging roles of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway in cancer: potential therapeutic target for kinase inhibition. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1117-34. [PMID: 27528760 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family signalling pathway. Similar to TGF-β, the complex roles of BMPs in development and disease are demonstrated by their dichotomous roles in various cancers and cancer stages. Although early studies implicated BMP signalling in tumour suppressive phenotypes, the results of more recent experiments recognize BMPs as potent tumour promoters. Many of these complexities are becoming illuminated by understanding the role of BMPs in their contextual role in unique cell types of cancer and the impact of their surrounding tumour microenvironment. Here we review the emerging roles of BMP signalling in cancer, with a focus on the molecular underpinnings of BMP signalling in individual cancers as a valid therapeutic target for cancer prevention and treatment.
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14
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Wang S, Ren T, Jiao G, Huang Y, Bao X, Zhang F, Liu K, Zheng B, Sun K, Guo W. BMPR2 promotes invasion and metastasis via the RhoA-ROCK-LIMK2 pathway in human osteosarcoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:58625-58641. [PMID: 28938584 PMCID: PMC5601680 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) has been identified in several types of cancer. However, its role in osteosarcoma is largely unknown. We systematically investigated the role of BMPR2 in osteosarcoma cell lines, human tissue samples and xenograft models. The relationship between BMPR2 expression and osteosarcoma patients' survival was investigated by bioinformatics and clinical data. Wound healing assay and transwell assay were used to detect the changes of cell migration and invasion ability after BMPR2 transfection. In addition, downstream phosphoproteins were analyzed by iTRAQ-based phosphoproteomic analysis and verified by western blotting. In vivo, the effects of BMPR2 on the growth, formation and metastasis of 143B cells were observed by orthotopic transplantation of nude mice. Here, we demonstrated that BMPR2 expression was elevated in a majority of osteosarcoma tissues compared with normal bone tissue. Osteosarcoma patients with greater BMPR2 expressing level showed a poor overall survival. The depletion of BMPR2 in 143B cells markedly reduced the invasive capacity in vitro and metastatic potential in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that LIM domain kinase 2 (LIMK2) was phosphorylated and activated by BMPR2 and that this event was crucial for activation of the BMPR2-mediated signal pathway in osteosarcoma cells. Additionally, we demonstrated that BMPR2 could active LIMK2 through the RhoA/ROCK pathway and could also interact with LIMK2 directly. Taken together, our study revealed that BMPR2 functions as a prometastatic oncogene in vitro and in vivo with the activation of the RhoA-ROCK-LIMK2 pathway and may represent a potential therapeutic target for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Wang
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Tingting Ren
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Guangjun Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xing Bao
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Kuisheng Liu
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Bingxin Zheng
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Kunkun Sun
- Department of Pathology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing, 100044, China
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15
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The effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2 on osteosarcoma metastasis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173322. [PMID: 28264040 PMCID: PMC5338793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) may offer the potential to enhance allograft-host osseous union in limb-salvage surgery following osteosarcoma resection. However, there is concern regarding the effect of locally applied BMP-2 on tumor recurrence and metastasis. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effect of exogenous BMP-2 on osteosarcoma migration and invasion across a panel of tumor cell lines in vitro and to characterize the effect of BMP-2 on pulmonary osteosarcoma metastasis within a xenograft model. Experimental design The effect of BMP-2 on in vitro tumor growth and development was assessed across multiple standard and patient-derived xenograft osteosarcoma cell lines. Tumor migration capacity, invasion, and cell proliferation were characterized. In addition, the effect on metastasis was measured using a xenograft model following tail-vein injection. The effect of exogenous BMP-2 on the development of metastases was measured following both single and multiple BMP-2 administrations. Results There was no significant difference in migration capacity, invasion, or cell proliferation between the BMP-2 treated and the untreated osteosarcoma cell lines. There was no significant difference in pulmonary metastases between either the single-dose or multi-dose BMP-2 treated animals and the untreated control animals. Conclusions In the model systems tested, the addition of BMP-2 does not increase osteosarcoma proliferation, migration, invasion, or metastasis to the lungs.
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16
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Tian H, Zhao J, Brochmann EJ, Wang JC, Murray SS. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 and tumor growth: Diverse effects and possibilities for therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 34:73-91. [PMID: 28109670 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Concern regarding safety with respect to the clinical use of human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) has become an increasingly controversial topic. The role of BMP-2 in carcinogenesis is of particular concern. Although there have been many studies of this topic, the results have been contradictory and confusing. We conducted a systematic review of articles that are relevant to the relationship or effect of BMP-2 on all types of tumors and a total of 97 articles were included. Studies reported in these articles were classified into three major types: "expression studies", "in vitro studies", and "in vivo studies". An obvious pattern was that those works that hypothesize an inhibitory effect for BMP-2 most often examined only the proliferative properties of the tumor cells. This subset of studies also contained an extraordinary number of contradictory findings which made drawing a reliable general conclusion impossible. In general, we support a pro-tumorigenesis role for BMP-2 based on the data from these in vitro cell studies and in vivo animal studies, however, more clinical studies should be carried out to help make a firm conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Elsa J Brochmann
- Research Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, CA, United States; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Samuel S Murray
- Research Service, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, CA, United States; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, North Hills, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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17
