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DOLIN A, SCHWEIGER P, WASELAU M, EGERBACHER M, WALTER I. Immunohistochemical markers for equine granulosa cell tumors: a pilot study. J Equine Sci 2023; 34:37-46. [PMID: 37405069 PMCID: PMC10315638 DOI: 10.1294/jes.34.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex cord-stromal tumors (SCSTs), generally referred to as granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) or granulosa-theca cell tumors (GTCTs) in equids, show complex compositions and variable numbers of hormone-producing cells. These tumors can be difficult to diagnose, especially in early stages. Therefore, we tested a panel of antibodies for vimentin, smooth muscle actin, laminin, Ki-67, E-cadherin, calretinin, moesin, p-ezrin, AMH, and aromatase, markers used for tumor composition and classification, progression, and prognosis in human SCSTs, on an exemplary grapefruit-size equine GCT within the left ovary of a 13-year-old mare with stallion-like behavior and elevated testosterone levels in comparison with normal ovarian tissue. The tumor showed a low proliferation rate and prominent moesin and p-ezrin staining in granulosa cells. E-cadherin, calretinin, aromatase, and AMH are suggested to be potential markers for different cell components of equine SCSTs that can support tumor diagnosis and classification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martin WASELAU
- Equine Hospital Aschheim, Equine Diagnostic
Center Munich, 85609 Munich, Germany
| | - Monika EGERBACHER
- Administrative Unit Veterinary Medicine, UMIT
TIROL-Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology GmbH,
6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Ingrid WALTER
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of
Morphology, Vetmeduni Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Weir A, Kang EY, Meagher NS, Nelson GS, Ghatage P, Lee CH, Riggan MJ, Gentry-Maharaj A, Ryan A, Singh N, Widschwendter M, Alsop J, Anglesio MS, Beckmann MW, Berger J, Bisinotto C, Boros J, Brand AH, Brenton JD, Brooks-Wilson A, Carney ME, Cunningham JM, Cushing-Haugen KL, Cybulski C, Elishaev E, Erber R, Fereday S, Fischer A, Paz-Ares L, Gayarre J, Gilks BC, Grube M, Harnett PR, Harris HR, Hartmann A, Hein A, Hendley J, Hernandez BY, Heublein S, Huang Y, Huzarski T, Jakubowska A, Jimenez-Linan M, Kennedy CJ, Kommoss FKF, Koziak JM, Kraemer B, Le ND, Lesnock J, Lester J, Lubiński J, Menkiszak J, Ney B, Olawaiye A, Orsulic S, Osorio A, Robles-Díaz L, Ruebner M, Shah M, Sharma R, Shvetsov YB, Steed H, Talhouk A, Taylor SE, Traficante N, Vierkant RA, Wang C, Wilkens LR, Winham SJ, Benitez J, Berchuck A, Bowtell DD, Candido Dos Reis FJ, Cook LS, DeFazio A, Doherty JA, Fasching PA, García MJ, Goode EL, Goodman MT, Gronwald J, Huntsman DG, Karlan BY, Kommoss S, Modugno F, Schildkraut JM, Sinn HP, Staebler A, Kelemen LE, Ford CE, Menon U, Pharoah PDP, Köbel M, Ramus SJ. Increased FOXJ1 protein expression is associated with improved overall survival in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma: an Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis Consortium Study. Br J Cancer 2023; 128:137-147. [PMID: 36323878 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-02014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we showed a >60% difference in 5-year survival for patients with tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) when stratified by a 101-gene mRNA expression prognostic signature. Given the varied patient outcomes, this study aimed to translate prognostic mRNA markers into protein expression assays by immunohistochemistry and validate their survival association in HGSC. METHODS Two prognostic genes, FOXJ1 and GMNN, were selected based on high-quality antibodies, correlation with protein expression and variation in immunohistochemical scores in a preliminary cohort (n = 134 and n = 80, respectively). Six thousand four hundred and thirty-four (FOXJ1) and 5470 (GMNN) formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded ovarian neoplasms (4634 and 4185 HGSC, respectively) represented on tissue microarrays from the Ovarian Tumor Tissue Analysis consortium underwent immunohistochemical staining and scoring, then univariate and multivariate survival analysis. RESULTS Consistent with mRNA, FOXJ1 protein expression exhibited a linear, increasing association with improved overall survival in HGSC patients. Women with >50% expression had the most favourable outcomes (HR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.67-0.91, p < 0.0001). GMNN protein expression was not significantly associated with overall HSGC patient survival. However, HGSCs with >35% GMNN expression showed a trend for better outcomes, though this was not significant. CONCLUSION We provide foundational evidence for the prognostic value of FOXJ1 in HGSC, validating the prior mRNA-based prognostic association by immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Weir
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, University of NSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of NSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Eun-Young Kang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nicola S Meagher
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, University of NSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of NSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregg S Nelson
- Department of Oncology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Prafull Ghatage
- Department of Oncology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cheng-Han Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marjorie J Riggan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Aleksandra Gentry-Maharaj
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andy Ryan
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology, University College London, London, UK
- Women's Cancer, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Naveena Singh
- Department of Pathology, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Jennifer Alsop
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael S Anglesio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia's Gynecological Cancer Research Team (OVCARE), University of British Columbia, BC Cancer, and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jessica Berger
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christiani Bisinotto
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jessica Boros
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison H Brand
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James D Brenton
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Michael E Carney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Julie M Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kara L Cushing-Haugen
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cezary Cybulski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Esther Elishaev
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ramona Erber
- Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sian Fereday
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna Fischer
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gayarre
- Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Blake C Gilks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marcel Grube
- Department of Women's Health, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Paul R Harnett
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Holly R Harris
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Hein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joy Hendley
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Sabine Heublein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yajue Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tomasz Huzarski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- Pomeranian Medical University, Independent Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetic Diagnostics, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Catherine J Kennedy
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Felix K F Kommoss
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Bernhard Kraemer
- Department of Women's Health, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nhu D Le
- Cancer Control Research, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jaime Lesnock
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jenny Lester
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jan Lubiński
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Janusz Menkiszak
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Britta Ney
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Olawaiye
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sandra Orsulic
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ana Osorio
- Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Robles-Díaz
- Familial Cancer Unit and Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthias Ruebner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mitul Shah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Raghwa Sharma
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Helen Steed
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Section of Gynecologic Oncology Surgery, North Zone, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Aline Talhouk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- British Columbia's Gynecological Cancer Research Team (OVCARE), University of British Columbia, BC Cancer, and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah E Taylor
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nadia Traficante
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert A Vierkant
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Computational Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Stacey J Winham
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Computational Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Javier Benitez
- Human Genetics Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrew Berchuck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David D Bowtell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Francisco J Candido Dos Reis
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Linda S Cook
- Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Anna DeFazio
- The Daffodil Centre, The University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Doherty
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - María J García
- Computational Oncology Group, Structural Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ellen L Goode
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Marc T Goodman
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Cedars-Sinai Cancer, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacek Gronwald
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - David G Huntsman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Beth Y Karlan
- David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Kommoss
- Department of Women's Health, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Francesmary Modugno
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Women's Cancer Research Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute and Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joellen M Schildkraut
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Sinn
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annette Staebler
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Linda E Kelemen
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Caroline E Ford
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, University of NSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of NSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of NSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Usha Menon
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Köbel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Center, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Susan J Ramus
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, University of NSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of NSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Barik GK, Sahay O, Paul D, Santra MK. Ezrin gone rogue in cancer progression and metastasis: An enticing therapeutic target. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188753. [PMID: 35752404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer as it remains the most complicated, devastating, and enigmatic aspect of cancer. Several decades of extensive research have identified several key players closely associated with metastasis. Among these players, cytoskeletal linker Ezrin (the founding member of the ERM (Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin) family) was identified as a critical promoter of metastasis in pediatric cancers in the early 21st century. Ezrin was discovered 40 years ago as a aminor component of intestinal epithelial microvillus core protein, which is enriched in actin-containing cell surface structures. It controls gastric acid secretion and plays diverse physiological roles including maintaining cell polarity, regulating cell adhesion, cell motility and morphogenesis. Extensive research for more than two decades evinces that Ezrin is frequently dysregulated in several human cancers. Overexpression, altered subcellular localization and/or aberrant activation of Ezrin are closely associated with higher metastatic incidence and patient mortality, thereby justifying Ezrin as a valuable prognostic biomarker in cancer. Ezrin plays multifaceted role in multiple aspects of cancer, with its significant contribution in the complex metastatic cascade, through reorganizing the cytoskeleton and deregulating various cellular signaling pathways. Current preclinical studies using genetic and/or pharmacological approaches reveal that inactivation of Ezrin results in significant inhibition of Ezrin-mediated tumor growth and metastasis as well as increase in the sensitivity of cancer cells to various chemotherapeutic drugs. In this review, we discuss the recent advances illuminating the molecular mechanisms responsible for Ezrin dysregulation in cancer and its pleiotropic role in cancer progression and metastasis. We also highlight its potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in various cancers. More importantly, we put forward some potential questions, which we strongly believe, will stimulate both basic and translational research to better understand Ezrin-mediated malignancy, ultimately leading to the development of Ezrin-targeted cancer therapy for the betterment of human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Kumar Barik
- Cancer Biology Division, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Osheen Sahay
- Cancer Biology Division, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Debasish Paul
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manas Kumar Santra
- Cancer Biology Division, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
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Tameishi M, Ishikawa H, Tanaka C, Kobori T, Urashima Y, Ito T, Obata T. Ezrin Contributes to the Plasma Membrane Expression of PD-L1 in A2780 Cells. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092457. [PMID: 35566582 PMCID: PMC9100183 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed death ligand–1 (PD–L1) is one of the immune checkpoint molecule localized on the plasma membrane of numerous cancer cells that negatively regulates T-cell-mediated immunosurveillance. Despite the remarkable efficacy and safety profile of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti-PD–L1 antibodies, restricted poor therapeutic responses to ICIs are often observed in patients with ovarian cancer. Because higher expression of PD–L1 in advanced ovarian cancer is associated with a decreased survival rate, identifying the potential molecules to regulate the plasma membrane expression of PD–L1 may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to improve the efficacy of ICIs against ovarian cancers. Here, we reveal the involvement of the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) family, which crosslinks transmembrane proteins with the actin cytoskeleton by serving as a scaffold protein, in the plasma membrane expression of PD–L1 in the human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line A2780. Our results demonstrate that PD–L1 and all three ERMs were expressed at the mRNA and protein levels in A2780 cells, and that PD–L1 was highly colocalized with ezrin and moesin, but moderately with radixin, in the plasma membrane. Interestingly, RNA interference-mediated gene silencing of ezrin, but not of radixin or moesin, substantially reduced the plasma membrane expression of PD–L1 without altering its mRNA expression. In conclusion, our results indicate that ezrin may be responsible for the plasma membrane expression of PD–L1, possibly by serving as a scaffold protein in A2780 cells. Ezrin is a potential therapeutic target for improving the efficacy of ICIs against ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuka Tameishi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi 584-8540, Japan; (M.T.); (H.I.); (C.T.); (T.K.); (Y.U.)
