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Brazee PL, Knipe RS. Vascular BMPRs Strike Out the Rolling Ball of Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 207:1419-1421. [PMID: 36952237 PMCID: PMC10263134 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202303-0382ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Brazee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel S Knipe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
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2
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Misner K, Kass DJ. A Plot TWIST in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 202:1214-1216. [PMID: 32730129 PMCID: PMC7605186 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202006-2506ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Misner
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease and
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel J Kass
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease and
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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3
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Zhou MJ, Xing YJ, Yang J. [NF-κB inhibitor improves pulmonary vascular remodeling by reversing LPS-induced down-regulation of BMPRII]. Sheng Li Xue Bao 2020; 72:541-550. [PMID: 33106824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is closely related to the genetic mutation of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPRII) encoding gene and the inflammatory response mediated by nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway. This paper was aimed to investigate the effect of NF-κB pathway inhibitors on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary artery endothelial cell injury. Human pulmonary artery endothelial cells were treated with 1 μg/mL of LPS. The expression levels of BMPRII and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were detected by Western blot and qPCR. The rat PAH model was established by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of monocrotaline (MCT). The expression levels of BMPRII and IL-8 in pulmonary artery endothelial cells were detected by immunofluorescence staining. Cardiac hemodynamic changes and pulmonary vascular remodeling were detected in the MCT-PAH model rats. The results showed that LPS caused down-regulation of BMPRII expression and up-regulation of IL-8 expression in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082 (10 μmol/L) reversed the effect of LPS. In the pulmonary artery endothelial cells of MCT-PAH model, BMPRII expression was down-regulated, IL-8 expression was up-regulated, weight ratio of right ventricle to left ventricle plus septum [RV/(LV+S)] and right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) were significantly increased, cardiac output (CO) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) were significantly reduced, and pulmonary vessel wall was significantly thickened. BAY11-7082 (5 mg/kg, i.p., 21 consecutive days) reversed the above changes in the MCT-PAH model rats. These results suggest that LPS down-regulates the expression level of BMPRII through NF-κB signaling pathway, promoting the occurrence and development of PAH. Therefore, the NF-κB pathway can be used as a potential therapeutic target for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yan-Jiang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, CAMS, School of Basic Medicine, PUMC, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Physiology, and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, CAMS, School of Basic Medicine, PUMC, Beijing 100005, China.
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4
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Ye F, Jiang W, Lin W, Wang Y, Chen H, Zou H, Huang S, Zhu N, Han S. A novel BMPR2 mutation in a patient with heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension and suspected hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21342. [PMID: 32756122 PMCID: PMC7402743 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE BMPR2 mutation is the most common cause of heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (HPAH), but rare in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). ACVRL1, ENG and SMAD4 are the most common gene mutations reported in HPAH with HHT. PATIENT CONCERNS We report a 11-year-old boy with a definite diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension and suspected HHT with recurrent epistaxis. The results of gene detection showed that there was a nosense mutation in BMPR2. The results of gene detection of ACVRL1, ENG and SMAD4 were normal. DIAGNOSES Heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension with suspected hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. INTERVENTIONS Patient was treated with ambrisentan 2.5 mg qd. About a month later, the patient developed massive gastrointestinal bleeding and sudden convulsions. The patient's vital signs were stable after symptomatic treatment. OUTCOMES After discharging from hospital, the patients continued to take ambrisentan. No epistaxis or gastrointestinal bleeding was found in one month of follow-up, but the symptoms of chest tightness were not significantly alleviated. LESSONS BMPR2 with a nonsense mutation is more likely to cause HPAH with HHT and are more likely to be life-threatening.
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Goldstein AM, Brewer KC, Doyle AM, Nagy N, Roberts DJ. BMP signaling is necessary for neural crest cell migration and ganglion formation in the enteric nervous system. Mech Dev 2005; 122:821-33. [PMID: 15905074 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is derived from neural crest cells that migrate along the gastrointestinal tract to form a network of neurons and glia that are essential for regulating intestinal motility. Despite the number of genes known to play essential roles in ENS development, the molecular etiology of congenital disorders affecting this process remains largely unknown. To determine the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in ENS development, we first examined the expression of bmp2, bmp4, and bmprII during hindgut development and find these strongly expressed in the ENS. Moreover, functional BMP signaling, demonstrated by the expression of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8, is present in the enteric ganglia. Inhibition of BMP activity by noggin misexpression within the developing gut, both in ovo and in vitro, inhibits normal migration of enteric neural crest cells. BMP inhibition also leads to hypoganglionosis and failure of enteric ganglion formation, with crest cells unable to cluster into aggregates. Abnormalities of migration and ganglion formation are the hallmarks of two human intestinal disorders, Hirschsprung's disease and intestinal neuronal dysplasia. Our results support an essential role for BMP signaling in these aspects of ENS development and provide a basis for further investigation of these proteins in the etiology of neuro-intestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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7
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Abstract
Novel discoveries of the genetic basis of pulmonary hypertension have recently inspired a whole new area of research in pulmonary medicine. The finding that germ-line mutations in the BMPR2 locus, encoding a transmembrane receptor of the TGF beta superfamily, are the cause for familial and partly idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension has provided new clues for our understanding of this complex, yet highly localized disease. The TGF beta superfamily comprises more than 40 different growth and differentiation factors essential in the control of proliferation and differentiation of most cell types. In this review, we summarize the novel genetic and functional genomic findings to provide an outlook for the understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Eickelberg
- Lungenzentrum, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II der Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen.
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8
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Eaton BA, Davis GW. LIM Kinase1 controls synaptic stability downstream of the type II BMP receptor. Neuron 2005; 47:695-708. [PMID: 16129399 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate that the BMP receptor Wishful Thinking (Wit) is required for synapse stabilization. In the absence of BMP signaling, synapse disassembly and retraction ensue. Remarkably, downstream Smad-mediated signaling cannot fully account for the stabilizing activity of the BMP receptor. We identify LIM Kinase1 (DLIMK1)-dependent signaling as a second, parallel pathway that confers the added synapse-stabilizing activity of the BMP receptor. We show that DLIMK1 binds a region of the Wit receptor that is necessary for synaptic stability but is dispensable for Smad-mediated synaptic growth. A genetic analysis demonstrates that DLIMK1 is necessary, presynaptically, for synapse stabilization, but is not necessary for normal synaptic growth or function. Furthermore, presynaptic expression of DLIMK1 in a wit or mad mutant significantly rescues synaptic stability, growth, and function. DLIMK1 localizes near synaptic microtubules and functions independently of ADF/cofilin, highlighting a novel requirement for DLIMK1 during synapse stabilization rather than actin-dependent axon outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Eaton
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Koehler R, Grünig E, Pauciulo MW, Hoeper MM, Olschewski H, Wilkens H, Halank M, Winkler J, Ewert R, Bremer H, Kreuscher S, Janssen B, Nichols WC. Low frequency of BMPR2 mutations in a German cohort of patients with sporadic idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Med Genet 2005; 41:e127. [PMID: 15591269 PMCID: PMC1735632 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2004.023101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Koehler
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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10
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Jiang FX, Harrison LC. Convergence of bone morphogenetic protein and laminin-1 signaling pathways promotes proliferation and colony formation by fetal mouse pancreatic cells. Exp Cell Res 2005; 308:114-22. [PMID: 15913604 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2004] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), members of the transforming growth factor superfamily, together with the basement membrane glycoprotein laminin-1 (Ln-1), promote proliferation of fetal pancreatic cells and formation of colonies containing peripheral insulin-positive cells. Here, we further investigate the cross-talk between BMP and Ln-1 signals. By RT-PCR, receptors for BMP (BMPR) (excepting BMPR-1B) and Ln-1 were expressed in the fetal pancreas between E13.5 and E17.5. Specific blocking antibodies to BMP-4 and -6 and selective BMP antagonists partially inhibited colony formation by fetal pancreas cells. Colony formation induced by BMP-6 and Ln-1 was completely abolished in a dose-dependent manner by blocking Ln-1 binding to its alpha(6) integrin and alpha-dystroglycan receptors or by blocking the Ln-1 signaling molecules, phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase (P13K) and MAP kinase kinase-1. These results demonstrate a convergence of BMP and Ln-1 signaling through P13K and MAP kinase pathways to induce proliferation and colony formation in E15.5 fetal mouse pancreatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Xu Jiang
- Autoimmunity and Transplantation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville 3050, Australia.