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Wang S, Ren T, Huang Y, Bao X, Sun K, Shen D, Guo W. BMPR2 and HIF1- α overexpression in resected osteosarcoma correlates with distant metastasis and patient survival. Chin J Cancer Res 2017; 29:447-454. [PMID: 29142464 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2017.05.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF1-α) existed abnormal expression in several types of cancer. However, their expressions and related roles in osteosarcoma are largely unknown. Methods To investigate the clinical significance of BMPR2 and HIF1-α in osteosarcoma, we analyzed their expression levels in 103 osteosarcoma specimens by immunochemistry. Meanwhile, we conducted a follow-up to examine the metastatic behavior and overall survival (OS) of osteosarcoma patients. Results Among 103 tissues, 61 cases had BMPR2-positive expression and 57 cases had HIF1-α positive expression. A significant correlation was noticed between BMPR2 and HIF1-α expression in osteosarcoma specimens (P=0.035). Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated to investigate the predictive value of the two markers in tumor metastasis. By means of univariate and multivariate analysis, BMPR2 and HIF1-α expression, as well as higher tumor grade, were identified as significant risk factors for OS in patients with osteosarcoma. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that the patients with BMPR2 and HIF1-α positive expression had worse OS compared with patients with BMPR2-negative or HIF1-α-negative staining. Conclusions It can be concluded that BMPR2 and HIF1-α expression is highly correlated with metastatic behavior in patients with osteosarcoma and can serve as predictive markers for metastasis and OS of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shidong Wang
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Tingting Ren
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xing Bao
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Kunkun Sun
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Danhua Shen
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Tumor, Beijing 100044, China
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18
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Adamopoulos C, Gargalionis AN, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG. Deciphering signaling networks in osteosarcoma pathobiology. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1296-305. [PMID: 27190271 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216648806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent type of primary bone tumors among children and adolescents. During the past years, little progress has been made regarding prognosis of osteosarcoma patients, especially for those with metastatic disease. Genomic instability and gene alterations are common, but current data do not reveal a consistent and repeatable pattern of osteosarcoma development, thus paralleling the tumor's high heterogeneity. Critical signal transduction pathways have been implicated in osteosarcoma pathobiology and are being evaluated as therapeutic targets, including receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB (RANK), Wnt, Notch, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin, and mechanotransduction pathways. Herein, we recapitulate and discuss recent advances in the context of molecular mechanisms and signaling networks that contribute to osteosarcoma progression and metastasis, towards patient-tailored and novel-targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Adamopoulos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Antonios N Gargalionis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Efthimia K Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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19
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Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in musculoskeletal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:2061-72. [PMID: 27043154 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of proteins; they were initially named after their ability to induce ectopic bone formation. Published studies have proved BMPs' role in a variety of biological processes such as embryogenesis and patterning of body axes, and maintaining adult tissue homeostasis. Other studies have focused on BMPs properties, functions and possible involvement in skeletal diseases, including cancer. METHODS A literature search mainly paying attention to the role of BMPs in musculoskeletal tumors was performed in electronic databases. RESULTS This article discusses BMPs synthesis and signaling, and summarizes their prominent roles in the skeletal system for the differentiation of osteoblasts, osteocytes and chondrocytes. CONCLUSIONS The review emphasizes on the role of BMP signaling in the initiation and progression of musculoskeletal cancer.
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20
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Ji X, Jin S, Qu X, Li K, Wang H, He H, Guo F, Dong L. Lysine-specific demethylase 5C promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cell invasion through inhibition BMP7 expression. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:801. [PMID: 26503415 PMCID: PMC4624178 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1798-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of tumor and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Patients with HCC routinely undergo surgery followed by adjuvant radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Despite such aggressive treatment approaches, median survival times remain under 1 year in most cases. KDM5C is a member of the family of JmjC domain-containing proteins that removes methyl residues from methylated lysine 4 on histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4). KDM5C has been proposed as an oncogene in many types of tumors; however, its role and underlying mechanisms in HCC remain unclear. METHODS Expression level of KDM5C was examined by RT-PCR, and IHC. Forced expression of KDM5C was mediated by retroviruses, and KDM5C was downregulated by shRNAs expressing lentiviruses. Migration and invasion of HCC cells was measured by wound healing, Transwell and Matrigel assays respectively. RESULTS In this study, we report that KDM5C is abundantly expressed in invasive human HCC cells. Cellular depletion of KDM5C by shRNA inhibited HCC cell migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro, and markedly decreased the metastasis capacity of invasive HCC cells in the liver and lung. Furthermore, ectopic expression of KDM5C in HCC cells promoted cell migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the inactivation of BMP7. Knockdown of BMP7 significantly promotes shKDM5C-induced cell migration inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that KDM5C-mediated BMP7 inactivation is essential for HCC cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Ji
- Department of Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No. 6 Jiefang Street, Zhongshan District, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Shi Jin
- Department of Laparoscopic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No.193, Lianhe Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Xiaotong Qu
- Department of Second Neurology, The Frist Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No.222, Zhongshan Street, Xigang District, Dalian, 116000, China.
| | - Kejun Li
- Department of Laparoscopic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No.193, Lianhe Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Hongjiang Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No.193, Lianhe Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Hui He
- Department of Laparoscopic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No.193, Lianhe Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Fuchao Guo
- Department of general surgery, The first people's Hospital of jinzhou District in Dalian City, No.683, Stalin Road, Jinzhou District, Dalian, 116100, China.
| | - Lei Dong
- Department of Laparoscopic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No.193, Lianhe Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116001, China.
