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Reid MJC, Switzer WM, Schillaci MA, Ragonnet-Cronin M, Joanisse I, Caminiti K, Lowenberger CA, Galdikas BMF, Sandstrom PA, Brooks JI. Detailed phylogenetic analysis of primate T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (PTLV-1) sequences from orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) reveals new insights into the evolutionary history of PTLV-1 in Asia. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 43:434-50. [PMID: 27245152 PMCID: PMC11332081 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
While human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) originates from ancient cross-species transmission of simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1) from infected nonhuman primates, much debate exists on whether the first HTLV-1 occurred in Africa, or in Asia during early human evolution and migration. This topic is complicated by a lack of representative Asian STLV-1 to infer PTLV-1 evolutionary histories. In this study we obtained new STLV-1 LTR and tax sequences from a wild-born Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) and performed detailed phylogenetic analyses using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference of available Asian PTLV-1 and African STLV-1 sequences. Phylogenies, divergence dates and nucleotide substitution rates were co-inferred and compared using six different molecular clock calibrations in a Bayesian framework, including both archaeological and/or nucleotide substitution rate calibrations. We then combined our molecular results with paleobiogeographical and ecological data to infer the most likely evolutionary history of PTLV-1. Based on the preferred models our analyses robustly inferred an Asian source for PTLV-1 with cross-species transmission of STLV-1 likely from a macaque (Macaca sp.) to an orangutan about 37.9-48.9kya, and to humans between 20.3-25.5kya. An orangutan diversification of STLV-1 commenced approximately 6.4-7.3kya. Our analyses also inferred that HTLV-1 was first introduced into Australia ~3.1-3.7kya, corresponding to both genetic and archaeological changes occurring in Australia at that time. Finally, HTLV-1 appears in Melanesia at ~2.3-2.7kya corresponding to the migration of the Lapita peoples into the region. Our results also provide an important future reference for calibrating information essential for PTLV evolutionary timescale inference. Longer sequence data, or full genomes from a greater representation of Asian primates, including gibbons, leaf monkeys, and Sumatran orangutans are needed to fully elucidate these evolutionary dates and relationships using the model criteria suggested herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J C Reid
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada.
| | - William M Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA 30329.
| | - Michael A Schillaci
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada.
| | - Manon Ragonnet-Cronin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom.
| | - Isabelle Joanisse
- National HIV & Retrovirology Laboratories, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 745 Logan Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3L5, Canada
| | - Kyna Caminiti
- Centre for Biosecurity, Public Health Agency of Canada, 100 Colonnade Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Carl A Lowenberger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Birute Mary F Galdikas
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada; Orangutan Foundation International, 824 S. Wellesley Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90049, USA.
| | - Paul A Sandstrom
- National HIV & Retrovirology Laboratories, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - James I Brooks
- National HIV & Retrovirology Laboratories, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 745 Logan Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3L5, Canada.
