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Genetic and Epigenetic Etiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Update. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122388. [PMID: 36553655 PMCID: PMC9778199 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease with periods of exacerbation and remission of the disease. The etiology of IBD is not fully understood. Many studies point to the presence of genetic, immunological, environmental, and microbiological factors and the interactions between them in the occurrence of IBD. The review looks at genetic factors in the context of both IBD predisposition and pharmacogenetics.
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Morozova MV, Borisova MA, Snytnikova OA, Achasova KM, Litvinova EA, Tsentalovich YP, Kozhevnikova EN. Colitis-associated intestinal microbiota regulates brain glycine and host behavior in mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16345. [PMID: 36175462 PMCID: PMC9522854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic and relapsing inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract with complex etiology and no strategies for complete cure. IBD are often complicated by mental disorders like anxiety and depression, indicating substantial shifts in the microbiota gut-brain axis. However, the mechanisms connecting IBD to mental diseases are still under debate. Here we use Muc2 knockout mouse model of chronic colitis to uncouple the effects of the intestinal microbiota on host behavior from chronic inflammation in the gut. Muc2 knockout male mice exhibit high exploratory activity, reduced anxiety-related behaviors, impaired sensorimotor gating, and altered social preference towards males and females. Microbial transfer to wild-type mice via littermate co-housing shows that colitis-associated microbiota rather than inflammation per se defines behavioral features in Muc2 colitis model. Metagenomic profiling and combination of antibiotic treatments revealed that bacterial species Akkermansia muciniphila is associated with the behavioral phenotype in mutants, and that its intestinal abundance correlates with social preference towards males. Metabolomic analysis together with pharmacological inhibition of Gly and NMDA receptors helped us to determine that brain glycine is responsible for the behavioral phenotype in Muc2 mice. Blood and brain metabolic profiles suggest that microbiota-dependent changes in choline metabolism might be involved in regulation of central glycine neurotransmission. Taken together, our data demonstrates that colitis-associated microbiota controls anxiety, sensorimotor gating and social behavior via metabolic regulation of the brain glycinergic system, providing new venues to combat neurological complications of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryana V Morozova
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (SRINM), Novosibirsk, 630117, Russian Federation
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Mariya A Borisova
- The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Olga A Snytnikova
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Kseniya M Achasova
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (SRINM), Novosibirsk, 630117, Russian Federation
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A Litvinova
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (SRINM), Novosibirsk, 630117, Russian Federation
- Center of Technological Excellence, Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | | | - Elena N Kozhevnikova
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (SRINM), Novosibirsk, 630117, Russian Federation.
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
- Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
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Madrazo-de la Garza JA. Editorial comment on the epidemiologic trend of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in Latin America: The Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (LASPGHAN) Working Group. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2021; 86:325-327. [PMID: 34389289 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Petryszyn P, Dudkowiak R, Gruca A, Jaźwińska-Tarnawska E, Ekk-Cierniakowski P, Poniewierka E, Wiela-Hojeńska A, Głowacka K. C3435T Polymorphism of the ABCB1 Gene in Polish Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Case-Control and Meta-Analysis Study. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091419. [PMID: 34573401 PMCID: PMC8465101 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein encoded by the ABCB1 gene constitutes a molecular barrier in the small and large bowel epithelium, and its different expression may influence susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to assess the contribution of the C3435T polymorphism to disease risk in the Polish population. A total of 100 patients (50 Crohn's disease (CD), 50 ulcerative colitis (UC)) and 100 healthy controls were genotyped for the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) C3435T by using the PCR-RFLP method. Patients were classified on the basis of disease phenotype and the specific treatment used. A meta-analysis was carried out of our results and those from previously published Polish studies. There was no significant difference in allele and genotype frequencies in IBD patients compared with controls. For CD patients, a lower frequency of TT genotype in those with colonic disease, a lower frequency of T allele, and a higher frequency of C allele in those with luminal disease were observed, whereas for UC patients, a lower frequency of CT genotype was observed in those with left-sided colitis. A meta-analysis showed a tendency towards higher prevalence of CC genotype in UC cases. These results indicate that the C3435T variants may confer a risk for UC and influence disease behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Petryszyn
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-571 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.G.); (E.J.-T.); (A.W.-H.); (K.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-717840601
| | - Robert Dudkowiak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-571 Wroclaw, Poland; (R.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Gruca
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-571 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.G.); (E.J.-T.); (A.W.-H.); (K.G.)
| | - Ewa Jaźwińska-Tarnawska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-571 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.G.); (E.J.-T.); (A.W.-H.); (K.G.)
| | | | - Elżbieta Poniewierka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-571 Wroclaw, Poland; (R.D.); (E.P.)
| | - Anna Wiela-Hojeńska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-571 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.G.); (E.J.-T.); (A.W.-H.); (K.G.)
| | - Krystyna Głowacka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-571 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.G.); (E.J.-T.); (A.W.-H.); (K.G.)
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Madrazo-de la Garza JA. Editorial comment on the epidemiologic trend of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease in Latin America: The Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (LASPGHAN) Working Group. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA DE MEXICO (ENGLISH) 2021; 86:S0375-0906(21)00059-8. [PMID: 34147310 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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A meta-analysis of the relationship between MYO9B gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:990-996. [PMID: 27435931 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) have a complex etiology involving multiple genetic and environmental factors. Multiple UC and CD susceptibility genes have been identified through genome-wide association studies and subsequent meta-analyses. The aim of this meta-analysis was to clarify the impact of MYO9B gene polymorphisms on CD and UC risk. METHODS The PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct and Embase databases were searched to identify eligible studies that were published before October 2014. Data were extracted and pooled crude odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. RESULTS A total of 11 studies, containing 3297 CD cases, 3903 UC cases and 8174 controls were included in this meta-analysis. Bonferroni correction results showed that rs1545620 A/C polymorphism of MYO9B gene was associated with both CD and UC susceptibility in Caucasians (OR=0.88, 95% CI=0.82∼0.95, P=0.001; OR=0.82, 95% CI=0.76∼0.89, P<0.001), but not in Chinese. rs1457092 G/T and rs2305764 C/T polymorphisms are associated with UC susceptibility (OR=0.85, 95% CI=0.79∼0.91, P<0.001; OR=0.88, 95% CI=0.83∼0.93, P<0.001), but not with CD susceptibility in Caucasians. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggested that rs1545620 is both CD and UC susceptible locus in Caucasians; rs1457092 and rs2305764 are UC susceptible loci, but are not CD susceptible loci in Caucasians. Further studies with more sample size are needed for a definitive conclusion.