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21
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Moriarity BS, Otto GM, Rahrmann EP, Rathe SK, Wolf NK, Weg MT, Manlove LA, LaRue RS, Temiz NA, Molyneux SD, Choi K, Holly KJ, Sarver AL, Scott MC, Forster CL, Modiano JF, Khanna C, Hewitt SM, Khokha R, Yang Y, Gorlick R, Dyer MA, Largaespada DA. A Sleeping Beauty forward genetic screen identifies new genes and pathways driving osteosarcoma development and metastasis. Nat Genet 2015; 47:615-24. [PMID: 25961939 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcomas are sarcomas of the bone, derived from osteoblasts or their precursors, with a high propensity to metastasize. Osteosarcoma is associated with massive genomic instability, making it problematic to identify driver genes using human tumors or prototypical mouse models, many of which involve loss of Trp53 function. To identify the genes driving osteosarcoma development and metastasis, we performed a Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon-based forward genetic screen in mice with and without somatic loss of Trp53. Common insertion site (CIS) analysis of 119 primary tumors and 134 metastatic nodules identified 232 sites associated with osteosarcoma development and 43 sites associated with metastasis, respectively. Analysis of CIS-associated genes identified numerous known and new osteosarcoma-associated genes enriched in the ErbB, PI3K-AKT-mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. Lastly, we identified several oncogenes involved in axon guidance, including Sema4d and Sema6d, which we functionally validated as oncogenes in human osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branden S Moriarity
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [3] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - George M Otto
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [3] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [4] Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric P Rahrmann
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [3] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [4] Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Susan K Rathe
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Natalie K Wolf
- 1] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Madison T Weg
- 1] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Luke A Manlove
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rebecca S LaRue
- 1] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nuri A Temiz
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Kwangmin Choi
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kevin J Holly
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aaron L Sarver
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Milcah C Scott
- 1] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Colleen L Forster
- BioNet, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jaime F Modiano
- 1] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. [3] Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chand Khanna
- Tumor and Metastasis Biology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Tissue Array Research Program (TARP), Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rama Khokha
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Tumor Center, People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Richard Gorlick
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, USA. [2] Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David A Largaespada
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [2] Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [3] Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. [4] Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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22
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Nielsen TO, Poulin NM, Ladanyi M. Synovial sarcoma: recent discoveries as a roadmap to new avenues for therapy. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:124-34. [PMID: 25614489 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oncogenesis in synovial sarcoma is driven by the chromosomal translocation t(X,18; p11,q11), which generates an in-frame fusion of the SWI/SNF subunit SS18 to the C-terminal repression domains of SSX1 or SSX2. Proteomic studies have identified an integral role of SS18-SSX in the SWI/SNF complex, and provide new evidence for mistargeting of polycomb repression in synovial sarcoma. Two recent in vivo studies are highlighted, providing additional support for the importance of WNT signaling in synovial sarcoma: One used a conditional mouse model in which knockout of β-catenin prevents tumor formation, and the other used a small-molecule inhibitor of β-catenin in xenograft models. SIGNIFICANCE Synovial sarcoma appears to arise from still poorly characterized immature mesenchymal progenitor cells through the action of its primary oncogenic driver, the SS18-SSX fusion gene, which encodes a multifaceted disruptor of epigenetic control. The effects of SS18-SSX on polycomb-mediated gene repression and SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling have recently come into focus and may offer new insights into the basic function of these processes. A central role for deregulation of WNT-β-catenin signaling in synovial sarcoma has also been strengthened by recent in vivo studies. These new insights into the the biology of synovial sarcoma are guiding novel preclinical and clinical studies in this aggressive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten O Nielsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Neal M Poulin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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23
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Weiss KR. "To B(MP-2) or Not To B(MP-2)" or "Much Ado About Nothing": Are Orthobiologics in Tumor Surgery Worth the Risks? Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2889-91. [PMID: 25609065 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Geller and colleagues report that adjuvant chemotherapy affected the adequacy of osteosarcoma local surgical control. Exogenous bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) did not increase local recurrence, but the limited theoretical benefits of BMP-2 for a subset of patients with osteosarcoma may not justify the systemic and long-term risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt R Weiss
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Cancer Stem Cell Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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BMPR2 inhibition induced apoptosis and autophagy via destabilization of XIAP in human chondrosarcoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1571. [PMID: 25501832 PMCID: PMC4649848 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multifunctional proteins, and their receptors (BMPRs) have crucial roles in the process of signaling. However, their function in cancer is somewhat inconsistent. It has been demonstrated that more prevalent expression of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) has been detected in dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas than conventional chondrosarcomas. Here, we find that BMPR2 inhibition induces apoptosis and autophagy of chondrosarcoma. We found that BMPR2 expression was correlated with the clinicopathological features of chondrosarcomas, and could predict the treatment outcome. Knockdown of BMPR2 by small interfering RNA results in growth inhibition in chondrosarcoma cells. Silencing BMPR2 promoted G2/M cell cycle arrest, induced chondrosarcoma cell apoptosis through caspase-3-dependent pathway via repression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) and induced autophagy of chondrosarcoma cells via XIAP-Mdm2-p53 pathway. Inhibition of autophagy induced by BMPR2 small interfering RNA (siBMPR2) sensitized chondrosarcoma cells to siBMPR2-induced apoptotic cell death, suggesting that autophagy has a protective role for chondrosarcoma cells in context of siBMPR2-induced apoptotic cell death. In vivo tumorigenicity assay in mice indicated that inhibition of BMPR2 reduced tumor growth. Taken together, our results suggest that BMPR2 has a significant role in the tumorigenesis of chondrosarcoma, and could be an important prognostic marker for chondrosarcoma. BMPR2 inhibition could eventually provide a promising therapy for chondrosarcoma treatment.
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Geller DS, Singh MY, Zhang W, Gill J, Roth ME, Kim MY, Xie X, Singh CK, Dorfman HD, Villanueva-Siles E, Park A, Piperdi S, Gorlick R. Development of a Model System to Evaluate Local Recurrence in Osteosarcoma and Assessment of the Effects of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:3003-12. [PMID: 25472999 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is increasingly relevant to better define what constitutes an adequate surgical margin in an effort to improve reconstructive longevity and functional outcomes following osteosarcoma surgery. In addition, nonunion remains a challenging problem in some patients following allograft reconstruction. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) could enhance osseous union, but has been historically avoided due to concerns that it may promote tumor recurrence. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN An orthotopic xenograft murine model was utilized to describe the natural temporal course of osteosarcoma growth. Tumors were treated either with surgery alone, surgery and single-agent chemotherapy, or surgery and dual-agent chemotherapy to assess the relationship between surgical margin and local recurrence. The effect of BMP-2 on local recurrence was similarly assessed. RESULTS Osteosarcoma tumor growth was categorized into reproducible phases. Margins greater than 997 μm resulted in local control following surgery alone. Margins greater than 36 μm resulted in local control following surgery and single-agent chemotherapy. Margins greater than 12 μm resulted in local control following surgery and dual-agent chemotherapy. The application of exogenous BMP-2 does not confer an increased risk of local recurrence. CONCLUSIONS This model reliably reproduces the clinical, radiographic, and surgical conditions encountered in human osteosarcoma. It successfully incorporates relevant chemotherapy, further paralleling the human experience. Surgical margins required to achieve local control in osteosarcoma can be reduced using single-agent chemotherapy and further decreased using dual-agent chemotherapy. The application of BMP-2 does not increase local recurrence in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Geller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center and The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York. Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center and The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