| | - Honami Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi 584-8540, Japan; (M.T.); (H.I.); (C.T.); (T.K.); (Y.U.)
| | - Chihiro Tanaka
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi 584-8540, Japan; (M.T.); (H.I.); (C.T.); (T.K.); (Y.U.)
| | - Takuro Kobori
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi 584-8540, Japan; (M.T.); (H.I.); (C.T.); (T.K.); (Y.U.)
| | - Yoko Urashima
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi 584-8540, Japan; (M.T.); (H.I.); (C.T.); (T.K.); (Y.U.)
| | - Takuya Ito
- Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi 584-8540, Japan;
| | - Tokio Obata
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Tondabayashi 584-8540, Japan; (M.T.); (H.I.); (C.T.); (T.K.); (Y.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-721-24-9371
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5
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Noi M, Mukaisho KI, Murakami S, Koshinuma S, Machida Y, Yamori M, Nakayama T, Ogawa T, Nakata Y, Shimizu T, Yamamoto G, Sugihara H. Expressions of ezrin, ERK, STAT3, and AKT in tongue cancer and association with tumor characteristics and patient survival. Clin Exp Dent Res 2020; 6:420-427. [PMID: 32281236 PMCID: PMC7453773 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ezrin, ERK, STAT3, and AKT are proteins that are overexpressed in various types of cancer, although their expressions in tongue cancer has received less focus. This study aimed to address associations between the expression levels of these proteins and with characteristics of the tumor and patient survival. Methods We performed immunohistochemical staining of ezrin, ERK, STAT3, and AKT in tumors from patients with tongue carcinoma in situ (CIS, n = 17) and tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC, n = 46). Statistical differences between the SCC versus the CIS cohorts were estimated by calculations of bivariate odds ratios of low versus high expression of the proteins. Fisher's exact tests were used to appraise interassociations between the proteins, as well as expression levels versus patient and tumor characteristics. Survival based on Kaplan–Meier statistics in combination log‐rank tests were used to address potential effects of the patient and tumor characteristics versus 5‐year survival rate. Results The relative high: low expression of all four proteins in the two cohorts differed, and particularly ERK was markedly overexpressed in the SCC versus the CIS cohort (odds ratio = 45.3, p < .01). The relative high: low expression each protein versus patient and tumor characteristics; showed associations between AKT expression and T stage (p = .002) plus node metastases (p = .12), and between ERK expression and drinking (p = .01) and smoking history (p = .01). There was no significant difference observed between ERK and the three other molecules, nor any significant difference between the degree of expression of each protein and the 5‐year disease‐specific survival rate. Conclusion Ezrin, ERK, STAT3, and AKT appear to be involved in the progress from carcinoma in situ in the tongue into squamous cell carcinoma. ERK in particular is overexpressed, suggesting that ERK may be a novel therapeutic target for preventing tongue cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Noi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ōtsu, Japan.,Division of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ōtsu, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Mukaisho
- Division of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ōtsu, Japan
| | - Shoko Murakami
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ōtsu, Japan.,Division of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ōtsu, Japan
| | - Shinya Koshinuma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ōtsu, Japan
| | - Yoshisato Machida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ōtsu, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamori
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ōtsu, Japan
| | - Takahisa Nakayama
- Division of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ōtsu, Japan
| | - Takao Ogawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ōtsu, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakata
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ōtsu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ōtsu, Japan
| | - Gaku Yamamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ōtsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sugihara
- Division of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Ōtsu, Japan
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6
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Qiu C, Huang F, Zhang Q, Chen W, Zhang H. miR-205-3p promotes proliferation and reduces apoptosis of breast cancer MCF-7 cells and is associated with poor prognosis of breast cancer patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 33:e22966. [PMID: 31578772 PMCID: PMC6805278 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.22966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To study the expression of microribonucleic acid (miR)‐205 in breast cancer and its effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Methods Breast cancer cell line MCF‐7 cells with stable expression of miR‐205‐3p were constructed. Cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis were detected via MTT assay, transwell assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. The expressions of Ezrin, LaminA/C, cleaved caspase‐3, Bcl‐2, and Bax were detected via Western blotting. The expressions of miR‐205‐3p in breast cancer tissues and para‐carcinoma tissues were detected via quantitative PCR (qPCR). Results In transfection group, cell proliferation and invasion capacities were increased significantly (P < 0.01), but apoptotic cells were significantly reduced (P < 0.01). In addition, the expressions of Ezrin, LaminA/C, and cleaved caspase‐3 in the transfection group were significantly decreased (P < 0.01), but the Bcl‐2/Bax ratio was significantly increased (P < 0.01). The miR‐205‐3p expression in tumor tissues of breast cancer patients was significantly higher than that in para‐carcinoma tissue, but Ezrin, LaminA/C, and cleaved caspase‐3 expressions in tumor tissues were remarkably declined (P < 0.01), while the Bcl‐2/Bax ratio was remarkably increased (P < 0.01). Moreover, the 5‐year survival of patients with high expression of miR‐205‐3p was significantly shorter than patients with normal or low expression (P < 0.01). Conclusion Highly expressed miR‐205‐3p can promote the proliferation and invasion and reduce the apoptosis of breast cancer cells, and the high expression of miR‐205‐3p can significantly reduce the survival time of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of ZhaoQing, ZhaoQing, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (Shen Zhen), Shen Zhen, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of ZhaoQing, ZhaoQing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of ZhaoQing, ZhaoQing, China
| | - Huiting Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of ZhaoQing, ZhaoQing, China
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7
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Quan C, Sun J, Lin Z, Jin T, Dong B, Meng Z, Piao J. Ezrin promotes pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and invasion through activating the Akt/mTOR pathway and inducing YAP translocation. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:6553-6566. [PMID: 31372056 PMCID: PMC6634270 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s202342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ezrin and YAP are abnormally expressed in various cancers, and play pivotal roles in cancer initiation and development. However, the mechanisms of Ezrin in pancreatic cancer have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the functions and mechanisms of Ezrin in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. Methods Effects of Ezrin deregulation on pancreatic cancer phenotype were determined in Capan-1 and BxPC-3 cells using MTT, colony formation, transwell, wound-healing, and chick chorioallantoic membrane assays. To find out the underlying mechanism of Ezrin, multiple assays were performed to detect the effect of Ezrin on Akt pathway activation and YAP expression. Then, Ezrin and YAP expression was analyzed in pancreatic cancer and normal pancreas samples. Finally, the prognostic value of Ezrin and YAP was evaluated in pancreatic cancer patients. Results Ezrin promoted proliferation, invasion, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression, and angiogenesis of pancreatic cancers. Mechanistically, Ezrin activated Akt/mTOR pathways and induced YAP phosphorylation and nucleus translocation. The PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor, rapamycin, and LY294002 could partially attenuate the effect of Ezrin on cell proliferation, invasion, EMT progression, and YAP phosphorylation and translocation. Moreover, both Ezrin and YAP were significantly overexpressed in pancreatic cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal pancreas, and correlated with poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer patients. Multivariate survival analysis showed that Ezrin was an independent prognostic marker for pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, the expression status of Ezrin and YAP had positive correlations in pancreatic cancer tissues. Conclusion Ezrin promoted pancreatic cancer proliferation, invasion, migration, and EMT progression, partially through activating the PI3K/Akt pathway, and also regulated YAP phosphorylation and translocation, partially through the PI3K/Akt pathway. Ezrin and YAP were significantly overexpressed in pancreatic cancers, and correlated with poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunji Quan
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of the Science and Technology, Department of Jilin Province , Yanji 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Lin
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of the Science and Technology, Department of Jilin Province , Yanji 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiefeng Jin
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of the Science and Technology, Department of Jilin Province , Yanji 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Dong
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of the Science and Technology, Department of Jilin Province , Yanji 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Meng
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of the Science and Technology, Department of Jilin Province , Yanji 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Piao
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research Center, Yanbian University Medical College, Yanji 133002, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of the Science and Technology, Department of Jilin Province , Yanji 133002, People's Republic of China
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8
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Wang P, Magdolen V, Seidl C, Dorn J, Drecoll E, Kotzsch M, Yang F, Schmitt M, Schilling O, Rockstroh A, Clements JA, Loessner D. Kallikrein-related peptidases 4, 5, 6 and 7 regulate tumour-associated factors in serous ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:1-9. [PMID: 30287916 PMCID: PMC6189062 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue kallikrein-related peptidases 4, 5, 6 and 7 (KLK4-7) strongly increase the malignancy of ovarian cancer cells. Deciphering their downstream effectors, we aimed at finding new potential prognostic biomarkers and treatment targets for ovarian cancer patients. KLK4-7-transfected (OV-KLK4-7) and vector-control OV-MZ-6 (OV-VC) ovarian cancer cells were established to select differentially regulated factors. METHODS With three independent approaches, PCR arrays, genome-wide microarray and proteome analyses, we identified 10 candidates (MSN, KRT19, COL5A2, COL1A2, BMP5, F10, KRT7, JUNB, BMP4, MMP1). To determine differential protein expression, we performed western blot analyses, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry for four candidates (MSN, KRT19, KRT7, JUNB) in cells, tumour xenograft and patient-derived tissues. RESULTS We demonstrated that KLK4-7 clearly regulates expression of MSN, KRT19, KRT7 and JUNB at the mRNA and protein levels in ovarian cancer cells and tissues. Protein expression of the top-upregulated effectors, MSN and KRT19, was investigated by immunohistochemistry in patients afflicted with serous ovarian cancer and related to KLK4-7 immunoexpression. Significant positive associations were found for KRT19/KLK4, KRT19/KLK5 and MSN/KLK7. CONCLUSION These findings imply that KLK4-7 exert key modulatory effects on other cancer-related genes and proteins in ovarian cancer. These downstream effectors of KLK4-7, MSN and KRT19 may represent important therapeutic targets in serous ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christof Seidl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Dorn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Enken Drecoll
- Department of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Feng Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Schmitt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre of Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Rockstroh
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Judith Ann Clements
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniela Loessner