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Okamoto R, Watanabe M. Role of epithelial cells in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:11-21. [PMID: 26138071 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-015-1098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, continuous effort has been paid to deeply understanding the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. As the disease typically arises as chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal mucosa, research has been focused on how such an uncontrolled, deleterious immune response may arise and persist in a certain cohort of patients. Based on those immunologic analyses, the establishment of anti-TNF-α therapy, and the following series of biologic agents achieved great success and dramatically changed the therapeutic strategy of IBD patients. However, to guarantee long-term remission of the disease, the therapeutic standard has been raised to achieve "mucosal healing", which requires complete repair of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Recent studies have revealed the unexpected importance of epithelial cells in the pathophysiology of IBD. The general barrier function as well as the cell lineage-specific functions have been deeply attributed to the development of chronic intestinal inflammation. Also, the groundbreaking establishment of the in vitro intestinal stem cell culture system has opened up a way of developing stem cell transplantation therapy to treat otherwise refractory ulcers that may persist in IBD patients. In this review, we would like to focus on the role of epithelial cells in the pathophysiology of IBD, and also give a perspective to the upcoming development of regenerative therapies that may become one of the therapeutic choices to achieve mucosal healing in refractory patients of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Okamoto
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Vanuytsel T, Vermeire S, Cleynen I. The role of Haptoglobin and its related protein, Zonulin, in inflammatory bowel disease. Tissue Barriers 2013; 1:e27321. [PMID: 24868498 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.27321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), collectively called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), are immune-mediated conditions characterized by a chronic inflammation of the gut. Their precise etiology is unknown, although an increased intestinal permeability has been shown to play a central role in the pathogenesis of IBD. The intestinal epithelium provides the largest interface between the external environment and the host, and is thus a crucial regulation site of innate and adaptive immunity. Zonulin is one of the few known physiological mediators of paracellular intestinal permeability. It was found upregulated in different immune diseases like Celiac disease and Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). Recently, human zonulin was identified as prehaptoglobin-2 (pre-HP2) which before only had been regarded as the inactive precursor for HP2. Haptoglobin (HP) is a hemoglobin-binding protein with immunomodulatory properties. Its gene harbors a common polymorphism with 2 different alleles: HP1 and HP2. Allele HP2 and genotype HP22 has been shown to be overrepresented in different immune diseases like Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and T1D, and has also been found to be more frequent in patients with IBD (UC and CD) than in healthy controls. In order to get some clues about the mechanism of action of HP(2) in IBD pathogenesis, we here review the current state of knowledge about zonulin and haptoglobin structure and function, and their plausible role in immune mediated diseases with an emphasis on IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Vanuytsel
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; TARGID; KU Leuven
| | | | - Isabelle Cleynen
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; TARGID; KU Leuven
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Cleynen I, Jüni P, Bekkering GE, Nüesch E, Mendes CT, Schmied S, Wyder S, Kellen E, Villiger PM, Rutgeerts P, Vermeire S, Lottaz D. Genetic evidence supporting the association of protease and protease inhibitor genes with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24106. [PMID: 21931648 PMCID: PMC3169567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the European research consortium IBDase, we addressed the role of proteases and protease inhibitors (P/PIs) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), characterized by chronic mucosal inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, which affects 2.2 million people in Europe and 1.4 million people in North America. We systematically reviewed all published genetic studies on populations of European ancestry (67 studies on Crohn's disease [CD] and 37 studies on ulcerative colitis [UC]) to identify critical genomic regions associated with IBD. We developed a computer algorithm to map the 807 P/PI genes with exact genomic locations listed in the MEROPS database of peptidases onto these critical regions and to rank P/PI genes according to the accumulated evidence for their association with CD and UC. 82 P/PI genes (75 coding for proteases and 7 coding for protease inhibitors) were retained for CD based on the accumulated evidence. The cylindromatosis/turban tumor syndrome gene (CYLD) on chromosome 16 ranked highest, followed by acylaminoacyl-peptidase (APEH), dystroglycan (DAG1), macrophage-stimulating protein (MST1) and ubiquitin-specific peptidase 4 (USP4), all located on chromosome 3. For UC, 18 P/PI genes were retained (14 proteases and 4 protease inhibitors), with a considerably lower amount of accumulated evidence. The ranking of P/PI genes as established in this systematic review is currently used to guide validation studies of candidate P/PI genes, and their functional characterization in interdisciplinary mechanistic studies in vitro and in vivo as part of IBDase. The approach used here overcomes some of the problems encountered when subjectively selecting genes for further evaluation and could be applied to any complex disease and gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Cleynen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Jüni
- Clinical Trials Unit Bern, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Eveline Nüesch
- Clinical Trials Unit Bern, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Camila T. Mendes
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Schmied
- Clinical Trials Unit Bern, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Wyder
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Kellen
- Leuven Centre for Cancer Prevention, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter M. Villiger
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul Rutgeerts
- Department of Gastroenterology, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Department of Gastroenterology, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Lottaz
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergology, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Nunes T, Fiorino G, Danese S, Sans M. Familial aggregation in inflammatory bowel disease: Is it genes or environment? World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2715-22. [PMID: 21734779 PMCID: PMC3123468 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i22.2715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) develops in genetically susceptible individuals due to the influence of environmental factors, leading to an abnormal recognition of microbiota antigens by the innate immune system which triggers an exaggerated immune response and subsequent bowel tissue damage. IBD has been more frequently found in families, an observation that could be due to either genetic, environmental or both types of factors present in these families. In addition to expanding our knowledge on IBD pathogenesis, defining the specific contribution to familial IBD of each one of these factors might have also clinical usefulness. We review the available evidence on familial IBD pathogenesis.