| | - Michael Y Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center and The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Wendong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center and The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jonathan Gill
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center and The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Michael E Roth
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center and The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Mimi Y Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Xianhong Xie
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Christopher K Singh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center and The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Howard D Dorfman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center and The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Esperanza Villanueva-Siles
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Amy Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center and The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York
| | - Sajida Piperdi
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center and The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Department of Pediatrics, Montefiore Medical Center and The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. Department of Molecular Pharmocology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Chen JC, Yang ST, Lin CY, Hsu CJ, Tsai CH, Su JL, Tang CH. BMP-7 enhances cell migration and αvβ3 integrin expression via a c-Src-dependent pathway in human chondrosarcoma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112636. [PMID: 25390068 PMCID: PMC4229252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-7 is a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily, which is originally identified based on its ability to induce cartilage and bone formation. In recent years, BMP-7 is also defined as a potent promoter of cell motility, invasion, and metastasis. However, there is little knowledge of the role of BMP-7 and its cellular function in chondrosarcoma cells. In the present study, we investigated the biological impact of BMP-7 on cell motility using transwell assay. In addition, the intracellular signaling pathways were also investigated by pharmacological and genetic approaches. Our results demonstrated that treatment with exogenous BMP-7 markedly increased cell migration by activating c-Src/PI3K/Akt/IKK/NF-κB signaling pathway, resulting in the transactivation of αvβ3 integrin expression. Indeed, abrogation of signaling activation, by chemical inhibition or expression of a kinase dead form of the protein attenuated BMP-7-induced expression of integrin αvβ3 and cell migration. These findings may provide a useful tool for diagnostic/prognostic purposes and even therapeutically in late-stage chondrosarcoma as an anti-metastatic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chieh Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ting Yang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Jung Hsu
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Tsai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Liang Su
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JLS); (C. Tang)
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (JLS); (C. Tang)
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Nguyen A, Scott MA, Dry SM, James AW. Roles of bone morphogenetic protein signaling in osteosarcoma. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2014; 38:2313-22. [PMID: 25209345 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-014-2512-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since the original extraction of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) from bovine bone, research interest and clinical use has increased exponentially. With this, a concomitant analysis of BMP expression in bone tumours has been performed. BMP ligands, receptors, and signaling activity have been observed in diverse benign and malignant bone tumours. However, the reported expression, function, and importance of BMPs in bone tumours, and specifically osteosarcomas, have been far from uniform. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the role of BMP signaling in osteosarcoma biology, focusing on the sometimes divergent findings by various researchers and the challenges inherent in the study of osteosarcoma. METHODS We performed a literature review of all studies examining BMP signaling in osteosarcoma. RESULTS Overall, multiple BMP ligands and receptors are expressed in most osteosarcoma cell lines and subtypes, although BMP signaling may be reduced in comparison with benign bone-forming tumours. Studies suggest that osteosarcomas with different lineages of differentiation may have differential expression of BMP ligands. Although significant disagreement in the literature exists, the presence of BMP signaling in osteosarcoma may impart a worse prognosis. On the cellular level, BMP signaling appears to mediate promigratory effects in osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma cell types, possibly via interaction and activation of Integrin β1. CONCLUSIONS BMP signaling has clear biologic importance in osteosarcoma, although it is not yet fully understood. Future questions for study include assessing the utility of BMP signaling in prognostication of osteosarcoma and the potential modulation of BMP signaling for inhibition of osteosarcomagenesis, growth and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Nguyen
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, 10833 Le Conte Ave, CHS A3-251, Los Angeles, CA, 90077, USA
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Rozeman LB, Hogendoorn PCW, Bovée JVMG. Diagnosis and prognosis of chondrosarcoma of bone. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 2:461-72. [PMID: 12271817 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2.5.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of chondrosarcoma development are just beginning to be unraveled. The distinction between benign and low-grade malignant cartilaginous tumors is difficult and is based mainly on radiological and clinicopathological features. In this review, the conventional chondrosarcomas are subdivided into central and secondary peripheral chondrosarcomas, based on their different genetic and clinicopathological background. Thus far, no diagnostic markers have been identified for central tumors. Bcl-2 is a good diagnostic marker that can be used in the distinction between osteochondroma and low-grade secondary peripheral chondrosarcoma. For the prognosis of chondrosarcomas, the best and most commonly used marker at present is histological grade. Several molecular markers, recapitulated in this paper, have been tested to see if they aid in determining diagnosis and predicting prognosis, but most are not independent of histological grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leida B Rozeman
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, P O Box 9600, NL-2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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BMP4/Thrombospondin-1 loop paracrinically inhibits tumor angiogenesis and suppresses the growth of solid tumors. Oncogene 2013; 33:3803-11. [PMID: 24013228 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) has potential as an anticancer agent. Recent studies have suggested that BMP4 inhibits the survival of cancer stem cells (CSCs) of neural and colon cancers. Here, we showed that BMP4 paracrinically inhibited tumor angiogenesis via the induction of Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), and consequently suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Although HeLa (human cervical cancer), HCI-H460-LNM35 (highly metastatic human lung cancer) and B16 (murine melanoma) cells did not respond to the BMP4 treatment in vitro, the growth of xeno- and allografts of these cells was suppressed via reductions in tumor angiogenesis after intraperitoneal treatment with BMP4. When we assessed the mRNA expression of major angiogenesis-related factors in grafted tumors, we found that the expression of TSP1 was significantly upregulated by BMP4 administration. We then confirmed that BMP4 was less effective in suppressing the tumor growth of TSP1-knockdown cancer cells. Furthermore, we found that BMP4 reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in vivo in a TSP1-dependent manner, which indicates that BMP4 interfered with the stabilization of tumor angiogenesis. In conclusion, the BMP4/TSP1 loop paracrinically suppressed tumor angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment, which subsequently reduced the growth of tumors. BMP4 may become an antitumor agent and open a new field of antiangiogenic therapy.
