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The Optimal Maturation of Subcutaneous Pouch Can Improve Pancreatic Islets Engraftment in Rat Model. Transplantation 2022; 106:531-542. [PMID: 34086655 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000003844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplantation of pancreatic islets into subcutaneous cavities in diabetic rats may be as or even more effective than transplantation into the portal vein. Identifying the optimal timing of the individual steps in this procedure is critical. METHODS Macroporous scaffolds were placed in the subcutaneous tissue of diabetic male Lewis rats for 7 or 28 d and the healing of the tissue inside the scaffolds was monitored. A marginal syngeneic graft comprising 4 islets/g of recipient body weight was transplanted at the best timing focusing mainly on vascularization. Recipients were monitored for blood glucose levels and tolerance tests. Histological examination was performed in all implanted scaffolds. The presence of individual endocrine cells was analyzed in detail. RESULTS Blood glucose levels remained within the physiological range in all recipients until the end of experiment as well as body weight increase. Coefficients of glucose assimilation were normal or slightly reduced with no statistically significant differences between the groups 40 and 80 d after transplantation. Histological analysis revealed round viable islets in the liver similar to those in pancreas, but alpha cells practically disappeared, whereas islets in the scaffolds formed clusters of cells surrounded by rich vascular network and the alpha cells remained partially preserved. CONCLUSIONS Subcutaneous transplantation of pancreatic islets is considerably less invasive but comparably efficient as commonly used islet transplantation into the portal vein. In consideration of alpha and beta cell ratio, the artificial subcutaneous cavities represent a promising site for future islet transplantation therapy.
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Komatsu H, Gonzalez N, Ortiz J, Rawson J, Omori K, Kandeel F, Mullen Y. Early-Phase Luciferase Signals of Islet Grafts Predicts Successful Subcutaneous Site Transplantation in Rats. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 23:173-179. [PMID: 33140260 PMCID: PMC9870595 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The transplantation of pancreatic islets is a promising cell replacement therapy for type 1 diabetes. Subcutaneous islet transplantation is currently under investigation as a means to circumvent problems associated with standard intra-hepatic islet transplantation. As modifications are being developed to improve the efficacy of subcutaneous islet transplantation, it is important to have robust methods to assess engraftment. Experimentally, ATP-dependent bioluminescence imaging using luciferase reporter genes has been effective for non-invasively tracking engraftment. However, it was heretofore unknown if the bioluminescence of subcutaneously transplanted luciferase-expressing islet grafts correlates with diabetes reversal, a primary outcome of transplantation. PROCEDURES A retrospective analysis was conducted using data obtained from subcutaneous islet transplantations in Lewis rats. The analysis included transplantations from our laboratory in which islet donors were transgenic rats ubiquitously expressing luciferase and recipients were wild type, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Data from 79 bioluminescence scans were obtained from 27 islet transplantations during the post-transplant observation period (up to 6 weeks). The bioluminescence intensity of the subcutaneously transplanted grafts, captured after the intravenous administration of luciferin, was correlated with diabetes reversal. RESULTS After subcutaneous transplantation, islet bioluminescence decreased over time, dropping > 50 % from 1 to 3 weeks post-transplant. Bioluminescence intensity in the early post-transplant phase (1-2 weeks) correlated with the subsequent reversal of diabetes; based on optimized bioluminescence cutoff values, the bioluminescence intensity of islets at 1 and 2 weeks predicted successful transplantations. However, intensity in the late post-transplant phase (≥ 4 weeks) did not reflect transplantation outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Early-phase bioluminescence imaging of luciferase-expressing islets could serve as a useful tool to predict the success of subcutaneous islet transplantations by preceding changes in glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotake Komatsu
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Nelson Gonzalez
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Jose Ortiz
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rawson
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Keiko Omori
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Fouad Kandeel
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Yoko Mullen
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
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Hladíková Z, Voglová B, Pátíková A, Berková Z, Kříž J, Vojtíšková A, Leontovyč I, Jirák D, Saudek F. Bioluminescence Imaging In Vivo Confirms the Viability of Pancreatic Islets Transplanted into the Greater Omentum. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 23:639-649. [PMID: 33599904 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The liver is the most widely used site for pancreatic islet transplantation. However, several site-specific limitations impair functional success, with instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction being the most important. The aim of this study was to develop a preclinical model for placement of the islet graft into a highly vascularized omental flap using a fibrin gel. For this purpose, we tested islet viability by bioluminescence imaging (BLI). PROCEDURES Pancreatic islets were isolated from luciferase-positive and luciferase-negative rats, mixed at a 1:1 ratio, placed into a plasma-thrombin bioscaffold, and transplanted in standard (10 pancreatic islets/g wt; n = 10) and marginal (4 pancreatic islets/g wt; n = 7) numbers into the omentums of syngeneic diabetic animals. For the control, 4 pancreatic islets/g were transplanted into the liver using the standard procedure (n = 7). Graft viability was tested by bioluminescence at days 14, 30, 60, and 90 post transplant. Glucose levels, intravenous glucose tolerance, and serum C-peptide were assessed regularly. RESULTS Nonfasting glucose levels < 10 mmol/l were restored in all animals. While islet viability in the omentum was clearly detected by stable luminescence signals throughout the whole study period, no signals were detected from islets transplanted into the liver. The bioluminescence signals were highly correlated with stimulated C-peptide levels detected at 80 days post transplant. Glucose tolerance did not differ among the 3 groups. CONCLUSIONS We successfully tested a preclinical model of islet transplantation into the greater omentum using a biocompatible scaffold made from autologous plasma and human thrombin. Both standard and marginal pancreatic islet numbers in a gel-form bioscaffold placed in the omentum restored glucose homeostasis in recipients with diabetes. Bioluminescence was shown promising as a direct proof of islet viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Hladíková
- Diabetes Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.,First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Voglová
- Diabetes Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.,First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alžběta Pátíková
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Pancreatic Islets, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Berková
- Laboratory of Pancreatic Islets, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kříž
- Diabetes Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.,First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alžběta Vojtíšková
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Pancreatic Islets, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Leontovyč
- Laboratory of Pancreatic Islets, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jirák
- MR Unit, Department of Radiodiagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Saudek
- Diabetes Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic. .,First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Komatsu H, Gonzalez N, Kandeel F, Mullen Y. Intermittent normobaric oxygen inhalation enhances subcutaneous prevascularization for cell transplantation. Microvasc Res 2020; 132:104070. [PMID: 32890600 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2020.104070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Subcutaneous tissue is a promising site for cell transplantation; advantages include minimally invasive procedures and easy post-transplant monitoring. However, limited vascularity is the major known challenge. To address this challenge, a prevascularized graft bed is prepared in recipients. We aimed to establish an improved, clinically applicable approach to promote prevascularization of the subcutaneous graft bed prior to cell transplantation. METHODS We applied a conventional prevascularization approach by subcutaneously implanting nylon discs into the backs of Lewis rats. After disc implantation, we treated rats with or without intermittent normobaric 100% oxygen inhalation (1 h, twice a day, for consecutive 7 days). We used histology to compare vascular density between the oxygen-treated or control groups. To assess the functional effects of prevascularization, we transplanted three hundred islets isolated from luciferase-transgenic Lewis rats into the oxygen-treated or control wild type Lewis recipients, then used bioluminescence imaging to track engraftment for 4 weeks. RESULTS Oxygen treatment significantly augmented prevascularization in the subcutaneous site compared to controls. Islet transplantation into prevascularized graft beds demonstrated significant improvement in engraftment efficiency in oxygen-treated recipients compared to controls at 2-4 weeks post-transplantation. CONCLUSION Combining intermittent normobaric 100% oxygen inhalation with a conventional vascularization approach promotes a functional vasculature within a week. A simple approach using normobaric oxygen has the potential for translation into clinical application in subcutaneous site cell transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotake Komatsu
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Nelson Gonzalez
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Fouad Kandeel
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yoko Mullen
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α (HIF-1α) Counteracts the Acute Death of Cells Transplanted into the Injured Spinal Cord. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0092-19.2019. [PMID: 31488552 PMCID: PMC7215587 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0092-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular transplantation is in clinical testing for a number of central nervous system disorders, including spinal cord injury (SCI). One challenge is acute transplanted cell death. To prevent this death, there is a need to both establish when the death occurs and develop approaches to mitigate its effects. Here, using luciferase (luc) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing Schwann cell (SC) transplants in the contused thoracic rat spinal cord 7 d postinjury, we establish via in vivo bioluminescent (IVIS) imaging and stereology that cell death occurs prior to 2–3 d postimplantation. We then test an alternative approach to the current paradigm of enhancing transplant survival by including multiple factors along with the cells. To stimulate multiple cellular adaptive pathways concurrently, we activate the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) transcriptional pathway. Retroviral expression of VP16-HIF-1α in SCs increased HIF-α by 5.9-fold and its target genes implicated in oxygen transport and delivery (VEGF, 2.2-fold) and cellular metabolism (enolase, 1.7-fold). In cell death assays in vitro, HIF-1α protected cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage. It also provided some protection against camptothecin-induced DNA damage, but not thapsigargin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress or tunicamycin-induced unfolded protein response. Following transplantation, VP16-HIF-1α increased SC survival by 34.3%. The increase in cell survival was detectable by stereology, but not by in vivo luciferase or ex vivo GFP IVIS imaging. The results support the hypothesis that activating adaptive cellular pathways enhances transplant survival and identifies an alternative pro-survival approach that, with optimization, could be amenable to clinical translation.