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Yamamoto-Furusho JK. Genetic Susceptibility in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-009-9068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Seo GS, Lee JK, Yu JI, Yun KJ, Chae SC, Choi SC. Identification of the polymorphisms in IFITM3 gene and their association in a Korean population with ulcerative colitis. Exp Mol Med 2010; 42:99-104. [PMID: 19946179 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2010.42.2.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons play critical roles in tumor pathogenesis by controlling apoptosis and through cellular anti-proliferative and differentiation activities. Interferon inducible transmembrane protein (IFITM) family genes have been implicated in several cellular processes such as the homotypic cell adhesion functions of IFN and cellular anti-proliferative activities. Expression levels of IFITM genes have been found to be up-regulated in gastric cancer cells and colorectal tumors. IFITM3 (also known as 1-8U) is a member of the IFITM family, and has been described as a key player in specification of germ cell fate. IFITM3 was first isolated from a genetic screen aimed at identifying genes involved in acquisition of germ cell competence. It has been proposed that epiblast cells have the highest expression of IFITM3 initiated germ cell specification and that homotypic association can discriminate germ cells from their somatic neighbors. In an attempt to better understand the genetic influences of IFITM3 on ulcerative colitis, we have identified possible variation sites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) through two exons and their boundary IFITM3 intron sequences including the approximately 2.1 kb promoter regions. To determine whether or not these IFITM3 SNPs are associated with susceptibility to ulcerative colitis, frequencies of the genotype and allele of IFITM3 polymorphisms were analyzed on genomic DNAs isolated from patients with ulcerative colitis and from healthy controls. We also investigated the haplotype frequencies constructed by these SNPs in both groups. In this study, we also showed that expression level of IFITM3 mRNA was significantly higher in tissues of the ileum and cecum of the digestive system. We identified a total of seven SNPs and multiple variation regions in the IFITM3 gene. The genotype frequency of the g.-204T>G polymorphism in patients with ulcerative colitis was significantly different from that of the control group. Our results strongly suggest that polymorphisms of the IFITM3 gene may be associated with susceptibility to ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geom Seog Seo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-711, Korea
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Yu K, Lujan R, Marmorstein A, Gabriel S, Hartzell HC. Bestrophin-2 mediates bicarbonate transport by goblet cells in mouse colon. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1722-35. [PMID: 20407206 DOI: 10.1172/jci41129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Anion transport by the colonic mucosa maintains the hydration and pH of the colonic lumen, and its disruption causes a variety of diarrheal diseases. Cholinergic agonists raise cytosolic Ca2+ levels and stimulate anion secretion, but the mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. Cholinergic stimulation of anion secretion may occur via activation of Ca2+-activated Cl- channels (CaCCs) or an increase in the Cl- driving force through CFTR after activation of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels. Here we investigated the role of a candidate CaCC protein, bestrophin-2 (Best2), using Best2-/- mice. Cholinergic stimulation of anion current was greatly reduced in Best2-/- mice, consistent with our proposed role for Best2 as a CaCC. However, immunostaining revealed Best2 localized to the basolateral membrane of mucin-secreting colonic goblet cells, not the apical membrane of Cl--secreting enterocytes. In addition, in the absence of HCO3-, cholinergic-activated current was identical in control and Best2-/- tissue preparations, which suggests that most of the Best2 current was carried by HCO3-. These data delineate an alternative model of cholinergic regulation of colonic anion secretion in which goblet cells play a critical role in HCO3- homeostasis. We therefore propose that Best2 is a HCO3- channel that works in concert with a Cl:HCO3- exchanger in the apical membrane to affect transcellular HCO3- transport. Furthermore, previous models implicating CFTR in cholinergic Cl- secretion may be explained by substantial downregulation of Best2 in Cftr-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuai Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Pathan S, Gowdy RE, Cooney R, Beckly JB, Hancock L, Guo C, Barrett JC, Morris A, Jewell DP. Confirmation of the novel association at the BTNL2 locus with ulcerative colitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 74:322-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2009.01314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cooney R, Cummings JRF, Pathan S, Beckly J, Geremia A, Hancock L, Guo C, Morris A, Jewell DP. Association between genetic variants in myosin IXB and Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15:1014-21. [PMID: 19235913 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variation in myosin IXB (MYO9B) was found to be associated with ulcerative colitis (UC) in a recent collaborative study. A nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1545620 at the 3' end of the gene was found to be significantly associated with UC and weakly associated with Crohn's disease (CD). The aim of our current study was to replicate these findings in an independent UC cohort and to investigate association with CD. We also investigated subphenotype association and interactions with CARD15, IL23R, ATG16L1, and the IBD5 risk haplotype. METHODS In all, 652 CD patients, 650 UC patients, and 1190 controls were genotyped for 8 MYO9B SNPs. Haplotype testing, epistasis testing with known polymorphisms, and subphenotype analysis were performed. RESULTS An intronic SNP rs2305767 in the MYO9B gene was associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) overall (corrected P-value 0.002, odds ratio [OR] 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67-0.86). On individual disease analysis an association was found with CD (corrected P-value 0.001, OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.53-0.73) but not with UC. Analysis of the common MYO9B haplotypes showed significant association for CD and UC alone and IBD overall. No subphenotypic association was found. These data support an association between CD and SNPs in MYO9B independent of the established effects of SNPs in CARD15, IL23R, ATG16L1, and the IBD5 haplotype. There was no evidence of epistasis between SNPs in MYO9B and these established genes. CONCLUSIONS MYO9B variants may be involved in IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Cooney
- Wellcome Trust Centre of Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are chronic disorders initiated by a loss of immunologic tolerance to self-antigens. They cluster within families, and patients may be diagnosed with more than one disease, suggesting pleiotropic genes are involved in the aetiology of different diseases. To identify potential loci, which confer susceptibility to autoimmunity independent of disease phenotype, we pooled results from genome-wide linkage studies, using the genome scan meta-analysis method (GSMA). The meta-analysis included 42 independent studies for 11 autoimmune diseases, using 7350 families with 18 291 affected individuals. In addition to the HLA region, which showed highly significant genome-wide evidence for linkage, we obtained suggestive evidence for linkage on chromosome 16, with peak evidence at 10.0-19.8 Mb. This region may harbour a pleiotropic gene (or genes) conferring risk for several diseases, although no such gene has been identified through association studies. We did not identify evidence for linkage at several genes known to confer increased risk to different autoimmune diseases (PTPN22, CTLA4), even in subgroups of diseases consistently found to be associated with these genes. The relative risks conferred by variants in these genes are modest (<1.5 in most cases), and even a large study like this meta-analysis lacks power to detect linkage. This study illustrates the concept that linkage and association studies have power to identify very different types of disease-predisposing variants.
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Latiano A, Palmieri O, Valvano MR, D’Incà R, Cucchiara S, Riegler G, Staiano AM, Ardizzone S, Accomando S, Angelis GLD, Corritore G, Bossa F, Annese V. Replication of interleukin 23 receptor and autophagy-related 16-like 1 association in adult- and pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease in Italy. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:4643-51. [PMID: 18698678 PMCID: PMC2738788 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.4643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate gene variants in a large Italian inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) cohort, and to analyze the correlation of sub-phenotypes (including age at diagnosis) and epistatic interaction with other IBD genes.
METHODS: Total of 763 patients with Crohn’s disease (CD, 189 diagnosed at age < 19 years), 843 with ulcerative colitis (UC, 179 diagnosed < 19 years), 749 healthy controls, and 546 healthy parents (273 trios) were included in the study. The rs2241880 [autophagy-related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1)], rs11209026 and rs7517847 [interleukin 23 receptor (IL23R)], rs2066844, rs2066845, rs2066847 (CARD15), rs1050152 (OCTN1), and rs2631367 (OCTN2) gene variants were genotyped.
RESULTS: The frequency of G allele of ATG16L1 SNP (Ala197Thr) was increased in patients with CD compared with controls (59% vs 54% respectively) (OR = 1.25, CI = 1.08-1.45, P = 0.003), but not in UC (55%). The frequency of A and G (minor) alleles of Arg381Gln, rs11209026 and rs7517847 variants of IL23R were reduced significantly in CD (4%, OR = 0.62, CI = 0.45-0.87, P = 0.005; 28%, OR = 0.64, CI = 0.55-0.75, P < 0.01), compared with controls (6% and 38%, respectively). The A allele (but not G) was also reduced significantly in UC (4%, OR = 0.69, CI = 0.5-0.94, P = 0.019). No association was demonstrated with sub-phenotypes and interaction with CARD15, and OCTN1/2 genes, although both gene variants were associated with pediatric-onset disease.