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Steensma MR, Tyler WK, Shaber AG, Goldring SR, Ross FP, Williams BO, Healey JH, Purdue PE. Targeting the giant cell tumor stromal cell: functional characterization and a novel therapeutic strategy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69101. [PMID: 23922683 PMCID: PMC3724882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a benign, locally destructive neoplasm, with tumors comprised of mesenchymal fibroblast-like stromal cells; monocytic, mononuclear cells of myeloid lineage; and the characteristic osteoclast-like, multinucleated giant cells. Hampering the study of the complex interaction of its constituent cell types is the propensity of longstanding, repeatedly passaged cell cultures to undergo phenotypic alteration and loss of osteoclast-inducing capacities. In this study, we employed a novel, single-step technique to purify freshly harvested stromal cells using a CD14-negative selection column. Using 9 freshly harvested GCTB specimens and the purified stromal cell component, we performed analyses for markers of osteoblast lineage and analyzed the capacity of the stromal cells to undergo osteoblastic differentiation and induce osteoclastogenesis in co-cultures with monocytic cells. Successful purification of the CD14-negative stromal cells was confirmed via flow cytometric analysis and immunocytochemistry. Osteogenic media upregulated the expression of osteocalcin, suggesting an osteoblastic lineage of the GCTB stromal cells. The effects of the Wnt pathway agonist, SB415286, and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 on osteoblastogenesis varied among samples. Notably, osteogenic media and SB415286 reversed the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression ratio resulting in diminished osteoclastogenic capacity. Recombinant human BMP2 had the opposite effect, resulting in enhanced and sustained support of osteoclastogenesis. Targeting the giant cell tumor stromal cell may be an effective adjunct to existing anti-resorptive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Steensma
- Department of Surgery, Spectrum Health Medical Group/Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States of America.
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Biological extremity reconstruction after sarcoma resection: past, present, and future. Sarcoma 2013; 2013:529349. [PMID: 23840167 PMCID: PMC3690904 DOI: 10.1155/2013/529349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In sarcoma surgery besides a wide local resection, limb salvage became more and more important. Reconstruction of bone and soft tissue defects after sarcoma resection poses a major challenge for surgeons. Nowadays a broad range of reconstructive methods exist to deal with bony defects. Among these are prostheses, bone autografts, or bone allografts. Furthermore a variety of plastic reconstructive techniques exist that allow soft tissue reconstruction or coverage after sarcoma resection. Here we discuss the historical highlights, the present role, and possible future options for biological reconstruction.
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Sampson VB, Gorlick R, Kamara D, Anders Kolb E. A review of targeted therapies evaluated by the pediatric preclinical testing program for osteosarcoma. Front Oncol 2013; 3:132. [PMID: 23755370 PMCID: PMC3668267 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, the most common malignant bone tumor of childhood, is a high-grade primary bone sarcoma that occurs mostly in adolescence. Standard treatment consists of surgery in combination with multi-agent chemotherapy regimens. The development and approval of imatinib for Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and the fully human monoclonal antibody, anti-GD2, as part of an immune therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma patients have established the precedent for use of targeted inhibitors along with standard chemotherapy backbones. However, few targeted agents tested have achieved traditional clinical endpoints for osteosarcoma. Many biological agents demonstrating anti-tumor responses in preclinical and early-phase clinical testing have failed to reach response thresholds to justify randomized trials with large numbers of patients. The development of targeted therapies for pediatric cancer remains a significant challenge. To aid in the prioritization of new agents for clinical testing, the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) has developed reliable and robust preclinical pediatric cancer models to rapidly screen agents for activity in multiple childhood cancers and establish pharmacological parameters and effective drug concentrations for clinical trials. In this article, we examine a range of standard and novel agents that have been evaluated by the PPTP, and we discuss the preclinical and clinical development of these for the treatment of osteosarcoma. We further demonstrate that committed resources for hypothesis-driven drug discovery and development are needed to yield clinical successes in the search for new therapies for this pediatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B Sampson
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disorders, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children , Wilmington, DE , USA
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Abstract
Osteosarcoma, the most frequent primary bone tumor, is a malignant mesenchymal sarcoma with a peak incidence in young children and adolescents. Left untreated, it progresses relentlessly to local and systemic disease, ultimately leading to death within months. Genomically, osteosarcomas are aneuploid with chaotic karyotypes, lacking the pathognomonic genetic rearrangements characteristic of most sarcomas. The familial genetics of osteosarcoma helped in elucidating some of the etiological molecular disruptions, such as the tumor suppressor genes RB1 in retinoblastoma and TP53 in Li-Fraumeni, and RECQL4 involved in DNA repair/replication in Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Genomic profiling approaches such as array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) have provided additional insights concerning the mechanisms responsible for generating complex osteosarcoma genomes. This chapter provides a brief introduction to the clinical features of conventional osteosarcoma, the predominant subtypes, and a general overview of materials and analytical methods of osteosarcoma aCGH, followed by a more detailed literature overview of aCGH studies and a discussion of emerging genes, molecular mechanisms, and their clinical implications, as well as more recent application of integrative genomics in osteosarcoma. aCHG is helping elucidate genomic events leading to tumor development and evolution as well as identification of prognostic markers and therapeutic targets in osteosarcoma.
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BMP and TGFbeta pathways in human central chondrosarcoma: enhanced endoglin and Smad 1 signaling in high grade tumors. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:488. [PMID: 23088614 PMCID: PMC3495847 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As major regulators of normal chondrogenesis, the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) and transforming growth factor β (TGFB) signaling pathways may be involved in the development and progression of central chondrosarcoma. In order to uncover their possible implication, the aim of this study was to perform a systematic quantitative study of the expression of BMPs, TGFBs and their receptors and to assess activity of the corresponding pathways in central chondrosarcoma. Methods Gene expression analysis was performed by quantitative RT-PCR in 26 central chondrosarcoma and 6 healthy articular cartilage samples. Expression of endoglin and nuclear localization of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 and Smad2 was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis. Results The expression of TGFB3 and of the activin receptor-like kinase ALK2 was found to be significantly higher in grade III compared to grade I chondrosarcoma. Nuclear phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 and Smad2 were found in all tumors analyzed and the activity of both signaling pathways was confirmed by functional reporter assays in 2 chondrosarcoma cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis furthermore revealed that phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 and endoglin expression were significantly higher in high-grade compared to low-grade chondrosarcoma and correlated to each other. Conclusions The BMP and TGFβ signaling pathways were found to be active in central chondrosarcoma cells. The correlation of Smad1/5/8 activity to endoglin expression suggests that, as described in other cell types, endoglin could enhance Smad1/5/8 signaling in high-grade chondrosarcoma cells. Endoglin expression coupled to Smad1/5/8 activation could thus represent a functionally important signaling axis for the progression of chondrosarcoma and a regulator of the undifferentiated phenotype of high-grade tumor cells.