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Zheng L, Wang Y, Yang B, Zhang B, Wu Y. Islet Transplantation Imaging in vivo. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:3301-3311. [PMID: 33061492 PMCID: PMC7520574 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s263253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although islet transplantation plays an effective and powerful role in the treatment of diabetes, a large amount of islet grafts are lost at an early stage due to instant blood-mediated inflammatory reactions, immune rejection, and β-cell toxicity resulting from immunosuppressive agents. Timely intervention based on the viability and function of the transplanted islets at an early stage is crucial. Various islet transplantation imaging techniques are available for monitoring the conditions of post-transplanted islets. Due to the development of various imaging modalities and the continuous study of contrast agents, non-invasive islet transplantation imaging in vivo has made great progress. The tracing and functional evaluation of transplanted islets in vivo have thus become possible. However, most studies on contrast agent and imaging modalities are limited to animal experiments, and long-term toxicity and stability need further evaluation. Accordingly, the clinical application of the current achievements still requires a large amount of effort. In this review, we discuss the contrast agents for MRI, SPECT/PET, BLI/FI, US, MPI, PAI, and multimodal imaging. We further summarize the advantages and limitations of various molecular imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zheng
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinghao Wang
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Bo Zhang; Yulian Wu Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China Tel/Fax +86 571 87783563 Email ;
| | - Yulian Wu
- Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310000, People’s Republic of China
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Noguchi H. Regulation of c-Jun NH 2-Terminal Kinase for Islet Transplantation. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111763. [PMID: 31652814 PMCID: PMC6912371 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation has been demonstrated to provide superior glycemic control with reduced glucose lability and hypoglycemic events compared with standard insulin therapy. However, the insulin independence rate after islet transplantation from one donor pancreas has remained low. The low frequency of islet grafting is dependent on poor islet recovery from donors and early islet loss during the first hours following grafting. The reduction in islet mass during pancreas preservation, islet isolation, and islet transplantation leads to β-cell death by apoptosis and the prerecruitment of intracellular death signaling pathways, such as c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), which is one of the stress groups of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). In this review, we show some of the most recent contributions to the advancement of knowledge of the JNK pathway and several possibilities for the treatment of diabetes using JNK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Noguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan.
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Garcia Ribeiro RS, Gysemans C, da Cunha JPMCM, Manshian BB, Jirak D, Kriz J, Gallo J, Bañobre-López M, Struys T, De Cuyper M, Mathieu C, Soenen SJ, Gsell W, Himmelreich U. Magnetoliposomes as Contrast Agents for Longitudinal in vivo Assessment of Transplanted Pancreatic Islets in a Diabetic Rat Model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11487. [PMID: 30065302 PMCID: PMC6068133 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29136-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetoliposomes (MLs) were synthesized and tested for longitudinal monitoring of transplanted pancreatic islets using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in rat models. The rat insulinoma cell line INS-1E and isolated pancreatic islets from outbred and inbred rats were used to optimize labeling conditions in vitro. Strong MRI contrast was generated by islets exposed to 50 µg Fe/ml for 24 hours without any increased cell death, loss of function or other signs of toxicity. In vivo experiments showed that pancreatic islets (50-1000 units) labeled with MLs were detectable for up to 6 weeks post-transplantation in the kidney subcapsular space. Islets were also monitored for two weeks following transplantation through the portal vein of the liver. Hereby, islets labeled with MLs and transplanted under the left kidney capsule were able to correct hyperglycemia and had stable MRI signals until nephrectomy. Interestingly, in vivo MRI of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats transplanted with allogeneic islets demonstrated loss of MRI contrast between 7-16 days, indicative of loss of islet structure. MLs used in this study were not only beneficial for monitoring the location of transplanted islets in vivo with high sensitivity but also reported on islet integrity and hereby indirectly on islet function and rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sofia Garcia Ribeiro
- Biomedical MRI/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU LEUVEN, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU LEUVEN, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Bella B Manshian
- Biomedical MRI/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU LEUVEN, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Jirak
- MR Spectroscopy Unit, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Videnska 1958/9, 140 21, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovska 1, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kriz
- Diabetes Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Videnska 1958/9, 140 21, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Juan Gallo
- Diagnostic Tools & Methods/Advanced (magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Manuel Bañobre-López
- Diagnostic Tools & Methods/Advanced (magnetic) Theranostic Nanostructures Lab, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Tom Struys
- Lab of Histology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan, B3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marcel De Cuyper
- Laboratory of BioNanoColloids, Interdisciplinary Research Centre, KULAK/KU LEUVEN, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU LEUVEN, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefaan J Soenen
- Biomedical MRI/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU LEUVEN, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Willy Gsell
- Biomedical MRI/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU LEUVEN, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU LEUVEN, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Wang P, Goodwill PW, Pandit P, Gaudet J, Ross A, Wang J, Yu E, Hensley DW, Doyle TC, Contag CH, Conolly S, Moore A. Magnetic particle imaging of islet transplantation in the liver and under the kidney capsule in mouse models. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2018; 8:114-122. [PMID: 29675353 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2018.02.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Islet transplantation (Tx) represents the most promising therapy to restore normoglycemia in type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients to date. As significant islet loss has been observed after the procedure, there is an urgent need for developing strategies for monitoring transplanted islet grafts. In this report we describe for the first time the application of magnetic particle imaging (MPI) for monitoring transplanted islets in the liver and under the kidney capsule in experimental animals. Methods Pancreatic islets isolated from Papio hamadryas were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxides (SPIOs) and used for either islet phantoms or Tx in the liver or under the kidney capsule of NOD scid mice. MPI was used to image and quantify islet phantoms and islet transplanted experimental animals post-mortem at 1 and 14 days after Tx. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to confirm the presence of labeled islets in the liver and under the kidney capsule 1 day after Tx. Results MPI of labeled islet phantoms confirmed linear correlation between the number of islets and the MPI signal (R2=0.988). Post-mortem MPI performed on day 1 after Tx showed high signal contrast in the liver and under the kidney capsule. Quantitation of the signal supports islet loss over time, which is normally observed 2 weeks after Tx. No MPI signal was observed in control animals. In vivo MRI confirmed the presence of labeled islets/islet clusters in liver parenchyma and under the kidney capsule one day after Tx. Conclusions Here we demonstrate that MPI can be used for quantitative detection of labeled pancreatic islets in the liver and under the kidney capsule of experimental animals. We believe that MPI, a modality with no depth attenuation and zero background tissue signal could be a suitable method for imaging transplanted islet grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Precision Health Program, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Patrick W Goodwill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Magnetic Insight, Inc., Alameda, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Alana Ross
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elaine Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel W Hensley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Timothy C Doyle
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher H Contag
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Steven Conolly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Anna Moore