CONCLUSION: The present study confirms the association of IL23R polymorphisms with IBD, and ATG16L1 with CD, in both adult- and pediatric-onset subsets in our study population.
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Heazlewood CK, Cook MC, Eri R, Price GR, Tauro SB, Taupin D, Thornton DJ, Png CW, Crockford TL, Cornall RJ, Adams R, Kato M, Nelms KA, Hong NA, Florin THJ, Goodnow CC, McGuckin MA. Aberrant mucin assembly in mice causes endoplasmic reticulum stress and spontaneous inflammation resembling ulcerative colitis. PLoS Med 2008; 5:e54. [PMID: 18318598 PMCID: PMC2270292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 541] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MUC2 mucin produced by intestinal goblet cells is the major component of the intestinal mucus barrier. The inflammatory bowel disease ulcerative colitis is characterized by depleted goblet cells and a reduced mucus layer, but the aetiology remains obscure. In this study we used random mutagenesis to produce two murine models of inflammatory bowel disease, characterised the basis and nature of the inflammation in these mice, and compared the pathology with human ulcerative colitis. METHODS AND FINDINGS By murine N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis we identified two distinct noncomplementing missense mutations in Muc2 causing an ulcerative colitis-like phenotype. 100% of mice of both strains developed mild spontaneous distal intestinal inflammation by 6 wk (histological colitis scores versus wild-type mice, p < 0.01) and chronic diarrhoea. Monitoring over 300 mice of each strain demonstrated that 25% and 40% of each strain, respectively, developed severe clinical signs of colitis by age 1 y. Mutant mice showed aberrant Muc2 biosynthesis, less stored mucin in goblet cells, a diminished mucus barrier, and increased susceptibility to colitis induced by a luminal toxin. Enhanced local production of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma was seen in the distal colon, and intestinal permeability increased 2-fold. The number of leukocytes within mesenteric lymph nodes increased 5-fold and leukocytes cultured in vitro produced more Th1 and Th2 cytokines (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-13). This pathology was accompanied by accumulation of the Muc2 precursor and ultrastructural and biochemical evidence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in goblet cells, activation of the unfolded protein response, and altered intestinal expression of genes involved in ER stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and wound repair. Expression of mutated Muc2 oligomerisation domains in vitro demonstrated that aberrant Muc2 oligomerisation underlies the ER stress. In human ulcerative colitis we demonstrate similar accumulation of nonglycosylated MUC2 precursor in goblet cells together with ultrastructural and biochemical evidence of ER stress even in noninflamed intestinal tissue. Although our study demonstrates that mucin misfolding and ER stress initiate colitis in mice, it does not ascertain the genetic or environmental drivers of ER stress in human colitis. CONCLUSIONS Characterisation of the mouse models we created and comparison with human disease suggest that ER stress-related mucin depletion could be a fundamental component of the pathogenesis of human colitis and that clinical studies combining genetics, ER stress-related pathology and relevant environmental epidemiology are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad K Heazlewood
- Mucin and IBD Research Teams, Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, and the University of Queensland, Aubigny Place, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Immunology and Inflammation Group, Phenomix Australia, Acton, Australia
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- Mucin and IBD Research Teams, Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, and the University of Queensland, Aubigny Place, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gareth R Price
- Molecular Genetics Team, Mater Medical Research Institute, and the University of Queensland, Aubigny Place, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sharyn B Tauro
- Mucin and IBD Research Teams, Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, and the University of Queensland, Aubigny Place, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Douglas Taupin
- Gastroenterology Unit, Canberra Hospital, Woden, Australia
| | - David J Thornton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chin Wen Png
- Mucin and IBD Research Teams, Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, and the University of Queensland, Aubigny Place, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tanya L Crockford
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Cornall
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Adams
- Mucin and IBD Research Teams, Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, and the University of Queensland, Aubigny Place, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Masato Kato
- Dendritic Cell Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, Aubigny Place, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Keats A Nelms
- Immunology and Inflammation Group, Phenomix Australia, Acton, Australia
| | - Nancy A Hong
- Phenomix Corporation, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy H. J Florin
- Mucin and IBD Research Teams, Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, and the University of Queensland, Aubigny Place, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Division of Immunology and Genetics and Australian Phenomics Facility, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Michael A McGuckin
- Mucin and IBD Research Teams, Mucosal Diseases Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, and the University of Queensland, Aubigny Place, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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An SNP linkage scan identifies significant Crohn's disease loci on chromosomes 13q13.3 and, in Jewish families, on 1p35.2 and 3q29. Genes Immun 2008; 9:161-7. [PMID: 18246054 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex genetic disorder of two major phenotypes, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), with increased risk in Ashkenazi Jews. Twelve genome-wide linkage screens have identified multiple loci, but these screens have been of modest size and have used low-density microsatellite markers. We, therefore, performed a high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genome-wide linkage study of 993 IBD multiply affected pedigrees (25% Jewish ancestry) that contained 1709 IBD-affected relative pairs, including 919 CD-CD pairs and 312 UC-UC pairs. We identified a significant novel CD locus on chromosome 13p13.3 (peak logarithm of the odds (LOD) score=3.98) in all pedigrees, significant linkage evidence on chromosomes 1p35.1 (peak LOD score=3.5) and 3q29 (peak LOD score=3.19) in Jewish CD pedigrees, and suggestive loci for Jewish IBD on chromosome 10q22 (peak LOD score=2.57) and Jewish UC on chromosome 2q24 (peak LOD score=2.69). Nominal or greater linkage evidence was present for most previously designated IBD loci (IBD1-9), notably, IBD1 for CD families at chromosome 16q12.1 (peak LOD score=4.86) and IBD6 in non-Jewish UC families at chromosome 19p12 (peak LOD score=2.67). This study demonstrates the ability of high information content adequately powered SNP genome-wide linkage studies to identify loci not observed in multiple microsatellite-based studies in smaller cohorts.
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Abstract
Autoimmune diseases in general are complex genetic diseases where genes and environment interact in unknown ways. In recent years technologies have advanced our knowledge and new genes are being identified very rapidly. We can expect that most genes of major importance for the various autoimmune diseases will be discovered in the coming 5 years. The real challenge comes when we try to understand the mechanisms through which these genes confer disease susceptibility and how the interaction with environment takes place such that clinical expression of the disease results.