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11
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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate a wide range of cellular functions that contribute to embryonic development from mesoderm formation to organogenesis. BMP type II receptor (BMPR-II) transduces BMP signals by forming heteromeric complexes with and phosphorylating BMP type I receptors. Heterozygous germline mutations of BMPR-II gene have been identified in patients with familial and sporadic primary pulmonary hypertension, indicating that BMPR-II may contribute to the maintenance of normal pulmonary vascular structure and function. Since embryos homozygous for a null BMPR-II allele died during gastrulation, precluding further studies of BMPR-II function in organ formation and in adult tissues, we generated mice carrying a conditional mutant BMPR-II allele in which exons 4 and 5 were flanked by loxP sequences. We anticipate that studies of mice carrying a floxed BMPR-II allele and a Cre transgene (under the control of a tissue-specific promoter) will enable characterization of the role of BMPR-II in specific cell types during development and in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Beppu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Cogan JD, Vnencak-Jones CL, Phillips JA, Lane KB, Wheeler LA, Robbins IM, Garrison G, Hedges LK, Loyd JE. Gross BMPR2 gene rearrangements constitute a new cause for primary pulmonary hypertension. Genet Med 2005; 7:169-74. [PMID: 15775752 DOI: 10.1097/01.gim.0000156525.09595.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Approximately 50% of patients with familial primary pulmonary hypertension (FPPH) have been reported to have mutations within the bone morphogenic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) gene. The vast majority of these mutations were identified by PCR amplification and sequencing of individual exons. The aim of our study was to determine if additional BMPR2 mutations not found by exon sequencing alone could account for a significant portion of these negative cases. METHODS We examined DNA samples from 12 families, previously found to be negative for BMPR2 mutations, to identify any large BMPR2 gene rearrangements. RESULTS Southern blot analysis found large gene rearrangements in four (33%) unrelated kindreds. Further analysis by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) of BMPR2 transcripts from two of these kindreds found one to be heterozygous for a exon 10 duplication and the second to be heterozygous for a deletion of exons 4 to 5. Nonhomologous recombination is believed to be the cause of these large insertions/deletions. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the inherent problems associated with exon-by-exon sequencing and the importance of other screening methods such as Southern blot and RT-PCR in the identification of BMPR2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy D Cogan
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2578, USA
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13
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Caraballo Fonseca JC, Martínez Balzano CD, Sánchez de León R. [Endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension]. Arch Bronconeumol 2005; 41:389-92. [PMID: 16029733 DOI: 10.1016/s1579-2129(06)60247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Caraballo Fonseca
- Sección de Fisiología Respiratoria, Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Medicina Luis Razetti, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas
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Yu PB, Beppu H, Kawai N, Li E, Bloch KD. Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) Type II Receptor Deletion Reveals BMP Ligand-specific Gain of Signaling in Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:24443-50. [PMID: 15883158 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502825200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ligands signal by binding the BMP type II receptor (BMPR2) or the activin type II receptors (ActRIIa and ActRIIb) in conjunction with type I receptors to activate SMADs 1, 5, and 8, as well as members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family. Loss-of-function mutations in Bmpr2 have been implicated in tumorigenesis and in the etiology of primary pulmonary hypertension. Because several different type II receptors are known to recognize BMP ligands, the specific contribution of BMPR2 to BMP signaling is not defined. Here we report that the ablation of Bmpr2 in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, using an ex vivo conditional knock-out (Cre-lox) approach, as well as small interfering RNA specific for Bmpr2, does not abolish BMP signaling. Disruption of Bmpr2 leads to diminished signaling by BMP2 and BMP4 and augmented signaling by BMP6 and BMP7. Using small interfering RNAs to inhibit the expression of other BMP receptors, we found that wild-type cells transduce BMP signals via BMPR2, whereas BMPR2-deficient cells transduce BMP signals via ActRIIa in conjunction with a set of type I receptors distinct from those utilized by BMPR2. These findings suggest that disruption of Bmpr2 leads to the net gain of signaling by some, but not all, BMP ligands via the activation of ActRIIa.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type II/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type II/physiology
- Alleles
- Animals
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Deletion
- Heterozygote
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Mutation
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Yu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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Yang X, Long L, Southwood M, Rudarakanchana N, Upton PD, Jeffery TK, Atkinson C, Chen H, Trembath RC, Morrell NW. Dysfunctional Smad Signaling Contributes to Abnormal Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation in Familial Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Circ Res 2005; 96:1053-63. [PMID: 15845886 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000166926.54293.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor gene (BMPR2) are the major genetic cause of familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (FPAH). Although smooth muscle cell proliferation contributes to the vascular remodeling observed in PAH, the role of BMPs in this process and the impact of BMPR2 mutation remains unclear. Studies involving normal human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) suggest site-specific responses to BMPs. Thus, BMP-4 inhibited proliferation of PASMCs isolated from proximal pulmonary arteries, but stimulated proliferation of PASMCs from peripheral arteries, and conferred protection from apoptosis. These differences were not caused by differential activation of BMP signaling pathways because exogenous BMP-4 led to phosphorylation of Smad1, p38(MAPK), and ERK1/2 in both cell types. However, the proproliferative effect of BMP-4 on peripheral PASMCs was found to be p38MAPK/ERK-dependent. Conversely, overexpression of dominant-negative Smad1 converted the response to BMP-4 in proximal PASMCs from inhibitory to proliferative. Furthermore, we confirmed that proximal PASMCs harboring kinase domain mutations in BMPR2 are deficient in Smad signaling and are unresponsive to the growth suppressive effect of BMP-4. Moreover, we show that the pulmonary vasculature of patients with familial and idiopathic PAH are deficient in the activated form of Smad1. We conclude that defective Smad signaling and unopposed p38(MAPK)/ERK signaling, as a consequence of mutation in BMPR2, underlie the abnormal vascular cell proliferation observed in familial PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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17
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Abstract
Methods for determining protein–protein interactions in mammalian cells typically rely on single reporter functions and are susceptible to variations between samples particularly in regard to levels of transcription, processing and translation. A method has been developed for determining protein–protein interactions in mammalian cells, which bypasses these variables confounding single reporter assays. The approach utilizes two units of gene expression linked to reporter functions that are interposed by a deactivation–activation unit in such a way that the downstream expression unit is switched off. Hence upstream expression occurs regardless of protein–protein interaction, leading to the production of the upstream reporter. In the event of protein–protein interactions, the downstream expression unit is switched on leading to dual reporter read outs. Thus, the ratio of the two reporter activities provides a measure to determine the efficiency of protein–protein interactions. To access the system we screened a mutant of BMPR2 where the interaction between BMPR-II and LIMK is abrogated. BMPR-II is a type II receptor of the TGFβ superfamily and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of familial pulmonary arterial hypertension. This system has potential for high-throughput screening of libraries (peptide, chemical, cDNA, etc.) to isolate agents that are capable of interfering with highly selective protein–protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Nasim
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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Schreuder H, Liesum A, Pohl J, Kruse M, Koyama M. Crystal structure of recombinant human growth and differentiation factor 5: Evidence for interaction of the type I and type II receptor-binding sites. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329:1076-86. [PMID: 15752764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of human growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5) was solved at 2.4A resolution. The structure is very similar to the structure of bone morphogenetic factor 7 (BMP7) and consists of two banana-shaped monomers, linked via a disulfide bridge. The crystal packing of GDF5 is the same as the crystal packing of BMP7. This is highly unusual since only 25-30% of the crystal contacts involve identical residues. Analysis of the crystal packing revealed that residues of the type I receptor epitope are binding to residues of the type II receptor-binding epitope. The fact that for both BMP family members the type I and type II receptor-binding sites interact suggests that the complementary sites on the receptors may interact as well, suggesting a way how preformed receptor heterodimers may form, similar to the preformed receptors observed for the erythropoietin receptor and the BMP2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Schreuder
- sanofi-aventis, Industriepark Hoechst, Building G 865, A-65926 Frankfurt, Germany.