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The activities of Smad and Gli mediated signalling pathways in high-grade conventional osteosarcoma. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:3429-38. [PMID: 22868198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
High-grade conventional osteosarcoma is a malignant tumour predominantly affecting adolescents and, despite multimodal intensive therapy, lethal for one third of the patients. Although there is currently detailed knowledge of normal skeletal development, this has not been integrated into research on the genesis of osteosarcoma. Recently we showed that the canonical Wnt pathway is not active in osteosarcoma and that its reactivation is disadvantageous to osteosarcoma cells. Since Wnt is regulating normal skeletogenesis together with other pathways, here we report on the activities of the bone morphogenic protein (BMP), the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and the hedgehog (Hh) pathways in osteosarcoma. Human osteosarcoma samples (n=210), benign bone tumours of osteoblastic lineage called osteoblastoma (n=25) and osteosarcoma cell lines (n=19) were examined. For pathway activity luciferase transcriptional reporter assays and gene and protein expression analyses were performed. Immunohistochemical analysis of phosphorylated Smad1 and Smad2, the intracellular effectors of BMP and TGFβ, respectively, showed nuclear expression of both proteins in 70% of the osteosarcoma samples at levels comparable to osteoblastoma. Interestingly cases with lower expression showed significantly worse disease free survival. This may imply that drugs restoring impaired signalling pathways in osteosarcoma might change the tumour's aggressive clinical course, however targeted pathway modulation in vitro did not affect cell proliferation.
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Maegdefrau U, Bosserhoff AK. BMP activated Smad signaling strongly promotes migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2011; 92:74-81. [PMID: 22024355 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several of the different bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are involved in development and progression of specific tumors. For hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) only BMP4 and BMP6 are described to be important for carcinogenesis. However, up to now neither the influence of other BMPs on tumor progression, nor the responsible signaling pathways to mediate target gene expression in HCC are known. In order to characterize BMP expression pattern in HCC cell lines, we performed RT-PCR analysis and revealed enhanced expression levels of several BMPs (BMP4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13 and 15) in HCC. Thus, we treated HCC cells with the general BMP inhibitors chordin and noggin to determine the functional relevance of BMP overexpression and observed decreased migration and invasion of HCC cells. A cDNA microarray of noggin treated HCC cells was performed to analyze downstream targets of BMPs mediating these oncogenic functions. Subsequent analysis identified collagen XVI as 'Smad signaling specific' and nidogen-2 as 'MAPK/ERK signaling specific' BMP-target genes. To examine which signaling pathway is mainly responsible for the oncogenic role of BMPs in HCC, we treated HCC cells with dorsomorphin to determine the influence of BMP activated Smad signaling. Interestingly, also migratory and invasive behavior of dorsomorphin treated HCC cells was diminished. In summary, our findings demonstrate enhanced expression levels of several BMPs in HCC supporting enhanced migratory and invasive phenotype of HCC cells mainly via activation of Smad signaling.
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Abstract
Over one million fractures occur per year in the US and are associated with impaired healing increasing patient morbidity, stress, and economic costs. Despite improvements in surgical technique, internal fixation, and understanding of biologics, fracture healing is delayed or impaired in up to 4% of all fractures. Complications due to impaired fracture healing present therapeutic challenges to the orthopedic surgeon and often lead to chronic functional and psychological disability for the patient. As a result, it has become clinically desirable to augment mechanical fixation with biologic strategies in order to accelerate osteogenesis and promote successful arthrodesis. The discovery of bone morphogenic protein (BMP) has been pivotal in understanding the biology of fracture healing and has been a source of intense clinical research as an adjunct to fracture treatment. Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies in animals have elucidated the complex biologic interactions between BMPs and cellular receptors and have convincingly demonstrated rhBMP-2 to be a safe, effective treatment option to enhance bone healing. Multiple clinical trials in trauma surgery have provided level 1 evidence for the use of rhBMP-2 as a safe and effective treatment of fractures. Human clinical trials have provided further insight into BMP-2 dosage, time course, carriers, and efficacy in fracture healing of tibial defects. These promising results have provided hope that a new biologic field of technology has emerged as a useful adjunct in the treatment of skeletal injuries and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Ghodadra
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Toledo SRC, Oliveira ID, Okamoto OK, Zago MA, de Seixas Alves MT, Filho RJG, Macedo CRPD, Petrilli AS. Bone deposition, bone resorption, and osteosarcoma. J Orthop Res 2010; 28:1142-8. [PMID: 20225287 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone deposition and bone resorption are ongoing dynamic processes, constituting bone remodeling. Some bone tumors, such as osteosarcoma (OS), stimulate focal bone deposition. OS is the most common primary bone tumor in children and young adults. A complex network of genes regulates bone remodeling and alterations in its expression levels can influence the genesis and progression of bone diseases, including OS. We hypothesized that the expression profiles of bone remodeling regulator genes would be correlated with OS biology and clinical features. We used real-time PCR to evaluate the mRNA levels of the tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (ACP5), colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF1R), bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), collagen, type XI, alpha 2 (COL11A2), and protein tyrosine phosphatases zeta 1 (PTPRZ1) genes, in 30 OS tumor samples and correlated with clinical and histological data. All genes analyzed, except CSF1R, were differentially expressed when compared with normal bone expression profiles. In our results, OS patients with high levels of COL11A2 mRNA showed worse overall (p = 0.041) and event free survival (p = 0.037). Also, a trend for better overall survival was observed in patients with samples showing higher expression of BMP7 (p = 0.067). COL11A2 overexpression and BMP7 underexpression could collaborate to OS tumor growth, through its central role in bone remodeling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Regina Caminada Toledo
- Pediatrics Department, Pediatric Oncology Institute Grupo de Apoio ao Adolescente e à Criança com Câncer (GRAACC), Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 743, Floor 8 - Genetics Laboratory, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04023-062, Brazil.
