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Rasheed U, Khan S, Khalid M, Noor A, Zafar S. A systemic analysis of Creutzfeldt Jakob disease cases in Asia. Prion 2024; 18:11-27. [PMID: 38323574 PMCID: PMC10854368 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2024.2311950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (CJD) is a rapidly progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder, also known as a subacute spongiform encephalopathy. There are three major subtypes of CJD i.e. Sporadic CJD, which occurs for reasons unbeknown to science (85% of known cases), Genetic or Familial CJD which is characterized by the presence of mutations in the human prion protein (PRNP) gene (10-15% cases) and Iatrogenic CJD that occurs via accidental transmission through medical and surgical procedures (1-2% cases). CJD cases occur globally with 1 case per one million population/year. Considerable data is available related to the incidence and prevalence of CJD in Europe and America. However, the global surveillance database is yet to include Asia even though several Asian countries have their own CJD monitoring units. sCJD is the highest among all CJD cases in Asia. China (1957) and Japan (1705) have reported more cases of sCJD than any Asian country and Hong Kong (1) has reported the least. On the other hand, gCJD is highest in Japan (370) and least in India (2). Our analysis establishes the presence of all variants of CJD across Asia. However, in most Asian countries in general and Southeast Asian countries in particular, CJD cases are misdiagnosed and often underreported. Since Asia is the most populated continent in the world, the actual global prevalence of CJD cannot be estimated until and unless these countries are accounted for. Concrete and reliable surveillance networks are needed across Asia to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of CJD in the region. [Figure: see text]The graphical abstract demonstrates the prevalence of CJD cases in the world and systematically analyses the incidence of CJD in Asian countries between the year 1986-2022. Highest number of cases were reported in Japan followed by China. The study emphasizes the need for assimilation of Asian data in global prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urwah Rasheed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sana Khan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Minahil Khalid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aneeqa Noor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saima Zafar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Clinical Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Göttingen and the German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Robert, Germany
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2
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Balczon R, Lin MT, Voth S, Nelson AR, Schupp JC, Wagener BM, Pittet JF, Stevens T. Lung endothelium, tau, and amyloids in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:533-587. [PMID: 37561137 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung endothelia in the arteries, capillaries, and veins are heterogeneous in structure and function. Lung capillaries in particular represent a unique vascular niche, with a thin yet highly restrictive alveolar-capillary barrier that optimizes gas exchange. Capillary endothelium surveys the blood while simultaneously interpreting cues initiated within the alveolus and communicated via immediately adjacent type I and type II epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and pericytes. This cell-cell communication is necessary to coordinate the immune response to lower respiratory tract infection. Recent discoveries identify an important role for the microtubule-associated protein tau that is expressed in lung capillary endothelia in the host-pathogen interaction. This endothelial tau stabilizes microtubules necessary for barrier integrity, yet infection drives production of cytotoxic tau variants that are released into the airways and circulation, where they contribute to end-organ dysfunction. Similarly, beta-amyloid is produced during infection. Beta-amyloid has antimicrobial activity, but during infection it can acquire cytotoxic activity that is deleterious to the host. The production and function of these cytotoxic tau and amyloid variants are the subject of this review. Lung-derived cytotoxic tau and amyloid variants are a recently discovered mechanism of end-organ dysfunction, including neurocognitive dysfunction, during and in the aftermath of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Balczon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Mike T Lin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Sarah Voth
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Monroe, Louisiana, United States
| | - Amy R Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Jonas C Schupp
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Brant M Wagener
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Jean-Francois Pittet
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Troy Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
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3
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Won SY, Kim YC, Jeong BH. Elevated E200K Somatic Mutation of the Prion Protein Gene ( PRNP) in the Brain Tissues of Patients with Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14831. [PMID: 37834279 PMCID: PMC10573534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a major human prion disease worldwide. CJD is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by an abnormal prion protein (PrPSc). To date, the exact etiology of sporadic CJD has not been fully elucidated. We investigated the E200K and V203I somatic mutations of the prion protein gene (PRNP) in sporadic CJD patients and matched healthy controls using pyrosequencing. In addition, we estimated the impact of somatic mutations on the human prion protein (PrP) using PolyPhen-2, PANTHER and PROVEAN. Furthermore, we evaluated the 3D structure and electrostatic potential of the human PrP according to somatic mutations using DeepView. The rates of PRNP K200 somatic mutation were significantly increased in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of sporadic CJD patients compared to the matched controls. In addition, the electrostatic potential of the human PrP was significantly changed by the K200 somatic mutation of the PRNP gene. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on an association of the PRNP K200 somatic mutation with sporadic CJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae-Young Won
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 820-120, Hana-ro, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea;
| | - Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 820-120, Hana-ro, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Safadi D, Cohen OS, Chapman J, Rosenmann H, Nitsan Z, Kahan E, Appel S, Alkrenawi M. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with young-onset genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurol Res 2023; 45:854-857. [PMID: 37165675 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2023.2212210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The onset of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is usually around the age of 60, but younger patients have been described as well. Our study characterizes the demographic and clinical features of young-onset CJD patients. METHODS The CJD Israeli National Database was reviewed, and the patients were divided into groups of young (<40-year-old) (Y|) and older disease onset (>40-year-old) (O). Each group was further divided into sporadic (sCJD) and genetic (gCJD) patients. Clinical and demographic parameters were compared between the groups. RESULTS The study included 731 patients (Y- 18 patients, O- 713 patients). MRI showed classical features more often in the older population (O-76.9%, Y-36%, p = 0.006). Rapidly progressive dementia as a presenting feature was more common in the older group (O = 58%, Y = 27.7%, p = 0.019) whereas cerebellar onset (gait instability, dysarthria) was more common in the younger group (O = 6.7%, Y = 27.7%, p = 0.036)). Among gCJD patients, rapidly progressive dementia was commonly seen in older patients (O = 54%, Y = 21% p = 0.008) whereas cerebellar symptoms were seen in young patients (O = 7%, Y = 30% p = 0.01) Typical MRI findings were seen in 37% of young people compared to 87% of older patients (p = 0.002). No significant differences were between young and older patients in the sCJD group. CONCLUSION Young-onset gCJD patients have unique disease features including less typical brain MRI changes, a lower prevalence of dementia, and a higher prevalence of cerebellar signs at disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Safadi
- Department of Neurology, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Oren S Cohen
- Department of Neurology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Tsrifin, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Joab Chapman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurology, The Sagol Neuroscience Center, and Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat gan
| | - Hanna Rosenmann
- Department of Neurology,The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassa Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zeev Nitsan
- Department of Neurology, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Esther Kahan
- Department of Neurology, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shmuel Appel
- Department of Neurology, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Marwan Alkrenawi
- Department of Neurology, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel
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Fujita K, Homma H, Jin M, Yoshioka Y, Jin X, Saito Y, Tanaka H, Okazawa H. Mutant α-synuclein propagates via the lymphatic system of the brain in the monomeric state. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112962. [PMID: 37591248 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion-like protein propagation is considered a common pathogenic mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases. Here we investigate the in vivo propagation pattern and aggregation state of mutant α-synuclein by injecting adeno-associated viral (AAV)-α-synuclein-A53T-EGFP into the mouse olfactory cortex. Comparison of aggregation states in various brain regions at multiple time points after injection using western blot analyses shows that the monomeric state of the mutant/misfolded protein propagates to remote brain regions by 2 weeks and that the propagated proteins aggregate in situ after being incorporated into neurons. Moreover, injection of Alexa 488-labeled α-synuclein-A53T confirms the monomeric propagation at 2 weeks. Super-resolution microscopy shows that both α-synuclein-A53T proteins propagate via the lymphatic system, penetrate perineuronal nets, and reach the surface of neurons. Electron microscopy shows that the propagated mutant/misfolded monomer forms fibrils characteristic of Parkinson's disease after its incorporation into neurons. These findings suggest a mode of propagation different from that of aggregate-dependent propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyota Fujita
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hidenori Homma
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Meihua Jin
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshioka
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Xiaocen Jin
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hikari Tanaka
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okazawa
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