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Weersma RK, van Dullemen HM, van der Steege G, Nolte IM, Kleibeuker JH, Dijkstra G. Review article: Inflammatory bowel disease and genetics. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007; 26 Suppl 2:57-65. [PMID: 18081650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprising ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) is multigenic disorder. Tremendous progress has been achieved in unravelling the genetic background of IBD. It has led to the discovery of mutations in NOD2 associated with ileal CD and numerous other genes have been found to be associated with IBD susceptibility. METHODS A review of the literature on the genetic background of IBD was performed. RESULTS It is only partially understood how mutations in NOD2 lead to CD. Mouse models, in vitro data and studies in humans offer conflicting data as regards whether there is a loss or gain of function of NOD2 in CD. Several additional genes have been identified of which only a few are currently being recognized as potential disease causing or disease modifying genes. Promising candidate genes include TLR4, MDR1, NOD1 (CARD4), DLG5 as well as the IBD5 locus including SLC22A4/5. CONCLUSIONS Although genetic research has not yet led to a better prediction of the disease course or patient selection for medical therapy, remarkable progress has been made in the understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD. For future genetic research, accurate phenotyping of patients is very important and large population-based cohorts are needed. Eventually, genetic research may be able to classify different disease phenotypes on a more detailed molecular basis and may provide important contributions in the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Weersma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Section Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Rodríguez-Bores L, Fonseca GC, Villeda MA, Yamamoto-Furusho JK. Novel genetic markers in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:5560-70. [PMID: 17948929 PMCID: PMC4172734 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i42.5560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors play a significant role in determining inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) susceptibility. Epidemiologic data support genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of IBD, which include familial aggregation, twin studies, racial and ethnic differences in disease prevalence. Linkage studies have identified several susceptibility genes contained in different genomic regions named IBD1 to IBD9. Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD2) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes are the most extensively studied genetic regions (IBD1 and IBD3 respectively) in IBD. Mutations of the NOD2 gene are associated with Crohn's disease (CD) and several HLA genes are associated with ulcerative colitis (UC) and CD. Toll like receptors (TLRs) have an important role in the innate immune response against infections by mediating recognition of pathogen-associated microbial patterns. Studying single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in molecules involved in bacterial recognition seems to be essential to define genetic backgrounds at risk of IBD. Recently, numerous new genes have been identified to be involved in the genetic susceptibility to IBD: NOD1/Caspase-activation recruitment domains 4 (CARD4), Chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), IL-11, and IL-18 among others. The characterization of these novel genes potentially will lead to the identification of therapeutic agents and clinical assessment of phenotype and prognosis in patients with IBD.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a clinically and, likely, genetically heterogeneous group of disorders. A recent report suggests that genetic variations in the TNFSF15 gene contribute to the susceptibility of IBD in both Japanese and Caucasian populations. The aim was to confirm the association between TNFSF15 high- and low-risk haplotypes and IBD in a Caucasian population. METHODS Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that comprise the 2 common haplotypes were genotyped in 599 Caucasian patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 382 Caucasian patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 230 ethnically matched healthy controls, including both Jews and non-Jews. RESULTS The previously reported 'risk' haplotype was not associated with CD or UC (88.2% in CD cases versus 88.3% in controls, P = 0.96; 88.1% in UC cases versus 88.3% in controls, P = 0.78). We did, however, observe an increased frequency of the "protective" haplotype in non-Jewish controls for both CD and UC (38.8% CD cases versus 50% controls, P = 0.01; 37.3% UC cases versus 50% controls, P = 0.01) with no such effect observed in the Jewish samples. There was an interactive effect between ethnicity and the protective haplotype in CD (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS We observed a protective haplotype, consisting of the minor alleles for all 5 markers, to have a higher frequency in the non-Jewish controls than in CD and UC. Of further interest, the haplotype frequency was in the opposite direction in our Jewish case-control panels (both CD and UC), leading us to conclude 1) that TNFSF15 is indeed an IBD susceptibility gene, and 2) the disease susceptibility is ethnic-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoana Picornell
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Ling Mei
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Kent Taylor
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Huiying Yang
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Stephan R. Targan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
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An G, Wei B, Xia B, McDaniel JM, Ju T, Cummings RD, Braun J, Xia L. Increased susceptibility to colitis and colorectal tumors in mice lacking core 3-derived O-glycans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:1417-29. [PMID: 17517967 PMCID: PMC2118614 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Altered intestinal O-glycan expression has been observed in patients with ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer, but the role of this alteration in the etiology of these diseases is unknown. O-glycans in mucin core proteins are the predominant components of the intestinal mucus, which comprises part of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Core 3–derived O-glycans, which are one of the major types of O-glycans, are primarily expressed in the colon. To investigate the biological function of core 3–derived O-glycans, we engineered mice lacking core 3 β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C3GnT), an enzyme predicted to be important in the synthesis of core 3–derived O-glycans. Disruption of the C3GnT gene eliminated core 3–derived O-glycans. C3GnT-deficient mice displayed a discrete, colon-specific reduction in Muc2 protein and increased permeability of the intestinal barrier. Moreover, these mice were highly susceptible to experimental triggers of colitis and colorectal adenocarcinoma. These data reveal a requirement for core 3–derived O-glycans in resistance to colonic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu An
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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27
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Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are idiopathic inflammatory bowel disorders. In this paper, we discuss how environmental factors (eg, geography, cigarette smoking, sanitation and hygiene), infectious microbes, ethnic origin, genetic susceptibility, and a dysregulated immune system can result in mucosal inflammation. After describing the symbiotic interaction of the commensal microbiota with the host, oral tolerance, epithelial barrier function, antigen recognition, and immunoregulation by the innate and adaptive immune system, we examine the initiating and perpetuating events of mucosal inflammation. We pay special attention to pattern-recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding-oligomerisation-domains (NOD), NOD-like receptors and their mutual interaction on epithelial cells and antigen-presenting cells. We also discuss the important role of dendritic cells in directing tolerance and immunity by modulation of subpopulations of effector T cells, regulatory T cells, Th17 cells, natural killer T cells, natural killer cells, and monocyte-macrophages in mucosal inflammation. Implications for novel therapies, which are discussed in detail in the second paper in this Series, are covered briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Baumgart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Charité Medical Centre, Virchow Hospital, Medical School of the Humboldt-University of Berlin, 13344 Berlin, Germany.