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Precision Health Program, Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Liang S, Dresselaers T, Louchami K, Zhu C, Liu Y, Himmelreich U. Comparison of different compressed sensing algorithms for low SNR 19 F MRI applications-Imaging of transplanted pancreatic islets and cells labeled with perfluorocarbons. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:e3776. [PMID: 28841762 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of pancreatic islets is a possible treatment option for patients suffering from Type I diabetes. In vivo imaging of transplanted islets is important for assessment of the transplantation site and islet distribution. Thanks to its high specificity, the absence of intrinsic background signal in tissue and its potential for quantification, 19 F MRI is a promising technique for monitoring the fate of transplanted islets in vivo. In order to overcome the inherent low sensitivity of 19 F MRI, leading to long acquisition times with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), compressed sensing (CS) techniques are a valuable option. We have validated and compared different CS algorithms for acceleration of 19 F MRI acquisition in a low SNR regime using pancreatic islets labeled with perfluorocarbons both in vitro and in vivo. Using offline simulation on both in vitro and in vivo low SNR fully sampled 19 F MRI datasets of labeled islets, we have shown that CS is effective in reducing the image acquisition time by a factor of three to four without seriously affecting SNR, regardless of the particular algorithms used in this study, with the exception of CoSaMP. Using CS, signals can be detected that might have been missed by conventional 19 F MRI. Among different algorithms (SPARSEMRI, OMMP, IRWL1, Two-level and CoSAMP), the two-level l1 method has shown the best performance if computational time is taken into account. We have demonstrated in this study that different existing CS algorithms can be used effectively for low SNR 19 F MRI. An up to fourfold gain in SNR/scan time could be used either to reduce the scan time, which is beneficial for clinical and translational applications, or to increase the number of averages, to potentially detect otherwise undetected signal when compared with conventional 19 F MRI acquisitions. Potential applications in the field of cell therapy have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuan Liang
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Dresselaers
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Radiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karim Louchami
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Hormonology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Ce Zhu
- School of Electronic Engineering/Center for Information in Medicine/Center for Robotics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China
| | - Yipeng Liu
- School of Electronic Engineering/Center for Information in Medicine/Center for Robotics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Gálisová A, Fábryová E, Jirák D, Sticová E, Lodererová A, Herynek V, Kříž J, Hájek M. Multimodal Imaging Reveals Improvement of Blood Supply to an Artificial Cell Transplant Site Induced by Bioluminescent Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Mol Imaging Biol 2017; 19:15-23. [PMID: 27464498 PMCID: PMC5209399 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-0986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An artificial site for cell or pancreatic islet transplantation can be created using a polymeric scaffold, even though it suffers subcutaneously from improper vascularisation. A sufficient blood supply is crucial for graft survival and function and can be enhanced by transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of syngeneic MSCs on neoangiogenesis and cell engraftment in an artificial site by multimodal imaging. PROCEDURES MSCs expressing a gene for luciferase were injected into the artificial subcutaneous site 7 days after scaffold implantation. MRI experiments (anatomical and dynamic contrast-enhanced images) were performed on a 4.7-T scanner using gradient echo sequences. Bioluminescent images were acquired on an IVIS Lumina optical imager. Longitudinal examination was performed for 2 months, and one animal was monitored for 16 months. RESULTS We confirmed the long-term presence (lasting more than 16 months) of viable donor cells inside the scaffolds using bioluminescence imaging with an optical signal peak appearing on day 3 after MSC implantation. When compared to controls, the tissue perfusion and vessel permeability in the scaffolds were significantly improved at the site with MSCs with a maximal peak on day 9 after MSC transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the maximal signal obtained by bioluminescence and magnetic resonance imaging from an artificially created site between 3 and 9 days after MSC transplantation can predict the optimal time range for subsequent cellular or tissue transplantation, including pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gálisová
- Department of RadioDiagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Fábryová
- Center of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jirák
- Department of RadioDiagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Sticová
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Pathology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Pathology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Lodererová
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Pathology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Herynek
- Department of RadioDiagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kříž
- Diabetes Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Hájek
- Department of RadioDiagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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van der Kroon I, Andralojc K, Willekens SMA, Bos D, Joosten L, Boerman OC, Brom M, Gotthardt M. Noninvasive Imaging of Islet Transplants with 111In-Exendin-3 SPECT/CT. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:799-804. [PMID: 26795287 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.166330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Islet transplantation is a promising treatment for type 1 diabetic patients. However, there is acute as well as chronic loss of islets after transplantation. A noninvasive imaging method that could monitor islet mass might help to improve transplantation outcomes. In this study, islets were visualized after transplantation in a rat model with a dedicated small-animal SPECT scanner by targeting the glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), specifically expressed on β-cells, with (111)In-labeled exendin-3. METHODS Targeting of (111)In-exendin-3 to GLP-1R was tested in vitro on isolated islets of WAG/Rij rats. For in vivo evaluation, 400 or 800 islets were transplanted into the calf muscle of WAG/Rij rats (6-8 wk old). Four weeks after transplantation, SPECT/CT images were acquired 1 h after injection of (111)In-labeled exendin-3. After SPECT acquisition, the muscles containing the transplant were analyzed immunohistochemically and autoradiographically. RESULTS The binding assay, performed on isolated islets, showed a linear correlation between the number of islets and (111)In-exendin-3 accumulation (Pearson r = 0.98). In vivo, a 1.70 ± 0.44-fold difference in tracer uptake between 400 and 800 transplanted islets was observed. Ex vivo analysis of the islet transplant showed colocalization of tracer accumulation on autoradiography, with insulin-positive cells and GLP-1R expression on immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION (111)In-exendin-3 accumulates specifically in the β-cells after islet transplantation and is a promising tracer for noninvasive monitoring of the islet mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge van der Kroon
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Karolina Andralojc
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie M A Willekens
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Desirée Bos
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lieke Joosten
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Otto C Boerman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Brom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Information regarding the longevity of transplanted pancreatic islet grafts could provide valuable information for treatment options. In our previous studies, we showed that isolated autologous pancreatic islets could be labeled with iron oxide nanoparticles and monitored after transplantation using MRI. Here, we report on in vivo monitoring of a secondary damage that occurs at the later stages because of allogeneic immune rejection. METHODS In the proof-of-principle studies, iron oxide-labeled autologous pancreatic islets were transplanted under the renal capsules of nonhuman primates. To demonstrate acute graft loss, the animals were injected with streptozotocin. Graft monitoring was performed by in vivo MRI. Next, iron oxide-labeled allogeneic islets were transplanted into the liver and monitored by MRI after withdrawal of immunosuppression. RESULTS In autologous model, we observed a pronounced drop in graft volume after streptozotocin challenge as assessed by MRI. In allogeneic model of islet transplantation, there was an initial islet loss after the procedure followed by relative stabilization of the graft volume. After immunosuppression was discontinued, there was a noticeable drop in graft volume that gradually continued during the course of the study. Importantly, the loss of graft volume observed on MR preceded the raise in blood glucose. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that in vivo MRI was able to reveal graft volume loss before any changes in blood glucose that can be measured by standard methods. We believe that these results could provide means for clinicians to follow islet fate noninvasively and longitudinally using clinically relevant scanners.