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19
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Machado RD, James V, Southwood M, Harrison RE, Atkinson C, Stewart S, Morrell NW, Trembath RC, Aldred MA. Investigation of Second Genetic Hits at the
BMPR2
Locus as a Modulator of Disease Progression in Familial Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Circulation 2005; 111:607-13. [PMID: 15699281 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000154543.07679.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a potentially devastating condition resulting from occlusion of the pulmonary arterioles by the formation of vascular lesions. Heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2) have been identified in both familial (FPAH) and idiopathic PAH. Mutant alleles are typically of low penetrance, indicating that other factors are required for the onset of PAH. Previous reports have suggested that the characteristic plexiform lesions in affected lungs are akin to neoplasia, showing monoclonal expansion and microsatellite instability. We hypothesized that in patients with germline mutations, BMPR2 might behave as a classic tumor suppressor gene, with somatic loss of the wild-type allele contributing to disease progression. METHODS AND RESULTS To test this hypothesis, plexiform and concentric vascular lesions were serially microdissected from lung explant tissue derived from 7 FPAH cases. DNA was analyzed for loss of heterozygosity at BMPR2 and for microsatellite instability (MSI) at 5 loci. MSI was detected in 1 of 37 lesions at a single locus, BAT-26, whereas heterozygosity at BMPR2 was retained at all informative loci. We also describe a FPAH patient carrying biallelic constitutional missense mutations of BMPR2 who manifested disease at a stage and manner similar to heterozygous patients. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data demonstrate that MSI is uncommon in FPAH and suggest that somatic loss of the remaining wild-type BMPR2 allele in heterozygous mutation carriers likely does not play a significant role in modulating the onset or progression of FPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv D Machado
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Li J, Yoon ST, Hutton WC. Effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) on matrix production, other BMPs, and BMP receptors in rat intervertebral disc cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 17:423-8. [PMID: 15385883 DOI: 10.1097/01.bsd.0000112084.85112.5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An in vitro experiment study using rat disc cells was carried out to determine the effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) on extracellular matrix production, other BMPs, and BMP receptors (BMPRs). METHODS Cells from the anulus fibrosus and transition zone were harvested and cultured. When the cells reached 80% confluence, BMP-2 was added to reach a final concentration of 200 ng/mL. Three days later, the culture media were collected for the assay of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) and collagen types I and II. The cells were harvested for RNA extraction to determine the genes expressed. All experiments were performed at least three times to ensure repeatability. RESULTS BMP-2 significantly increased aggrecan and collagen type II mRNA expression 8.30 and 4.61 times, respectively, and decreased versican mRNA expression 0.54 times as compared with control. Collagen type I production and mRNA level were not changed. BMP-2 significantly increased transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) and BMP-7 mRNA expression 2.32 and 2.45 times, respectively, compared with control. There was no significant change in BMP-6 mRNA expression. BMPR type IB and II mRNA expressions were increased and BMPR type 1A mRNA expression was decreased, but none of these differences was significant. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that in rat intervertebral disc cells, BMP-2 increases aggrecan and collagen type II mRNA expression and decreases versican gene expression. BMP-2 also up-regulates mRNA expression for BMP-7 and TGFbeta but has no significant effect on the BMPRs.
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MESH Headings
- Aggrecans
- Animals
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 7
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/drug effects
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/metabolism
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/pharmacology
- Cartilage/cytology
- Cartilage/drug effects
- Cartilage/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen Type I/genetics
- Collagen Type II/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix/drug effects
- Extracellular Matrix/metabolism
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/physiology
- Glycosaminoglycans/genetics
- Intervertebral Disc/cytology
- Intervertebral Disc/drug effects
- Intervertebral Disc/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Proteoglycans/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Growth Factor/drug effects
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
- Regeneration/drug effects
- Regeneration/physiology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Emory University, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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21
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Fatehi AN, van den Hurk R, Colenbrander B, Daemen AJJM, van Tol HTA, Monteiro RM, Roelen BAJ, Bevers MM. Expression of bone morphogenetic protein2 (BMP2), BMP4 and BMP receptors in the bovine ovary but absence of effects of BMP2 and BMP4 during IVM on bovine oocyte nuclear maturation and subsequent embryo development. Theriogenology 2005; 63:872-89. [PMID: 15629804 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2004.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2004] [Revised: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been implicated in the regulation of ovarian follicular development and are promising candidates to apply in IVM and IVF protocols. We investigated the expression of BMP2, BMP4 and BMP receptors in bovine ovaries and the effects of BMP2 and BMP4 during oocyte maturation on bovine IVM. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction studies with antral follicles showed the expression of BMPR-IA, BMPR-IB, ActR-IA, ActR-IIB, BMPR-II and BMP4 mRNA in all follicular compartments, while BMP2 mRNA was generally restricted to theca and cumulus tissue. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the presence of BMPR-II in oocytes and granulosa cells of preantral follicles but only in oocytes of antral follicles. The immunostaining of BMP2 and BMP4 was limited to theca interna and approximately 25% of oocytes of antral follicles. Exogenously added BMP2 or BMP4 to IVM medium did not affect oocyte nuclear maturation, cumulus cell expansion, nor blastocyst formation following IVF. It is concluded that a BMP-signaling system, consisting of BMP2, BMP4, type II and I receptors, is present in bovine antral follicles and that this system plays a role in development and functioning of these follicles rather than in final oocyte maturation and cumulus expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Fatehi
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yalelaan 7, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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22
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Harrison RE, Berger R, Haworth SG, Tulloh R, Mache CJ, Morrell NW, Aldred MA, Trembath RC. Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor Mutations and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Childhood. Circulation 2005; 111:435-41. [PMID: 15687131 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000153798.78540.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a potentially fatal vasculopathy that can develop at any age. Adult-onset disease has previously been associated with mutations in
BMPR2
and
ALK-1
. Presentation in early life may be associated with congenital heart disease but frequently is idiopathic.
Methods and Results—
We performed mutation analysis in genes encoding receptor members of the transforming growth factor-β cell-signaling pathway in 18 children (age at presentation <6 years) with PAH. Sixteen children were initially diagnosed with idiopathic PAH and 2 with PAH in association with congenital heart defects. Germ-line mutations were observed in 4 patients (22%) (age at disease onset, 1 month to 6 years), all of whom presented with idiopathic PAH. The
BMPR2
mutations (n=2, 11%) included a partial gene deletion and a nonsense mutation, both arising de novo in the proband. Importantly, a missense mutation of
ALK-1
and a branch-site mutation of
endoglin
were also detected. Presenting clinical features or progression of pulmonary hypertension did not distinguish between patients with mutations in the different genes or between those without mutations.