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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9
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Mori K, Toiyama Y, Otake K, Ide S, Imaoka H, Okigami M, Okugawa Y, Fujikawa H, Saigusa S, Hiro J, Kobayashi M, Ohi M, Tanaka K, Inoue Y, Kobayashi Y, Mohri Y, Kobayashi I, Goel A, Kusunoki M. Successful identification of a predictive biomarker for lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer using a proteomic approach. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106935-106947. [PMID: 29291001 PMCID: PMC5739786 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC)-associated mortality is primarily caused by lymph node (LN) and distant metastasis, highlighting the need for biomarkers that predict LN metastasis and facilitate better therapeutic strategies. We used an Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ)-based comparative proteomics approach to identify novel biomarkers for predicting LN metastasis in CRC patients. We analyzed five paired samples of CRC with or without LN metastasis, adjacent normal mucosa, and normal colon mucosa, and differentially expressed proteins were identified and subsequently validated at the protein and/or mRNA levels by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR, respectively. We identified 55 proteins specifically associated with LN metastasis, from which we selected ezrin for further analysis and functional assessment. Expression of ezrin at both the protein and mRNA levels was significantly higher in CRC tissues than in adjacent normal colonic mucosa. In univariate analysis, high ezrin expression was significantly associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis, which was consistent with our in vitro findings that ezrin promotes the metastatic capacity of CRC cells by enabling cell invasion and migration. In multivariate analysis, high levels of ezrin protein and mRNA in CRC samples were independent predictors of LN metastasis. Our data thus identify ezrin as a novel protein and mRNA biomarker for predicting LN metastasis in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Mori
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yuji Toiyama
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Kohei Otake
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Shozo Ide
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroki Imaoka
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Masato Okigami
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yoshinaga Okugawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujikawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Susumu Saigusa
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Junichiro Hiro
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Minako Kobayashi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Masaki Ohi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Inoue
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yuhko Kobayashi
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Mohri
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Issei Kobayashi
- Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research & Center for Epigenetics, Cancer Prevention and Cancer Genomics, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Masato Kusunoki
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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10
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Liang F, Wang Y, Shi L, Zhang J. Association of Ezrin expression with the progression and prognosis of gastrointestinal cancer: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:93186-93195. [PMID: 29190988 PMCID: PMC5696254 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ezrin, a cytoskeletal protein, is involved in cell adhesion. Several studies have been performed to explore the association between Ezrin and gastrointestinal cancers, but the results are inconclusive. This meta-analysis aims to assess the prognostic value of Ezrin. Materials and Methods/Findings PubMed and EMBASE were searched. Pooled hazard ratio (HR), odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were utilized to evaluate the association between Ezrin expression and various clinical parameters. 2701 patients from 19 studies were included in the meta-analysis. For gastric cancer, Ezrin expression was associated with tumor grade (OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.53-3.52), TNM stage (OR 4.69, 95% CI 1.38-15.89), lymph node involvement (OR 3.96, 95% CI 1.47-10.70) and overall survival (HR 1.88, 95% CI 1.33-2.66). In colorectal cancer, Ezrin expression was associated with tumor grade (OR 3.94, 95% CI 2.10-3.78), TNM stage (OR 5.66, 95% CI 1.41-22.67), lymph node metastasis (OR 9.52, 95% CI 3.93-23.02), distant metastasis (OR 3.06, 95% CI 1.77-5.31), disease free survival (HR 2.48, 95% CI 1.44-4.28). For esophageal cancer, Ezrin expression was associated with lymph node metastasis (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.00-4.28) and overall survival (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.17-1.89). Conclusions Ezrin expression is significantly associated with tumor grade, TNM stage, and lymph node metastasis in gastric and colorectal cancers. For gastric cancers, Ezrin is useful in predicting distant metastasis. Survival data showed that high Ezrin expression is associated with poor prognosis in gastric, colorectal and esophageal cancers. Our findings suggest that Ezrin might be a potential biomarker in several gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, ZheJiang University, HangZhou, ZheJiang 310009, China
| | - Yangxin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, ZheJiang University, HangZhou, ZheJiang 310009, China
| | - Ligen Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, ZheJiang University, HangZhou, ZheJiang 310009, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, ZheJiang University, HangZhou, ZheJiang 310009, China
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11
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Slik K, Kurki S, Korpela T, Carpén O, Korkeila E, Sundström J. Ezrin expression combined with MSI status in prognostication of stage II colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185436. [PMID: 28953975 PMCID: PMC5617236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently used factors predicting disease recurrence in stage II colorectal cancer patients are not optimal for risk stratification. Thus, new biomarkers are needed. In this study the applicability of ezrin protein expression together with MSI status and BRAF mutation status were tested in predicting disease outcome in stage II colorectal cancer. The study population consisted of 173 stage II colorectal cancer patients. Paraffin-embedded cancer tissue material from surgical specimens was used to construct tissue microarrays (TMAs) with next-generation technique. The TMA-slides were subjected to following immunohistochemical stainings: MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, ezrin and anti-BRAF V600E antibody. The staining results were correlated with clinicopathological variables and survival. In categorical analysis, high ezrin protein expression correlated with poor disease-specific survival (p = 0.038). In univariate analysis patients having microsatellite instabile / low ezrin expression tumors had a significantly longer disease-specific survival than patients having microsatellite stable / high ezrin expression tumors (p = 0.007). In multivariate survival analysis, the presence of BRAF mutation was associated to poor overall survival (p = 0.028, HR 3.29, 95% CI1.14–9.54). High ezrin protein expression in patients with microsatellite stable tumors was linked to poor disease-specific survival (p = 0.01, HR 5.68, 95% CI 1.53–21.12). Ezrin protein expression is a promising biomarker in estimating the outcome of stage II colorectal cancer patients. When combined with microsatellite status its ability in predicting disease outcome is further improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadija Slik
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Misurata Cancer Center, University of Misurata, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Misurata, Libya
| | - Samu Kurki
- Auria Biobank, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 8, Turku, Finland
| | - Taina Korpela
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Carpén
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pathology and Genome Scale Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Korkeila
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11, Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Sundström
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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12
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Gianferante DM, Mirabello L, Savage SA. Germline and somatic genetics of osteosarcoma - connecting aetiology, biology and therapy. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:480-491. [PMID: 28338660 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical outcomes and treatment modalities for osteosarcoma, the most common primary cancer of bone, have changed very little over the past 30 years. The peak incidence of osteosarcoma occurs during the adolescent growth spurt, which suggests that bone growth and pubertal hormones are important in the aetiology of the disease. Tall stature, high birth weight and certain inherited cancer predisposition syndromes are well-described risk factors for osteosarcoma. Common genetic variants are also associated with osteosarcoma. The somatic genome of osteosarcoma is highly aneuploid, exhibits extensive intratumoural heterogeneity and has a higher mutation rate than most other paediatric cancers. Complex pathways related to bone growth and development and tumorigenesis are also important in osteosarcoma biology. In this Review, we discuss the contributions of germline and somatic genetics, tumour biology and animal models in improving our understanding of osteosarcoma aetiology, and their potential to identify novel therapeutic targets and thus improve the lives of patients with osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Matthew Gianferante
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sharon A Savage
- Clinical Genetics Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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13
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Zhong GX, Feng SD, Shen R, Wu ZY, Chen F, Zhu X. The clinical significance of the Ezrin gene and circulating tumor cells in osteosarcoma. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:527-533. [PMID: 28223819 PMCID: PMC5308564 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s125589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the peripheral blood of an osteosarcoma and the Ezrin gene expressed in CTCs. Patients and methods CTC enrichment was done with CanPatrol™ CTC enrichment technique in 41 patients with osteosarcoma. The characterization of CTCs was performed using a multiple messenger RNA in situ analysis (MRIA). The expression of the Ezrin gene in CTCs was detected by RNA probe technology. The correlations of CTC counts, cell type and the expression level of the Ezrin gene with clinical stage and metastasis of osteosarcoma were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 software. Results The CTC counts correlated significantly with Enneking stage (P<0.001). The ratio of mesenchymal CTCs correlated with the distant metastases (P<0.001). Ezrin gene expression in CTCs correlated significantly with distant metastases (χ2=152.51, P=0.000). Conclusion The ratio of mesenchymal CTCs in the peripheral blood of osteosarcoma correlates with distant metastases. High expression of Ezrin gene in CTCs correlates with distant metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shao-Dan Feng
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
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14
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Correlation of Ezrin Expression Pattern and Clinical Outcomes in Ewing Sarcoma. Sarcoma 2017; 2017:8758623. [PMID: 28246524 PMCID: PMC5299201 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8758623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Ezrin is a membrane-cytoskeleton linker protein that has been associated with metastasis and poor outcomes in osteosarcoma and high-grade soft tissue sarcomas. The prognostic value of ezrin expression in Ewing sarcoma is unknown. Methods. The relationship between ezrin expression and outcome was analyzed in a cohort of 53 newly diagnosed Ewing sarcoma patients treated between 2000 and 2011. The intensity and proportion of cells with ezrin immunoreactivity were assessed in diagnostic tumor tissue using a semiquantitative scoring system to yield intensity and positivity scores for each tumor. Results. Ezrin expression was detected in 72% (38/53) of tumor samples. The proportion of patients with metastatic disease was equal in the positive and negative ezrin expression groups. There was no significant difference in the 5-year event-free survival (EFS) between patients with positive versus negative ezrin expression. Patients whose tumor sample showed high ezrin intensity had significantly better 5-year EFS when compared to patients with low/no ezrin intensity (78% versus 55%; P = 0.03). Conclusions. Ezrin expression can be detected in the majority of Ewing sarcoma tumor samples. Intense ezrin expression may be correlated with a favorable outcome; however further investigation with a larger cohort is needed to validate this finding.