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Priyadarshini M, Villa SR, Fuller M, Wicksteed B, Mackay CR, Alquier T, Poitout V, Mancebo H, Mirmira RG, Gilchrist A, Layden BT. An Acetate-Specific GPCR, FFAR2, Regulates Insulin Secretion. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1055-66. [PMID: 26075576 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors have been well described to contribute to the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). The short-chain fatty acid-sensing G protein-coupled receptor, free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2), is expressed in pancreatic β-cells, and in rodents, its expression is altered during insulin resistance. Thus, we explored the role of FFAR2 in regulating GSIS. First, assessing the phenotype of wild-type and Ffar2(-/-) mice in vivo, we observed no differences with regard to glucose homeostasis on normal or high-fat diet, with a marginally significant defect in insulin secretion in Ffar2(-/-) mice during hyperglycemic clamps. In ex vivo insulin secretion studies, we observed diminished GSIS from Ffar2(-/-) islets relative to wild-type islets under high-glucose conditions. Further, in the presence of acetate, the primary endogenous ligand for FFAR2, we observed FFAR2-dependent potentiation of GSIS, whereas FFAR2-specific agonists resulted in either potentiation or inhibition of GSIS, which we found to result from selective signaling through either Gαq/11 or Gαi/o, respectively. Lastly, in ex vivo insulin secretion studies of human islets, we observed that acetate and FFAR2 agonists elicited different signaling properties at human FFAR2 than at mouse FFAR2. Taken together, our studies reveal that FFAR2 signaling occurs by divergent G protein pathways that can selectively potentiate or inhibit GSIS in mouse islets. Further, we have identified important differences in the response of mouse and human FFAR2 to selective agonists, and we suggest that these differences warrant consideration in the continued investigation of FFAR2 as a novel type 2 diabetes target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Priyadarshini
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Stephanie R Villa
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Miles Fuller
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Barton Wicksteed
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Thierry Alquier
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Vincent Poitout
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Helena Mancebo
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Annette Gilchrist
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine (M.P., S.R.V., M.F., B.T.L.), Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; Kovler Diabetes Center (B.W.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637; Monash University (C.R.M.), Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, and Department of Medicine (T.A., V.P.), University of Montreal, Quebec, H2X 0A9 Canada; Multispan (H.M.), Hayward, California 94545; Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 4602; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Medicine (R.G.M.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (A.G.), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515; and Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center (B.T.L.), Chicago, Illinois 60612
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Tiernan AR, Sambanis A. Bioluminescence tracking of alginate micro-encapsulated cell transplants. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:501-508. [PMID: 25047413 DOI: 10.1002/term.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies to treat loss-of-function hormonal disorders such as diabetes and Parkinson's disease are routinely coupled with encapsulation strategies, but an understanding of when and why grafts fail in vivo is lacking. Consequently, investigators cannot clearly define the key factors that influence graft success. Although bioluminescence is a popular method to track the survival of free cells transplanted in preclinical models, little is known of the ability to use bioluminescence for real-time tracking of microencapsulated cells. Furthermore, the impact that dynamic imaging distances may have, due to freely-floating microcapsules in vivo, on cell survival monitoring is unknown. This work addresses these questions by applying bioluminescence to a pancreatic substitute based on microencapsulated cells. Recombinant insulin-secreting cells were transduced with a luciferase lentivirus and microencapsulated in Ba2+ crosslinked alginate for in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro quantitative bioluminescence monitoring was possible and viable microencapsulated cells were followed in real time under both normoxic and anoxic conditions. Although in vivo dispersion of freely-floating microcapsules in the peritoneal cavity limited the analysis to a qualitative bioluminescence evaluation, signals consistently four orders of magnitude above background were clear indicators of temporal cell survival. Strong agreement between in vivo and in vitro cell proliferation over time was discovered by making direct bioluminescence comparisons between explanted microcapsules and parallel in vitro cultures. Broader application of this bioluminescence approach to retrievable transplants, in supplement to currently used end-point physiological tests, could improve understanding and accelerate development of cell-based therapies for critical clinical applications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey R Tiernan
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Athanassios Sambanis
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Bhonde RR, Sheshadri P, Sharma S, Kumar A. Making surrogate β-cells from mesenchymal stromal cells: perspectives and future endeavors. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 46:90-102. [PMID: 24275096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Generation of surrogate β-cells is the need of the day to compensate the short supply of islets for transplantation to diabetic patients requiring daily shots of insulin. Over the years several sources of stem cells have been claimed to cater to the need of insulin producing cells. These include human embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, human perinatal tissues such as amnion, placenta, umbilical cord and postnatal tissues involving adipose tissue, bone marrow, blood monocytes, cord blood, dental pulp, endometrium, liver, labia minora dermis-derived fibroblasts and pancreas. Despite the availability of such heterogonous sources, there is no substantial breakthrough in selecting and implementing an ideal source for generating large number of stable insulin producing cells. Although the progress in derivation of β-cell like cells from embryonic stem cells has taken a greater leap, their application is limited due to controversy surrounding the destruction of human embryo and immune rejection. Since multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells are free of ethical and immunological complications, they could provide unprecedented opportunity as starting material to derive insulin secreting cells. The main focus of this review is to discuss the merits and demerits of MSCs obtained from human peri- and post-natal tissue sources to yield abundant glucose responsive insulin producing cells as ideal candidates for prospective stem cell therapy to treat diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh R Bhonde
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Post, Alalsandra, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Preethi Sheshadri
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Post, Alalsandra, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Shikha Sharma
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Post, Alalsandra, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Anujith Kumar
- Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, GKVK Post, Alalsandra, Yelahanka, Bangalore 560065, India.
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Di Gialleonardo V, de Vries EFJ, Di Girolamo M, Quintero AM, Dierckx RAJO, Signore A. Imaging of β-cell mass and insulitis in insulin-dependent (Type 1) diabetes mellitus. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:892-919. [PMID: 22889646 DOI: 10.1210/er.2011-1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with a complex multifactorial etiology and a poorly understood pathogenesis. Genetic and environmental factors cause an autoimmune reaction against pancreatic β-cells, called insulitis, confirmed in pancreatic samples obtained at autopsy. The possibility to noninvasively quantify β-cell mass in vivo would provide important biological insights and facilitate aspects of diagnosis and therapy, including follow-up of islet cell transplantation. Moreover, the availability of a noninvasive tool to quantify the extent and severity of pancreatic insulitis could be useful for understanding the natural history of human insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus, to early diagnose children at risk to develop overt diabetes, and to select patients to be treated with immunotherapies aimed at blocking the insulitis and monitoring the efficacy of these therapies. In this review, we outline the imaging techniques currently available for in vivo, noninvasive detection of β-cell mass and insulitis. These imaging techniques include magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, computed tomography, bioluminescence and fluorescence imaging, and the nuclear medicine techniques positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography. Several approaches and radiopharmaceuticals for imaging β-cells and lymphocytic insulitis are reviewed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Gialleonardo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 AB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Liao AH, Li YK, Lee WJ, Wu MF, Liu HL, Kuo ML. Estimating the delivery efficiency of drug-loaded microbubbles in cancer cells with ultrasound and bioluminescence imaging. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2012; 38:1938-1948. [PMID: 22929655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of drug-loaded microbubbles (MBs) in combination with ultrasound (US), which results in an increase in capillary permeability at the site of US-sonication-induced MB destruction, may be an efficient method of localized drug delivery. This study investigated the mechanism underlying the US-mediated release of luciferin-loaded MBs through the blood vessels to targeted cells using an in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) system. The luciferin-loaded MBs comprised an albumin shell with a diameter of 1234 ± 394 nm (mean ± SD) and contained 2.48 × 10⁹ bubbles/mL; within each MB, the concentration of encapsulated luciferin was 1.48 × 10⁻¹⁰ mg/bubble. The loading efficiency of luciferin in MBs was only about 19.8%, while maintaining both the bioluminescence and acoustic properties. In vitro and in vivo BLI experiments were performed to evaluate the US-mediated release of luciferin-loaded MBs. For in vitro results, the increase in light emission of luciferin-loaded albumin-shelled MBs after destruction via US sonication (6.24 ± 0.72 × 10⁷ photons/s) was significantly higher than that in the luciferin-loaded albumin-shelled MBs (3.11 ± 0.33 × 10⁷ photons/s) (p < 0.05). The efficiency of the US-mediated release of luciferin-loaded MBs in 4T1-luc2 tumor-bearing mice was also estimated. The signal intensity of the tumor with US destruction at 3 W/cm² for 30 s was significantly higher than without US destruction at 3 (p = 0.025), 5 (p = 0.013), 7 (p = 0.012) and 10 (p = 0.032) min after injecting luciferin-loaded albumin-shelled MBs. The delivery efficiency was, thus, improved with US-mediated release, allowing reduction of the total injection dose of luciferin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ho Liao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Gorelik M, Janowski M, Galpoththawela C, Rifkin R, Levy M, Lukomska B, Kerr DA, Bulte JWM, Walczak P. Noninvasive monitoring of immunosuppressive drug efficacy to prevent rejection of intracerebral glial precursor allografts. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:2149-57. [PMID: 22508097 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x636911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of cell-based therapies opens up new avenues for treating a myriad of diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). While significant effort is being directed toward development of patient-specific, autologous transplantable cells, at present, the majority of cell transplantation studies performed clinically utilize allografts. In this context, the issue of graft rejection and immunoprotection is of key importance. In this study, we transplanted mouse glial-restricted progenitors into immunodeficient, immunocompetent, and immunosuppressed mice and monitored their survival noninvasively using bioluminescence imaging (BLI). With the use of serial BLI, we evaluated both the prevalence and dynamics of cell rejection. We demonstrate that allografts in immunocompetent mice were rejected at a rate of 69.2% (n = 13) indicating that graft tolerance is possible even without immunosuppression. Immunosuppression using a combination of rapamycin and FK506 or cyclosporin failed to fully protect the grafts. FK506 and rapamycin treatment resulted in a slight improvement of immunoprotection (22.2% rejected, n = 9) compared to cyclosporin A (55.6% rejected, n = 9); however, the difference was not significant. Notably, immunohistochemistry revealed leukocytes infiltrating the graft area in both rejecting and nonrejecting immunocompetent animals, but not in immunodeficient animals. The induction of an inflammatory process, even in surviving allografts, has implications for their long-term survival and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gorelik
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Kriz J, Jirak D, Berkova Z, Herynek V, Lodererova A, Girman P, Habart D, Hajek M, Saudek F. Detection of pancreatic islet allograft impairment in advance of functional failure using magnetic resonance imaging. Transpl Int 2011; 25:250-60. [PMID: 22188036 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2011.01403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to predict failure of pancreatic islets (PI) transplanted into the hepatic portal vein. Brown-Norway (n = 18) and Lewis (n = 6) rats received islets isolated from Lewis donors. The rejection process in Brown-Norway recipients was mitigated by two different immunosuppressive regimens [tacrolimus + hydrocortisone for 3 months (n = 6) or tacrolimus for 12 days (n = 12)]. Longitudinal MRI monitoring of recipients at post-transplantation weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 confirmed the ability to detect SPIO labeled PI after transplantation into the liver. The relative number of MRI signals related to PI isografts remained stable up to study completion. Recipients of PI allografts were normoglycemic until the end of study; signals declined gradually to 44 ± 17% in these animals. In animals with islets failure during post-transplant week 12, the number of signals decreased to 25 ± 10% of initial values. The difference between groups (islet function/failed) became significant post-transplant week 3. Our data demonstrate that the MRI changes attributable to rejection become apparent within 3 weeks after transplantation, i.e. at least 8 weeks before functional allograft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kriz
- Diabetes Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Videnska, Czech Republic.