Conclusions—
The cause of PAH presenting in childhood is heterogeneous in nature, with genetic defects of transforming growth factor-β receptors playing a critical role.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/physiology
- Activin Receptors, Type II
- Amino Acid Motifs/genetics
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Antigens, CD
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Codon, Nonsense
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Endoglin
- Exons/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genotype
- Germ-Line Mutation
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Mutation, Missense
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- RNA Splicing
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Sequence Deletion
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/complications
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Harrison
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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23
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Abstract
Caveolae are small invaginations of the cell membrane that are thought to play a role in important physiological functions such as cell surface signaling, endocytosis and intracellular cholesterol transport. Caveolin-1 is a key protein in these domains and contributes to the organization of cholesterol and saturated lipids within these vesicular invaginations of the plasma membrane. Caveolae are thought to be involved in the signaling of tyrosine kinase receptors and serine threonine receptors. In this article we focus on the involvement of caveolae in the signal transduction of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). BMPs play important roles during embryonic development and especially in chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, neurogenesis and hematopoiesis. The initiation of the signal tranduction starts by the binding of a BMP to a corresponding set of BMP receptors. Using image cross-correlation spectroscopy, we show that the BMP receptors BRIa and BRII colocalize with caveolin-1 isoforms alpha and beta on the cell surface. BRIa colocalizes predominantly with the caveolin-1 alpha isoform. Coexpression of BRII leads to a redistribution of BRIa into domains enriched in caveolin-1 beta. After stimulation with BMP-2, BRIa moves back into the region with caveolin-1 alpha. BRII is expressed in regions enriched in caveolin-1 alpha and beta. Stimulation of cells with BMP-2 leads to a redistribution of BRII into domains enriched in caveolin-1 alpha. Immunoprecipitation studies using transfected COS-7 cells indicate that BRII binds to caveolin-1 alpha and beta. The binding of BRII to caveolin-1 was verified using A431 cells. Stimulation of starved A431 cells with BMP-2 lead to a release of caveolin-1 from the BMP receptors. We show further that the caveolin-1 beta isoform inhibits BMP signaling whereas the alpha isoform does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Nohe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, Chemistry Building, London, N6A 5B7, Canada
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24
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Roberts KE, McElroy JJ, Wong WPK, Yen E, Widlitz A, Barst RJ, Knowles JA, Morse JH. BMPR2 mutations in pulmonary arterial hypertension with congenital heart disease. Eur Respir J 2004; 24:371-4. [PMID: 15358693 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.04.00018604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine if patients with both pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), due to pulmonary vascular obstructive disease, and congenital heart defects (CHD), have mutations in the gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR)-2. The BMPR2 gene was screened in two cohorts: 40 adults and 66 children with PAH/CHD. CHDs were patent ductus arteriosus, atrial and ventricular septal defects, partial anomalous pulmonary venous return, transposition of the great arteries, atrioventicular canal, and rare lesions with systemic-to-pulmonary shunts. Six novel missense BMPR2 mutations were found in three out of four adults with complete type C atrioventricular canals and in three children. One child had an atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus; one had an atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return; and one had an aortopulmonary window and a ventricular septal defect. Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 mutations were found in 6% of a mixed cohort of adults and children with pulmonary arterial hypertension/congenital heart defects. The current findings compliment recent reports in mouse models implicating members of the bone morphogenetic protein/transforming growth factor-beta pathway inducing cardiac anomalies analogous to human atrioventricular canals, septal defects and conotruncal congenital heart defects. The small number of patients studied and the ascertainment bias inherent in selecting for pulmonary arterial hypertension require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Roberts
- Dept of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Howe JR, Sayed MG, Ahmed AF, Ringold J, Larsen-Haidle J, Merg A, Mitros FA, Vaccaro CA, Petersen GM, Giardiello FM, Tinley ST, Aaltonen LA, Lynch HT. The prevalence of MADH4 and BMPR1A mutations in juvenile polyposis and absence of BMPR2, BMPR1B, and ACVR1 mutations. J Med Genet 2004; 41:484-91. [PMID: 15235019 PMCID: PMC1735829 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2004.018598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juvenile polyposis (JP) is an autosomal dominant syndrome predisposing to colorectal and gastric cancer. We have identified mutations in two genes causing JP, MADH4 and bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1A (BMPR1A): both are involved in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) mediated signalling and are members of the TGF-beta superfamily. This study determined the prevalence of mutations in MADH4 and BMPR1A, as well as three other BMP/activin pathway candidate genes in a large number of JP patients. METHODS DNA was extracted from the blood of JP patients and used for PCR amplification of each exon of these five genes, using primers flanking each intron-exon boundary. Mutations were determined by comparison to wild type sequences using sequence analysis software. A total of 77 JP cases were sequenced for mutations in the MADH4, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2, and/or ACVR1 (activin A receptor) genes. The latter three genes were analysed when MADH4 and BMPR1A sequencing found no mutations. RESULTS Germline MADH4 mutations were found in 14 cases (18.2%) and BMPR1A mutations in 16 cases (20.8%). No mutations were found in BMPR1B, BMPR2, or ACVR1 in 32 MADH4 and BMPR1A mutation negative cases. DISCUSSION In the largest series of JP patients reported to date, the prevalence of germline MADH4 and BMPR1A mutations is approximately 20% for each gene. Since mutations were not found in more than half the JP patients, either additional genes predisposing to JP remain to be discovered, or alternate means of inactivation of the two known genes are responsible for these JP cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Howe
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-1086, USA.
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26
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Newman JH, Fanburg BL, Archer SL, Badesch DB, Barst RJ, Garcia JGN, Kao PN, Knowles JA, Loyd JE, McGoon MD, Morse JH, Nichols WC, Rabinovitch M, Rodman DM, Stevens T, Tuder RM, Voelkel NF, Gail DB. Pulmonary arterial hypertension: future directions: report of a National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute/Office of Rare Diseases workshop. Circulation 2004; 109:2947-52. [PMID: 15210611 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000132476.87231.6f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John H Newman
- Departments of Medicine, Nashville VA Medical Center (GRECC), and Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn, USA
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27
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Kim IY, Lee DH, Lee DK, Kim WJ, Kim MM, Morton RA, Lerner SP, Kim SJ. Restoration of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II expression leads to a decreased rate of tumor growth in bladder transitional cell carcinoma cell line TSU-Pr1. Cancer Res 2004; 64:7355-60. [PMID: 15492256 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), potential regulators of cellular growth and metastasis that signal through an interaction with plasma membrane receptors, have been suggested to be important regulators of malignant cells. The present study was carried out to evaluate the potential role of BMP receptor (BMP-R) types IA, IB, and II in bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) cells. Initially, we investigated the expression of these BMP-Rs in 30 archival tissues of human bladder TCC using immunohistochemistry; 10 benign bladder specimens were used for comparison. The results demonstrated that the expression of BMP-Rs is localized preferentially to the transitional epithelium and that there was a significant association between loss of BMP-RII expression and tumor grade. To find a cell line that can serve as a model system for clinical observation, we subsequently examined sensitivity to BMP-4 and expression of BMP-RII, BMP-RIA, and BMP-RIB in three human bladder cancer cell lines, TCC-Sup, RT4, and TSU-Pr1. Of the three cell lines, TSU-Pr1 exhibited a decreased level of BMP-RII expression and was resistant to the growth-inhibitory effect of BMP-4. Overexpression of BMP-RII in TSU-Pr1 cells not only restored BMP-4 responsiveness but also significantly decreased tumorigenicity in vivo. Taken together, these results demonstrate that human bladder TCC tissues have a frequent loss of BMP-RII expression and that overexpression of BMP-RII leads to restoration of BMP signaling and decreased tumor growth in the human bladder TCC cell line TSU-Pr1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Yi Kim
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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28