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Ladanyi M, Gorlick R. Molecular Pathology and Molecular Pharmacology of Osteosarcoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/15513810009168647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Thawani JP, Wang AC, Than KD, Lin CY, La Marca F, Park P. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Cancer. Neurosurgery 2010; 66:233-46; discussion 246. [PMID: 20042986 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000363722.42097.c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh P. Thawani
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Anthony C. Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Khoi D. Than
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chia-Ying Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Frank La Marca
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Senta H, Park H, Bergeron E, Drevelle O, Fong D, Leblanc E, Cabana F, Roux S, Grenier G, Faucheux N. Cell responses to bone morphogenetic proteins and peptides derived from them: Biomedical applications and limitations. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2009; 20:213-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fong YC, Li TM, Wu CM, Hsu SF, Kao ST, Chen RJ, Lin CC, Liu SC, Wu CL, Tang CH. BMP-2 increases migration of human chondrosarcoma cells via PI3K/Akt pathway. J Cell Physiol 2008; 217:846-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Luo X, Chen J, Song WX, Tang N, Luo J, Deng ZL, Sharff KA, He G, Bi Y, He BC, Bennett E, Huang J, Kang Q, Jiang W, Su Y, Zhu GH, Yin H, He Y, Wang Y, Souris JS, Chen L, Zuo GW, Montag AG, Reid RR, Haydon RC, Luu HH, He TC. Osteogenic BMPs promote tumor growth of human osteosarcomas that harbor differentiation defects. J Transl Med 2008; 88:1264-77. [PMID: 18838962 PMCID: PMC9901484 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2008.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignancy of bone. Here, we investigated a possible role of defective osteoblast differentiation in OS tumorigenesis. We found that basal levels of the early osteogenic marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were low in OS lines. Osteogenic regulators Runx2 and OSX, and the late marker osteopontin (OPN) expressed at low levels in most OS lines, indicating that most OS cells fail to undergo terminal differentiation. Furthermore, OS cells were refractory to osteogenic BMP-induced increases in ALP activity. Osteogenic BMPs were shown to upregulate early target genes, but not late osteogenic markers OPN and osteocalcin (OC). Furthermore, osteogenic BMPs failed to induce bone formation from human OS cells, rather effectively promoted OS tumor growth in an orthotopic OS model. Exogenous expression of early target genes enhanced BMP-stimulated OS tumor growth, whereas osteogenic BMP-promoted OS tumor growth was inhibited by exogenous Runx2 expression. These results suggest that alterations in osteoprogenitors may disrupt osteogenic differentiation pathway. Thus, identifying potential differentiation defects in OS tumors would allow us to reconstruct the tumorigenic events in osteoprogenitors and to develop rational differentiation therapies for clinical OS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoji Luo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Wen-Xin Song
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ni Tang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jinyong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhong-Liang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katie A Sharff
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gary He
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yang Bi
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bai-Cheng He
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erwin Bennett
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jiayi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Quan Kang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yuxi Su
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gao-Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hong Yin
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yun He
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Souris
- Optical Imaging Core Facility, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guo-Wei Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anthony G Montag
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Russell R Reid
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rex C Haydon
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hue H Luu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tong-Chuan He
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education and the Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Coutinho-Camillo CM, Brentani MM, Nagai MA. Genetic alterations in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas. Head Neck 2008; 30:390-400. [PMID: 18228521 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a rare benign neoplasm of the nasopharynx that accounts for 0.5% of all head and neck tumors. Although histologically benign in appearance, JNAs are locally aggressive and destructive, spreading from the nasal cavity to the nasopharynx, paranasal sinuses, and orbit skull base with intracranial extension. The gender selectivity of JNA and the relatively young age at diagnosis suggest hormone-dependent development. Hormonal disorders have been reported in patients with JNA, and androgen and estrogen receptors have been identified in tumor tissue; however, a hormonal influence on JNA is controversial. Recent studies have attempted to further delineate the pathogenesis of JNA through analysis of genetic and molecular changes. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in JNA might improve prevention, prognosis, and treatment of this tumor. In this review, we discuss published studies addressing the possible molecular pathways that might be involved in the development of JNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia M Coutinho-Camillo
- Disciplina de Oncologia, Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental-24, Departamento de Radiologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
In addition to changes in cellular pathways, loss of differentiation is a notable feature of osteosarcoma. We hypothesized that blocks to normal differentiation may be a common feature of osteosarcoma, and may be one of many critical events that occur during oncogenesis in osteosarcoma. Furthermore, therapies that restore normal programs of differentiation may be attractive new treatment strategies for chemo-therapy and/or chemoprevention. We exposed an osteosarcoma cell line to two highly osteogenic bone morphogenetic proteins and noted increased tumor volume and no evidence of osteoinduction in vivo. We then used expression profile analysis to identify downstream targets of the osteogenic bone morphogenetic proteins, revealing up-regulation of the inhibitor of differentiation genes 1, 2, and 3, and the nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma. We then evaluated the use of nuclear receptor agonists, including peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, to circumvent the apparent block to bone morphogenetic protein-induced differentiation in osteosarcoma cell lines. The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma/retinoid X receptor agonists induced terminal differentiation in all four osteosarcoma cell lines and were synergistic when combined. In osteosarcoma cells, there are inherent blocks to normal bone morphogenetic protein-induced differentiation; however, they do not prevent nuclear receptor agonists from inducing terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex C Haydon