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15
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Demacopulo B, Lema BE, Cabrini RL, Kreimann EL. Similar expression pattern of NHERF1 and EZRIN in papillary but not in solid areas of human serous ovarian carcinomas. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:797-805. [PMID: 27823775 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
NHERF1 is an adaptor protein expressed in the apical membrane of polarized epithelia, which interacts with the EZRIN-Radixin-Moesin (ERM) family of proteins connecting signaling pathways to the cell cytoskeleton. NHERF1 and EZRIN cooperate in the maintenance of the apical microvilli in polarized epithelial cells. In several types of cancers, NHERF1 and EZRIN are displaced from the apical compartment to the cytoplasm and nuclei of cancer cells. At the present, the distribution of NHERF1 in ovarian tumors is not well known. In this study, NHERF1 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in cyst adenofibromas, serous borderline tumors, and serous ovarian carcinomas. We observed a strong staining of NHERF1 and EZRIN at the membrane level of borderline tumors and areas of papillary structures in ovarian carcinomas. In tumors without papillary structures and compact structure, NHERF1 was exclusively expressed in the apical pole of the cells at the edges of the clefts of luminal spaces. In contrast, positive expression of EZRIN was found in the membrane of tumor cells within the solid tumor where NHERF1 was not expressed. In summary, this study shows, for the first time, the distribution of NHERF1 in ovarian cancer and reveals a different regulation of NHERF1 and EZRIN expression in ovarian tumors which represents the complexity of the molecular changes of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Demacopulo
- National Atomic Energy Commission of Argentina (CNEA), National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Department of Radiobiology, Av. General Paz 1499 (1650), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Baltazar Eduardo Lema
- Private Diagnostic Pathology Laboratory, Anchorena 1510 Capital Federal (1425) C.A.B.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Rómulo Luis Cabrini
- National Atomic Energy Commission of Argentina (CNEA), National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Department of Radiobiology, Av. General Paz 1499 (1650), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina; School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires (UBA), Department of Oral Pathology, Marcelo T. de Alvear 2142, (C1122AAH) C.A.B.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Erica Lorena Kreimann
- National Atomic Energy Commission of Argentina (CNEA), National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Department of Radiobiology, Av. General Paz 1499 (1650), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ezrin Is Associated with Disease Progression in Ovarian Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162502. [PMID: 27622508 PMCID: PMC5021292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Ezrin and p130Cas are structural proteins with an important role in signaling pathways and have been shown to promote cancer dissemination. We previously reported on overexpression of both ezrin and p130Cas in breast carcinoma effusions compared to primary carcinomas. Since ovarian and breast carcinomas share the ability to disseminate by forming malignant effusions, we sought to study the role of these molecules in ovarian carcinoma (OC). Methods OC cell lines were cultured in two different 3-dimensional conditions, on alginate scaffolds and as spheroids, which served as models for solid tumor and malignant effusions, respectively. shRNA was used to reduce protein expression in the cells. The malignant potential was evaluated by chemo-invasion assay, branching capacity on Matrigel and rate of proliferation. Subsequently, clinical specimens of high-grade serous carcinoma effusions, ovarian tumors and solid metastases were analyzed for ezrin and p130Cas expression. Results Higher ezrin expression was found in cells composing the spheroids compared to their counterparts cultured on alginate scaffold and in clinical samples of malignant effusions compared to solid tumors. In addition, reduced Ezrin expression impaired the invasion ability and the branching capacity of OC cells to a greater extent than reduced p130Cas expression. However, ezrin and p130Cas expression in effusions was unrelated to clinical outcome. Conclusions The 3-dimensional cell cultures were found to mimic the different tumor sites and be applicable as a model. The in vitro results concur with the clinical specimen analysis, suggesting that in OC, the role of ezrin in disease progression is more pronounced than that of p130Cas.
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Lugowska I, Mierzejewska E, Lenarcik M, Klepacka T, Koch I, Michalak E, Szamotulska K. The clinical significance of changes in ezrin expression in osteosarcoma of children and young adults. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12071-12078. [PMID: 27207343 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ezrin is a protein that functions as a cross-linker between actin cytoskeleton and plasma membrane. Its clinical role in osteosarcoma is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate, in osteosarcoma, the prognostic value of ezrin expression at biopsy and changes in expression levels after preoperative chemotherapy. Thirty-eight newly diagnosed osteosarcoma patients aged 6-23 years were included. At diagnosis, 20 patients had localized disease, the others had distant metastases. Median follow-up was 75 months (range 13-135). Ezrin expression was assessed immunohistochemically in biopsy tissue and primary tumour specimens resected after chemotherapy. The influence on survival of changes in ezrin expression after chemotherapy was analysed. Ezrin expression was significantly higher after preoperative chemotherapy and changes compared to biopsy tissue were significantly lower in patients with early progression than in patients with relapse or no further evidence of disease (p = 0.006 and p = 0.002, respectively). Similarly, ezrin expression was higher after preoperative chemotherapy and exhibited less change in expression in deceased patients compared to patients surviving more than 5 years (both p = 0.001). Ezrin expression at biopsy was significantly associated with both histopathological aggressiveness (p < 0.001) and tumour size (p = 0.037). The results of this study provide evidence that changes in overexpression of ezrin due to preoperative chemotherapy could be a useful predictive and prognostic marker in patients with osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Lugowska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Mother and Child, M. Kasprzak Street 17a, 01-211, Warsaw, Poland. .,Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, K. W. Roentgen Street, 02-781, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Mierzejewska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Mother and Child, M. Kasprzak Street 17a, 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Lenarcik
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Mother and Child, M. Kasprzak Street 17a, 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Klepacka
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Mother and Child, M. Kasprzak Street 17a, 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irena Koch
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Mother and Child, M. Kasprzak Street 17a, 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Michalak
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Mother and Child, M. Kasprzak Street 17a, 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szamotulska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Mother and Child, M. Kasprzak Street 17a, 01-211, Warsaw, Poland
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Prognostic Value of Ezrin in Various Cancers: A Systematic Review and Updated Meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17903. [PMID: 26632332 PMCID: PMC4668575 DOI: 10.1038/srep17903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more studies have investigated the effects of Ezrin expression level on the prognostic role in various tumors. However, the results remain controversial rather than conclusive. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the correlation of Ezrin expression with the prognosis in various tumors. the pooled hazard ratios (HR) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to evaluate the degree of the association. The overall results of fifty-five studies with 6675 patients showed that elevated Ezrin expression was associated with a worse prognosis in patients with cancers, with the pooled HRs of 1.86 (95% CI: 1.51–2.31, P < 0.001) for over survival (OS), 2.55 (95% CI: 2.14–3.05, P < 0.001) for disease-specific survival (DFS) and 2.02 (95% CI: 1.13–3.63, P = 0.018) for disease-specific survival (DSS)/metastasis-free survival (MFS) by the random, fixed and random effect model respectively. Similar results were also observed in the stratified analyses by tumor types, ethnicity background and sample source. This meta-analysis suggests that Ezrin may be a potential prognostic marker in cancer patients. High Ezrin is associated with a poor prognosis in a variety of solid tumors.
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Shan HG, Huang CH, Huang DM. Ezrin promotes invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer by up-regulating YAP protein expression. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:3683-3690. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i23.3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the interactions of Ezrin and Hippo/Yes-associated protein (YAP) in the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer.
METHODS: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to determine the protein expression of Ezrin and YAP in 209 gastric cancer tissues. MTT assay was carried out to evaluate the effect of Ezrin overexpression with or without siYAP treatment on cell proliferation. Transwell assays were implemented to assess the impact of Ezrin overexpression with or without siYAP on cell migration and invasion.
RESULTS: IHC staining showed that Ezrin and YAP expression was up-regulated in primary gastric cancer compared with their adjacent normal tissues and positively correlated with tumor occurrence, development and metastasis. MTT assay showed that overexpression of Ezrin increased cell proliferation, and knockdown of YAP inhibited cell proliferation. Transwell assays demonstrated that the ectopic expression of Ezrin in SGC7901 cells promoted cell migration and invasion, and knockdown of YAP inhibited cell migration and invasion.
CONCLUSION: Ezrin functions as an oncogene in gastric cancer and can increase YAP protein expression, which in turn up-regulates the expression of the downstream molecules of the Hippo pathway to promote invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer.
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Ezrin Binds to DEAD-Box RNA Helicase DDX3 and Regulates Its Function and Protein Level. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:3145-62. [PMID: 26149384 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00332-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ezrin is a key regulator of cancer metastasis that links the extracellular matrix to the actin cytoskeleton and regulates cell morphology and motility. We discovered a small-molecule inhibitor, NSC305787, that directly binds to ezrin and inhibits its function. In this study, we used a nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS-MS)-based proteomic approach to identify ezrin-interacting proteins that are competed away by NSC305787. A large number of the proteins that interact with ezrin were implicated in protein translation and stress granule dynamics. We validated direct interaction between ezrin and the RNA helicase DDX3, and NSC305787 blocked this interaction. Downregulation or long-term pharmacological inhibition of ezrin led to reduced DDX3 protein levels without changes in DDX3 mRNA. Ectopic overexpression of ezrin in low-ezrin-expressing osteosarcoma cells caused a notable increase in DDX3 protein levels. Ezrin inhibited the RNA helicase activity of DDX3 but increased its ATPase activity. Our data suggest that ezrin controls the translation of mRNAs preferentially with a structured 5' untranslated region, at least in part, by sustaining the protein level of DDX3 and/or regulating its function. Therefore, our findings suggest a novel function for ezrin in regulation of gene translation that is distinct from its canonical role as a cytoskeletal scaffold at the cell membrane.