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Beppu H, Ichinose F, Kawai N, Jones RC, Yu PB, Zapol WM, Miyazono K, Li E, Bloch KD. BMPR-IIheterozygous mice have mild pulmonary hypertension and an impaired pulmonary vascular remodeling response to prolonged hypoxia. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287:L1241-7. [PMID: 15286002 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00239.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations of the bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor ( BMPR-II) gene have been identified in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. The mechanisms by which these mutations contribute to the pathogenesis of primary pulmonary hypertension are not fully elucidated. To assess the impact of a heterozygous mutation of the BMPR-II gene on the pulmonary vasculature, we studied mice carrying a mutant BMPR-II allele lacking exons 4 and 5 ( BMPR-II+/−mice). BMPR-II+/−mice had increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance compared with their wild-type littermates. Histological analyses revealed that the wall thickness of muscularized pulmonary arteries (<100 μm in diameter) and the number of alveolar-capillary units were greater in BMPR-II+/−than in wild-type mice. Breathing 11% oxygen for 3 wk increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and hemoglobin concentration to similar levels in BMPR-II+/−and wild-type mice, but the degree of muscularization of small pulmonary arteries and formation of alveolar-capillary units were reduced in BMPR-II+/−mice. Our results suggest that, in mice, mutation of one copy of the BMPR-II gene causes pulmonary hypertension but impairs the ability of the pulmonary vasculature to remodel in response to prolonged hypoxic breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Beppu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. )
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29
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Hassel S, Eichner A, Yakymovych M, Hellman U, Knaus P, Souchelnytskyi S. Proteins associated with type II bone morphogenetic protein receptor (BMPR-II) and identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2004; 4:1346-58. [PMID: 15188402 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200300770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) are polypeptide growth factors that regulate cell differentiation and proliferation. BMPs bind to type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors to initiate intracellular signalling. BMPR-II is the type II receptor, its mutations lead to hereditary pulmonary hypertension, and knockout of Bmpr-II results in early embryonic lethality. To identify novel interacting proteins and explore signalling pathways that can be initiated by BMPR-II, we performed glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays with BMPR-II protein constructs fused to GST and extracts of mouse myoblast C2C12 cells. We generated three constructs which contain different parts of the cytoplasmic region of BMPR-II: full-length cytoplasmic part of BMPR-II, only the kinase domain, or only the C-terminal tail of BMPR-II. Proteins which formed complexes with these BMPR-II constructs were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-D GE), and specifically interacting proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). We identified 33 interacting proteins; 11 proteins interacted with the C-terminal tail of BMPR-II, 4 with full-length BMPR-II, and 18 with a short form of the receptor with a deleted tail. Fourteen proteins have assigned functions in various signalling processes, suggesting links of BMP signalling to regulation of MAP kinase pathway, apoptosis, transcription, PKCss, and PKA. Five of the identified proteins are components of the cytoskeleton, and four are enzymes involved in metabolism, e.g., processing of estrogens or lipids. We confirmed interaction of PKC beta and CtBP with BMPR-II using immunodetection. We showed that the C-terminal tail of BMPR-II provides binding sites for a number of regulatory proteins that may initiate Smad-independent signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylke Hassel
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala, Sweden
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30
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Lee-Hoeflich ST, Causing CG, Podkowa M, Zhao X, Wrana JL, Attisano L. Activation of LIMK1 by binding to the BMP receptor, BMPRII, regulates BMP-dependent dendritogenesis. EMBO J 2004; 23:4792-801. [PMID: 15538389 PMCID: PMC535083 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 08/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and morphological differentiation of dendrites are critical events in the establishment of proper neuronal connectivity and neural function. One extrinsic factor, BMP7, has been shown to specifically affect dendritic morphogenesis; however, the underlying mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. Here we show that LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1), a key downstream effector of Rho GTPases, colocalizes with the BMP receptor, BMPRII, in the tips of neurites and binds to BMPRII. This interaction is required for BMP-dependent induction of the dendritic arbor in cortical neurons. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the physical interaction of LIMK1 with BMPRII synergizes with the Rho GTPase, Cdc42, to activate LIMK1 catalytic activity. These studies thus define a Smad-independent pathway that directly links the BMP receptor to regulation of actin dynamics and provides insights into how extracellular signals modulate LIMK1 activity to permit fine spatial control over cytoskeletal remodelling during dendritogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carrie G Causing
- Program in Molecular Biology and Cancer, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Monika Podkowa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Wrana
- Program in Molecular Biology and Cancer, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics and Microbiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liliana Attisano
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, Room 6336, 1 King's College Circle, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 1A8. Tel.: +1 416 946 3129; Fax: +1 416 978 8548; E-mail:
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31
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Pera MF, Andrade J, Houssami S, Reubinoff B, Trounson A, Stanley EG, Ward-van Oostwaard D, Mummery C. Regulation of human embryonic stem cell differentiation by BMP-2 and its antagonist noggin. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:1269-80. [PMID: 14996946 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells differentiate spontaneously in vitro into a range of cell types, and they frequently give rise to cells with the properties of extra-embryonic endoderm. We show here that endogenous signaling by bone morphogenetic protein-2 controls the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into this lineage. Treatment of embryonic stem cell cultures with the bone morphogenetic protein antagonist noggin blocks this form of differentiation and induces the appearance of a novel cell type that can give rise to neural precursors. These findings indicate that bone morphogenetic protein-2 controls a key early commitment step in human embryonic stem cell differentiation, and show that the conservation of developmental mechanisms at the cellular level can be exploited in this system--in this case, to provide a facile route for the generation of neural precursors from pluripotent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Pera
- Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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32
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Sztrymf B, Francoual J, Sitbon O, Labrune P, Jambou M, Poüs C, Simonneau G, Humbert M. Caractéristiques cliniques, hémodynamiques et génétiques de l’hypertension artérielle pulmonaire familiale. Rev Mal Respir 2004; 21:909-15. [PMID: 15622337 DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8425(04)71472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is defined by a raised pressure in the pulmonary arterial circulation associated with small vessel narrowing due to proliferation of the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle. Idiopathic PAH should be distinguished from PAH associated with a causal disease. One familial type (familial PAH), gathered from one family, has recently been linked to a mutation of the BMPR 2 (bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2) gene. It seems important to compare the idiopathic form of PAH with these familial forms to confirm that the same diagnostic and therapeutic principles can be applied to familial PAH. MATERIAL AND METHODS The demographic, clinical, haemodynamic and prognostic data from 34 cases of familial PAH were compared with those of 451 cases of idiopathic PAH. The genetic characteristics of the familial forms were also defined. RESULTS Familial PAH presented at a younger age than idiopathic PH (31 +/- 15 vs. 45 +/- 18 years p=0.002) without any other demographic difference (sex-ratio 2.09/1 et 1.42/1 p=NS). There was no difference in exercises tolerance (6 minute walking test 341 +/- 98 and 289 +/- 135 metres p=NS), in haemodynamic parameters (mean PAP 65 +/- 12 and 62 +/- 15 mmHg, p=NS), or in prognosis, with the exception of an absence of a vasodilator response in the familial group to nitric oxide challenge. We found the BMPR 2 gene mutation to be quantitatively and qualitatively comparable to previously published data. CONCLUSION The only difference between these two forms of this illness were of a younger age at presentation and an absent vasodilator response in the familial PAH group. We do not propose that familial PAH should be treated any differently from the idiopathic form. Genetic counselling will need to be developed in line with the progress being made in the understanding of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sztrymf
- Service de pneumologie et réanimation respiratoire, UPRES EA 2705, Centre des maladies vasculaires pulmonaires, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Sud, Paris, France
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33