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Pierron L, Tezenas du Montcel S, Heinzmann A, Coarelli G, Héron D, Heide S, Herson A, Hennessy J, Petit E, Gargiulo M, Durr A. Reproductive choices and intrafamilial communication in neurogenetic diseases with different self-estimated severities. J Med Genet 2023; 60:346-351. [PMID: 36270767 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low uptake of presymptomatic testing and medically assisted reproduction in families impacted by neurogenetic diseases prompted us to investigate how reproductive options are considered and whether there is a relationship with perceived severity of the disease. We hypothesised that self-estimated severity would influence opinion on reproductive options and that prenatal/preimplantation diagnosis would be a motivation to inform relatives about their risk. METHODS We invited people impacted by neurogenetic diseases to evaluate the severity of their familial disease using analogic visual scales and to answer questionnaires about reproductive choices and intrafamilial communication. We compared answers between diseases and with the perceived severity of each disease. RESULTS We analysed 562 questionnaires. Participants were impacted by Huntington disease (n=307), spinocerebellar ataxias (n=114), Steinert myotonic dystrophy (n=82) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/frontotemporal dementia (n=59). Self-estimated severity differed between pathologies (p<0.0001). Overall, participants considered prenatal diagnosis (78.0±34.4 out of 100) and preimplantation diagnosis (75.2±36.1 out of 100) justified more than termination of pregnancy (68.6±38.5 out of 100). They were less in favour of gamete donation (48.3±39.8 out of 100) or pregnancy abstention (43.3±40.3 out of 100). The greater the perceived severity of the disease, the more reproductive options were considered justified, except for gamete donation. Prenatal/preimplantation diagnosis was a motivation to inform relatives for only 55.3% of participants (p=0.01). CONCLUSION Self-estimated severity minimally impacts opinions towards reproductive options. Medically assisted reproduction procedures are rarely sought and do not motivate familial communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Pierron
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Tezenas du Montcel
- Institut Pierre Louis de Santé Publique, Medical Information Unit, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université and Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Anna Heinzmann
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université and Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Coarelli
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université and Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Héron
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Solveig Heide
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Ariane Herson
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Hennessy
- Sorbonne Université and Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Petit
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université and Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marcela Gargiulo
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Clinique, Psychopathologie, Psychanalyse, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Genetics Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université and Paris Brain Institute, Inserm, CNRS, AP-HP, Pitié- Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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Jager K, Orozco-Hidalgo MT, Springstein BL, Joly-Smith E, Papazotos F, McDonough E, Fleming E, McCallum G, Hilfinger A, Hochschild A, Potvin-Trottier L. Measuring prion propagation in single bacteria elucidates mechanism of loss. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.11.523042. [PMID: 36712035 PMCID: PMC9882039 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.11.523042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Prions are self-propagating protein aggregates formed by specific proteins that can adopt alternative folds. Prions were discovered as the cause of the fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in mammals, but prions can also constitute non-toxic protein-based elements of inheritance in fungi and other species. Prion propagation has recently been shown to occur in bacteria for more than a hundred cell divisions, yet a fraction of cells in these lineages lost the prion through an unknown mechanism. Here, we investigate prion propagation in single bacterial cells as they divide using microfluidics and fluorescence microscopy. We show that the propagation occurs in two distinct modes with distinct stability and inheritance characteristics. We find that the prion is lost through random partitioning of aggregates to one of the two daughter cells at division. Extending our findings to prion domains from two orthologous proteins, we observe similar propagation and loss properties. Our findings also provide support for the suggestion that bacterial prions can form more than one self-propagating state. We implement a stochastic version of the molecular model of prion propagation from yeast and mammals that recapitulates all the observed single-cell properties. This model highlights challenges for prion propagation that are unique to prokaryotes and illustrates the conservation of fundamental characteristics of prion propagation across domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Jager
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Euan Joly-Smith
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fotini Papazotos
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - EmilyKate McDonough
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eleanor Fleming
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Giselle McCallum
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andreas Hilfinger
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Mathematics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ann Hochschild
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laurent Potvin-Trottier
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Physics, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Center for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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The Effect of Curcuma phaeocaulis Valeton (Zingiberaceae) Extract on Prion Propagation in Cell-Based and Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010182. [PMID: 36613636 PMCID: PMC9820341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders in humans and animals for which no therapies are currently available. Here, we report that Curcuma phaeocaulis Valeton (Zingiberaceae) (CpV) extract was partly effective in decreasing prion aggregation and propagation in both in vitro and in vivo models. CpV extract inhibited self-aggregation of recombinant prion protein (PrP) in a test tube assay and decreased the accumulation of scrapie PrP (PrPSc) in ScN2a cells, a cultured neuroblastoma cell line with chronic prion infection, in a concentration-dependent manner. CpV extract also modified the course of the disease in mice inoculated with mouse-adapted scrapie prions, completely preventing the onset of prion disease in three of eight mice. Biochemical and neuropathological analyses revealed a statistically significant reduction in PrPSc accumulation, spongiosis, astrogliosis, and microglia activation in the brains of mice that avoided disease onset. Furthermore, PrPSc accumulation in the spleen of mice was also reduced. CpV extract precluded prion infection in cultured cells as demonstrated by the modified standard scrapie cell assay. This study suggests that CpV extract could contribute to investigating the modulation of prion propagation.
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Kim YC, Won SY, Jeong BH. No association of prion protein gene ( PRNP) polymorphisms with susceptibility to the pandemic 2009 swine flu. Mol Cell Toxicol 2022; 19:1-5. [PMID: 36408482 PMCID: PMC9660098 DOI: 10.1007/s13273-022-00318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background The pandemic 2009 swine flu is a highly infectious respiratory disorder caused by H1N1 influenza A viruses. A recent study reported that knockout of the prion protein gene (PRNP) induced susceptibility and lethality in influenza A virus-infected mice. Objective Thus, we examined the association between genetic variations of the PRNP gene and susceptibility to pandemic 2009 swine flu. Results We did not find an association between PRNP polymorphisms and susceptibility to pandemic 2009 swine flu. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this was the first evaluation of the association between PRNP polymorphisms and vulnerability to pandemic 2009 swine flu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chan Kim
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 820-120, Hana-Ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54531 Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Sae-Young Won
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 820-120, Hana-Ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54531 Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Jeong
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 820-120, Hana-Ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54531 Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896 Republic of Korea
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10
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Kim YC, Jeong BH. Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Incidence, South Korea, 2001-2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1863-1866. [PMID: 35997603 PMCID: PMC9423913 DOI: 10.3201/eid2809.212050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We found increasing trends of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) cases and annual incidence in South Korea during 2001-2019. We noted relatively low (5.7%) distribution of familial CJD. An unusually high percentage (≈1%) of patients were in the 30-39 age group, which should prompt a preemptive CJD control system.
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11
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Chu M, Chen Z, Nie B, Liu L, Xie K, Cui Y, Chen K, Rosa-Neto P, Wu L. A longitudinal 18F-FDG PET/MRI study in asymptomatic stage of genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease linked to G114V mutation. J Neurol 2022; 269:6094-6103. [PMID: 35864212 PMCID: PMC9553814 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic prion protein may start to deposit in some brain regions and cause functional alterations in the asymptomatic stage in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The study aims to determine the trajectory of the brain metabolic changes for prion protein diseases at the preclinical stage. METHODS At baseline, we enrolled five asymptomatic PRNP G114V mutation carriers, six affected genetic PRNP E200K CJD patients and 23 normal controls. All participants completed clinical, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and 18F fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET) examinations. Longitudinal follow-up was completed in five asymptomatic mutation carriers. We set three-time points to identify the changing trajectory in the asymptomatic carriers group including baseline, 2-year and 4-year follow-up. RESULTS At baseline, DWI signals, the cerebral glucose standardized uptake value rate ratio (SUVR) and clinical status in 5 asymptomatic cases were normal. At the follow-up period, mild hypometabolism on PET images was found in asymptomatic carriers without any DWI abnormal signal. Further group quantitatively analysis showed hypometabolic brain regions in the asymptomatic genetic CJD group were in the insula, frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes in 4-year follow-up. The SUVR changing trajectories of all asymptomatic cases were within the range between the normal controls and affected patients. Notably, the SUVR of one asymptomatic individual whose baseline age was older showed a rapid decline at the last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our study illustrates that the neurodegenerative process associated with genetic CJD may initiate before the clinical presentation of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Changchun Street 45, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Zhongyun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Changchun Street 45, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Binbin Nie
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Changchun Street 45, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Kexin Xie
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Changchun Street 45, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yue Cui
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Changchun Street 45, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, Arizona State University, Phoenix, USA
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Liyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Changchun Street 45, Beijing, 100053, China.