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The impact of immunohistochemical staining with ezrin-carbonic anhydrase IX and neuropilin-2 on prognosis in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:8471-8. [PMID: 26026587 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of prognostic factors in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents an area of increasing interest. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the prognostic role of carbonic anhydrase-IX, ezrin, and neuropilin in metastatic RCC patients. The expression of several biomarkers were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 45 patients with advanced stage RCC treated with second-line tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) after failure of interferon-alpha between January 2007 and June 2012. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests were used for analysis of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was employed to identify factors with an independent effect on the survival. Age, ezrin and neuropilin-2 overexpression were found to be statistically significant factors (P < 0.05) for PFS in the univariate analysis. Ezrin and neuropilin-2 overexpression, hemoglobin and albumin level were statistically significant factors (P < 0.05) for OS in the univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed that low expression of ezrin and neuropilin-2 was an independent prognostic factor for PFS and OS. The median PFS was 4 months for patients overexpressing neuropilin-2 versus 11 months for those with lower expression of neuropilin-2 (p = 0.033). The median OS was longer in patients with low levels of neuropilin-2 expression (26 months) compared to patients overexpressing neuropilin-2 (13 months) (p = 0.023). Increased expression of ezrin was associated with poor prognosis in patients treated with TKIs targeting VEGF (PFS, 3 vs 7 months; p = 0.012). High ezrin expression was associated with shorter OS (p = 0.009). This is the first study in the literature showing that neuropilin-2 and ezrin are related with prognosis in patients with advanced RCC.
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Li J, Li L, Li Z, Gong G, Chen P, Liu H, Wang J, Liu Y, Wu X. The role of miR-205 in the VEGF-mediated promotion of human ovarian cancer cell invasion. Gynecol Oncol 2015; 137:125-33. [PMID: 25597268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.01.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate a miRNA pathway that acts downstream of VEGF-induced invasion of ovarian cancer cells. METHOD We used two paired high and low metastatic serous ovarian cancer cells to demonstrate the role of miR-205 in VEGF-induced invasion of ovarian cancer cells and to investigate the gene targets of miR-205. RESULTS Our previous comparative proteomics studies showed that VEGF decreased the expression of Ezrin and Lamin A/C, and this result was validated in the present study using qPCR and Western blotting. Then we found that VEGF enhanced the invasiveness of and inhibited apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells as assessed by transwell invasion assays and Annexin V-FITC immunostaining, respectively. VEGFR was also expressed in ovarian cancer cells, as assessed by immunocytochemical staining. Furthermore, using the dual-luciferase report assay system, we demonstrated that miR-205 targeted Ezrin and Lamin A/C. MiR-205 was up-regulated in ovarian cancer cells exposed to VEGF, as determined by miRNA microarray analysis and verified by qPCR. MiR-205 promoted the invasion and proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. CONCLUSION Our data reveal a new potential pathway in which VEGF promotes the invasion of ovarian cancer cells, partially via the down-regulation of Ezrin and Lamin A/C caused by increased expression of miR-205.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanni Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Zexia Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 75070, USA
| | - Guanghui Gong
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Puxiang Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Hailing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Junpu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.
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Zhang F, Li C, Liu H, Wang Y, Chen Y, Wu X. The functional proteomics analysis of VEGF-treated human epithelial ovarian cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:12379-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2552-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Ren L, Khanna C. Role of ezrin in osteosarcoma metastasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 804:181-201. [PMID: 24924175 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04843-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cause of death for the vast majority of cancer patients is the development of metastases at sites distant from that of the primary tumor. For most pediatric sarcoma patients such as those with osteosarcoma (OS), despite successful management of the primary tumor through multimodality approaches, the development of metastases, commonly to the lungs, is the cause of death. Significant improvements in long-term outcome for these patients have not been seen in more than 30 years. Furthermore, the long-term outcome for patients who present with metastatic disease is grave [1-5]. New treatment options are needed.Opportunities to improve outcomes for patients who present with metastases and those at-risk for progression and metastasis require an improved understanding of cancer progression and metastasis. With this goal in mind we and others have identified ezrin as a metastasis-associated protein that associated with OS and other cancers. Ezrin is the prototypical ERM (Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin) protein family member. ERMs function as linker proteins connecting the actin cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane. Since our initial identification of ezrin in pediatric sarcoma, an increasing understanding the role of ezrin in metastasis has emerged. Briefly, ezrin appears to allow metastatic cells to overcome a number of stresses experienced during the metastatic cascade, most notably the stress experienced as cells interact with the microenvironment of the secondary site. Cells must rapidly adapt to this environment in order to survive. Evidence now suggests a connection between ezrin expression and a variety of mechanisms linked to this important cellular adaptation including the ability of metastatic cells to initiate the translation of new proteins and to allow the efficient generation of ATP through a variety of sources. This understanding of the role of ezrin in the biology of metastasis is now sufficient to consider ezrin as an important therapeutic target in osteosarcoma patients. This chapter reviews our understanding of ezrin and the related ERM proteins in normal tissues and physiology, summarizes the expression of ezrin in human cancers and associations with clinical parameters of disease progression, reviews reports that detail a biological understanding of ezrin's role in metastatic progression, and concludes with a rationale that may be considered to target ezrin and ezrin biology in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ren
- Molecular Oncology Section - Metastasis Biology Group, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Dr., Rm 2144, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,
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Kong J, Li Y, Liu S, Jin H, Shang Y, Quan C, Li Y, Lin Z. High expression of ezrin predicts poor prognosis in uterine cervical cancer. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:520. [PMID: 24182314 PMCID: PMC4228363 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ezrin, a member of the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) protein family, plays a pivotal role in tumor invasion and metastasis. This study is aimed to investigate the clinicopathological significance of upregulated ezrin protein expression in uterine cervical cancers. Methods Immunohistochemical staining of ezrin protein was performed on uterine cervical cancer specimens from 235 patients. For comparison, 239 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), 17 cases of cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (CGIN) and 52 normal cervix samples were also included. qRT-PCR was performed on fresh tissues to detect ezrin mRNA expression levels. HPV infection statuses were genotyped by oligonucleotide microarray, and 10-year survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method for 109 cervical cancer patients. Results Apical membranous distribution of ezrin protein was only observed in normal cervical glands, while perinuclear staining was only observed in cervical cancers. Strong cytoplasmic and diffuse localization of ezrin were frequently seen in the cervical cancers compared with the normal counterparts. Furthermore, this strongly positive ezrin expression was significantly higher in cervical cancers than in CIN, CGIN, and normal cervical epithelia. Ezrin overexpression was closely related with poor differentiation, late stage, and lymph node metastasis. Additionally, ezrin overexpression was associated with lower 10-year survival rate for patients with early stage cervical cancer, but not for patients with advanced stage. Conclusions Aberrant localization and overexpression of ezrin might be an independent effective biomarker for prognostic evaluation of cervical cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yulin Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain & Functional Molecules (Yanbian University), Ministry of Education, Yanji, China.