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To define the phenotype of congenital alveolar capillary dysplasia (ACD) as a first step toward mapping the responsible gene(s). STUDY DESIGN Analysis of pathology reports and microscopic slides of 23 subjects with ACD and sequence analysis of two candidate genes. RESULTS Our review of the pre- and postmortem records delineates both the natural history of this condition and the associated anomalies. Our collection of families corroborates the likely autosomal recessive nature of this condition in some families and provides additional data for genetic and prenatal counseling. Anomalies of many organ systems were detected either in the prenatal period or during the hospital course. However, some major anomalies were not detected until postmortem examination. Left-right asymmetry and gastrointestinal malrotation emerge as important, previously recognized but underappreciated phenotypic features of ACD. Finally, we used sequence analysis to exclude mutations in the coding region of two candidate genes, bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPR2) and endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAP II), as candidates for ACD. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the clinical spectrum of ACD and the cloning of an "ACD gene" both have implications for counseling, for prenatal testing, and for understanding the molecular pathophysiology of ACD and other organ malformations that are associated with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Sen
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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34
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Jeffery TK, Upton PD, Trembath RC, Morrell NW. BMP4 inhibits proliferation and promotes myocyte differentiation of lung fibroblasts via Smad1 and JNK pathways. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 288:L370-8. [PMID: 15516492 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00242.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast proliferation, differentiation, and migration contribute to the characteristic pulmonary vascular remodeling seen in primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). The identification of mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPRII) in PPH have led us to question what role BMPRII and its ligands play in pulmonary vascular remodeling. Thus, to further understand the functional significance of BMPRII in the pulmonary vasculature, we examined the expression of TGF-beta superfamily receptors in human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL) and investigated the role of BMP4 on cell cycle regulation, fibroblast proliferation, and differentiation. Furthermore, signaling pathways involved in these processes were examined. HFL expressed BMPRI and BMPRII mRNA and demonstrated specific I(125)-BMP4 binding sites. BMP4 inhibited [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and proliferation of HFL; protein expression was increased for the cell cycle inhibitor p21 and reduced for the positive regulators cyclin D and cdk2 by BMP4. BMP4 induced differentiation of HFL into a smooth muscle cell phenotype since protein expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and smooth muscle myosin was increased. Furthermore, p38(MAPK), ERK1/2, JNK, and Smad1 were phosphorylated by BMP4. Using specific MAPK inhibitors, a dominant negative Smad1 construct, and Smad1 siRNA, we found that the antiproliferative and prodifferentiation effects of BMP4 were Smad1 dependent with JNK also contributing to differentiation. Because failure of Smad phosphorylation is a major feature of BMPRII mutations, these results imply that BMPRII mutations may promote the expansion of fibroblasts resistant to the antiproliferative, prodifferentiation effects of BMPs and suggest a mechanism for the vascular obliteration seen in familial PPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina K Jeffery
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
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Satoh T, Kimura K, Okano Y, Hirakata M, Kawakami Y, Kuwana M. Lack of circulating autoantibodies to bone morphogenetic protein receptor-II or activin receptor-like kinase 1 in mixed connective tissue disease patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 44:192-6. [PMID: 15509626 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keh449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine whether autoantibodies against bone morphogenetic protein receptor-II (BMPR-II) or activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK-1) are associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). METHODS We studied sera from 37 MCTD patients with or without PAH, six patients with idiopathic PAH, and 30 healthy controls. Circulating anti-BMPR-II and anti-ALK-1 antibodies were detected using immunoprecipitation of recombinant antigens generated by in vitro transcription/translation and indirect immunofluorescence of cultured cells that were induced to express these antigens by gene transfer. Anti-BMPR-II antibodies were further examined by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting using a recombinant fragment of the extracellular domain of BMPR-II. RESULTS Serum anti-BMPR-II and anti-ALK-1 autoantibodies were not detected in MCTD patients irrespective of the presence or absence of PAH, or in patients with idiopathic PAH. CONCLUSIONS Our finding does not support the hypothesis that autoantibody-mediated dysregulation of signals through BMPR-II or ALK-1 contributes to the development of PAH in patients with connective tissue diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Satoh
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Rondelet B, Kerbaul F, Van Beneden R, Motte S, Fesler P, Hubloue I, Remmelink M, Brimioulle S, Salmon I, Ketelslegers JM, Naeije R. Signaling Molecules in Overcirculation-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets. Circulation 2004; 110:2220-5. [PMID: 15466636 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000143836.40431.f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
The phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor sildenafil has been reported to improve pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but the mechanisms that account for this effect are incompletely understood. Severe pulmonary hypertension has been characterized by defects in a signaling pathway involving angiopoietin-1 and the bone morphogenetic receptor-2 (BMPR-2). We investigated the effects of sildenafil on hemodynamics and signaling molecules in a piglet overcirculation-induced model of early PAH.
Methods and Results—
Thirty 3-week-old piglets were randomized to placebo or sildenafil therapy 0.75 mg/kg TID after anastomosis of the left subclavian artery to the pulmonary arterial trunk or after a sham operation. Three months later, the animals underwent a hemodynamic evaluation followed by pulmonary tissue sampling for morphometry, immunohistochemistry or radioimmunoassay, and real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction. Chronic systemic-to-pulmonary shunting increased pulmonary mRNA for angiopoietin-1, endothelin-1 (ET-1), angiotensin II, inducible nitric oxide synthase, vascular endothelial growth factor, and PDE-5. Pulmonary messenger RNA for BMPR-1A and BMPR-2 decreased. Pulmonary angiotensin II, ET-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor proteins increased. Pulmonary artery pressure increased from 20±2 to 33±1 mm Hg, and arteriolar medial thickness increased by 91%. The expressions of angiopoietin-1, ET-1, and angiotensin II were tightly correlated to pulmonary hypertension. Sildenafil prevented the increase in pulmonary artery pressure, limited the increase in medial thickness to 41%, and corrected associated biological perturbations except for the angiopoietin-1/BMPR-2 pathway, PDE-5, and angiotensin II.
Conclusions—
Sildenafil partially prevents overcirculation-induced PAH and associated changes in signaling molecules. Angiotensin II, PDE-5, and angiopoietin-1/BMPR-2 signaling may play a dominant role in the early stages of the disease.
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MESH Headings
- 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases
- Anastomosis, Surgical/adverse effects
- Angiopoietin-1/biosynthesis
- Angiopoietin-1/genetics
- Angiopoietin-1/physiology
- Angiotensin II/biosynthesis
- Angiotensin II/genetics
- Animals
- Arterioles/ultrastructure
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Endothelin-1/biosynthesis
- Endothelin-1/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hyperplasia
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/prevention & control
- Models, Animal
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/biosynthesis
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/drug effects
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/genetics
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Piperazines/therapeutic use
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/physiology
- Pulmonary Artery/surgery
- Purines
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Random Allocation
- Receptors, Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Sildenafil Citrate
- Subclavian Artery/surgery
- Sulfones
- Sus scrofa
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/biosynthesis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Rondelet
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Free University Brussels, Belgium
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37
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Grünig E, Koehler R, Miltenberger-Miltenyi G, Zimmermann R, Gorenflo M, Mereles D, Arnold K, Naust B, Wilkens H, Benz A, von Hippel A, Ulmer HE, Kübler W, Katus HA, Bartram CR, Schranz D, Janssen B. Primary pulmonary hypertension in children may have a different genetic background than in adults. Pediatr Res 2004; 56:571-8. [PMID: 15295086 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000139481.20847.d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor II (BMPR2) gene on chromosome 2q33 can cause familial primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) and may occur in 26% adult patients with sporadic disease. Other disease-related genes have been localized to chromosomes 2q31 (PPH2) and 12q13 (ALK1). The genetic background in affected children remains unclear. Thirteen children (age at diagnosis, 6 mo to 13 y; mean, 5.6 +/- 3.9 y) with invasively confirmed PPH were screened for BMPR2 mutations using denaturing HPLC and sequence analysis. In addition, all children were scanned for BMPR2 deletions by Southern blot analysis. Pulmonary artery pressure was assessed using echocardiography at rest and during exercise in 57 family members of six infants. The six families were subjected to linkage analysis. None of the 13 children had a BMPR2 mutation or deletion. Linkage to chromosome 2 or 12 could not be confirmed in any of the families investigated. In all assessed families, both parents of the index patient and/or members of both branches revealed an abnormal pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP)-response to exercise. PPH in children may have a different genetic background than in adults. We postulate a recessive mode of inheritance in a proportion of infantile cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekkehard Grünig