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12
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Chen EHL, Kao HW, Lee CH, Huang JYC, Wu KP, Chen RPY. 2.2 Å Cryo-EM Tetra-Protofilament Structure of the Hamster Prion 108-144 Fibril Reveals an Ordered Water Channel in the Center. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13888-13894. [PMID: 35857020 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fibrils of the hamster prion peptide (sHaPrP, sequence 108-144) were prepared in an acidic solution, and their structure was solved by cryogenic electron microscopy with a resolution of 2.23 Å based on the gold-standard Fourier shell correlation (FSC) curve. The fibril has a novel architecture that has never been found in other amyloid fibrils. Each fibril is assembled by four protofilaments (PFs) and has an ordered water channel in the center. Each protofilament contains three β-strands (125-130, 133-135, and 138-141) arranged in an "R"-shaped construct. The structural data indicate that these three β-strand segments are the most amyloidogenic region of the prion peptide/protein and might be the site of nucleation during fibrillization under conditions without denaturants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H-L Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Wen Kao
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jessica Y C Huang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Phon Wu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Rita P-Y Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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13
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Kosami K, Ae R, Hamaguchi T, Sanjo N, Tsukamoto T, Kitamoto T, Yamada M, Mizusawa H, Nakamura Y. Methionine homozygosity for PRNP polymorphism and susceptibility to human prion diseases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:779-784. [PMID: 35387866 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-328720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No studies have assessed the independent association of methionine homozygosity at codon 129 with the susceptibility to prion diseases, controlling for the effects of the codon 219 polymorphisms and other potential confounders, using a large-scale population-based dataset. METHODS We conducted a case-control study using a Japanese nationwide surveillance database for prion diseases. The main exposure was methionine homozygosity at codon 129, and the outcome was development of prion diseases. Multivariable logistic regression models were employed for specific disease subtypes (sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), genetic CJD and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS)). RESULTS Of 5461 patients registered in the database, 2440 cases and 796 controls remained for the analysis. The cases comprised 1676 patients with sporadic CJD (69%), 649 with genetic CJD (27%) and 115 with GSS (5%). For patients with methionine homozygosity, potential risk for occurring prion diseases: adjusted OR (95% CI) was 2.21 (1.46 to 3.34) in sporadic CJD, 0.47 (0.32 to 0.68) in genetic CJD and 0.3 (0.17 to 0.55) in GSS. Among patients with specific prion protein abnormalities, the potential risk was 0.27 (0.17 to 0.41) in genetic CJD with 180 Val/Ile, 1.66 (0.65 to 5.58) in genetic CJD with 200 Glu/Lys, 3.97 (1.2 to 24.62) in genetic CJD with 232 Met/Arg and 0.71 (0.34 to 1.67) in GSS with 102 Pro/Leu. CONCLUSIONS Methionine homozygosity at codon 129 was predisposing to sporadic CJD, but protective against genetic CJD and GSS, after adjustment for codon 219 polymorphism effect. However, the impacts differed completely among patients with specific prion protein abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Kosami
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Ae
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamaguchi
- Neurology & Neurobiology of Aging, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuo Sanjo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Tsukamoto
- Department of Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masahito Yamada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kudanzaka Hospital, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Mizusawa
- Department of Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosikazu Nakamura
- Division of Public Health, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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14
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Neeley BC, Niazi FA, Ebbert MA, Forman AG, Hobbs GR, Riggs JE. Using Catchment Population to Estimate Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Incidence. Mil Med 2021; 188:usab510. [PMID: 34865142 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Catchment populations have several uses. A method using catchment population to estimate the incidence of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is described. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cohort of nine consecutive patients diagnosed with sCJD, symptom onset spanning 26 months, were observed at a rural tertiary university medical center that has approximately 40,000 hospital discharges annually. An effective catchment population was determined using surrounding county utilization frequency that captured all nine sCJD patients and accounted for over 87% of discharges. RESULTS The effective sCJD hospital catchment population was 1.266 million, implying an annual sCJD incidence rate of 3.39 per million (95% CIs, 1.55-6.43), assuming a Poisson distribution for sCJD occurrence. CONCLUSIONS This annual incidence rate suggests that many sCJD patients are unrecognized and unreported. An advantage of this catchment population method is independence from death certificate accuracy, important in rare diseases that are both rapidly and invariably fatal. The relative absence of significant healthcare systems competition in this rural population enhances the reliability of this finding. The most likely explanation for the high sCJD incidence rate suggested by this study is enhanced clinical suspicion and improved diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Neeley
- Departments of Neurology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Faraze A Niazi
- Departments of Neurology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Michael A Ebbert
- Departments of Neurology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Alex G Forman
- Enterprise Analytics, WVU Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Gerald R Hobbs
- Departments of Statistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jack E Riggs
- Departments of Neurology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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15
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Novel quaternary structures of the human prion protein globular domain. Biochimie 2021; 191:118-125. [PMID: 34517052 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prion disease is caused by the misfolding of the cellular prion protein, PrPC, into a self-templating conformer, PrPSc. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray crystallography revealed the 3D structure of the globular domain of PrPC and the possibility of its dimerization via an interchain disulfide bridge that forms due to domain swap or by non-covalent association of two monomers. On the contrary, PrPSc is composed by a complex and heterogeneous ensemble of poorly defined conformations and quaternary arrangements that are related to different patterns of neurotoxicity. Targeting PrPC with molecules that stabilize the native conformation of its globular domain emerged as a promising approach to develop anti-prion therapies. One of the advantages of this approach is employing structure-based drug discovery methods to PrPC. Thus, it is essential to expand our structural knowledge about PrPC as much as possible to aid such drug discovery efforts. In this work, we report a crystallographic structure of the globular domain of human PrPC that shows a novel dimeric form and a novel oligomeric arrangement. We use molecular dynamics simulations to explore its structural dynamics and stability and discuss potential implications of these new quaternary structures to the conversion process.
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16
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Lu H, Jing D, Chen Y, Cui C, Gao R, Wang L, Liang Z, Chen K, Wu L. Metabolic Changes Detected by 18F-FDG PET in the Preclinical Stage of Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:1513-1521. [PMID: 32925055 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathologic processes in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) are not fully understood. Familial CJD (fCJD) gives opportunities to discover pathologic changes in the preclinical stage. OBJECTIVE To investigate cerebral glucose metabolism in the preclinical stage via 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) in fCJD. METHODS Seven asymptomatic carriers of G114V mutation and six family members without PRNP mutation from the same fCJD kindred were included, and were followed for 2 years. Ten symptomatic CJD patients were also recruited. All subjects underwent standardized clinical examinations and 18F-FDG PET scans. Results were compared in three groups: baseline carriers against non-carriers (baseline analysis), changes after 2 years in carriers (follow-up analysis), and differences between symptomatic CJD patients and healthy controls (CJD patients analysis). RESULTS No carriers developed any neurological symptoms during 2-year follow-up. Baseline analysis: carriers demonstrates decreased metabolism (p < 0.001) in left and right postcentral, left fusiform, left superior temporal, left lingual, left superior parietal, and left Heschl gyrus. Follow-up analysis shows metabolic decline (p < 0.001) in right inferior temporal, left supra-marginal and left postcentral lobe, and increased metabolism (p < 0.001) in left fusiform, left angular, left thalamus, left Heschl's, right Rolandic operculum, and left superior parietal gyrus. CJD patients demonstrates decreased metabolism in right inferior triangularis frontal gyrus, right middle occipital gyrus, right putamen, right thalamus, and right middle temporal gyrus. CONCLUSION Hypo-metabolism of parietal and temporal lobe can be detected by 18F-FDG PET in the preclinical stage of CJD. Subcortical area might compensate in the preclinical stage and decompensate in the symptomatic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Donglai Jing
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaojing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlei Cui
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Gao
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Liang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Liyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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17
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Gómez-López VM, Viramontes-Pintos A, Ontiveros-Torres MÁ, Garcés-Ramírez L, de la Cruz F, Villanueva-Fierro I, Bravo-Muñoz M, Harrington CR, Martínez-Robles S, Yescas P, Guadarrama-Ortíz P, Hernandes-Alejandro M, Montiel-Sosa F, Pacheco-Herrero M, Luna-Muñoz J. Tau Protein Phosphorylated at Threonine-231 is Expressed Abundantly in the Cerebellum in Prion Encephalopathies. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:769-785. [PMID: 33814431 PMCID: PMC8203236 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are rare neurodegenerative disorders that affect animals and humans. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, and Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (CJD) in humans belong to this group. The causative agent of TSEs is called “prion”, which corresponds to a pathological form (PrPSc) of a normal cellular protein (PrPC) expressed in nerve cells. PrPSc is resistant to degradation and can induce abnormal folding of PrPC, and TSEs are characterized by extensive spongiosis and gliosis and the presence of PrPSc amyloid plaques. CJD presents initially with clinical symptoms similar to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In AD, tau aggregates and amyloid-β protein plaques are associated with memory loss and cognitive impairment in patients. Objective: In this work, we study the role of tau and its relationship with PrPSc plaques in CJD. Methods: Multiple immunostainings with specific antibodies were carried out and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Results: We found increased expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), and an exacerbated apoptosis in the granular layer in cases with prion disease. In these cases, tau protein phosphorylated at Thr-231 was overexpressed in the axons and dendrites of Purkinje cells and the extensions of parallel fibers in the cerebellum. Conclusion: We conclude that phosphorylation of tau may be a response to a toxic and inflammatory environment generated by the pathological form of prion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vıctor Manuel Gómez-López