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Jung WY, Kang Y, Lee H, Mok YJ, Kim HK, Kim A, Kim BH. Expression of moesin and CD44 is associated with poor prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma. Histopathology 2013; 63:474-81. [PMID: 23889297 DOI: 10.1111/his.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS CD44 has been reported as a negative prognostic marker in gastric cancer. It interacts with moesin in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. To date, to our knowledge, there has been no clinical study dealing with the relationship between moesin and gastric adenocarcinoma. We analysed the expression of moesin and CD44 in gastric adenocarcinoma tissue, and correlations with clinicopathological factors. METHODS AND RESULTS A retrospective analysis was made of 430 patients who had undergone gastrectomy at the Korea University Guro Hospital between 2002 and 2005 for gastric adenocarcinoma. Using tissue microarray and immunohistochemical staining, moesin expression was observed in 192 (44.7%) cases; it was associated significantly with poorly differentiated histology, invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion and advanced pathological TNM stage. CD44 expression was not correlated with clinicopathological features or moesin expression. Moesin expression was a strong predictor of lymph node metastasis in logistic regression analysis. Both moesin expression and CD44 expression were associated significantly with poor overall survival in univariate analysis. Furthermore, in multivariate analysis, moesin and CD44 were independent markers of poor prognosis, along with pathological TNM stage and older patient age. CONCLUSION Moesin expression and CD44 expression might be useful markers of poor prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woon Yong Jung
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Han K, Qi W, Gan Z, Shen Z, Yao Y, Min D. Prognostic value of Ezrin in solid tumors: a meta-analysis of the literature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68527. [PMID: 23894313 PMCID: PMC3716773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ezrin is a cytoskeletal protein involved in tumor growth and invasion. However its prognostic value for survival in patients with solid tumor remains controversial. METHODS Several databases were searched, including Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane databases. The endpoints were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS). The pooled hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated employing fixed- or random-effects models depending on the heterogeneity of the included trials. RESULTS Twenty-seven eligible trials involving 4693 patients were ultimately identified. A summary hazard ratio (HR) of all studies and sub-group hazard ratios were calculated. The combined HR suggested that a positive Ezrin expression had an impact on overall survival (OS) [1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.60-2.39; P<0.001] in all eligible studies and progress free survival (PFS): (2.30 95% CI 1.0-3.61; P = 0.001). Similar results were also observed in subgroup analysis, according to tumor types, regions, patients' number and publication year. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that Ezrin protein expression might be a factor for a poor prognosis in patients with solid tumor. So large well-designed prospective studies are now needed to confirm the clinical utility of Ezrin as an independent prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Han
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital East Campus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - WeiXiang Qi
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - ZhiHua Gan
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital East Campus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zan Shen
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yao
- Department of Oncology, The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - DaLiu Min
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital East Campus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Brown L, Waseem A, Cruz IN, Szary J, Gunic E, Mannan T, Unadkat M, Yang M, Valderrama F, O'Toole EA, Wan H. Desmoglein 3 promotes cancer cell migration and invasion by regulating activator protein 1 and protein kinase C-dependent-Ezrin activation. Oncogene 2013; 33:2363-74. [PMID: 23752190 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), the pemphigus vulgaris antigen, has recently been shown to be upregulated in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and has been identified as a good tumor-specific marker for clinical staging of cervical sentinel lymph nodes in head and neck SCC. However, little is known about its biological function in cancer. The actin-binding protein Ezrin and the activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor are implicated in cancer progression and metastasis. Here, we report that Dsg3 regulates the activity of c-Jun/AP-1 as well as protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation of Ezrin-Thr567, which contributes to the accelerated motility of cancer cells. Ectopic expression of Dsg3 in cancer cell lines caused enhanced phosphorylation at Ezrin-Thr567 with concomitant augmented membrane protrusions, cell spreading and invasive phenotype. We showed that Dsg3 formed a complex with Ezrin at the plasma membrane that was required for its proper function of interacting with F-actin and CD44 as Dsg3 knockdown impaired these associations. The increased Ezrin phosphorylation in Dsg3-overexpressing cells could be abrogated substantially by various pharmacological inhibitors for Ser/Thr kinases, including PKC and Rho kinase that are known to activate Ezrin. Furthermore, a marked increase in c-Jun S63 phosphorylation, among others, was found in Dsg3-overexpressing cells and the activation of c-Jun/AP-1 was further supported by a luciferase reporter assay. Taken together, our study identifies a novel Dsg3-mediated c-Jun/AP-1 regulatory mechanism and PKC-dependent Ezrin phosphorylation that could be responsible for Dsg3-associated cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Brown
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - A Waseem
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - I N Cruz
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - J Szary
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - E Gunic
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - T Mannan
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - M Unadkat
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
| | - M Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - F Valderrama
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK
| | - E A O'Toole
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, London, UK
| | - H Wan
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
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Mechanisms underlying cancer progression caused by ezrin overexpression in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54881. [PMID: 23357878 PMCID: PMC3554659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ezrin is a member of the ezrin, radixin, and moesin family that provides a functional link between the plasma membrane and the cortical actin cytoskeleton. A correlation between ezrin overexpression and aggressive cancer behavior has been recently reported in various tumor types. However, its roles in the mechanisms underlying progression of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are unclear. METHOD We used human tongue SCC and noncancerous tissue microarrays to immunohistochemically analyze the ezrin expression level and its relationship with proliferative activity. The human tongue SCC cell line HSC-3 was used to determine the effects of ezrin RNA interference (RNAi) on cancer cells during MTT; wound healing and invasion assays; immunofluorescence of the actin cytoskeleton; and western blotting of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, β-catenin, and the active and total RhoA/Rac1/cdc42. RESULTS Ezrin was overexpressed in 46.4% of the tumors examined in human tongue SCC tissue microarrays. Ezrin expression was correlated with the Ki-67 index. Ezrin depletion by RNAi in the HSC-3 cells significantly reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasiveness and disturbed actin reorganization during podia formation. Its effects on RhoA/Rac1/cdc42 expression were not significant, whereas it enhanced E-cadherin and β-catenin expression and decreased N-cadherin expression. CONCLUSIONS Ezrin is often overexpressed in primary tongue SCCs and may have an important role in their growth, migration, and invasiveness possibly via its relationship with the E-cadherin/β-catenin complex and the cadherin switch. Thus, ezrin could be a therapeutic target in tongue SCC.
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The ezrin metastatic phenotype is associated with the initiation of protein translation. Neoplasia 2012; 14:297-310. [PMID: 22577345 DOI: 10.1593/neo.11518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously associated the cytoskeleton linker protein, Ezrin, with the metastatic phenotype of pediatric sarcomas, including osteosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. These studies have suggested that Ezrin contributes to the survival of cancer cells after their arrival at secondary metastatic locations. To better understand this role in metastasis, we undertook two noncandidate analyses of Ezrin function including a microarray subtraction of high-and low-Ezrin-expressing cells and a proteomic approach to identify proteins that bound the N-terminus of Ezrin in tumor lysates. Functional analyses of these data led to a novel and unifying hypothesis that Ezrin contributes to the efficiency of metastasis through regulation of protein translation. In support of this hypothesis, we found Ezrin to be part of the ribonucleoprotein complex to facilitate the expression of complex messenger RNA in cells and to bind with poly A binding protein 1 (PABP1; PABPC1). The relevance of these findings was supported by our identification of Ezrin and components of the translational machinery in pseudopodia of highly metastatic cells during the process of cell invasion. Finally, two small molecule inhibitors recently shown to inhibit the Ezrin metastatic phenotype disrupted the Ezrin/PABP1 association. Taken together, these results provide a novel mechanistic basis by which Ezrin may contribute to metastasis.
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Zhan Y, Abi Saab WF, Modi N, Stewart AM, Liu J, Chadee DN. Mixed lineage kinase 3 is required for matrix metalloproteinase expression and invasion in ovarian cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:1641-8. [PMID: 22652451 PMCID: PMC3389280 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) that activates MAPK signaling pathways and regulates cellular responses such as proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Here we report high levels of total and phospho-MLK3 in ovarian cancer cell lines in comparison to immortalized nontumorigenic ovarian epithelial cell lines. Using small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing, we determined that MLK3 is required for the invasion of SKOV3 and HEY1B ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, mlk3 silencing substantially reduced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -2, -9 and -12 gene expression and MMP-2 and -9 activities in SKOV3 and HEY1B ovarian cancer cells. MMP-1, -2, -9 and-12 expression, and MLK3-induced activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 requires both extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activities. In addition, inhibition of activator protein-1 (AP-1) reduced MMP-1, MMP-9 and MMP-12 gene expression. Collectively, these findings establish MLK3 as an important regulator of MMP expression and invasion in ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhan
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - Widian F. Abi Saab
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - Nidhi Modi
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - Amanda M. Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Deborah N. Chadee
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft, Toledo, OH 43606
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Jörgren F, Nilbert M, Rambech E, Bendahl PO, Lindmark G. Ezrin expression in rectal cancer predicts time to development of local recurrence. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012; 27:893-9. [PMID: 22234584 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-011-1397-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Improved outcome after rectal cancer surgery requires identification of novel risk factors of tumour recurrence in order to personalise therapy, that is, enhanced selection of high-risk patients to additional radiochemotherapy or intensified follow-up. In several tumour types, including colorectal cancer, high expression of the membrane-cytoskeleton linker ezrin has been suggested to impair prognosis but has not yet reached clinical application. We evaluated the expression of ezrin in rectal cancer with a focus on the identification of a marker for local tumour recurrence. METHODS Immunohistochemical expression of ezrin was analysed in 104 primary rectal cancers from patients who developed local recurrences despite being treated with R0 major abdominal surgery. Time to local recurrence and distant metastasis as well as 5-year overall and cancer-specific survival were used as end points. RESULTS Ezrin expression was weak in 17% of the tumours, moderate in 62%, and intense in 21%. The time to local recurrence was significantly shorter (p = 0.0004) for patients with tumours showing high ezrin expression. No correlation between ezrin expression and time to distant metastasis was identified. Survival data were similar between groups irrespective of ezrin expression in the primary tumours. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that increased expression of ezrin may represent a marker of aggressive biological behaviour in rectal cancer. Although further validation is needed, ezrin may represent a relevant marker for personalised treatment of rectal cancer with respect to risk of local recurrence after R0 surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Jörgren
- Department of Surgery, Helsingborg Hospital, 251 87 Helsingborg, Sweden.
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Expression and Clinical Significance of Ezrin in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2012; 13:196-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cllc.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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The anti-adhesive mucin podocalyxin may help initiate the transperitoneal metastasis of high grade serous ovarian carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:239-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-011-9446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Small molecule inhibitors of ezrin inhibit the invasive phenotype of osteosarcoma cells. Oncogene 2011; 31:269-81. [PMID: 21706056 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ezrin is a multifunctional protein that connects the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix through transmembrane proteins. High ezrin expression is associated with lung metastasis and poor survival in cancer. We screened small molecule libraries for compounds that directly interact with ezrin protein using surface plasmon resonance to identify lead compounds. The secondary functional assays used for lead compound selection included ezrin phosphorylation as measured by immunoprecipitation and in vitro kinase assays, actin binding, chemotaxis, invasion into an endothelial cell monolayer, zebrafish and Xenopus embryonic development, mouse lung organ culture and an in vivo lung metastasis model. Two molecules, NSC305787 and NSC668394, that directly bind to ezrin with low micromolar affinity were selected based on inhibition of ezrin function in multiple assays. They inhibited ezrin phosphorylation, ezrin-actin interaction and ezrin-mediated motility of osteosarcoma (OS) cells in culture. NSC305787 mimicked the ezrin morpholino phenotype, and NSC668394 caused a unique developmental defect consistent with reduced cell motility in zebrafish. Following tail vein injection of OS cells into mice, both molecules inhibited lung metastasis of ezrin-sensitive cells, but not ezrin-resistant cells. The small molecule inhibitors NSC305787 and NSC668394 demonstrate a novel targeted therapy that directly inhibits ezrin protein as an approach to prevent tumor metastasis.