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Sakata N, Goto M, Yoshimatsu G, Egawa S, Unno M. Utility of co-transplanting mesenchymal stem cells in islet transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:5150-5. [PMID: 22215938 PMCID: PMC3243880 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i47.5150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation is characterized by the transplantation of isolated islets from donor pancreata into a diabetic recipient. Although it is a viable choice in the treatment of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, most patients (approximately 90%) require insulin five years after transplantation. Recently, the co-transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and islets in animal studies has revealed the effectiveness of MSCs co-transplantation for improving islet function. The mechanisms underlying the beneficial impact of MSCs include immunomodulation and the promotion of angiogenesis. In this review, we discuss MSCs and how they support improved graft survival and function.
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Abstract
At present, the onset and progress of diabetes, and the efficacy of potential treatments, can only be assessed through indirect means, i.e. blood glucose, insulin, or C-peptide measurements. The development of non-invasive and reliable methods for (1) quantification of pancreatic beta islet cell mass in vivo, (2) determining endogenous islet function and survival, and (3) visualizing the biodistribution, survival, and function of transplanted exogenous islets are critical to further advance both basic science research and islet cell therapy in diabetes. Islet cell imaging using magnetic resonance, bioluminescence, positron emission tomography, or single photon emission computed tomography may provide us with a direct means to interrogate islet cell distribution, survival, and function. Current state-of-the-art strategies for beta-cell imaging are discussed and reviewed here in context of their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian R. Arifin
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jeff W.M. Bulte
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Cellular Imaging Section and Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Molecular imaging: a promising tool to monitor islet transplantation. J Transplant 2011; 2011:202915. [PMID: 22013504 PMCID: PMC3195545 DOI: 10.1155/2011/202915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacement of insulin production by pancreatic islet transplantation has great potential as a therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus. At present, the lack of an effective approach to islet grafts assessment limits the success of this treatment. The development of molecular imaging techniques has the potential to fulfill the goal of real-time noninvasive monitoring of the functional status and viability of the islet grafts. We review the application of a variety of imaging modalities for detecting endogenous and transplanted beta-cell mass. The review also explores the various molecular imaging strategies for assessing islet delivery, the metabolic effects on the islet grafts as well as detection of immunorejection. Here, we highlight the use of combined imaging and therapeutic interventions in islet transplantation and the in vivo monitoring of stem cells differentiation into insulin-producing cells.
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Jahansouz C, Jahansouz C, Kumer SC, Brayman KL. Evolution of β-Cell Replacement Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus: Islet Cell Transplantation. J Transplant 2011; 2011:247959. [PMID: 22013505 PMCID: PMC3195999 DOI: 10.1155/2011/247959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 23.6 million people in the United States are affected. Of these individuals, 5 to 10% have been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), an autoimmune disease. Although it often appears in childhood, T1DM may manifest at any age, leading to significant morbidity and decreased quality of life. Since the 1960s, the surgical treatment for diabetes mellitus has evolved to become a viable alternative to insulin administration, beginning with pancreatic transplantation. While islet cell transplantation has emerged as another potential alternative, its role in the treatment of T1DM remains to be solidified as research continues to establish it as a truly viable alternative for achieving insulin independence. In this paper, the historical evolution, procurement, current status, benefits, risks, and ongoing research of islet cell transplantation are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Jahansouz
- School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22102, USA
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Conditional and specific inhibition of NF-κB in mouse pancreatic β cells prevents cytokine-induced deleterious effects and improves islet survival posttransplant. Surgery 2011; 151:330-9. [PMID: 21982523 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Islets are susceptible to damage by proinflammatory cytokines via activation of transcription factor NF-κB. We hypothesized that inhibition of NF-κB activity will decrease cytokine-mediated β-cell injury and improve islet transplant functional outcome. METHODS We created a transgenic mouse expressing a degradation resistant N-terminally deleted IκBα (ΔNIκBα) under the control of a commercially available tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation system using a rat insulin promoter. Isolated islets from transgenic and control mouse strains were exposed to cytokines in vitro and assayed or transplanted. RESULTS Western blot analysis showed that ΔNIκBα was significantly increased with doxycycline treatment. Cytokine-induced NF-κB activation was significantly decreased in transgenic (0.065 ± 0.013 absorbance value/μg protein) vs control islets (0.128 ± 0.006; P < .05). Suppression of cytokine-mediated NF-κB activity decreased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and interferon-γ inducible protein-10 RNA transcripts, and significantly decreased nitric oxide production in transgenic islets (0.084 ± 0.043 μM/μg protein) vs. controls (0.594 ± 0.174; P < .01). The insulin stimulation index in islets exposed to cytokines was higher in transgenic vs controls (1.500 ± 0.106 vs 0.800 ± 0.098; P < .01). Syngeneic transplants of a marginal mass of intraportally infused transgenic islets resulted in a reversion to euglycemia in 69.2% of diabetic recipients at a mean of 7.8 ± 1.1 days vs. 35.7% of control islet recipients reverting at a mean of 15.8 ± 2.9 days (P < .05). CONCLUSION Conditional and specific suppression of NF-κB activity in β cells protected islets from cytokine-induced dysfunction in vitro and in vivo. These results provide a proof of principle that inhibition of NF-κB activity in donor islets enhances function and improves the outcome of islet transplantation.