- National Dementia BioBank. Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, UNAM, Estado de México, México.,Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, CINVESTAV, CDMX, México
| | - Amparo Viramontes-Pintos
- National Dementia BioBank. Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, UNAM, Estado de México, México
| | | | - Linda Garcés-Ramírez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento Fisiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, México
| | - Fidel de la Cruz
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento Fisiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX, México
| | | | - Marely Bravo-Muñoz
- National Dementia BioBank. Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, UNAM, Estado de México, México
| | - Charles R Harrington
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sandra Martínez-Robles
- National Dementia BioBank. Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, UNAM, Estado de México, México
| | - Petra Yescas
- Genética, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, "Manuel Velazco Suerez" CDMX, México
| | - Parménides Guadarrama-Ortíz
- Departamento de Neurocirugía, Centro Especializado en Neurocirugía y Neurociencias, México, (CENNM), CDMX, México
| | - Mario Hernandes-Alejandro
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Gustavo A. Madero, México
| | - Francisco Montiel-Sosa
- National Dementia BioBank. Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, UNAM, Estado de México, México
| | - Mar Pacheco-Herrero
- Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic
| | - José Luna-Muñoz
- National Dementia BioBank. Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores, Cuautitlán, UNAM, Estado de México, México.,National Brain Bank. Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
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18
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Daikai T, Yamamoto T. Epidemiological verification of the mechanism of occurrence of atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e299-e308. [PMID: 34407289 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since 2004, a novel bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), distinct from the conventional 'classical BSE' (C-BSE), has been reported as an atypical BSE. Atypical BSE is detected mostly in aged cattle, and it is suggested that atypical BSE may occur spontaneously. Relaxation of the relevant countermeasures such as feed ban, which prevents the use of bovine meat-and-bone meal as feed, has been discussed in recent years owing to the decrease in C-BSE cases. If atypical BSE occurs spontaneously without exposure to an agent called abnormal prion protein (PrPSc ), complete removal of these measures will be difficult. In this study, we verified the possibility that L-BSE, which is a subtype of atypical BSE, occurs spontaneously. We first hypothesized that L-BSE occurs only through the process of infection via oral exposure. If the hypothesis was true, the infection of L-BSE would be mostly limited to calves under 1 year of age due to their high susceptibility, and the feed ban would effectively reduce the number of infected calves by birth cohort. Thus, we created a mathematical model to estimate the number of infected calves by birth cohort and compared the effectiveness of the feed ban on C-BSE and L-BSE. The number of tested animals and detected cases in nine European countries were used for this analysis. Our results showed that the estimated number of infected calves in the birth cohort indicated that feed ban was less effective on L-BSE. This result supports the alternative hypothesis that at least a part of the L-BSE can occur without infection via oral exposure. Our results suggest that the complete abolition of countermeasures, such as feed ban, should be discussed carefully. As for the occurrence mechanism, although there remains uncertainty to reach conclusions, it is reasonable to assume that L-BSE can occur spontaneously at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takateru Daikai
- Food Safety Policy Division, Food Safety and Consumer Affairs Bureau, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan.,Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Takehisa Yamamoto
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan.,Epidemiology Unit, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
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19
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Parkinson's Disease: A Prionopathy? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158022. [PMID: 34360787 PMCID: PMC8347681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal pathogenic event in Parkinson's disease is characterized by the conformational change of α-synuclein, which form pathological aggregates of misfolded proteins, and then accumulate in intraneuronal inclusions causing dopaminergic neuronal loss in specific brain regions. Over the last few years, a revolutionary theory has correlated Parkinson's disease and other neurological disorders with a shared mechanism, which determines α-synuclein aggregates and progresses in the host in a prion-like manner. In this review, the main characteristics shared between α-synuclein and prion protein are compared and the cofactors that influence the remodeling of native protein structures and pathogenetic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration are discussed.
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20
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Chen EHL, Lin KM, Sang JC, Ho MR, Lee CH, Shih O, Su CJ, Yeh YQ, Jeng US, Chen RPY. Condition-dependent structural collapse in the intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain of prion protein. IUBMB Life 2021; 74:780-793. [PMID: 34288372 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Prion protein is composed of a structure-unsolved N-terminal domain and a globular C-terminal domain. Under limited trypsin digestion, mouse recombinant prion protein can be cleaved into two parts at residue Lys105. Here, we termed these two fragments as the N-domain (sequence 23-105) and the C-domain (sequence 106-230). In this study, the structural properties of the N-domain, the C-domain, and the full-length protein were explored using small-angle X-ray scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and the 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid binding assay. The conformation and size of the prion protein were found to change sensitively under the solvent conditions. The positive residues in the sequence 23-99 of the N-domain were found to be responsible for the enhanced flexibility with the salt concentration reduced below 5 mM. The C-domain containing a hydrophobic patch tends to unfold and aggregate during a salt-induced structural collapse. The N-domain collapsed together with the C-domain at pH 5.2, whereas it collapsed independently at pH 4.2. The positively charged cluster (sequence 100-105) in the N-domain contributed to protecting the exposed hydrophobic surface of the C-domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H-L Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Ming Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jason C Sang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ru Ho
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Orion Shih
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Su
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Qi Yeh
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - U-Ser Jeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Rita P-Y Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Douzono M, Nobuhara Y, Maruta K, Okamoto Y, Sonoda Y, Takashima H. [Inherited Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with four-octapeptide repeat insertional mutation in the prion gene]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2021; 61:314-318. [PMID: 33867415 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of a 60-year-old man who presented with symptoms of memory loss, gait disorder, and sluggish movement. We considered both Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy as possible diagnoses and consequently hospitalized the patient owing to the worsening symptoms and the development of consciousness disorder. During the course of the disease, dementia, loss of consciousness, and movement disorders worsened rapidly within one year after admission, and the patient eventually developed mutism. The significant clinical characteristics of our case included no myoclonus and involuntary tremors in the extremities. There was no periodic synchronous discharge on electro-encephalography and cranial MRI with diffusion-weighted images showed no high-intensity findings in cortex. Prion protein genetic analysis identified four repeated insertional mutations in the octapeptide repeat (OPR) region, and the patient was diagnosed with inherited Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Cases of OPR insertional mutations are a few in Japan and occur in about 10% of population in Europe. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with OPR insertional mutation shows various clinical manifestations and atypical findings on electroencephalography and cranial MRI. Diagnosing for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with OPR insertional mutation is important in Prion protein genetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Douzono
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Minamikyushu Hospital
| | - Yasuyuki Nobuhara
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Minamikyushu Hospital
| | - Kyouko Maruta
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Minamikyushu Hospital
| | - Yuji Okamoto
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences.,Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University
| | - Yoshito Sonoda
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Minamikyushu Hospital
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
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22
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Galkin AP, Sysoev EI. Stress Response Is the Main Trigger of Sporadic Amyloidoses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084092. [PMID: 33920986 PMCID: PMC8071232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloidoses are a group of diseases associated with the formation of pathological protein fibrils with cross-β structures. Approximately 5-10% of the cases of these diseases are determined by amyloidogenic mutations, as well as by transmission of infectious amyloids (prions) between organisms. The most common group of so-called sporadic amyloidoses is associated with abnormal aggregation of wild-type proteins. Some sporadic amyloidoses are known to be induced only against the background of certain pathologies, but in some cases the cause of amyloidosis is unclear. It is assumed that these diseases often occur by accident. Here we present facts and hypotheses about the association of sporadic amyloidoses with vascular pathologies, trauma, oxidative stress, cancer, metabolic diseases, chronic infections and COVID-19. Generalization of current data shows that all sporadic amyloidoses can be regarded as a secondary event occurring against the background of diseases provoking a cellular stress response. Various factors causing the stress response provoke protein overproduction, a local increase in the concentration or modifications, which contributes to amyloidogenesis. Progress in the treatment of vascular, metabolic and infectious diseases, as well as cancers, should lead to a significant reduction in the risk of sporadic amyloidoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey P. Galkin
- St. Petersburg Branch, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Evgeniy I. Sysoev