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Yang MH, Zhao MY, Wang Z, Kang R, He YL, Yin XC, Liu LY, Yang LC, Zhan CX, Wu XS, Tang DL, Cao LZ. WAVE1 regulates P-glycoprotein expression via Ezrin in leukemia cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:298-309. [PMID: 21281239 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.538776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
For children with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), multidrug resistance (MDR) reduces treatment effectiveness, and often leads to poor patient survival. While a number of factors have been described that affect MDR, the mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. In this study, the role of WAVE1 in MDR was investigated. Among 62 children with AML, high levels of WAVE1 were associated with poor patient outcomes. Proteomic techniques were used to identify novel WAVE1-interacting proteins from leukemia cells, one of which was the cytoskeleton regulator Ezrin. In leukemia cells, WAVE1 co-localized with both Ezrin and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a critical regulator of the MDR phenotype. Overexpression of WAVE1 in K562 leukemia cells up-regulated P-gp and Ezrin, and reduced K562 cells' sensitivity to the chemotherapy drug adriamycin. The opposite effect was seen when WAVE1 expression was reduced via RNA interference. Critically, overexpression of WAVE1 in the absence of Ezrin did not affect P-gp levels or MDR. These data suggest that WAVE1 affects P-gp and MDR of leukemia cells through Ezrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
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ERM stable knockdown by siRNA reduced in vitro migration and invasion of human SGC-7901 cells. Biochimie 2011; 93:954-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Global expression study in colorectal cancer on proteins with alkaline isoelectric point by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. J Proteomics 2011; 74:858-73. [PMID: 21385629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. To identify candidates for biomarkers and therapeutic targets, we investigated the proteome of colorectal cancer tissues. Using 2D-DIGE in combination with our original large format electrophoresis apparatus, we compared surgically resected normal and tumor tissues from 53 patients with colorectal cancer. We focused on proteins with an alkaline pI using IPG gels for the alkaline range. We observed 1687 protein spots, and found 100 spots with statistical (p<0.01) and significant (>2-fold) differences between the normal and the tumor tissue groups. Among these 100 protein spots, five showed a different intensity between tumor tissues from the stage-II and the stage-III patients. MS experiments revealed that these 100 protein spots corresponded to 58 unique proteins. These included six proteins which had not been previously reported to be associated with colorectal cancer. Among these proteins, five were not reported in any type of malignancy. IEF/western blotting confirmed the differences in protein expression between the normal and the tumor tissues. These results may provide an insight for biomarker development and drug target discovery in colorectal cancer.
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Wynendaele J, Böhnke A, Leucci E, Nielsen SJ, Lambertz I, Hammer S, Sbrzesny N, Kubitza D, Wolf A, Gradhand E, Balschun K, Braicu I, Sehouli J, Darb-Esfahani S, Denkert C, Thomssen C, Hauptmann S, Lund A, Marine JC, Bartel F. An illegitimate microRNA target site within the 3' UTR of MDM4 affects ovarian cancer progression and chemosensitivity. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9641-9. [PMID: 21084273 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of MDM4 (also known as MDMX or HDMX) is thought to promote tumorigenesis by decreasing p53 tumor suppressor function. Even modest decrease in Mdm4 levels affects tumorigenesis in mice, suggesting that genetic variants of MDM4 might have similar effects in humans. We sequenced the MDM4 gene in a series of ovarian cancer cell lines and carcinomas to identify mutations and/or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We identified an SNP (SNP34091) in the 3'-UTR of MDM4 that creates a putative target site for hsa-miR-191, a microRNA that is highly expressed in normal and tumor tissues. Biochemical evidence supports specific miR-191-dependent regulation of the MDM4-C, but not MDM4-A, variant. Consistently, the A-allele was associated with statistically significant increased expression of MDM4 mRNA and protein levels in ovarian carcinomas. Importantly, the wild-type genotype (A/A) is more frequent (57.8% vs. 42.2% for A/C and C/C, respectively) in patients with high-grade carcinomas than in patients with low-grade carcinomas (47.2% vs. 52.5% for A/A and A/C + C/C, respectively). Moreover, A/A patients who do not express the estrogen receptor had a 4.2-fold [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2-13.5; P = 0.02] increased risk of recurrence and 5.5-fold (95% CI = 1.5-20.5; P = 0.01) increased risk of tumor-related death. Unexpectedly, the frequency of p53 mutations was not significantly lower in A/A patients. We conclude that acquisition of an illegitimate miR-191 target site causes downregulation of MDM4 expression, thereby significantly delaying ovarian carcinoma progression and tumor-related death. Importantly, these effects appear to be, at least partly, independent of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Wynendaele
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, VIB-UGent, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
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Mefford D, Mefford JA. Enumerating the gene sets in breast cancer, a "direct" alternative to hierarchical clustering. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:482. [PMID: 20731868 PMCID: PMC2996978 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Two-way hierarchical clustering, with results visualized as heatmaps, has served as the method of choice for exploring structure in large matrices of expression data since the advent of microarrays. While it has delivered important insights, including a typology of breast cancer subtypes, it suffers from instability in the face of gene or sample selection, and an inability to detect small sets that may be dominated by larger sets such as the estrogen-related genes in breast cancer. The rank-based partitioning algorithm introduced in this paper addresses several of these limitations. It delivers results comparable to two-way hierarchical clustering, and much more. Applied systematically across a range of parameter settings, it enumerates all the partition-inducing gene sets in a matrix of expression values. Results Applied to four large breast cancer datasets, this alternative exploratory method detects more than thirty sets of co-regulated genes, many of which are conserved across experiments and across platforms. Many of these sets are readily identified in biological terms, e.g., "estrogen", "erbb2", and 8p11-12, and several are clinically significant as prognostic of either increased survival ("adipose", "stromal"...) or diminished survival ("proliferation", "immune/interferon", "histone",...). Of special interest are the sets that effectively factor "immune response" and "stromal signalling". Conclusion The gene sets induced by the enumeration include many of the sets reported in the literature. In this regard these inventories confirm and consolidate findings from microarray-based work on breast cancer over the last decade. But, the enumerations also identify gene sets that have not been studied as of yet, some of which are prognostic of survival. The sets induced are robust, biologically meaningful, and serve to reveal a finer structure in existing breast cancer microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwain Mefford
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, USA.
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Cui Y, Li T, Zhang D, Han J. Expression of Ezrin and phosphorylated Ezrin (pEzrin) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Invest 2010; 28:242-7. [PMID: 20158339 DOI: 10.3109/07357900903124498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that ezrin activation plays a key role in the regulation of cancer metastasis. In this study, we immunohistochemically investigated the expression patterns of total ezrin and its two phosphorylated forms, pEzrin(- Thr567) and pEzrin(- Tyr353), in 66 samples of invasive pancreatic carcinomas and 11 samples of normal pancreas tissues. Positive expressions of ezrin and pEzrin(- Thr567) were detected in most PDAC tissues, significantly higher than that of pEzrin(- Tyr353). Furthermore, overexpression of pEzrin(- Tyr353) in pancreatic cancers was associated with positive lymph node metastasis, less differentiation, pAkt overexpression, and shorter survival times. pEzrin(- Tyr353) may be a potent prognosis predictor for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Cui
- Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health for Biotech-Drug, Key Laboratory for Modern Medicine and Technology of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
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Ling ZQ, Mukaisho KI, Yamamoto H, Chen KH, Asano S, Araki Y, Sugihara H, Mao WM, Hattori T. Initiation of malignancy by duodenal contents reflux and the role of ezrin in developing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2009; 101:624-30. [PMID: 20128822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux has recently been implicated as a causative factor in upper aerodigestive tract carcinogenesis. Esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs) have developed in duodenal-content reflux animals without any known carcinogen present. We established a cell line, designated ESCC-DR, from a thoracic metastatic tumor in a reflux animal. To gain insight into the genomic alterations associated with duodenal content reflux-induced carcinogenesis, we first performed comparative genomic hybridization using an Agilent rat 244K array in ESCC-DR and identified many chromosomal gains and losses. Of the many genes identified, we detected an interesting ezrin amplicon that has been recently reported in human ESCC. Ezrin, which cross-links the cytoskeleton and plasma membrane, is involved in the growth and metastatic potential of cancer cells. Overexpression of ezrin protein in ESCC-DR was confirmed by Western blotting. We also compared ezrin protein expression levels and patterns in hyperplastic, dysplastic, ESCC, and metastatic sites developed in two distinct reflux models using immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical staining of ezrin revealed overexpression in the nucleus, and the cytoplasm as well as plasma membrane of ESCC cells. Phosphorylated ERM (ezrin, radixin, moesin) was expressed at the leading edge, or invasive front, of larger metastatic sites. Taken together, duodenal reflux has a great potential for initiating malignancy, and thus likely plays a role in development of ESCC. Ezrin probably influences the growth and invasiveness of ESCC cells, and phosphorylation is only required in metastatic behavior of tumor cells at the leading edge and invasive front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Ling
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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Sugitani M, Aramaki O, Kikuchi K, Sheikh A, Oinuma T, Mamiya T, Takayama T, Nemoto N. Two cases of primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the liver: immunohistochemical expression of ezrin and its relationship with prognosis. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2009; 42:83-8. [PMID: 19617955 PMCID: PMC2711395 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.09002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) as soft tissue sarcoma would not be especially noteworthy, but primary hepatic MFH reports are extremely rare. Herein, we report ezrin expression in tumor tissues from two primary hepatic MFH cases with different prognoses. Cases 1 and 2 were both women, ages 45 and 70 years, respectively. Case 1 had an 11×10 cm liver tumor in segment (S) 3, and case 2 had two liver tumors, 12×8 cm in S5 and 10×7 cm in S8. Neither had any other systemic tumors. Cases 1 and 2 survived for two year and ten months and for eight and a half months, respectively, after the initial tumor resection. Microscopically, the tumors of these two cases were similar and showed proliferation of atypical cells, including spindle, pleomorphic and multi-nucleated giant cells arranged in storiform, sheet and/or fascicle patterns, with scattered foci of inflammatory cells, indicating MFH. Ezrin expression in tumor tissue from case 1 was sparse, whereas that of case 2 showed strong ezrin expression in many tumor cells. The present results indicate ezrin immunoreactivity in primary hepatic MFH to correlate possible with prognosis, which is consistent with reports on some other types of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Osamu Aramaki
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | - Kentaro Kikuchi
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Takao Mamiya
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine
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The actin-cytoskeleton linker protein ezrin is regulated during osteosarcoma metastasis by PKC. Oncogene 2008; 28:792-802. [PMID: 19060919 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ezrin is a member of the ERM (ezrin, radixin, moesin) protein family and links F-actin to the cell membrane following phosphorylation. Ezrin has been associated with tumor progression and metastasis in several cancers including the pediatric solid tumors, osteosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. In this study, we were surprised to find that ezrin was not constitutively phosphorylated but rather was dynamically regulated during metastatic progression in osteosarcoma. Metastatic osteosarcoma cells expressed phosphorylated ERM early after their arrival in the lung, and then late in progression, only at the invasive front of larger metastatic lesions. To pursue mechanisms for this regulation, we found that inhibitors of PKC (protein kinase C) blocked phosphorylation of ezrin, and that ezrin coimmunoprecipitated in cells with PKCalpha, PKCiota and PKCgamma. Furthermore, phosphorylated forms of ezrin and PKC had identical expression patterns at the invasive front of pulmonary metastatic lesions in murine and human patient samples. Finally, we showed that the promigratory effects of PKC were linked to ezrin phosphorylation. These data are the first to suggest a dynamic regulation of ezrin phosphorylation during metastasis and to connect the PKC family members with this regulation.