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Kahraman S, Dirice E, Hapil FZ, Ertosun MG, Ozturk S, Griffith TS, Sanlioglu S, Sanlioglu AD. Tracing of islet graft survival by way of in vivo fluorescence imaging. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27:575-83. [PMID: 21584921 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To increase the success rate in xenogeneic islet transplantation, proper assessment of graft mass is required following transplantation. For this reason, we aimed to develop a suitable fluorescence imaging system to monitor islet xenograft survival in diabetic mice. METHODS Adenovirus vector encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein-transduced rat pancreatic islets were transplanted under the renal capsule of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and the fluorescence signal was quantified over time using a cooled charge-coupled device. Non-fasting blood glucose levels were recorded during the same period. Insulin release from transduced and control islets was detected via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Adenovirus vector encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein infection did not alter the function or survival of pancreatic islets post transduction. A direct correlation was found between the number of islets (250-750) transplanted under the kidney capsule and the blood glucose recovery. CONCLUSIONS Fluorescence imaging appears to be a useful tool for quantitative assessment of islet cell viability post transplantation and could permit earlier detection of graft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Kahraman
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Human Gene and Cell Therapy Center of Akdeniz University Hospitals and Clinics, Antalya 07058, Turkey
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Fujimoto H, Toyoda K, Okitsu T, Liu X, Mukai E, Zhuang X, Uemoto S, Mochizuki N, Inagaki N. Three-dimensional ex vivo imaging and analysis of intraportal islet transplants. Transpl Int 2011; 24:839-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2011.01271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Close DM, Xu T, Sayler GS, Ripp S. In vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI): noninvasive visualization and interrogation of biological processes in living animals. SENSORS 2010; 11:180-206. [PMID: 22346573 PMCID: PMC3274065 DOI: 10.3390/s110100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI) is increasingly being utilized as a method for modern biological research. This process, which involves the noninvasive interrogation of living animals using light emitted from luciferase-expressing bioreporter cells, has been applied to study a wide range of biomolecular functions such as gene function, drug discovery and development, cellular trafficking, protein-protein interactions, and especially tumorigenesis, cancer treatment, and disease progression. This article will review the various bioreporter/biosensor integrations of BLI and discuss how BLI is being applied towards a new visual understanding of biological processes within the living organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan M Close
- The Center for Environmental Biotechnology, 676 Dabney Hall, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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30
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Leoni L, Serai SD, Haque ME, Magin RL, Roman BB. Functional MRI characterization of isolated human islet activation. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2010; 23:1158-1165. [PMID: 21162143 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The noninvasive assessment of pancreatic islets would be an invaluable tool in advancing the treatment of type I diabetes and in understanding its pathophysiology. As shown previously in rodents, manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) can be successfully used to quantify β-cell function. In this study, we successfully applied this technique to isolated human pancreatic islets in both a static and, more significantly, MRI-compatible perfusion set-up. Unlike rodent islets, which produced a significant increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) when treated with 25 µM MnCl(2) or less, human islets demonstrated significant manganese uptake when exposed to an extracellular concentration of 50 µM MnCl(2). Nonspecific passive manganese uptake was present and quantified in a 15% SNR increase over the control group. However, glucose-induced manganese uptake caused an SNR increase equal to 45% over nonactivated islets. This corresponds to a statistically significant decrease in the T(1) relaxation time from 1501 ms for untreated islets to 1362 ms following passive uptake, and to 861 ms following glucose stimulation. As expected, no manganese cytotoxicity was measured, as shown by normal insulin secretion profiles. These data confirm the viability of MEMRI to assess isolated human islet functionality in vitro, and this technique shows promise for the monitoring of their performance in vivo following transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Leoni
- University of Chicago, Department of Radiology, Chicago, IL, USA
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31
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Sever D, Eldor R, Sadoun G, Amior L, Dubois D, Boitard C, Aflalo C, Melloul D. Evaluation of impaired beta-cell function in nonobese-diabetic (NOD) mouse model using bioluminescence imaging. FASEB J 2010; 25:676-84. [PMID: 21118902 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-158121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-producing pancreatic β cells are functionally impaired or destroyed in diabetes mellitus. The onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) represents the culmination of a prolonged prediabetic phase of immune-mediated β-cell destruction. To assess the in vivo metabolic status of these cells, we used the ATP-sensitive firefly luciferase bioluminescence imaging approach, as a noninvasive probe to monitor pathological alterations in β-cell function in the nonobese-diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D. Hence, we generated the ToIβ-NOD transgenic mice in which doxycycline-inducible luciferase gene is selectively expressed in β cells. A sharp reduction in bioluminescence emitted in vivo from β cells at the early stages, preceded by several weeks of a limited reduction in β-cell mass. Since this decline could be due to the ongoing inflammatory process occurring in vivo, we exposed control islets to inflammatory cytokines and observed a dramatic decrease in luciferase luminescence, which appears to be due in part to a decrease in protein levels and a drop in intracellular ATP levels. This is the first evidence that selective expression of the luciferase gene represents a sensitive method for noninvasive in vivo monitoring of early β-cell dysfunction, subtle metabolic changes, such as endogenous ATP levels, indicative of a pathological condition in a tissue at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dror Sever
- Department of Endocrinology, Hadassah University Hospital, P.O. Box 12000, 91120 Jerusalem, Israel
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Hsu SH, Wen CJ, Al-Suwayeh SA, Chang HW, Yen TC, Fang JY. Physicochemical characterization and in vivo bioluminescence imaging of nanostructured lipid carriers for targeting the brain: apomorphine as a model drug. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:405101. [PMID: 20823498 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/40/405101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were prepared to investigate whether the duration of brain targeting and accumulation of drugs in the brain can be improved by intravenous delivery. NLCs were developed using cetyl palmitate as the lipid matrix, squalene as the cationic surfactant, and Pluronic F68, polysorbate 80 and polyethylene glycol as the interfacial additives. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and lipid emulsions (LEs) were also prepared for comparison. An anti-Parkinson's drug, apomorphine, was used as the model drug. Nuclear magnetic resonance and differential scanning calorimetry showed possible interactions between the solid and liquid lipids in the inner core. The lipid nanoparticles with different compositions were characterized by mean size, zeta potential, apomorphine encapsulation and in vitro drug release. NLCs were 370-430 nm in size, which was between the sizes of the SLNs and LEs. A cationic surfactant was used to produce a positive surface charge of 42-50 mV. The base form of apomorphine was successfully entrapped by NLCs with an entrapment percentage of > 60%. The loading of apomorphine in nanoparticles resulted in a slower release behavior compared to the aqueous solution, with LEs showing the lowest release. In vivo real-time bioluminescence imaging of the rat brain revealed that NLCs could be targeted, through certain vessels, to selected brain regions. This effect was further confirmed by imaging the entire brain and brain slices. The results indicated that NLCs with moderate additives are a promising controlled-release and drug-targeting system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hui Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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Chow LW, Wang LJ, Kaufman DB, Stupp SI. Self-assembling nanostructures to deliver angiogenic factors to pancreatic islets. Biomaterials 2010; 31:6154-61. [PMID: 20552727 PMCID: PMC2965796 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assembly of nanoscale filaments offers a vehicle to signal cells within dense cell aggregates such as pancreatic islets. We previously developed a heparin-binding peptide amphiphile (HBPA) that self-assembles into nanofiber gels at concentrations of 1% by weight when mixed with heparin and activates heparin-binding, angiogenic growth factors. We report here on the use of these molecules at concentrations 100 times lower to drive delivery of the nanofibers into the dense islet interior. Using fluorescent markers, HBPA molecules, heparin, and FGF2 were shown to be present in and on the surface of murine islets. The intraislet nanofibers were found to be necessary to retain FGF2 within the islet for 48 h and to increase cell viability significantly for at least 7 days in culture. Furthermore, enhanced insulin secretion was observed with the nanofibers for 3 days in culture. Delivery of FGF2 and VEGF in conjunction with the HBPA/heparin nanofibers also induced a significant amount of islet endothelial cell sprouting from the islets into a peptide amphiphile 3-D matrix. We believe the infiltration of bioactive nanofibers in the interior of islets as an artificial ECM can improve cell viability and function in vitro and enhance their vascularization in the presence of growth factors such as FGF2 and VEGF. The approach described here may have significant impact on islet transplantation to treat type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley W. Chow
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States
| | - Ling-jia Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States
| | - Dixon B. Kaufman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States
- Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States
| | - Samuel I. Stupp
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States
- Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, United States
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, United States