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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Chen C, Dong X. Therapeutic implications of prion diseases. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Pineau H, Sim VL. From Cell Culture to Organoids-Model Systems for Investigating Prion Strain Characteristics. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010106. [PMID: 33466947 PMCID: PMC7830147 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are the hallmark protein folding neurodegenerative disease. Their transmissible nature has allowed for the development of many different cellular models of disease where prion propagation and sometimes pathology can be induced. This review examines the range of simple cell cultures to more complex neurospheres, organoid, and organotypic slice cultures that have been used to study prion disease pathogenesis and to test therapeutics. We highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each system, giving special consideration to the importance of strains when choosing a model and when interpreting results, as not all systems propagate all strains, and in some cases, the technique used, or treatment applied, can alter the very strain properties being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Pineau
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada;
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Valerie L. Sim
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada;
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Watson N, Brandel JP, Green A, Hermann P, Ladogana A, Lindsay T, Mackenzie J, Pocchiari M, Smith C, Zerr I, Pal S. The importance of ongoing international surveillance for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:362-379. [PMID: 33972773 PMCID: PMC8109225 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rapidly progressive, fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative disease associated with the accumulation of misfolded prion protein in the CNS. International CJD surveillance programmes have been active since the emergence, in the mid-1990s, of variant CJD (vCJD), a disease linked to bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Control measures have now successfully contained bovine spongiform encephalopathy and the incidence of vCJD has declined, leading to questions about the requirement for ongoing surveillance. However, several lines of evidence have raised concerns that further cases of vCJD could emerge as a result of prolonged incubation and/or secondary transmission. Emerging evidence from peripheral tissue distribution studies employing high-sensitivity assays suggests that all forms of human prion disease carry a theoretical risk of iatrogenic transmission. Finally, emerging diseases, such as chronic wasting disease and camel prion disease, pose further risks to public health. In this Review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the transmission of prion diseases in human populations and argue that CJD surveillance remains vital both from a public health perspective and to support essential research into disease pathophysiology, enhanced diagnostic tests and much-needed treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Watson
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jean-Philippe Brandel
- grid.411439.a0000 0001 2150 9058Cellule Nationale de référence des MCJ, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alison Green
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Hermann
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331National Reference Centre for TSE, Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Ladogana
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856Registry of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Terri Lindsay
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Janet Mackenzie
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Maurizio Pocchiari
- grid.416651.10000 0000 9120 6856Registry of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Colin Smith
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Inga Zerr
- grid.411984.10000 0001 0482 5331National Reference Centre for TSE, Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Suvankar Pal
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Bettinger J, Ghaemmaghami S. Methionine oxidation within the prion protein. Prion 2020; 14:193-205. [PMID: 32744136 PMCID: PMC7518762 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2020.1796898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are characterized by the self-templated misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into infectious aggregates (PrPSc). The detailed molecular basis of the misfolding and aggregation of PrPC remains incompletely understood. It is believed that the transient misfolding of PrPC into partially structured intermediates precedes the formation of insoluble protein aggregates and is a critical component of the prion misfolding pathway. A number of environmental factors have been shown to induce the destabilization of PrPC and promote its initial misfolding. Recently, oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as one possible mechanism by which the destabilization of PrPC can be induced under physiological conditions. Methionine residues are uniquely vulnerable to oxidation by ROS and the formation of methionine sulfoxides leads to the misfolding and subsequent aggregation of PrPC. Here, we provide a review of the evidence for the oxidation of methionine residues in PrPC and its potential role in the formation of pathogenic prion aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bettinger
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Alshaikh JT, Qin K, Zhao L, Mastrianni JA. A novel PRNP-G131R variant associated with familial prion disease. Neurol Genet 2020; 6:e454. [PMID: 32637633 PMCID: PMC7323476 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jumana T Alshaikh
- Department of Neurology (J.T.A., K.Q., L.Z., J.A.M.), University of Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (J.T.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
- Dr. Alshaikh is now with the University of Chicago
| | - Kefeng Qin
- Department of Neurology (J.T.A., K.Q., L.Z., J.A.M.), University of Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (J.T.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
- Dr. Alshaikh is now with the University of Chicago
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Neurology (J.T.A., K.Q., L.Z., J.A.M.), University of Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (J.T.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
- Dr. Alshaikh is now with the University of Chicago
| | - James A Mastrianni
- Department of Neurology (J.T.A., K.Q., L.Z., J.A.M.), University of Chicago, IL; and Department of Neurology (J.T.A.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
- Dr. Alshaikh is now with the University of Chicago
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Piazza M, Prior TW, Khalsa PS, Appleby B. A case report of genetic prion disease with two different PRNP variants. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1134. [PMID: 31953922 PMCID: PMC7057106 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prion diseases are a group of lethal neurodegenerative conditions that occur when the normal, cellular form of the prion protein (PrPC) is converted into an abnormal, scrapie, form of the protein (PrPSc). Disease may be caused by genetic, infectious, or sporadic etiologies. The genetic form of prion disease comprises~10%–15% of all cases. Prion disease is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The low incidence of disease makes it highly unlikely that a patient would have two different pathogenic variants. However, we recently identified a case in which the patient did have two pathogenic PRNP variants and presented with an atypical phenotype. Methods The patient was evaluated at the Washington Hospital Healthcare System in Fremont, CA. The clinical information for this case report was obtained retrospectively. Variants in the PRNP were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of exon two of the gene followed by bi‐directional sequence analysis. To determine the phase of the identified variants, a restriction enzyme digestion was utilized, followed by sequence analysis of the products. Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) was analyzed for surrogate markers of prion disease, 14–3–3 and Tau proteins. CSF real‐time quaking‐induced conversion (RT‐QuIC) assays were also performed. Results The patient was a compound heterozygote for the well‐characterized c.628G>A (p.Val210Ile) variant and the rare octapeptide deletion of two repeats [c.202_249del48 (p.P68_Q83del)]. Clinically, the patient presented with an early onset demyelinating peripheral neuropathy, followed by later onset cognitive symptoms. Conclusion This presentation is reminiscent of prion protein knockout mice whose predominate symptom, due to complete loss of PrP, was late‐onset peripheral neuropathy. To our knowledge this is the first case reported of a patient with prion disease who had two different pathogenic variants in PRNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Piazza
- Center for Human Genetics Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thomas W Prior
- Center for Human Genetics Laboratory, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Prabhjot S Khalsa
- Fremont Neurology Medical Associates, Fremont, CA, USA.,Washington Hospital Healthcare System, Fremont, CA, USA.,University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian Appleby
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Zerr I, Villar-Piqué A, Schmitz VE, Poleggi A, Pocchiari M, Sánchez-Valle R, Calero M, Calero O, Baldeiras I, Santana I, Kovacs GG, Llorens F, Schmitz M. Evaluation of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Malate Dehydrogenase 1 as a Marker in Genetic Prion Disease Patients. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120800. [PMID: 31795176 PMCID: PMC6995564 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploration of accurate diagnostic markers for differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases is an ongoing topic. A previous study on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1) in sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (sCJD) patients revealed a highly significant upregulation of MDH1. Here, we measured the CSF levels of MDH1 via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a cohort of rare genetic prion disease cases, such as genetic CJD (gCJD) cases, exhibiting the E200K, V210I, P102L (Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome (GSS)), or D178N (fatal familial insomnia (FFI)) mutations in the PRNP. Interestingly, we observed enhanced levels of CSF-MDH1 in all genetic prion disease patients compared to neurological controls (without neurodegeneration). While E200K and V210I carriers showed highest levels of MDH1 with diagnostic discrimination from controls of 0.87 and 0.85 area under the curve (AUC), FFI and GSS patients exhibited only moderately higher CSF-MDH1 levels than controls. An impact of the PRNP codon 129 methionine/valine (MV) genotype on the amount of MDH1 could be excluded. A correlation study of MDH1 levels with other neurodegenerative marker proteins revealed a significant positive correlation between CSF-MDH1 concentration with total tau (tau) but not with 14-3-3 in E200K, as well as in V210I patients. In conclusion, our study indicated the potential use of MDH1 as marker for gCJD patients which may complement the current panel of diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)—Göttingen campus, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (I.Z.); (A.V.-P.); (F.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Anna Villar-Piqué
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.); (O.C.)
- Correspondence: (I.Z.); (A.V.-P.); (F.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Vanda Edit Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Anna Poleggi
- Department of Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Maurizio Pocchiari
- Department of Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Miguel Calero
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.); (O.C.)
- Research Program on Digital Health, Chronicity and Healthcare Services (CROSADIS-UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Calero
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.); (O.C.)
| | - Inês Baldeiras
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.B.); (I.S.)
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Santana
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.B.); (I.S.)
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gabor G. Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- University of Toronto, Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Franc Llorens
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.); (O.C.)
- Correspondence: (I.Z.); (A.V.-P.); (F.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for CJD Surveillance University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)—Göttingen campus, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence: (I.Z.); (A.V.-P.); (F.L.); (M.S.)