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Mitchell JL, Hood S, Mee ET, Wigglesworth E, Sethi M, Auda G, Almond NM, Rose NJ. Simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type I alters the proviral load and biodistribution of simian retrovirus type 2 in co-infected macaques, supporting advancement of immunosuppressive pathology. J Gen Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.046078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The infection dynamics and pathology of a retrovirus may be altered by one or more additional viruses. To investigate this further, this study characterized proviral load, biodistribution and the immune response in Macaca fascicularis naturally infected with combinations of simian retrovirus type 2 (SRV-2) and simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (STLV-I). As the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and the spleen have been implicated previously in response to retroviral infection, the morphology and immunopathology of these tissues were assessed. The data revealed a significant change in SRV-2 biodistribution in macaques infected with STLV-I. Pathological changes were greater in the MLN and spleen of STLV-I-infected and co-infected macaques compared with the other groups. Immune-cell populations in co-infected macaque spleens were increased and there was an atypical distribution of B-cells. These findings suggest that the infection dynamics of each virus in a co-infected individual may be affected to a different extent and that STLV-I appears to be responsible for enhancing the biodistribution and associated pathological changes in SRV-2 in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L. Mitchell
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Simon Hood
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Edward T. Mee
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Erin Wigglesworth
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Meera Sethi
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Ghazi Auda
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Neil M. Almond
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Nicola J. Rose
- Divisions of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, A Centre of the Health Protection Agency, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
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Zhu L, Han JB, Zhang XH, Ma JP, Lv LB, Zhang GH, Zheng YT. [Epidemiological survey of a captive Chinese rhesus macaque breeding colony in Yunnan for SRV, STLV and BV]. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 33:49-54. [PMID: 22345008 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1141.2012.01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are critical resources for biomedical research. Rhesus macaque is a popularly used laboratory nonhuman primate that share many characteristics with humans. However, rhesus macaques are the natural host of two exogenous retroviruses, SRV (simian type D retrovirus) and STLV (simian T lymphotropic virus). SRV and STLV may introduce potentially significant confounding factors into the study of AIDS model. Moreover, B virus (ceropithecine herpesvirus 1) is likely to harm not only rhesus macaque but also humans in experiments involving rhesus macaque. Yunnan province has large-scale breeding colonies of Chinese rhesus macaque. Therefore there is an urgent need for SPF Chinese rhesus macaque colonies. Here we investigated SRV, STLV and BV infections in 411 Chinese rhesus macaque by PCR technique. The results showed that the prevalence of SRV, STLV and BV among Chinese rhesus macaque breeding colony was 19.71% (81/411), 13.38% (55/411) and 23.11% (95/411), respectively. Comparison of viruses infection in different age-groups and male/female of Chinese rhesus macaque was also analyzed. This study will contribute to establishment of SPF Chinese rhesus macaque breeding colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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The infectious diseases consequences of monkey business. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2011; 19:12-4. [PMID: 19145260 DOI: 10.1155/2008/970372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sariol CA, González-Martínez J, Arana T, Gascot S, Suárez E, Maldonado E, Gerald MS, Rodríguez M, Kraiselburd EN. Differential distribution of antibodies to different viruses in young animals in the free-ranging rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago. J Med Primatol 2007; 35:369-75. [PMID: 17214665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2006.00174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The breeding colony of free-ranging rhesus macaques was established in 1938 in Cayo Santiago (CS) with animals collected in northern India. The seroprevalence to cercopithecine herpesvirus type 1 (B virus) and simian retroviruses has been studied previously. RESULTS This is the first report on the seropositivity to different viruses using samples collected shortly after removing animals (n = 245) from CS. All samples were negative for measles, simian immunodeficiency virus and simian type D retroviruses. The overall prevalence of antibodies was around 50% for simian T-lymphotropic virus I (STLV-I). For B virus, the prevalence was 38%. CONCLUSIONS Data obtained showed marked differences in the antibody distribution to B virus and STLV-I within the free-ranging colony of rhesus macaques. Implication of these data for the Specific Pathogen Free program at the Caribbean Primate Research Center are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Sariol
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico-Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, USA.