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Gao Q, Ma LL, Gao X, Yan W, Williams P, Yin DP. TLR4 mediates early graft failure after intraportal islet transplantation. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:1588-96. [PMID: 20642685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that islet emboli in the portal vein block blood flow and induce local inflammatory reaction, resulting in functional loss of islet grafts following intraportal transplantation. This study was designed to test whether Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation mediates early islet graft failure. Syngeneic islet grafts were transplanted into chemically induced diabetic mice, and TLR deficient mice were used as donors and/or recipients of islet grafts. Islet viability, proinflammatory cytokines, high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and NF-kappaB activation were analyzed by bioluminesce imaging (BLI), quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and histology. Early islet graft failure was observed in mice with intraportal islet engrafts with increased proinflammatory cytokines, HMGB1 expression, NF-kappaB activation, caspase-3 and TUNEL positive cells. Deficiency of TLR4 in donor, but not in recipient, inhibited NF-kappaB activation, reduced proinflammatory cytokines and improved viability of islet grafts. Blockade of HMGB1 with anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody (mAb, 2g7) inhibited inflammatory reactions, as evidenced by reduced TNFalpha and IL-1ss production, and improved islet viability. We conclude that TLR4 activation mediates early graft failure following intraportal islet transplantation. Inhibition of TLR4 activation represents a novel strategy to attenuate early graft failure following intraportal islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Gao
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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35
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Sakata N, Obenaus A, Chan NK, Hayes P, Chrisler J, Hathout E. Correlation between angiogenesis and islet graft function in diabetic mice: magnetic resonance imaging assessment. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2010; 17:692-700. [PMID: 20703848 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-010-0269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) was used to evaluate neovascularization after intravenous injection of gadolinium, where contrast leaks out of new vessels and remains within the tissues. We examined the relationship between DCE-MRI and metabolic parameters such as blood glucose, serum insulin and glucose tolerance test (GTT) after intraportal islet transplantation. METHODS Streptozotocin-induced diabetic BALB/c mice (n = 15) received syngeneic intraportal islet transplantation (500 islet equivalent). Blood glucose, serum insulin and GTT were evaluated till postoperative day (POD) 14. Liver DCE-MRI was performed at POD 3, 7 and 14. Correlations between DCE-MRI and metabolic parameters were examined using regression analysis. RESULTS Eight mice achieved normoglycemia after intraportal transplantation. At POD 3 a significant but moderate correlation between DCE-MRI and blood glucose was found. No DCE-MRI or metabolic parameters correlated at POD 7. However, at POD 14 strong or moderate correlations between DCE-MRIs were found: negative correlations with blood glucose (R (2) = 0.86) and GTT (R (2) = 0.48) but a positive correlation with serum insulin (R (2) = 0.32). CONCLUSION We report that DCE-MRI can reflect the metabolic and functional condition of the transplanted islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Sakata
- Islet Transplant Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Center, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11175 Campus Street, Coleman Pavilion, A1120R, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Chen X, Larson CS, West J, Zhang X, Kaufman DB. In vivo detection of extrapancreatic insulin gene expression in diabetic mice by bioluminescence imaging. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9397. [PMID: 20195523 PMCID: PMC2827564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extrapancreatic tissues such as liver may serve as potential sources of tissue for generating insulin-producing cells. The dynamics of insulin gene promoter activity in extrapancreatic tissues may be monitored in vivo by bioluminescence-imaging (BLI) of transgenic mice Tg(RIP-luc) expressing the firefly luciferase (luc) under a rat-insulin gene promoter (RIP). METHODS The Tg(RIP-luc) mice were made diabetic by a single injection of the pancreatic beta-cell toxin streptozotocin. Control mice were treated with saline. Mice were subject to serum glucose measurement and bioluminescence imaging daily. On day eight of the treatment, mice were sacrificed and tissues harvested for quantitative luciferase activity measurement, luciferase protein cellular localization, and insulin gene expression analysis. RESULTS Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Tg(RIP-luc) mice demonstrated a dramatic decline in the BLI signal intensity in the pancreas and a concomitant progressive increase in the signal intensity in the liver. An average of 5.7 fold increase in the liver signal intensity was detected in the mice that were exposed to hyperglycemia for 8 days. Ex vivo quantitative assays demonstrated a 34-fold induction of the enzyme activity in the liver of streptozotocin-treated mice compared to that of the buffer-treated controls. Luciferase-positive cells with oval-cell-like morphology were detected by immunohistochemistry in the liver samples of diabetic mice, but not in that of non-treated control transgenic mice. Gene expression analyses of liver RNA confirmed an elevated expression of insulin genes in the liver tissue exposed to hyperglycemia. CONCLUSIONS BLI is a sensitive method for monitoring insulin gene expression in extrapancreatic tissues in vivo. The BLI system may be used for in vivo screening of biological events or pharmacologic activators that have the potential of stimulating the generation of extrapancreatic insulin-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
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Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) modalities have been developed, refined, and used broadly in the study of small animal models of human biology and disease, including monitoring the fate of transplanted islets in vivo in real time. In order to advance our understanding of the pathophysiology and immunobiology of islet transplantation as they occur in living animals, islet grafts tagged with light-emitting luciferase can be implanted in a mouse islet transplantation model and assessed using in vivo BLI. We have utilized transgenic islets expressing the firefly luciferase as donor islets in syngeneic and allogeneic islet transplant mouse models for monitoring islets in vivo by BLI after they have been transplanted at different sites of the mice, including the intrahepatic site via portal vein injection. The sensitive and non-invasive BLI system allows better understanding of the dynamic fate of transplanted islets and the relationships among the islet mass that ultimately engrafts, the quality of graft function, and overall glucose homeostasis. It permits detection of early changes in islet graft function or mass due to rejection to prompt timely therapeutic intervention and change the fate of the graft. This chapter details some of the procedures for islet isolation, transplantation, and imaging as well as considerations of using the BLI system in the field of islet transplantation research.
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Ahlgren U, Gotthardt M. Approaches for imaging islets: recent advances and future prospects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 654:39-57. [PMID: 20217493 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of improved technologies for imaging of the pancreas is a key element in addressing several aspects of diabetes pathogenesis. In this respect, the development of a protocol that allows for non-invasive scoring of human islets, or islet beta-cells, is of particular importance. The development of such a technology would have profound impact on both clinical and experimental medicine, ranging from early diagnosis of diabetes to the evaluation of therapeutic regimes. Another important task is the development of modalities for high-resolution imaging of experimental animal models for diabetes. Rodent models for diabetes research have for decades been instrumental to the diabetes research community. The ability to image, and to accurately quantify, key players of diabetogenic processes with molecular specificity will be of great importance for elucidating mechanistic aspects of the disease. This chapter aims to overview current progress within these research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Ahlgren
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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Brubaker CE, Kissler H, Wang LJ, Kaufman DB, Messersmith PB. Biological performance of mussel-inspired adhesive in extrahepatic islet transplantation. Biomaterials 2010; 31:420-7. [PMID: 19811819 PMCID: PMC2783676 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is significant need for effective medical adhesives that function reliably on wet tissue surfaces with minimal inflammatory insult. To address these performance characteristics, we have generated a synthetic adhesive biomaterial inspired by the protein glues of marine mussels. In-vivo performance was interrogated in a murine model of extrahepatic syngeneic islet transplantation, as an alternative to standard portal administration. The adhesive precursor polymer consisted of a branched poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) core, whose endgroups were derivatized with catechol, a functional group abundant in mussel adhesive proteins. Under oxidizing conditions, adhesive hydrogels formed in less than 1 min from catechol-derivatized PEG (cPEG) solutions. Upon implantation, the cPEG adhesive elicited minimal acute or chronic inflammatory response in C57BL6 mice, and maintained an intact interface with supporting tissue for up to one year. In-situ cPEG adhesive formation was shown to efficiently immobilize transplanted islets at the epididymal fat pad and external liver surfaces, permitting normoglycemic recovery and graft revascularization. These findings establish the use of synthetic, biologically-inspired adhesives for islet transplantation at extrahepatic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E. Brubaker
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Hermann Kissler
- Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Ling-jia Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Dixon B. Kaufman
- Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Phillip B. Messersmith
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Comparative study of regenerative potential of beta cells from young and aged donor mice using a novel islet transplantation model. Transplantation 2009; 88:496-503. [PMID: 19696632 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181b0d2ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of ageing on beta-cell regeneration under hyperglycemia has not been defined and may best be addressed using a unique islet-transplantation model. METHODS Streptozotocin-induced diabetic FVB/NJ mice were rendered normoglycemic with a therapeutic mass of syngeneic islets implanted in the epididymal fat pad, followed by a subrenal capsular implantation of a subtherapeutic mass of 25 islets from young (3 months) or old (24 months) mice. Three weeks after the second transplant, the islet containing fat pad was removed to reintroduce hyperglycemia. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was provided to mice continuously in drinking water. Islet grafts under the kidney capsule were harvested at different time points and examined for markers of beta-cell regeneration by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS After a 7-day labeling, BrdU was detected in 54.2% or 53.0% beta cells of the young or old islet grafts, respectively, under hyperglycemia when compared with 3.3% in grafts under normoglycemia. Ki67-positive beta cells were enhanced from a baseline level of 0.5% to 5.2% (young islets) or 4.0% (old islets) on day 7 of hyperglycemia, then decreased to 2.4% on day 21, at which time point an accumulative 75.3% or 66.8% BrdU-positive beta cells was detected in the young or old grafts, respectively. No statistic difference in the percent BrdU- or Ki67-positive beta cells was detected between the young and aged grafts at any time point studied. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal that islet beta cells from aged mice can replicate in response to hyperglycemia after transplantation at a capacity and frequencies not significantly different than that of the young adult ones.