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Ptitsyn AA, Weil MM, Thamm DH. Systems biology approach to identification of biomarkers for metastatic progression in cancer. BMC Bioinformatics 2008; 9 Suppl 9:S8. [PMID: 18793472 PMCID: PMC2537559 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-9-s9-s8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastases are responsible for the majority of cancer fatalities. The molecular mechanisms governing metastasis are poorly understood, hindering early diagnosis and treatment. Previous studies of gene expression patterns in metastasis have concentrated on selection of a small number of "signature" biomarkers. RESULTS We propose an alternative approach that puts into focus gene interaction networks and molecular pathways rather than separate genes. We have reanalyzed expression data from a large set of primary solid and metastatic tumors originating from different tissues using the latest available tools for normalization, identification of differentially expressed genes and pathway analysis. Our studies indicate that regardless of the tissue of origin, all metastatic tumors share a number of common features related to changes in basic energy metabolism, cell adhesion/cytoskeleton remodeling, antigen presentation and cell cycle regulation. Analysis of multiple independent datasets indicates significantly reduced oxidative phosphorylation in metastases compared to primary solid tumors. CONCLUSION Our methods allow identification of robust, although not necessarily highly expressed biomarkers. A systems approach relying on groups of interacting genes rather than single markers is also essential for understanding the cellular processes leading to metastatic progression. We have identified metabolic pathways associated with metastasis that may serve as novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Ptitsyn
- Center for Bioinformatics, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Colorado, USA.
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Elzagheid A, Korkeila E, Bendardaf R, Buhmeida A, Heikkilä S, Vaheri A, Syrjänen K, Pyrhönen S, Carpén O. Intense cytoplasmic ezrin immunoreactivity predicts poor survival in colorectal cancer. Hum Pathol 2008; 39:1737-43. [PMID: 18701134 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 03/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ezrin is a membrane-cytoskeleton anchor, which, in experimental models, regulates tumor cell invasion and metastatic ability. We carried out immunohistochemical analysis of ezrin in 74 advanced colorectal cancer patients and correlated it to clinicopathologic variables and disease outcome. In contrast to the predominantly membraneous immunoreactivity of normal colorectal epithelium, ezrin expression in the colorectal cells was typically cytoplasmic. Altogether, 16.2% (12/74) of the tumors showed negative/weak ezrin staining, 35.1% (26/74) had moderate staining, and 48.6% (36/74) had intense staining. The expression was more intense in colon than in rectal carcinomas (P = .003). Increased ezrin expression was associated with adverse outcome, that is, shorter disease-specific survival; 48.3 months and 36.6 months for negative-weak versus intense expression (P = .041) as well as shorter survival with metastases at 36 months (P = .030); the metastases(36) rates in ezrin(neg/weak), ezrin(moderate), ezrin(intense) are 58.3%, 25.0%, and 18.4%, respectively. In univariate survival analysis, dichotomized (negative/weak versus moderate/strong) ezrin expression significantly predicted both the 5-year disease specific survival (P = .035) and 5-year metastases (P = .018) but lost this predictive power in multivariate (Cox) analysis. High ezrin expression was also related to high E-cadherin (cytoplasmic) expression, DNA aneuploidy, and high thymidylate synthase expression (P = .046, P = .042, P = .046, respectively). These results suggest that ezrin may play a role in colorectal cancer progression and that ezrin expression might provide clinically valuable information in predicting the biological behavior of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Elzagheid
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland.
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47
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Bartel F, Jung J, Böhnke A, Gradhand E, Zeng K, Thomssen C, Hauptmann S. Both germ line and somatic genetics of the p53 pathway affect ovarian cancer incidence and survival. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:89-96. [PMID: 18172257 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although p53 is one of the most studied genes/proteins in ovarian carcinomas, the predictive value of p53 alterations is still ambiguous. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed analyses of the TP53 mutational status and its protein expression using immunohistochemistry. Moreover, the single nucleotide polymorphism SNP309 in the P2 promoter of the MDM2 gene was investigated. We correlated the results with age of onset and outcome from 107 patients with ovarian carcinoma. RESULTS In our study, we identified a large group of patients with p53 overexpression despite having a wild-type gene (49% of all patients with wild-type TP53). This was associated with a significantly shortened overall survival time (P = 0.019). Patients with p53 alterations (especially those with overexpression of wild-type TP53) were also more refractory to chemotherapy compared with patients with normal p53 (P = 0.027). The G-allele of SNP309 is associated with an earlier age of onset in patients with estrogen receptor-overexpressing FIGO stage III disease (P = 0.048). In contrast, in patients with FIGO stage III disease, a weakened p53 pathway (either the G-allele of SNP309 or a TP53 mutation) was correlated with increased overall survival compared with patients whose tumors were wild-type for both TP53 and SNP309 (P = 0.0035). CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that both germ line and somatic alterations of the p53 pathway influence the incidence and survival of ovarian carcinoma, and it underscores the importance of assessing the functionality of p53 in order to predict the sensitivity of platinum-based chemotherapies and patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Bartel
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Gez S, Crossett B, Christopherson RI. Differentially expressed cytosolic proteins in human leukemia and lymphoma cell lines correlate with lineages and functions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2007; 1774:1173-83. [PMID: 17698427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Identification of cytosolic proteins differentially expressed between types of leukemia and lymphoma may provide a molecular basis for classification and understanding their cellular properties. Two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) and mass spectrometry have been used to identify proteins that are differentially expressed in cytosolic extracts from four human leukemia and lymphoma cell lines: HL-60 (acute promyelocytic leukemia), MEC1 (B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia), CCRF-CEM (T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia) and Raji (B-cell Burkitt's lymphoma). A total of 247 differentially expressed proteins were identified between the four cell lines. Analysis of the data by principal component analysis identified 22 protein spots (17 different protein species) differentially expressed at more than a 95% variance level between these cell lines. Several of these proteins were differentially expressed in only one cell line: HL-60 (myeloperoxidase, phosphoprotein 32 family member A, ras related protein Rab-11B, protein disulfide-isomerase, ran-specific GTPase-activating protein, nucleophosmin and S-100 calcium binding protein A4), and Raji (ezrin). Several of these proteins were differentially expressed in two cell lines: Raji and MEC1 (C-1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, elongation factor 2, alpha- and beta-tubulin, transgelin-2 and stathmin). MEC1 and CCRF-CEM (gamma-enolase), HL-60 and CCRF-CEM (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 N). The differentially expressed proteins identified in these four cell lines correlate with cellular properties and provide insights into the molecular basis of these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetlana Gez
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences G08, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Köbel M, Weidensdorfer D, Reinke C, Lederer M, Schmitt WD, Zeng K, Thomssen C, Hauptmann S, Hüttelmaier S. Expression of the RNA-binding protein IMP1 correlates with poor prognosis in ovarian carcinoma. Oncogene 2007; 26:7584-9. [PMID: 17546046 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The IMP (IGFII mRNA-binding protein) family comprises a group of three RNA-binding proteins involved in the regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA-fate. Recent studies identified IMP proteins as oncofetal factors in various neoplasias, but knowledge of a potential role in ovarian carcinomas is still lacking. The immunohistochemical analysis of 107 ovarian carcinomas, 30 serous borderline tumors of the ovary and five normal ovaries revealed de novo synthesis of IMP1 in 69% of ovarian carcinomas. Elevated IMP1 expression was observed preferentially in high-grade and high-stage cases and was a significant prognostic indicator for reduced recurrence-free and overall survival. Phenotypic studies in ovarian carcinoma-derived ES-2 cells demonstrated that IMP1 knockdown affects proliferation and cell survival. Reduced proliferation was associated with decreased c-myc mRNA half-life, suggesting IMP1 as an oncogenic factor that is involved in promoting elevated proliferation by stabilizing the c-myc mRNA in ovarian carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Köbel
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Köbel M, Langhammer T, Hüttelmaier S, Schmitt WD, Kriese K, Dittmer J, Strauss HG, Thomssen C, Hauptmann S. Ezrin expression is related to poor prognosis in FIGO stage I endometrioid carcinomas. Mod Pathol 2006; 19:581-7. [PMID: 16554733 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
As a cortical cytoskeletal protein, ezrin adapts the cytoplasmic tail of CD44 to the actin-based cytoskeleton and is functionally involved in migration and adhesion that are prerequisites for metastasis. To assess the importance of ezrin and its associated protein osteopontin for the progression of endometrioid carcinoma in FIGO stage I, we analyzed paraffin-embedded tissue from 164 patients by immunohistochemistry and correlated these data with clinicopathological parameters. Ezrin was expressed in normal proliferating endometrial glands, as was confirmed by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. In endometrioid carcinoma, enhanced ezrin expression correlated with a reduced overall survival in univariate analysis (P = 0.041). In contrast, no significant correlation was found for osteopontin. In multivariate survival analysis, among FIGO grade 3 and age, ezrin was still found to be an independent risk factor (relative risk 2.2, confidence interval 1.0-5.4, P = 0.047). Hence, elevated ezrin expression is a new independent prognostic marker in FIGO stage I endometrioid carcinoma, and thus provides further evidence for an important role of ezrin in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Köbel
- Institute of Pathology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
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