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Clinical Laboratory Tests Used To Aid in Diagnosis of Human Prion Disease. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:JCM.00769-19. [PMID: 31366689 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00769-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of rapidly progressive and always fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by misfolded prion protein in the brain. Although autopsy remains the gold-standard diagnostic tool, antemortem laboratory testing can be performed to aid in the diagnosis of prion disease. This review is meant to help laboratory directors and physicians in their interpretation of test results. Laboratory assays to detect both nonspecific biomarkers of prion disease and prion-specific biomarkers can be used. The levels of nonspecific biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are elevated when rapid neurodegeneration is occurring in the patient, and these markers include 14-3-3, tau, neuron-specific enolase, S100B, and alpha-synuclein. These markers have various sensitivities and specificities but are overall limited, as the levels of any of these analytes can be elevated in nonprion disease that is causing rapid damage of brain tissue. Prion-specific assays used in clinical laboratory testing are currently limited to two options. The first option is second-generation real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) performed on CSF, and the second option is Western blotting of a brain biopsy specimen used to detect protease-resistant prion protein. Although both tests have exquisite specificity, RT-QuIC has a sensitivity of 92 to 97.2% in symptomatic individuals, compared to the brain biopsy Western blot sensitivity of 20 to 60%. RT-QuIC was added to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's diagnostic criteria for prion disease in 2018. Other caveats of laboratory testing need to be considered, as sporadic, genetic, and acquired forms of prion disease have different clinical and laboratory presentations, and these caveats are discussed. Laboratory testing plays an important role in the diagnosis of prion disease, which is often challenging to diagnose.
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Enhanced detection of prion infectivity from blood by preanalytical enrichment with peptoid-conjugated beads. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216013. [PMID: 31513666 PMCID: PMC6742390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions cause transmissible infectious diseases in humans and animals and have been found to be transmissible by blood transfusion even in the presymptomatic stage. However, the concentration of prions in body fluids such as blood and urine is extremely low; therefore, direct diagnostic tests on such specimens often yield false-negative results. Quantitative preanalytical prion enrichment may significantly improve the sensitivity of prion assays by concentrating trace amounts of prions from large volumes of body fluids. Here, we show that beads conjugated to positively charged peptoids not only captured PrP aggregates from plasma of prion-infected hamsters, but also adsorbed prion infectivity in both the symptomatic and preclinical stages of the disease. Bead absorbed prion infectivity efficiently transmitted disease to transgenic indicator mice. We found that the readout of the peptoid-based misfolded protein assay (MPA) correlates closely with prion infectivity in vivo, thereby validating the MPA as a simple, quantitative, and sensitive surrogate indicator of the presence of prions. The reliable and sensitive detection of prions in plasma will enable a wide variety of applications in basic prion research and diagnostics.
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Chen C, Hu C, Shi Q, Zhou W, Xiao K, Wang Y, Liu L, Chen J, Xia Y, Dong XP. Profiles of 14-3-3 and Total Tau in CSF Samples of Chinese Patients of Different Genetic Prion Diseases. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:934. [PMID: 31551692 PMCID: PMC6737049 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The abnormal alterations of proteins 14-3-3 and tau in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are widely used for the diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), while the situations of CSF biomarkers in genetic prion diseases (gPrDs), particularly in Chinese gPrDs patients, have not been well documented. Methods Here, with the help of commercial 14-3-3 and total tau ELISA kits, we evaluated the levels of proteins 14-3-3 and tau in the CSF samples of 140 Chinese patients of 14 different types of gPrDs. Results We found that CSF 14-3-3 ELISA values in the patients with P102L GSS and D178N FFI were remarkably low, while those in the patients with T188K, E196A, and E200K gCJD were relatively high. Linear correlation assays identified a positive correlation between positive rate in Western blot (WB) and ELISA values of CSF 14-3-3. ELISA assays for total tau in CSF samples identified relatively high levels in the cases of T188K, E196A, and E200K gCJD (median: 133840.81, 159992.80, and 153342.92 AU/ml), but relatively low levels in those of P102L GSS and D178N FFI (median: 64397.77 and 43856.79 AU/ml). Conclusion These data illustrate heterogeneous profiles of CSF 14-3-3 and tau in various types of gPrDs, depending on the differences in the mutations in PRNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Ying Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Global Public Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Jiang AA, Longardner K, Dickson D, Sell R. Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome misdiagnosed as conversion disorder. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/8/e229729. [PMID: 31413052 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-229729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS) is a rare cause of genetic prion disease. Overlapping neurological, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms make GSS difficult to diagnose based on clinical features alone. We present a 40-year-old man without relevant medical or family history who developed progressive neurocognitive and behavioural symptoms over 3 years. Initial extensive diagnostic workup of his variable motor symptoms was unrevealing and he was diagnosed with conversion disorder. This diagnosis persisted for over 2 years, despite progressive neurocognitive symptoms. He eventually developed dementia and severe neurological impairment. Repeat brain MRI revealed generalised cortical volume loss, establishing the diagnosis of a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative process. He ultimately died from aspiration pneumonia at age 43. Postmortem neuropathological examination showed widespread multicentric prion protein amyloid plaques characteristic of GSS. Ultimately, genetic testing of brain tissue revealed a heterozygous A117V variant in the PNRP gene, confirming the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dennis Dickson
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Rebecca Sell
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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Bagyinszky E, Yang Y, Giau VV, Youn YC, An SSA, Kim S. Novel prion mutation (p.Tyr225Cys) in a Korean patient with atypical Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Clin Interv Aging 2019; 14:1387-1397. [PMID: 31447551 PMCID: PMC6683949 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s210909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A novel prion variant, PRNP p.Tyr225Cys (c.674A>G; p.Y225C), was identified in an atypical Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) patient. The patient had a 5-year history of progressive cognitive impairment with speech and gait disturbances. From the basic neurological examination at his first hospital visit, rigidity and myoclonic jerks in all limbs were observed without focal weakness. Electroencephalogram showed the diffuse slow continuous delta activity in the bilateral cerebral hemisphere. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed abnormalities in the brain, such as cortical signal changes and edema in the frontotemporoparietal lobes and the basal ganglia. Cerebrospinal fluid 14–3-3 protein analysis showed a weakly positive signal. Family history remained unclear, but the patient’s mother and sister were diagnosed with cognitive impairment but both refused genetic testing. Methods: Targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on 50 genes, involved in different neurodegeneratives diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, frontotemporal dementia or prion diseases. In silico analyses and structure predictions were performed on the potential patohgenic mutations. Results: NGS and standard sequencing revealed the novel PRNP p.Tyr225Cys mutation in the patient. Structure predictions revealed that this may make the helix more flexible. In addition, the extra cysteine residue in TM-III of prion protein may result in disturbances of natural disulfide bond. Conclusion: Hence, the pathogenicity of PRNP p.Tyr225Cys was not fully confirmed at present, and its penetrance was suggested to be low. However, its possible pathogenic nature in prion diseases cannot be ignored, since Tyr/Cys exchange could disturb the helix dynamics and contribute to conformational alteration and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Sungnam, Korea
| | - YoungSoon Yang
- Department of Neurology, Veteran Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Vo Van Giau
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Sungnam, Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chungang University Hospital, Chungang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Sungnam, Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Sungnam, Korea
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Moda F, Bolognesi ML, Legname G. Novel screening approaches for human prion diseases drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:983-993. [PMID: 31271065 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1637851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Human prion diseases are rare fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by the misfolding and aggregation of the prion protein in the form of infectious prions. So far, these diseases are incurable. One of the major difficulties in identifying suitable drugs is the availability of robust preclinical screening methods. All molecules identified have been screened using cell-based assays and in vivo murine models. The existence of a continuum of prion strains has hampered the identification of efficacious molecules modulating the progression of different forms of the disease. Areas covered: The advent of new in vitro screening methodologies is allowing for novel strategies to develop new compounds that could interfere with a broad range of diseases. In particular, two innovative techniques named Real Time Quaking Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC) and Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) have opened new venues for testing compounds in a rapid a reproducible way. These are discussed within. Expert opinion: For human prion diseases, one major hurdle has been a well-defined screening methodology. In other animal species, cell-based assays have been employed that could replicate animal prions indefinitely. Such a tool for human prion diseases is still missing. Therefore, the advent of RT-QuIC and PMCA has proven instrumental to overcome this limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Moda
- Division of Neurology 5 - Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta , Milano , Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Laboratory of Prion Biology, Department of Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) , Trieste , Italy