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Kheirolomoom A, Kruse DE, Qin S, Watson KE, Lai CY, Young LJT, Cardiff RD, Ferrara KW. Enhanced in vivo bioluminescence imaging using liposomal luciferin delivery system. J Control Release 2009; 141:128-36. [PMID: 19748536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 08/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To provide a continuous and prolonged delivery of the substrate D-luciferin for bioluminescence imaging in vivo, luciferin was encapsulated into liposomes using either the pH gradient or acetate gradient method. Under optimum loading conditions, 0.17 mg luciferin was loaded per mg of lipid with 90-95% encapsulation efficiency, where active loading was 6 to 18-fold higher than that obtained with passive loading. Liposomal luciferin in a long-circulating formulation had good shelf stability, with 10% release over 3-month storage at 4 degrees C. Pharmacokinetic profiles of free and liposomal luciferin were then evaluated in transgenic mice expressing luciferase. In contrast to rapid in vivo clearance of free luciferin (t(1/2)=3.54 min), luciferin encapsulated into long-circulating liposomes showed a prolonged release over 24h. The first-order release rate constant of luciferin from long-circulating liposomes, as estimated from the best fit of the analytical model to the experimental data, was 0.01 h(-1). Insonation of luciferin-loaded temperature-sensitive liposomes directly injected into one tumor of Met1-luc tumor-bearing mice resulted in immediate emission of light. Systemic injection of luciferin-loaded long-circulating liposomes into Met1-luc tumor-bearing mice, followed by unilateral ultrasound-induced hyperthermia, produced a gradual increase in radiance over time, reaching a peak at 4-7 h post-ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Kheirolomoom
- University of California, Davis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 451 East Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
The development of new methods for noninvasive imaging is an area of biotechnology that is of great relevance for the diagnosis and characterization of diabetes mellitus. Noninvasive imaging can be used to study the dynamics of beta-cell mass and function; beta-cell death; vascularity, innervation and autoimmune attack of pancreatic islets; and the efficacy of islet transplantation to remedy beta-cell loss in patients with diabetes mellitus. In this Review, we focus on the application of MRI for monitoring islet transplantation and on the potential causes of islet graft failure, which are still poorly understood. Questions that have been addressed by MRI studies encompass graft longevity, and the effects of immune rejection, glucose toxic effects, and the transplanted islets' purity on graft fate. We also highlight novel technologies for simultaneous imaging and delivery of experimental therapies that aim to extend the lifespan and functionality of islet grafts. On the basis of this evidence, MRI represents a valuable platform for a thorough investigation of beta-cell function in the context of islet transplantation. State-of-the-art multimodality approaches, such as PET-MRI, can extend our current capabilities and help answer the critical questions that currently inhibit the prevention and cure of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdravka Medarova
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital-Massachusetts Institute of Technology-Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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In vivo imaging of autologous islet grafts in the liver and under the kidney capsule in non-human primates. Transplantation 2009; 87:1659-66. [PMID: 19502957 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181a5cbc0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As islet transplantation begins to show promise as a clinical method, there is a critical need for reliable, noninvasive techniques to monitor islet graft survival. Previous work in our laboratory has shown that human islets labeled with a superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agent and transplanted into mice could be detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The potential translation of these findings to the clinical situation requires validation of our methodology in a non-human primate model, which we have now carried out in baboons (Papio hamadryas) and reported here. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS For islet labeling, we adapted the Food and Drug Administration-approved superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agent, Feridex, which is used clinically for liver imaging. After partial pancreatectomy, Feridex-labeled islets were prepared and autotransplanted underneath the renal capsule and into the liver. Longitudinal in vivo MRI at days 1, 3, 8, 16, 23, and 30 after transplantation was performed to track the islet grafts. RESULTS The renal subcapsular islet graft was easily detectable on T2*-weighted MR images as a pocket of signal loss disrupting the contour of the kidney at the transplantation site. Islets transplanted in the liver appeared as distinct signal voids dispersed throughout the liver parenchyma. A semiautomated computational analysis of our MRI data established the feasibility of monitoring both the renal and intrahepatic grafts during the studied posttransplantation period. CONCLUSION This study establishes a method for the noninvasive, longitudinal detection of pancreatic islets transplanted into non-human primates using a low-field clinical MRI system.
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Bioluminescence imaging in mouse models quantifies beta cell mass in the pancreas and after islet transplantation. Mol Imaging Biol 2009; 12:42-53. [PMID: 19548035 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-009-0240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We developed a mouse model that enables non-invasive assessment of changes in beta cell mass. PROCEDURES We generated a transgenic mouse expressing luciferase under control of the mouse insulin I promoter [mouse insulin promoter-luciferase-Vanderbilt University (MIP-Luc-VU)] and characterized this model in mice with increased or decreased beta cell mass and after islet transplantation. RESULTS Streptozotocin-induced, diabetic MIP-Luc-VU mice had a progressive decline in bioluminescence that correlated with a decrease in beta cell mass. MIP-Luc-VU animals fed a high-fat diet displayed a progressive increase in bioluminescence that reflected an increase in beta cell mass. MIP-Luc-VU islets transplanted beneath the renal capsule or into the liver emitted bioluminescence proportional to the number of islets transplanted and could be imaged for more than a year. CONCLUSIONS Bioluminescence in the MIP-Luc-VU mouse model is proportional to beta cell mass in the setting of increased and decreased beta cell mass and after transplantation.
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Monitoring the survival of islet transplants by MRI using a novel technique for their automated detection and quantification. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 22:257-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-009-0172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tracking intrahepatically transplanted islets labeled with Feridex-polyethyleneimine complex using a clinical 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Pancreas 2009; 38:293-302. [PMID: 19169173 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e318190d77a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the images acquired with a clinical 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging machine as the quantification of transplanted and surviving islets in vivo. METHODS Polyethyleneimine (PEI) was introduced to increase the labeling efficiency of Feridex, a dextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide. Allogeneic (Lewis-to-Wistar) and syngeneic (Wistar-to-Wistar) intraheptatic islet transplantations were performed to study the relationship among magnetic resonance imaging, metabolic monitoring, and pathological examination. RESULTS After receiving Feridex-PEI-labeled islets, dark voids could be observed in the livers of both groups, accompanied with a significant decrease in liver/muscle intensity ratio from 1.25 +/- 0.03 to 1.09 +/- 0.05 (P < 0.01). One week after transplantation, islet grafts were rejected in the allogeneic group. Rapid disappearance of dark voids and a significant increase of liver/muscle ratio were observed. No islet grafts could be found in the paraffin sections of livers by that time. Meanwhile, in the syngeneic group, islet grafts survived indefinitely. Dark voids persisted and low liver/muscle ratios retained. The fact that the dark voids represented the labeled islets was confirmed by combined staining of insulin activity and Prussian blue. CONCLUSIONS Either spot counting or signal intensity measurement provides a perfect quantification of transplanted and surviving islets in vivo. Feridex-PEI provides an effective and safe way to label islets.
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Wang L, Xiang Z, Ma LL, Chen Z, Gao X, Sun Z, Williams P, Chari RS, Yin DP. Deficiency of Protein Kinase C-Theta Facilitates Tolerance Induction. Transplantation 2009; 87:507-16. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318195fd36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Gunawardana SC, Benninger RKP, Piston DW. Subcutaneous transplantation of embryonic pancreas for correction of type 1 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E323-32. [PMID: 19066321 PMCID: PMC2645017 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90544.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is a promising therapeutic approach for type 1 diabetes. However, current success rates are low due to progressive graft failure in the long term and inability to monitor graft development in vivo. Other limitations include the necessity of initial invasive surgery and continued immunosuppressive therapy. We report an alternative transplantation strategy with the potential to overcome these problems. This technique involves transplantation of embryonic pancreatic tissue into recipients' subcutaneous space, eliminating the need for invasive surgery and associated risks. Current results in mouse models of type 1 diabetes show that embryonic pancreatic transplants in the subcutaneous space can normalize blood glucose homeostasis and achieve extensive endocrine differentiation and vascularization. Furthermore, modern imaging techniques such as two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEM) can be employed to monitor transplants through the intact skin in a completely noninvasive manner. Thus, this strategy is a convenient alternative to islet transplantation in diabetic mice and has the potential to be translated to human clinical applications with appropriate modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadra C Gunawardana
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt Univ. School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Abstract
Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is frequently cited for its ease of quantification. This fundamental strength of BLI has led to applications in cancer research, cell transplantation, and monitoring of infectious disease in which bioluminescence intensity is correlated with other metrics. However, bioluminescence measurements can be influenced by a number of factors, among them source location, tissue optical properties, and substrate availability and pharmacokinetics. Accounting for these many factors is crucial for accurate BLI quantification. A number of methods can be employed to ensure correct interpretation of BLI results and validate BLI techniques. This chapter summarizes the use of calibrated light-emitting standards, bioluminescence tomography, and post-mortem validation of luciferase expression for validating quantitative BLI measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Virostko
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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50
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Holmberg D, Ahlgren U. Imaging the pancreas: from ex vivo to non-invasive technology. Diabetologia 2008; 51:2148-54. [PMID: 18777169 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-008-1140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While many recently published reviews have covered non-invasive nuclear imaging techniques, the aim of this review is to focus on current developments in optical imaging technologies for investigating the pancreas. Several of these modalities are being developed into non-invasive, real-time monitoring routines for pancreatic diseases. However, they also provide pre-clinical ex vivo and/or intravital tools for three-dimensional quantitative assessments of cellular and molecular events, with levels of specificity and resolution difficult to achieve with other currently available modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Holmberg
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, S-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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