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
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38
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Morisaki H, Nakanishi N, Kyotani S, Takashima A, Tomoike H, Morisaki T. BMPR2 mutations found in Japanese patients with familial and sporadic primary pulmonary hypertension. Hum Mutat 2004; 23:632. [PMID: 15146475 DOI: 10.1002/humu.9251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is a potentially lethal disorder, in which heterozygous mutations within the bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPR2) gene (BMPR2) have been identified. We conducted a molecular study of BMPR2 mutations in 4 Japanese families with familial PPH and 30 Japanese patients with sporadic PPH, and found 13 different mutations, of which 10 were novel, including missense (n=2), nonsense (n=4), frameshift (n=3), and splice-donor site (n=1) mutations. In total, BMPR2 mutations were found in all 4 familial PPH cases and 12 (40%) of the sporadic PPH cases. Further, a majority of the mutations found were predicted to cause premature termination, as previously reported. In the 9 mutations found in the sporadic cases, 2 were shown to be de novo, 2 were shared in multiple cases, 1 was shared with an FPPH case, and 1 was the same as previously reported in Caucasian FPPH. These results indicate that a substantial portion of Japanese PPH patients carry BMPR2 mutations with considerable heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Morisaki
- Department of Bioscience, Osaka University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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39
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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), inducers of ectopic bone formation in vivo, are present in a number of osteosarcomas. BMPs are responsible for reactive bone formation, including periosteal reactions by normal osteoblasts, rather than production of tumorous osteoid by tumor cells. Osteosarcomas producing BMPs contain less-differentiated mesenchymal cells, resulting in a poorer prognosis for those patients. BMPs are also expressed in malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFHs) of bone and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas exhibiting undifferentiated features. However, BMPs in MFH do not show any osteoinductive activity in vivo, suggesting that those BMPs may be inactive forms and have additional functions unrelated to bone formation. Among benign bone tumors, BMPs are expressed in osteoid osteomas or osteoblastomas and effect reactive bone formation such as a surrounding sclerosis. BMPs and a BMP receptor (BMPRIB) are also detected in the cartilage cap in osteochondroma, suggesting that BMP signaling via BMPRIB might be involved in the pathogenesis of osteochondroma. Clinically, BMPs have utility as diagnostic and prognostic markers for characterizing the stage of differentiation of mesenchymal cells and mesenchymal tumors, and they may be of value in predicting the prognosis of sarcoma patients. This article reviews the accumulated information on BMPs in bone tumors, including the most recent findings, and discusses the biological and clinical significance of BMPs in bone tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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40
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Kim IY, Lee DH, Lee DK, Ahn HJ, Kim MM, Kim SJ, Morton RA. Loss of expression of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II in human prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2004; 23:7651-9. [PMID: 15354178 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily and signal through a number of membrane receptors. We have previously demonstrated that the loss of expression of BMP receptors (BMPRs) type IA, -IB, and -II (BMP-RIA, -RIB, and -RII) correlates with Gleason score in prostate cancer patients. To evaluate the prognostic value of this observation, we used immunohistochemistry to investigate the expression of BMPRs in association with disease progression in 60 patients. The results demonstrated a significant association between the loss of expression of the three BMPRs and Gleason score and clinical stage. However, only the loss of expression of BMP-RII showed a statistically significant association with 5-year survival rate (P<0.05) and biochemical recurrence-free rate following radical prostatectomy (P<0.005). To elucidate the effect of an abnormal BMP signaling in prostate cancer cells, we transfected dominant-negative BMP-RII (BMP-RIIDN) into the human prostate cancer cell line, PC3M. When a stable clone overexpressing BMP-RIIDN was inoculated subcutaneously into nude mice, the tumor growth rate was approximately 10 times that of control and parental cell line. These observations, taken together, indicate that the loss of BMP-RII expression as measured by immunohistochemistry may be a prognostic marker in prostate cancer patients, and that the loss of BMP-RII function may result in increased tumorigenicity in human prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Yi Kim
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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41
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertertension (PHT) is a rare disease defined by increased resistance of the pulmonary arteries inevitably leading to right heart failure if specific treatment is not given. This disease can occur sporadically (idiopathic or primary PHT), within a familial context (familial PHT, BMPR2 gene mutation), or occur as a complication of other diseases (connective tissue disease, congenital cardiomyopathy, human immunodeficiency virus infection, portal hypertension, use of anorexigenic agents). The incidence of primary PHT is 2 million cases per year, probably an underestimation due to the low specificity of clinical signs, predominantly exercise-induced dyspnea. Recent therapeutic advances (prostacyclin and endothelin receptor antagonists administered in continuous infusion) have improved the prognosis of this orphan disease. Inhaled iloprost and type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors should be evaluated for this indication. Lung transplantation is reserved for patients unresponsive to medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Humbert
- Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Centre des Maladies Vasculaires Pulmonaires, UPRES EA 2705, Réseau INSERM-AFM sur l'hypertension artérielle pulmonaire, Hôpital Antoine-Béclère, Clamart.
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42
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Mandegar M, Fung YCB, Huang W, Remillard CV, Rubin LJ, Yuan JXJ. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pulmonary vascular remodeling: role in the development of pulmonary hypertension. Microvasc Res 2004; 68:75-103. [PMID: 15313118 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary artery vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling greatly contribute to a sustained elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The development of PAH involves a complex and heterogeneous constellation of multiple genetic, molecular, and humoral abnormalities, which interact in a complicated manner, presenting a final manifestation of vascular remodeling in which fibroblasts, smooth muscle and endothelial cells, and platelets all play a role. Vascular remodeling is characterized largely by medial hypertrophy due to enhanced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation or attenuated apoptosis and to endothelial cell over-proliferation, which can result in lumen obliteration. In addition to other factors, cytoplasmic Ca2+ in particular seems to play a central role as it is involved in both the generation of force through its effects on the contractile machinery, and the initiation and propagation of cell proliferation via its effects on transcription factors, mitogens, and cell cycle components. This review focuses on the role played by cellular factors, circulating factors, and genetic molecular signaling factors that promote a proliferative, antiapoptotic, and vasoconstrictive physiological milieu leading to vascular remodeling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blood Pressure
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II
- Calcium Signaling
- Capillaries/pathology
- Capillaries/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Feedback
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/classification
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Membrane Transport Proteins/physiology
- Models, Biological
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Mutation
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated/metabolism
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology
- Pulmonary Circulation
- Pulmonary Veins/pathology
- Pulmonary Veins/physiopathology
- Serotonin/physiology
- Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
- Vascular Resistance
- Vasoconstriction
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Mandegar
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
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43
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Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family is emerging as playing a crucial role in regulating normal follicle growth and determining ovulation rate. BMPs exert their effects via BMP receptors (BMPR-IA, -IB and -II). However, there is a paucity of information relating to the expression of the BMPRs within the ovary of large polyovular species such as the pig. Furthermore, there is a lack of information on the expression of BMPRs by fetal ovaries of any species. The purpose of this study was to investigate temporal and spatial expression of the BMPRs in the porcine ovary, at different developmental stages. Immunohistochemistry for BMPR-IA, BMPR-IB and BMPR-II was performed using sections from paraffin wax-embedded ovaries, obtained from fetal (n = 15), prepubertal (n = 3) and cycling postpubertal (n = 4) pigs. Results confirmed the presence of all three receptors in the fetal egg nests and in the granulosa cell layer of follicles ranging from primordial to late antral stages. Immunostaining was also observed in oocytes, theca layer, corpus luteum and ovarian surface epithelium. The expression of BMPRs by fetal ovaries may be related to follicle formation, whereas expression in pre- and post-pubertal animals indicates BMPs are involved in regulating porcine ovarian follicle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L Quinn
- Division of Animal Physiology, University of Nottingham, UK.