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Jones DT, Townley RA, Graff-Radford J, Botha H, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Jack CR, Lowe VJ, Boeve BF. Amyloid- and tau-PET imaging in a familial prion kindred. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2018; 4:e290. [PMID: 30584595 PMCID: PMC6283453 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study the in vivo binding properties of 18F-AV-1451 (tau-PET) and Pittsburgh compound B (PiB-PET) in a unique kindred with a familial prion disorder known to produce amyloid plaques composed of prion protein alongside Alzheimer disease (AD)–like tau tangles. Methods A case series of 4 symptomatic family members with the 12-octapeptide repeat insertion in the PRNP gene were imaged with 3T MRI, PiB-PET, and tau-PET in their fourth decade of life. Results There was significant neocortical uptake of the tau-PET tracer in all 4 familial prion cases. However, PiB-PET images did not demonstrate abnormally elevated signal in neocortical or cerebellar regions for any of the patients. Conclusions In vivo detection of molecular hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases will be a prerequisite to well-conducted therapeutic trials. Understanding the in vivo behavior of these PET biomarkers in the setting of various neurodegenerative processes is imperative to their proper use in such trials and for research studies focused on the basic neurobiology of neurodegeneration. This study supports the high specificity of neocortical 18F-AV-1451 binding to AD-like tau and the lack of PiB binding to PrP plaques. It is uncertain how early in the disease course tau pathology appears in the brains of individuals who carry this PRNP gene mutation or how it evolves throughout the disease course, but future longitudinal 18F-AV-1451 imaging of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals in this kindred will help address these uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Jones
- Department of Neurology (D.T.J., R.A.T., J.G.-R., H.B., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.) and Department of Radiology (D.T.J., C.R.J., V.J.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ryan A Townley
- Department of Neurology (D.T.J., R.A.T., J.G.-R., H.B., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.) and Department of Radiology (D.T.J., C.R.J., V.J.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jonathan Graff-Radford
- Department of Neurology (D.T.J., R.A.T., J.G.-R., H.B., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.) and Department of Radiology (D.T.J., C.R.J., V.J.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Hugo Botha
- Department of Neurology (D.T.J., R.A.T., J.G.-R., H.B., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.) and Department of Radiology (D.T.J., C.R.J., V.J.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - David S Knopman
- Department of Neurology (D.T.J., R.A.T., J.G.-R., H.B., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.) and Department of Radiology (D.T.J., C.R.J., V.J.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ronald C Petersen
- Department of Neurology (D.T.J., R.A.T., J.G.-R., H.B., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.) and Department of Radiology (D.T.J., C.R.J., V.J.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Neurology (D.T.J., R.A.T., J.G.-R., H.B., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.) and Department of Radiology (D.T.J., C.R.J., V.J.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Val J Lowe
- Department of Neurology (D.T.J., R.A.T., J.G.-R., H.B., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.) and Department of Radiology (D.T.J., C.R.J., V.J.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- Department of Neurology (D.T.J., R.A.T., J.G.-R., H.B., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.) and Department of Radiology (D.T.J., C.R.J., V.J.L.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Angelova DM, Brown DR. Altered Processing of β-Amyloid in SH-SY5Y Cells Induced by Model Senescent Microglia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:3137-3152. [PMID: 30052418 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The single greatest risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases is aging. Aging of cells such as microglia in the nervous system has an impact not only on the ability of those cells to function but also on cells they interact with. We have developed a model microglia system that recapitulates the dystrophic/senescent phenotype, and we have combined this with the study of β-amyloid processing. The model is based on the observation that aged microglia have increased iron content. By overloading a human microglial cell line with iron, we were able to change the secretory profile of the microglia. When combining these senescent microglia with SH-SY5Y cells, we noted an increase in extracellular β-amyloid. The increased levels of β-amyloid were due to a decrease in the release of insulin-degrading enzyme by the model senescent microglia. Further analysis revealed that the senescent microglia showed both decreased autophagy and increased ER stress. These studies demonstrate the potential impact of an aging microglial population in terms of β-amyloid produced by neurons, which could play a causal role in diseases like Alzheimer's disease. Our results also further develop the potential utility of an in vitro model of senescent microglia for the study of brain aging and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafina M. Angelova
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - David R. Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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Villar-Piqué A, Schmitz M, Lachmann I, Karch A, Calero O, Stehmann C, Sarros S, Ladogana A, Poleggi A, Santana I, Ferrer I, Mitrova E, Žáková D, Pocchiari M, Baldeiras I, Calero M, Collins SJ, Geschwind MD, Sánchez-Valle R, Zerr I, Llorens F. Cerebrospinal Fluid Total Prion Protein in the Spectrum of Prion Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2811-2821. [PMID: 30062673 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) total prion protein (t-PrP) is decreased in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). However, data on the comparative signatures of t-PrP across the spectrum of prion diseases, longitudinal changes during disease progression, and levels in pre-clinical cases are scarce. T-PrP was quantified in neurological diseases (ND, n = 147) and in prion diseases from different aetiologies including sporadic (sCJD, n = 193), iatrogenic (iCJD, n = 12) and genetic (n = 209) forms. T-PrP was also measured in serial lumbar punctures obtained from sCJD cases at different symptomatic disease stages, and in asymptomatic prion protein gene (PRNP) mutation carriers. Compared to ND, t-PrP concentrations were significantly decreased in sCJD, iCJD and in genetic prion diseases associated with the three most common mutations E200K, V210I (associated with genetic CJD) and D178N-129M (associated with fatal familial insomnia). In contrast, t-PrP concentrations in P102L mutants (associated with the Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome) remained unaltered. In serial lumbar punctures obtained at different disease stages of sCJD patients, t-PrP concentrations inversely correlated with disease progression. Decreased mean t-PrP values were detected in asymptomatic D178-129M mutant carriers, but not in E200K and P102L carriers. The presence of low CSF t-PrP is common to all types of prion diseases regardless of their aetiology albeit with mutation-specific exceptions in a minority of genetic cases. In some genetic prion disease, decreased levels are already detected at pre-clinical stages and diminish in parallel with disease progression. Our data indicate that CSF t-PrP concentrations may have a role as a pre-clinical or early symptomatic diagnostic biomarker in prion diseases as well as in the evaluation of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Villar-Piqué
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany. .,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | - André Karch
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Olga Calero
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, Chronic Disease Programme Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christiane Stehmann
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shannon Sarros
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna Ladogana
- Department of Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Poleggi
- Department of Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Department, CHUC - Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, CNC- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hospitalet de Llobregat, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Mitrova
- Department of Prion Diseases, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dana Žáková
- Department of Prion Diseases, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Inês Baldeiras
- Neurology Department, CHUC - Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, CNC- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Calero
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center, Chronic Disease Programme Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Steven J Collins
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine (RMH), The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael D Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Llorens
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany. .,Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain. .,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
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Stevens JM, Levine MR, Constantino AE, Motamedi GK. Case of fatal familial insomnia caused by a d178n mutation with phenotypic similarity to Hashimoto's encephalopathy. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2018-225155. [PMID: 30012679 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-225155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is a rare prion disease commonly inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern from a mutation in the PRioN Protein (PRNP) gene. Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE) is characterised by encephalopathy associated with antithyroid peroxidase (TPO) or antithyroglobulin (Tg) antibodies. These two conditions characteristically have differing clinical presentations with dramatically different clinical course and outcomes. Here, we present a case of FFI mimicking HE. A woman in her 50s presented with worsening confusion, hallucinations, tremor and leg jerks. Several maternal relatives had been diagnosed with FFI, but the patient had had negative genetic testing for PRNP. MRI of brain, cervical and thoracic spine were unremarkable except for evidence of prior cervical transverse myelitis. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was normal. Anti-TPO and anti-Tg antibodies were elevated. She was started on steroids for possible HE and showed improvement in symptoms. Following discharge, the results of her PRNP gene test returned positive for variant p.Asp178Asn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Stevens
- Department of Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Matthew R Levine
- Department of Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Anne E Constantino
- Department of Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Gholam K Motamedi
- Department of Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Cluster Among an African American Family. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2018; 23:614-617. [PMID: 27997483 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (fCJD) results from inheritance of mutations in the prion protein gene. Confirming fCJD diagnosis is essential for informing persons of their potential hereditary risk and for genetic counseling to support personal decisions for genetic testing and family planning. We describe a case of fCJD that was linked to a large cluster of African Americans with fCJD identified through a public health investigation, including 8 confirmed cases and 13 suspected cases involving 7 generations in 1 family. Genetic counseling is an important component of fCJD management for families coping with genetic prion diseases.