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Van Limbergen J, Russell RK, Nimmo ER, Ho GT, Arnott ID, Wilson DC, Satsangi J. Genetics of the innate immune response in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13:338-55. [PMID: 17206667 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2/caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 15 (NOD2/CARD15) as the first susceptibility gene in Crohn's disease (CD) has shifted the focus of research into the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) firmly to the innate immune response and the integrity of the epithelial barrier. The subsequent implication in IBD of variant alleles of OCTN, DLG5, MDR1, and TLRs has provided further support for a new, more complex model of innate immunity function in the gastrointestinal tract. In this review, we examine the recent advances in our understanding of the influence of genetics of the innate immune response on IBD. We will focus on germline variation of genes encoding pathogen-recognition receptors, proteins involved in epithelial homeostasis and secreted antimicrobial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Van Limbergen
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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Vermeire S. Review article: genetic susceptibility and application of genetic testing in clinical management of inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24 Suppl 3:2-10. [PMID: 16961737 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The volume of research undertaken on the genetic susceptibility of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been tremendous, and over 10 chromosomal regions have been identified by genome-wide scanning. Fine-mapping approaches and candidate gene studies have already led to the identification of several susceptibility genes, including CARD15 (NOD2), DLG5, novel organic cation transporter (OCTN) 1 and 2, and CARD4 (NOD1). The CARD15 gene is the most understood at present and explains around 20% of the genetic predisposition to Crohn's disease. Although the clinical implications of genetic testing are limited at present, genetic research has advanced our understanding of the clinical heterogeneity and the complex interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors in IBD. Genes also interfere with the metabolism of drugs and may influence the clinical response and drug-related toxicity. Ultimately, researchers and clinicians aim to personalize medicine based on a patient's genotype, although azathioprine (thiopurine methyltransferase polymorphisms) is the only drug to date where pharmacogenetics has shown clinical relevance in IBD. In the future, it is anticipated that genetic markers will be implemented in an integrated molecular diagnostic and prognostic approach to managing our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vermeire
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.
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30
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Tello-Ruiz MK, Curley C, DelMonte T, Giallourakis C, Kirby A, Miller K, Wild G, Cohen A, Langelier D, Latiano A, Wedemeyer N, Lander E, Schreiber S, Annese V, Daly MJ, Rioux JD. Haplotype-based association analysis of 56 functional candidate genes in the IBD6 locus on chromosome 19. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14:780-90. [PMID: 16570073 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from four independent linkage studies and two meta-analyses of genome-wide data support the existence of a locus conferring susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in chromosomal region 19p. Identification of a susceptibility allele in this approximately 28.5 Mb region with over 600 genes is a formidable task. To tackle this problem, we undertook two approaches: (1) haplotype-based candidate-gene screen, and (2) evaluation of previously reported associations. For the former, we selected genes with potential implication in IBD pathogenesis based on published functional and expression data, typed SNPs, constructed haplotypes, screened for association in 180 IBD trios, and followed up preliminary associations in 343 IBD patients and 207 control individuals. Overall, we analyzed 465 SNPs, and 260 haplotypes distributed across 56 candidate genes. We found suggestive evidence of association (nominal P<0.01) with four genes (C3, FCER2, IL12RB1, and CRLF1) in a screening stage, but were unable to confirm these preliminary observations at follow-up. In the second approach, we typed four nonsynonymous polymorphisms in genes C3 (R102G and L314P) and ICAM1 (G241R and K469E) in four independent cohorts totaling 2178 IBD cases. We evaluated these data together with previously published reports for three of these variants (C3-Gly102, ICAM1-Arg241, and ICAM1-Glu469), in a meta-analysis. Our pooled meta-analysis provides compelling evidence against association of these variants with disease. Overall, we performed the most comprehensive candidate-gene association study for IBD to date. The information hereby generated constitutes a valuable resource to investigate other common genetic immune diseases, such as celiac disease.
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Babusukumar U, Wang T, McGuire E, Broeckel U, Kugathasan S. Contribution of OCTN variants within the IBD5 locus to pediatric onset Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101:1354-61. [PMID: 16771961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The IBD5 locus on chromosome 5q31 is a confirmed Crohn's disease (CD) susceptibility locus in adults. Recently, two polymorphisms in the organic cation transporter (OCTN) gene cluster within the IBD5 locus have been found to be associated with CD. Although the original report of significant linkage to IBD5 was in families with at least one case of early age at onset CD, there are no published reports on the role of OCTN genes in pediatric onset CD. We performed a comprehensive analysis of OCTN variants in an independent, exclusively pediatric onset CD cohort and examined the genotype/phenotype correlations. METHODS 264 Caucasian CD children (172 of them were trios) were genotyped along with 527 controls for OCTN1 (SLC22A4 C1672T), OCTN2 (SLC22A5 G-207C), and two haplotype-tagging SNPs (IGR2230 and IGR2198). RESULTS TDT confirmed the association of SLC22A4 and SLC22A5. Case-control analysis of the SLC22A4 1672T, SLC22A5-207C diplotype showed significant association (p=0.04) with CD susceptibility compared with controls. Little correlation was seen with regard to clinical phenotype and the SLC22A4/SLC22A5 diplotype. There was no significant interaction between the SLC22A4/SLC22A5 diplotype and the three CD-associated CARD15 SNPs. CONCLUSIONS We confirm the association of the OCTN variants (SLC22A4 and SLC22A5) in pediatric onset CD as seen in adult CD cohorts. However, when an extended IBD5 haplotype was examined, no independent association between OCTN variants and pediatric onset CD can be demonstrated. Compared with adults, a relatively weak association of the OCTN variants was observed in our CD cohort. No definitive genotype-phenotype correlation or gene-gene interactions with CARD15 were observed. Although the IBD5 locus is associated with pediatric onset CD, no definitive conclusions can be drawn about OCTN variants as causative genes in pediatric CD at this point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Babusukumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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Abstract
Recent advances in the field of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) genetics have enabled the definition and refinement of multiple IBD susceptibility loci and the identification of gene variants within such regions showing association with Crohn's disease (CD) and/or ulcerative colitis (UC). Most notable among the newly defined genetic determinants of IBD are specific variants in the CARD15 gene, which have been shown widely to influence both susceptibility and phenotype in CD. These genetic data have inspired intensive studies of CARD15 biologic functions and the information emerging from these analyses has already substantively enhanced understanding of the signaling pathways coupling bacterial pathogens to the host immune response. Genetic data implicating various other signaling effectors in IBD susceptibility have similarly focused attention on the molecular pathways driven or regulated by these proteins and the biochemical events linking effector/pathway dysfunction to intestinal inflammation and disease. In this review, progress in defining the genetic determinants of IBD is described with an emphasis on the impact of such knowledge on understanding of IBD molecular pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Anne Siminovitch
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital Samuel Lunenfeld and Toronto General Hospital Research Institutes, 600 University Avenue, Room 778D, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5G 1X5.
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33
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Abstract
The research on genetic susceptibility of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) has been tremendous and over 10 chromosomal regions have been identified by genome-wide scanning. Further fine mapping as well as candidate gene studies have already led to the identification of a number of susceptibility genes including CARD15, DLG5, OCTN1 and 2, NOD1, HLA, and TLR4. The CARD15 gene is undoubtedly replicated most widely and most understood at present. CARD15 is involved in the recognition of bacterial peptidoglycan-derived muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and will stimulate secretion of antimicrobial peptides including alpha-defensins (also called cryptdins) to protect the host from invasion. Genetic research in IBD has advanced our understanding of the clinical heterogeneity of the disease and has started to tackle the complex interactions between genetic risk factors and environmental risk factors in IBD. Genes also interfere with the metabolization of drugs and may influence the clinical response and the drug-related toxicity. Interesting pharmacogenetic data with respect to steroids, azathioprine, and infliximab have been generated in IBD. Overall, it is anticipated that genetic markers in the future will be implemented in an integrated molecular diagnostic and prognostic approach of our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vermeire
- University Hospital Gasthuisberg Leuven, Division of Gastroenterology-Herestraat, Leuven 49-3000, Belgium.