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Jones-Engel L, Engel GA, Heidrich J, Chalise M, Poudel N, Viscidi R, Barry PA, Allan JS, Grant R, Kyes R. Temple monkeys and health implications of commensalism, Kathmandu, Nepal. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:900-6. [PMID: 16707044 PMCID: PMC3373059 DOI: 10.3201/eid1206.060030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans in contact with macaques risk exposure to enzootic primateborne viruses. The threat of zoonotic transmission of infectious agents at monkey temples highlights the necessity of investigating the prevalence of enzootic infectious agents in these primate populations. Biological samples were collected from 39 rhesus macaques at the Swoyambhu Temple and tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot, polymerase chain reaction, or combination of these tests for evidence of infection with rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV), Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1), simian virus 40 (SV40), simian retrovirus (SRV), simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and simian foamy virus (SFV). Antibody seroprevalence was 94.9% to RhCMV (37/39), 89.7% to SV40 (35/39), 64.1% to CHV-1 (25/39), and 97.4% to SFV (38/39). Humans who come into contact with macaques at Swoyambhu risk exposure to enzootic primateborne viruses. We discuss implications for public health and primate management strategies that would reduce contact between humans and primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Jones-Engel
- University of Washington--National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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Schillaci MA, Jones-Engel L, Engel GA, Paramastri Y, Iskandar E, Wilson B, Allan JS, Kyes RC, Watanabe R, Grant R. Prevalence of enzootic simian viruses among urban performance monkeys in Indonesia. Trop Med Int Health 2005; 10:1305-14. [PMID: 16359412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01524.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Animal reservoirs are the most important sources of emerging infectious diseases that threaten human populations. Global travel and tourism bring ever-increasing numbers of humans into contact with animals, increasing the likelihood of cross species transmission of infectious agents. Non-human primates come into contact with humans in a variety of contexts and may harbor infectious agents with zoonotic potential. We investigated the prevalence of infection with enzootic simian viruses among 20 urban performance monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in Jakarta, Indonesia. This report documents for the first time evidence of infection with four simian viruses in urban performance monkeys. Simian foamy virus was detected by PCR in 52.9% of the macaques. Antibodies to simian retrovirus were detected in 10.5% of the macaques. Antibodies to Cercopithecine Herpesvirus 1, were detected in 5.3% of the macaques. Similarly, antibodies to simian T-cell lymphotropic virus were detected in 5.3% of the macaques. No evidence of infection with simian immunodeficiency virus was detected in these macaques. These results suggest that urban performance monkeys are a reservoir for enzootic simian viruses known to be capable of infecting humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Schillaci
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Toronto at Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Meertens L, Gessain A. Divergent simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type 3 (STLV-3) in wild-caught Papio hamadryas papio from Senegal: widespread distribution of STLV-3 in Africa. J Virol 2003; 77:782-9. [PMID: 12477886 PMCID: PMC140582 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.1.782-789.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among eight samples obtained from a French primatology research center, six adult guinea baboons (Papio hamadryas papio), caught in the wild in Senegal, had a peculiar human T-cell leukemia virus type 2 (HTLV-2)-like Western blot seroreactivity (p24(+), GD21(+), K55(+/-)). Partial sequence analyses of the tax genes (433 bp) indicated that these baboons were infected by a novel divergent simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV). Analyses of the complete proviral sequence (8,892 bp) for one of these strains (STLV-3/PPA-F3) indicate that this STLV was highly divergent from the HTLV-1 (61.6% of nucleotide similarity), HTLV-2 (61.2%), or STLV-2 (60.6%) prototype. It was, however, much more closely related to the few other known STLV-3 strains, exhibiting 87 and 89% of nucleotide similarity with STLV-3/PHA-PH969 (formerly PTLV-L/PH969) and STLV-3/CTO-604, respectively. The STLV-3/PPA-F3 sequence possesses the major HTLV or STLV open reading frames corresponding to the structural, enzymatic, and regulatory proteins. However, its long terminal repeat comprises only two 21-bp repeats. In all phylogenetic analyses, STLV-3/PPA-F3 clustered together in a highly supported single clade with the other known strains of STLV-3, indicating an independent evolution from primate T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (PTLV-1) and PTLV-2. The finding of a new strain of STLV-3 in a West African monkey (Guinea baboon) greatly enlarges the geographical distribution and the host range of species infected by this PTLV type in the African continent. The recent discovery of several different STLV-3 strains in many different African monkey species, often in contact with humans, strongly suggests potential interspecies transmission events, as it was described for STLV-1, between nonhuman primates but also to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Meertens
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département Ecosystèmes et Epidémiologie des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Allan JS, Leland M, Broussard S, Mone J, Hubbard G. Simian T-cell lymphotropic Viruses (STLVs) and lymphomas in African nonhuman primates. Cancer Invest 2001; 19:383-95. [PMID: 11405178 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-100103133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J S Allan
- Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, Department of Virology and Immunology, 7620 NW Loop 410 at Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
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