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44
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Chalazonitis A, D'Autréaux F, Guha U, Pham TD, Faure C, Chen JJ, Roman D, Kan L, Rothman TP, Kessler JA, Gershon MD. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 and -4 limit the number of enteric neurons but promote development of a TrkC-expressing neurotrophin-3-dependent subset. J Neurosci 2004; 24:4266-82. [PMID: 15115823 PMCID: PMC6729284 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3688-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins), which act early in gut morphogenesis, also regulate specification and differentiation in the developing enteric nervous system (ENS) was tested. Expression of BMP-2 and BMP-4, BMPR-IA (BMP receptor subunit), BMPR-IB, and BMPR-II, and the BMP antagonists, noggin, gremlin, chordin, and follistatin was found when neurons first appear in the primordial bowel at embryonic day 12 (E12). Agonists, receptors, and antagonists were detected in separated populations of neural crest- and noncrest-derived cells. When applied to immunopurified E12 ENS precursors, BMP-2 and BMP-4 induced nuclear translocation of phosphorylated Smad-1 (Sma and Mad-related protein). The number of neurons developing from these cells was increased by low concentrations and decreased by high concentrations of BMP-2 or BMP-4. BMPs induced the precocious appearance of TrkC-expressing neurons and their dependence on neurotrophin-3 for survival. BMP-4 interacted with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to enhance neuronal development but limited GDNF-driven expansion of the precursor pool. BMPs also promoted development of smooth muscle from mesenchymal cells immunopurified at E12. To determine the physiological significance of these observations, the BMP antagonist noggin was overexpressed in the developing ENS of transgenic mice under the control of the neuron-specific enolase promoter. Neuronal numbers in both enteric plexuses and smooth muscle were increased throughout the postnatal small intestine. These increases were already apparent by E18. In contrast, TrkC-expressing neurons decreased in both plexuses of postnatal noggin-overexpressing animals, again an effect detectable at E18. BMP-2 and/or BMP-4 thus limit the size of the ENS but promote the development of specific subsets of enteric neurons, including those that express TrkC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcmène Chalazonitis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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45
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Erickson GF, Fuqua L, Shimasaki S. Analysis of spatial and temporal expression patterns of bone morphogenetic protein family members in the rat uterus over the estrous cycle. J Endocrinol 2004; 182:203-17. [PMID: 15283681 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1820203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play fundamental roles in female fertility. This is particularly evident in terms of the ovary. One major question that is just beginning to be addressed is the role of BMPs in the non-pregnant uterus. To help fill this gap, we used in situ hybridization to investigate the expression of BMP family members in the rat uterus over the estrous cycle. We found that the endometrial/uterine cycle is accompanied by the expression of several components of the BMP pathway - including ligands, receptors and antagonists. The mRNAs encoding BMP receptors are expressed in the epithelial (BMP-RIA, -RIB and -RII), periluminal stroma (BMP-RIA and -RII) and smooth muscle cells (BMP-RIA and -RII). The expression of all three receptors showed clear cyclic variations. The mRNAs encoding BMP ligands were highly expressed in the periluminal stroma (BMP-2 and -7) and glandular epithelium (BMP-7). The expression of BMP-2, but not BMP-7, was cyclical. Notably, the periluminal stroma expressed noggin mRNA. In the blood vascular system, BMP-4, -6 and -RII mRNAs were expressed in myometrial endothelial cells. Interestingly, follistatin, noggin, and BMP-4, -6 and -7 mRNAs were expressed in eosinophilic leukocytes, suggesting unexpected roles for eosinophil-derived BMPs in uterine function. We conclude that BMP ligands, receptors and antagonists are expressed in spatially and temporally restricted patterns that are consistent with a physiological role for these regulatory molecules in promoting uterine cellular processes including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis during the cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Erickson
- University of California San Diego, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive 2058 CMME, La Jolla, California 92093-0674, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is a rare but often fatal condition characterized by pulmonary artery remodeling leading to chronic elevation of pulmonary artery pressure in the absence of causes. The pathophysiology of PPH is not completely understood, but a number of recent studies have elucidated many possible gentic, hormonal, and environmental factors. Current treatment options slow the progression of the disease but do not halt it. The study of molecular mechanisms that result from mutations in onmental and hormonal modifiers holds great promise for the development of novel therapies that may halt the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Mandegar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, LaJolla, CA 92093-0725, USA
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47
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Abstract
The Third World Symposium on Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension served not only as a forum for the presentation of state-of-the art overviews of the pathobiologic and clinical aspects of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but also afforded an opportunity to the international scientific community to explore future directions of research and collaboration. This summary provides a brief overview of future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J Rubin
- Pulmonary Vascular Center, University of California-San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1, also called BMP-7), a member of the BMP family and the TGF-beta superfamily, induces formation of new bone and cartilage, but also regulates a wide array of processes. In the present study, the expression of several characteristic biochemical markers of ligaments, such as Six1, Scleraxis, aggrecan, and type I collagen in primary cultures of adult rat medial collateral ligament (MCL) cells was determined. The effects of OP-1 on cell proliferation and on gene expression were subsequently examined. OP-1 stimulated cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, and the steady-state mRNA levels of the transcription factor Runx2/Cbfa1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The mRNA levels of type I collagen only increased slightly, but the activity of the cloned collagen promoter increased by 2-fold in transiently transfected MCL cells. OP-1 also stimulated aggrecan mRNA expression. The mRNA levels of Six1 and Scleraxis were not detectably altered by OP-1. In control cultures, the steady-state mRNA levels of ActR-I, BMPR-IA, BMPR-IB, and BMPR-II increased as a function of time in culture. The mRNA levels of BMP-1 and -4 increased significantly after 12 days, but those of BMP-2 and -6 did not change. The GDF-1, -3, -5, -6, and -8 mRNA levels in the control cultures also increased as a function of time. OP-1 treatment stimulated mRNA expression of BMPR-IA and BMPR-II, but had little effect on ActR-I and BMPR-IB mRNA expression. OP-1 lowered the BMP-1, -2, and -6 mRNA levels without changing the BMP-4 mRNA level. OP-1 treatment also reduced the mRNA levels of GDFs detected. In summary, the present study demonstrated that OP-1 stimulated cell proliferation and mRNA expression of several biochemical markers in this ligament cell culture model and established the spatial and temporal appearance of several members of the TGF-beta superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia D Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry (MC7760), The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, 78229-3900, USA
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49
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Guan F, Yang LG, Cheng RH, Cao SX. [The effect of BMP family and its receptors on animal reproduction]. Sheng Li Ke Xue Jin Zhan 2004; 35:262-4. [PMID: 15469102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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50
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Newman JH, Trembath RC, Morse JA, Grunig E, Loyd JE, Adnot S, Coccolo F, Ventura C, Phillips JA, Knowles JA, Janssen B, Eickelberg O, Eddahibi S, Herve P, Nichols WC, Elliott G. Genetic basis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43:33S-39S. [PMID: 15194176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in two receptors of the transforming growth factor-beta family have recently been shown to be present in the majority of cases of inherited (familial) pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Study of the biology of these receptors, bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-2 (BMPR2), and activin-like kinase type-1 (ALK-1) will certainly reveal pathogenic mechanisms of disease. Exonic mutations in BMPR2 are found in about 50% of patients with familial PAH, and ALK1 mutations are found in a minority of patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and co-existent PAH. Because familial PAH is highly linked to chromosome 2q33, it is likely that the remaining 50% of family cases without exonic mutations have either intronic BMPR2 abnormalities or alterations in the promoter or regulatory genes. Also, only about 10% of patients with "sporadic" idiopathic PAH have identifiable BMPR2 mutations. Mutations in BMPR2 confer a 15% to 20% chance of developing PAH in a carrier's lifetime. Thus, there must be gene-gene or gene-environment interactions that either enhance or prevent the development of the vascular disease in persons carrying a mutation, and there must be other patterns of susceptibility based on genetic makeup. To elucidate the genetic basis of PAH further, investigations are needed, including genome scanning for major and minor genes, analysis of genetic profiles of patients for candidate genes likely to modify risk for disease (e.g., serotonin transporter alleles, nitric oxide-synthases), proteomics, transgenic mice, and altered signal transduction. Advances in genetic testing, presymptomatic screening, and biomarkers should permit early detection of disease in those at risk of PAH and allow trials of preventive therapy in carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Newman
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United Kingdom.
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