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Trinh TT, Rioux JD. Understanding association and causality in the genetic studies of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2005; 129:2106-10. [PMID: 16344078 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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35
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Abstract
The article reviews literature on methods for meta-analysis of genetic linkage and association studies, and summarizes and comments on specific meta-analysis findings for psychiatric disorders. The Genome Scan Meta-Analysis and Multiple Scan Probability methods assess the evidence for linkage across studies. Multiple Scan Probability analysis suggested linkage of two chromosomal regions (13q and 22q) to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, whereas Genome Scan Meta-Analysis on a larger sample identified at least 10 schizophrenia linkage regions, but none for bipolar disorder. Meta-analyses of pooled ORs support association of schizophrenia to the Ser311Cys polymorphism in DRD2 and the T102C polymorphism in HTR2A, and of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder to the 48-bp repeat in DRD4. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) may contribute to the risk of bipolar disorder, suicidal behavior, and neuroticism, but association to the lifetime risk of major depression has not been shown. Meta-analyses support linkage of schizophrenia to regions where replicable associations to candidate genes have been identified through positional cloning methods. There are additional supported regions where susceptibility genes are likely to be identified. Linkage meta-analysis has had less clear success for bipolar disorder based on a smaller dataset. Meta-analysis can guide the prioritization of regions for study, but proof of association requires biological confirmation of hypotheses about gene actions. Elucidation of causal mechanisms will require more comprehensive study of sequence variation in candidate genes, better statistical and meta-analytic methods to take all variation into account, and biological strategies for testing etiologic hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas F Levinson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, Room 4006, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Pierik M, Yang H, Barmada MM, Cavanaugh JA, Annese V, Brant SR, Cho JH, Duerr RH, Hugot JP, McGovern DP, Paavola-Sakki P, Radford-Smith GL, Pavli P, Silverberg MS, Schreiber S, Taylor KD, Vlietinck R. The IBD international genetics consortium provides further evidence for linkage to IBD4 and shows gene-environment interaction. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005; 11:1-7. [PMID: 15674107 DOI: 10.1097/00054725-200501000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis are complex disorders with an important genetic determinant. One gene associated with CD has been identified: NOD2/CARD15. Two independent genome-wide scans found significant evidence (logarithm of odds [LOD] 3.6) and suggestive evidence (LOD 2.8) for linkage on locus 14q11-12, also known as the IBD4 locus. To further characterize this locus, we assessed gene-environment interaction (IBD4 x smoking) and phenotypic heterogeneity in a large cohort of IBD-affected sibling pairs as part of an ongoing international collaborative effort. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 733 IBD families, comprising 892 affected sibling pairs, were genotyped for microsatellites D14S261, D14S283, D14S972, and D14S275, spanning the IBD4 locus. Information on gender, ethnicity, age at onset, smoking at diagnosis, extraintestinal manifestations, and disease location was available. RESULTS A significant distortion in the mean allele sharing (MAS) between affected siblings was observed for CD patients only at each of the four markers (54.6%, 52.8%, 50.4%, and 53.3%, respectively). Maximum linkage for CD was observed at marker D14S261 (multipoint nonparametric linkage score 2.36; P </= 0.01; MAS 54.6%). MAS was higher in CD families in which all siblings or at least one sibling smoked compared with nonsmoking CD families (MAS, 58.90%, 57.50%, and 52.80%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The IBD International Genetics Consortium replicated the IBD4 locus on chromosome 14q for CD and also showed evidence for a gene-environment interaction at this locus. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanism by which smoking influences IBD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pierik
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.
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Yap LM, Ahmad T, Jewell DP. The contribution of HLA genes to IBD susceptibility and phenotype. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2004; 18:577-96. [PMID: 15157829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2004.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region located on chromosome 6p encodes the highly polymorphic, classical class I and II genes essential for normal lymphocyte function; it also encodes a further 224 genes. Many early studies investigating this region were limited by small sample size, poor statistical methodology, population stratification and variable disease definition. Although more recent studies have improved study design, investigators are still challenged by the complex patterns of linkage disequilibrium across this gene-dense region, and by the disease heterogeneity characteristic of all genetically complex disorders. However, a number of important observations have emerged from recent studies: (1) the HLA harbours gene(s) that determine susceptibility to colonic inflammation in both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD); (2) most of the specific associations with UC and CD appear to differ; (3) associations between different ethnic groups differ; (4) markers in the HLA might predict the course of disease and the development of complications, notably the extraintestinal manifestations of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Min Yap
- Gastroenterology Unit, Gibson Laboratories, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Infirmary, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK.
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Brant SR, Shugart YY. Inflammatory bowel disease gene hunting by linkage analysis: rationale, methodology, and present status of the field. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004; 10:300-11. [PMID: 15290927 DOI: 10.1097/00054725-200405000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Observed inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) familial clustering and increased monozygotic twin concordance has led to the hypothesis that genetic loci containing IBD susceptibility genes can be identified by whole genome linkage mapping approaches. Methodology including collecting carefully phenotyped multiplex pedigrees, genotyping using highly informative microsatellite markers and linkage analysis by non-parametric allele sharing methods has been established. Eleven published genome wide screens (GWS) have studied more than 1,200 multiplex IBD pedigrees. Two-thirds of affected relative pairs were Crohn's disease (CD), 20% ulcerative colitis (UC) and the remaining were mixed. Seven loci (IBDI-7) on chromosomes 16q, 12, 6p, 14q, 5q, 19, and 1p have been identified with genome wide significant and independently replicated linkage. Risk alleles/haplotypes have been defined for the IBD1 (CARD15/NOD2), IBD3 (HLA) and IBD5 (5q cytokine cluster) loci. There has been evidence for a second chromosome 16 locus (IBD8) independent of NOD2 that overlaps IBD1 on the pericentromeric p-arm. Several other regions show great promise for containing additional IBD loci, particularly chromosome 3p with genome wide evidence in one study at 3p26 and more centromeric evidence in several other studies, and chromosomes 2q, 3q, 4q, 7, 11p, and Xp each with suggestive evidence of linkage in one and additional evidence in two or more studies. Single GWSs and fine mapping studies containing very large sets of pedigrees and in particular, more UC pedigrees, and the use of creative analytic and disease stratification schemes are required to identify, establish and refine weaker IBD loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Brant
- Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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van Heel DA, Fisher SA, Kirby A, Daly MJ, Rioux JD, Lewis CM. Inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility loci defined by genome scan meta-analysis of 1952 affected relative pairs. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13:763-70. [PMID: 14976156 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (the inflammatory bowel diseases) have a strong genetic component. Although over 20 putative susceptibility loci have been identified by individual genome scans, the majority of these loci have not been replicated. Many individual studies are at the lower limit of acceptable power for complex disease linkage analysis. Genome scan meta-analysis (GSMA), by use of sample sizes an order of magnitude greater than individual linkage studies, has increased power to detect novel loci, may confirm or refute regions detected in smaller individual studies, and enables regions to be prioritized for further gene identification efforts. Genome scan data (markers, significance scores) were obtained from 10 separate studies and meta-analysis was performed using the GSMA method. These studies comprised 1952 inflammatory bowel disease, 1068 Crohn's disease and 457 ulcerative colitis affected relative pairs. Study results were divided into 34 cM chromosomal bins, ranked, weighted by study size, summed across studies and bin-by-bin significance obtained by simulation. A region on chromosome 6p (containing the HLA) met genome wide significance for inflammatory bowel disease. Loci meeting suggestive significance for inflammatory bowel disease were 2q, 3q, 5q, 7q and 16 (NOD2/CARD15 region); Crohn's disease, 2q, 3q, 6p, 16 (NOD2/CARD15 region), 17q, 19p; and ulcerative colitis, 2q. Clustering of adjacent bins was observed for chromosomes 6p, 16, 19p. The meta-analysis has identified novel loci and prioritized genomic regions for further gene identification studies.