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Kawabata A, Yamamoto K, Lan NT, Uchida K, Yamaguchi R, Hayashi T, Tateyama S. Establishment and Characterization of a Cell Line, MCO-Y4, Derived from Canine Mammary Gland Osteosarcoma. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:1047-53. [PMID: 17085882 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A cell line, MCO-Y4, was established from a mammary gland osteosarcoma of a 16-year-old female mongrel dog. Histopathologically the tumor was composed of osteoblastic cells with an osteoid meshwork and chondroid matrix. The mean doubling time of the cells at the 93rd passage was 32.39+/-4.66 hr. Immunohistochemically, the osteoblastic and chondroblastic cells were positive for bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2/4 and BMP receptor (BMPR) II. The cultured cells were spindle in shape during the growth and the confluent phases. No tumor matrix was detected in the culture dish by alcian blue staining or von-Kossa silver impregnation. MCO-Y4 cells on the chamber slides showed intense immunoreactivity for BMP-2/4 and BMPR II. Noggin, an antagonist for BMP-2/4, showed the growth inhibition on MCO-Y4 cells. In addition, fibronectin might be potential for stimulating growth of MCO-Y4 cells. When transplanted into severe combined immunodeficiency mice, the cells formed tumors consisting of solid proliferation of osteoblastic and fibroblastic cells with woven-bone trabeculae. These tumor cells were intensely positive for BMP-2/4 and BMPR II. Our results suggested that the cell line might be useful for studying the role of BMPs in canine osteosarcoma and the mechanism of ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kawabata
- Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Japan
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Feeley BT, Gamradt SC, Hsu WK, Liu N, Krenek L, Robbins P, Huard J, Lieberman JR. Influence of BMPs on the formation of osteoblastic lesions in metastatic prostate cancer. J Bone Miner Res 2005; 20:2189-99. [PMID: 16294272 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.050802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of BMPs on the formation of metastatic prostate cancer lesions to bone. Our results show that BMPs influence the development and progression of osteoblastic lesions and suggest that therapies that inhibit BMP activity may reduce the formation and progression of osteoblastic lesions. INTRODUCTION Prostate adenocarcinoma is the leading cause of cancer in North American men. The formation of skeletal metastases affects approximately 70% of patients with advanced disease, and a majority of these patients have osteoblastic lesions. Although BMPs have been found to be expressed in multiple oncogenic cell lines, their role in the formation of metastatic osteoblastic lesions remains uncharacterized. We hypothesized that BMPs influence the development of metastatic osteoblastic lesions associated with prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Western blot analysis and RT-PCR was used to determine BMP receptor expression on osteoblastic prostate cancer cell lines LAPC-4 and LAPC-9. Migration, invasion, and cellular proliferation assays were used to quantify the effects of BMP-2, -4, and -7 on LAPC-4 cells in vitro. LAPC-9 cells alone or transfected with a retrovirus overexpressing noggin were injected into the tibias of SCID mice, and the animals were followed for 8 weeks. Tumor size was determined by radiographs and direct measurement. Histology was performed at the time of death. RESULTS We determined that BMP receptor mRNA and protein was expressed on osteoblastic prostate cancer cell lines LAPC-4 and LAPC-9. In vitro studies showed that BMP-2 and -7 stimulated cellular migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent fashion, although BMP-4 had no effect. Noggin inhibited cellular migration and invasion of BMP-2- and -7-stimulated LAPC-4 cells. LAPC-9 cells implanted into immunodeficient mouse tibias formed an osteoblastic lesion with sclerotic bone at 8 weeks. Formation of osteoblastic lesions was inhibited by overexpression of noggin by prostate cancer cells transduced with a retrovirus containing the cDNA for noggin. CONCLUSIONS BMPs are critical in the formation of the osteoblastic lesions associated with prostate cancer metastases, and future treatment strategies that inhibit local BMP activity may reduce the formation and progression of osteoblastic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Feeley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Zachos TA, Bertone AL. Growth factors and their potential therapeutic applications for healing of musculoskeletal and other connective tissues. Am J Vet Res 2005; 66:727-38. [PMID: 15900956 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2005.66.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terri A Zachos
- Comparative Orthopedic Molecular Medicine Suite and Applied Research Laboratories, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), inducers of ectopic bone formation in vivo, are present in a number of osteosarcomas. BMPs are responsible for reactive bone formation, including periosteal reactions by normal osteoblasts, rather than production of tumorous osteoid by tumor cells. Osteosarcomas producing BMPs contain less-differentiated mesenchymal cells, resulting in a poorer prognosis for those patients. BMPs are also expressed in malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFHs) of bone and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas exhibiting undifferentiated features. However, BMPs in MFH do not show any osteoinductive activity in vivo, suggesting that those BMPs may be inactive forms and have additional functions unrelated to bone formation. Among benign bone tumors, BMPs are expressed in osteoid osteomas or osteoblastomas and effect reactive bone formation such as a surrounding sclerosis. BMPs and a BMP receptor (BMPRIB) are also detected in the cartilage cap in osteochondroma, suggesting that BMP signaling via BMPRIB might be involved in the pathogenesis of osteochondroma. Clinically, BMPs have utility as diagnostic and prognostic markers for characterizing the stage of differentiation of mesenchymal cells and mesenchymal tumors, and they may be of value in predicting the prognosis of sarcoma patients. This article reviews the accumulated information on BMPs in bone tumors, including the most recent findings, and discusses the biological and clinical significance of BMPs in bone tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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Hoang BH, Dyke JP, Koutcher JA, Huvos AG, Mizobuchi H, Mazza BA, Gorlick R, Healey JH. VEGF expression in osteosarcoma correlates with vascular permeability by dynamic MRI. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2004:32-8. [PMID: 15346048 DOI: 10.1097/01.blo.0000141492.52166.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic enhanced magnetic resonance imaging has been used to assess tumor angiogenesis in osteosarcoma. Vascular endothelial growth factor has been shown to correlate with pulmonary metastasis and a poor prognosis in osteosarcoma. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether vascular endothelial growth factor expression in osteosarcoma correlates with vascular permeability detected by dynamic enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and to explore the role of dynamic enhanced magnetic resonance imaging as a noninvasive means of assessing tumor angiogenic activity. Fifty-five osteosarcoma patients with osteosarcoma enrolled in a treatment protocol that included dynamic enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. In 15 patients, tumor tissues were available for vascular endothelial growth factor immunohistochemical studies. A two-compartment model used the exchange rate constants (kep) between the plasma and tumor compartments to quantify vascular permeability during dynamic magnetic resonance imaging studies. Immunohistochemical staining for vascular endothelial growth factor was graded according to the intensity and number of positively stained cells. Vascular endothelial growth factor-positive tumors showed higher mean vascular permeability when compared with vascular endothelial growth factor-negative tumors. Vascular permeability also correlated with increasing vascular endothelial growth factor expression. The preliminary results in this study show an association between vascular endothelial growth factor and dynamic MR signal enhancement in osteosarcoma. Dynamic enhanced magnetic resonance imaging should be investigated as a means to prognosticate osteosarcoma patients with osteosarcoma according to their tumor angiogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang H Hoang
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Surgery Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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