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Barmada MM, Brant SR, Nicolae DL, Achkar JP, Panhuysen CI, Bayless TM, Cho JH, Duerr RH. A genome scan in 260 inflammatory bowel disease-affected relative pairs. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004; 10:15-22. [PMID: 15058521 DOI: 10.1097/00054725-200401000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the results of a new genome scan in 260 IBD-affected relative pairs from 139 families that we have recruited since our previous IBD genome scans were performed. The goal of our study was to determine whether we could extend the linkage evidence in any of the more than 20 regions with nominal evidence for linkage to IBD in previous individual genome scans in order to prioritize regions for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michael Barmada
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Brant SR, Panhuysen CIM, Nicolae D, Reddy DM, Bonen DK, Karaliukas R, Zhang L, Swanson E, Datta LW, Moran T, Ravenhill G, Duerr RH, Achkar JP, Karban AS, Cho JH. MDR1 Ala893 polymorphism is associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73:1282-92. [PMID: 14610718 PMCID: PMC1180394 DOI: 10.1086/379927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Accepted: 09/12/2003] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are overlapping chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Suggestive evidence for linkage at chromosome 7q has been reported for both CD and UC. Contained within this region is the gene for MDR1 (multidrug resistance), a membrane transport protein for which human polymorphisms have been reported in Ala893Ser/Thr and C3435T that alter pharmacokinetic profiles for a variety of drugs. Because mdr1 knockout mice spontaneously develop colitis, exonic regions were resequenced and tested for IBD association in a large, multicenter North American cohort. Two missense mutations, Asn21Asp and Ala893Ser/Thr, as well as the expression-associated polymorphism C3435T, described elsewhere, were genotyped in the entire cohort. Significant association of Ala893 with IBD was observed by both case-control analysis (P=.002) and the pedigree disequilibrium test (PDT [P=.00020-.00030]) but not for the Asn21Asp or C3435T polymorphisms. Significant association by PDT was observed within the subset with CD (P=.0014-.00090), with similar, nonsignificant trends in a smaller subset with UC. The Ala893Ser/Thr variant is triallelic, and the associated, common allele is Ala893, with undertransmission of the 893Ser (common) and the 893Thr (rare) variants. The Ala893 variant has decreased activity compared with the 893Ser variant; therefore, the association with human IBD is consistent with the murine model of mdr1 deficiency. Taken together, these data support the association of the common Ala893 polymorphism with IBD specifically and, more broadly, provides additional support for its contribution to interindividual pharmacogenetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Brant
- The Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Departments of Statistics and Medicine, The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; and Department of Gastroenterology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland
| | - Carolien I. M. Panhuysen
- The Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Departments of Statistics and Medicine, The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; and Department of Gastroenterology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland
| | - Dan Nicolae
- The Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Departments of Statistics and Medicine, The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; and Department of Gastroenterology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland
| | - Deepthi M. Reddy
- The Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Departments of Statistics and Medicine, The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; and Department of Gastroenterology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland
| | - Denise K. Bonen
- The Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Departments of Statistics and Medicine, The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; and Department of Gastroenterology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland
| | - Reda Karaliukas
- The Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Departments of Statistics and Medicine, The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; and Department of Gastroenterology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland
| | - Leilei Zhang
- The Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Departments of Statistics and Medicine, The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; and Department of Gastroenterology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland
| | - Eric Swanson
- The Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Departments of Statistics and Medicine, The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; and Department of Gastroenterology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland
| | - Lisa W. Datta
- The Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Departments of Statistics and Medicine, The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; and Department of Gastroenterology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland
| | - Thomas Moran
- The Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Departments of Statistics and Medicine, The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; and Department of Gastroenterology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland
| | - Geoffrey Ravenhill
- The Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Departments of Statistics and Medicine, The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; and Department of Gastroenterology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland
| | - Richard H. Duerr
- The Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Departments of Statistics and Medicine, The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; and Department of Gastroenterology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland
| | - Jean-Paul Achkar
- The Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Departments of Statistics and Medicine, The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; and Department of Gastroenterology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland
| | - Amir S. Karban
- The Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Departments of Statistics and Medicine, The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; and Department of Gastroenterology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland
| | - Judy H. Cho
- The Harvey M. and Lyn P. Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore; Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Departments of Statistics and Medicine, The Martin Boyer Laboratories, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh; and Department of Gastroenterology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland
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Rutgeerts P, Van Deventer S, Schreiber S. Review article: the expanding role of biological agents in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease - focus on selective adhesion molecule inhibition. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17:1435-50. [PMID: 12823145 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease presents in various forms. Its increasing incidence indicates that modern lifestyle triggers disease in genetically susceptible individuals. We present a model for inflammatory bowel disease pathophysiology and review the new biological therapies available. These biological agents have been developed to antagonise the processes of pathogenic inflammation, such as the reduction in T-lymphocyte apoptosis, increase in T-lymphocyte proliferation and increase in T-lymphocyte trafficking into the intestinal mucosa. Inhibitors of various inflammatory cytokines, including some antagonists to tumour necrosis factor, are effective therapies for inflammatory bowel disease. However, this class is associated with the risk of rare, but serious, side-effects, such as opportunistic infections and demyelinating diseases. The administration of anti-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-10 and interleukin-11, may theoretically be effective in reducing inflammation, although the clinical development of some of these therapies has been terminated. The selective inhibition of the adhesion molecules involved in T-lymphocyte trafficking can be effective in reducing gut inflammation. Of the selective adhesion molecule inhibitors under investigation, natalizumab has demonstrated efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease. The future of biological therapy for inflammatory bowel disease shows promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rutgeerts
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium.
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