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Abstract
Genetic prion diseases (gPrDs) caused by mutations in the prion protein gene (PRNP) have been classified as genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, or fatal familial insomnia. Mutations in PRNP can be missense, nonsense, and/or octapeptide repeat insertions or, possibly, deletions. These mutations can produce diverse clinical features. They may also show varying ancillary testing results and neuropathological findings. Although the majority of gPrDs have a rapid progression with a short survival time of a few months, many also present as ataxic or parkinsonian disorders, which have a slower decline over a few to several years. A few very rare mutations manifest as neuropsychiatric disorders, with systemic symptoms that include gastrointestinal disorders and neuropathy; these forms can progress over years to decades. In this review, we classify gPrDs as rapid, slow, or mixed types based on their typical rate of progression and duration, and we review the broad spectrum of phenotypes manifested by these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Ohk Kim
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Leonel T Takada
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403-900, Brazil
| | - Katherine Wong
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Sven A Forner
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Michael D Geschwind
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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Zerr I, Schmitz M, Karch A, Villar-Piqué A, Kanata E, Golanska E, Díaz-Lucena D, Karsanidou A, Hermann P, Knipper T, Goebel S, Varges D, Sklaviadis T, Sikorska B, Liberski PP, Santana I, Ferrer I, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Calero O, Calero M, Ladogana A, Sánchez-Valle R, Baldeiras I, Llorens F. Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light levels in neurodegenerative dementia: Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy in the differential diagnosis of prion diseases. Alzheimers Dement 2018; 14:751-763. [PMID: 29391125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurofilament light (NFL) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid are increased in several neurodegenerative dementias. However, their diagnostic accuracy in the differential diagnostic context is unknown. METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid NFL levels were quantified in nonprimarily neurodegenerative neurological and psychiatric diseases (n = 122), mild cognitive impairment (n = 48), Alzheimer's disease (n = 108), dementia with Lewy bodies/Parkinson's disease dementia (n = 53), vascular dementia (n = 46), frontotemporal dementia (n = 41), sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD, n = 132), and genetic prion diseases (n = 182). RESULTS The highest NFL levels were detected in sCJD, followed by vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies/Parkinson's disease dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and mild cognitive impairment. In sCJD, NFL levels correlated with cerebrospinal fluid tau and disease duration. NFL levels were able to differentiate sCJD from nonprimarily neurodegenerative neurological and psychiatric diseases (area under the curve = 0.99, 95% confidence interval: 0.99-1) and from the other diagnostic groups showing cognitive impairment/dementia of a non-CJD etiology (area under the curve = 0.90, 95% confidence interval: 0.87-0.92). Compared to nonprimarily neurodegenerative neurological and psychiatric diseases, NFL was also elevated in genetic prion diseases associated with the E200K, V210I, P102L, and D178N prion protein gene mutations. DISCUSSION Increased NFL levels are a common feature in neurodegenerative dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - André Karch
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anna Villar-Piqué
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eirini Kanata
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ewa Golanska
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Daniela Díaz-Lucena
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aikaterini Karsanidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Peter Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Knipper
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Goebel
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Varges
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Theodoros Sklaviadis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Beata Sikorska
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Pawel P Liberski
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Department, CHUC-Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, CNC- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Senior Consultant, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Olga Calero
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation; Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center; Chronic Disease Programme Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Calero
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation; Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Center; Chronic Disease Programme Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Ladogana
- Department of Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inês Baldeiras
- Neurology Department, CHUC-Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, CNC- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Franc Llorens
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Zerr I, Zafar S, Schmitz M, Llorens F. Cerebrospinal fluid in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 146:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804279-3.00008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Takada LT, Kim MO, Metcalf S, Gala II, Geschwind MD. Prion disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 148:441-464. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64076-5.00029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Malek N, Jampana R, Grosset DG. Rare case of atypical parkinsonism: why family history is important. Scott Med J 2017; 62:159-162. [PMID: 29192564 DOI: 10.1177/0036933017727966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We discuss the clinical presentation and assessment of a middle aged previously fit and well man who presented with two episodes of syncope to the cardiologists followed by the development of a rapidly progressive parkinsonian syndrome a couple of years later, which was not responsive to standard dopaminergic replacement therapies. Magnetic resonance imaging scan of the brain was normal and a DAT SPECT scan showed reduced dopamine uptake in the basal ganglia. On further enquiry, a family history of a similar presentation in his first cousin was elicited and that cousin had tested positive for a mutation in the PRNP gene. Subsequently, he also tested positive for A117V mutation in the PRNP gene, confirming familial Creutzfeld Jakob disease. Familial Creutzfeld Jakob disease presenting with parkinsonism is rare in clinical practice, but it is something that neurologists and geriatricians running movement disorder clinics should be aware of, as this is a rapidly progressive and uniformly fatal condition with inheritance risks to family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Malek
- 1 Consultant Neurologist, Department of Neurology, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust, UK
| | - Ravi Jampana
- 2 Consultant Neuro-radiologist, Department of Neuro-radiology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
| | - Donald G Grosset
- 3 Consultant Neurologist, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, UK
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Lee JY, Kim HS. Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Double-Edged Sword. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 14:667-678. [PMID: 30603519 PMCID: PMC6171665 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0090-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogenous group of membrane-bound particles, are virtually secreted by all cells and play important roles in cell-cell communication. Loaded with proteins, mRNAs, non-coding RNAs and membrane lipids from their donor cells, these vesicles participate in normal physiological and pathogenic processes. In addition, these sub-cellular vesicles are implicated in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that intercellular communication via EVs is responsible for the propagation of key pathogenic proteins involved in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's diseases, Alzheimer's diseases and other neurodegenerative disorders. For therapeutic perspective, EVs present advantage over other synthetic drug delivery systems or cell therapy; ability to cross biological barriers including blood brain barrier (BBB), ability to modulate inflammation and immune responses, stability and longer biodistribution with lack of tumorigenicity. In this review, we summarized the current state of EV research in central nervous system in terms of their values in diagnosis, disease pathology and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yong Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Catholic Kwandong University, 24 Beomil-ro, 579beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25601 Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Soo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University, 24 Beomil-ro 579beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do 25601 Republic of Korea
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Chiesa R, Restelli E, Comerio L, Del Gallo F, Imeri L. Transgenic mice recapitulate the phenotypic heterogeneity of genetic prion diseases without developing prion infectivity: Role of intracellular PrP retention in neurotoxicity. Prion 2017; 10:93-102. [PMID: 26864450 PMCID: PMC4981194 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1139276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic prion diseases are degenerative brain disorders caused by mutations in the gene encoding the prion protein (PrP). Different PrP mutations cause different diseases, including Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome and fatal familial insomnia (FFI). The reason for this variability is not known. It has been suggested that prion strains with unique self-replicating and neurotoxic properties emerge spontaneously in individuals carrying PrP mutations, dictating the phenotypic expression of disease. We generated transgenic mice expressing the FFI mutation, and found that they developed a fatal neurological illness highly reminiscent of FFI, and different from those of similarly generated mice modeling genetic CJD and GSS. Thus transgenic mice recapitulate the phenotypic differences seen in humans. The mutant PrPs expressed in these mice are misfolded but unable to self-replicate. They accumulate in different compartments of the neuronal secretory pathway, impairing the membrane delivery of ion channels essential for neuronal function. Our results indicate that conversion of mutant PrP into an infectious isoform is not required for pathogenesis, and suggest that the phenotypic variability may be due to different effects of mutant PrP on intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Chiesa
- a Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research , Milan , Italy
| | - Elena Restelli
- a Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research , Milan , Italy
| | - Liliana Comerio
- a Laboratory of Prion Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - "Mario Negri" Institute for Pharmacological Research , Milan , Italy
| | - Federico Del Gallo
- b Department of Health Sciences , University of Milan Medical School , Milan , Italy
| | - Luca Imeri
- b Department of Health Sciences , University of Milan Medical School , Milan , Italy
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Abstract
Three decades after the discovery of prions as the cause of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, we are still nowhere close to finding an effective therapy. Numerous pharmacological interventions have attempted to target various stages of disease progression, yet none has significantly ameliorated the course of disease. We still lack a mechanistic understanding of how the prions damage the brain, and this situation results in a dearth of validated pharmacological targets. In this review, we discuss the attempts to interfere with the replication of prions and to enhance their clearance. We also trace some of the possibilities to identify novel targets that may arise with increasing insights into prion biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Asvin K K Lakkaraju
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Karl Frontzek
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland;
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Genetic human prion disease modelled in PrP transgenic Drosophila. Biochem J 2017; 474:3253-3267. [PMID: 28814578 PMCID: PMC5606059 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inherited human prion diseases, such as fatal familial insomnia (FFI) and familial Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (fCJD), are associated with autosomal dominant mutations in the human prion protein gene PRNP and accumulation of PrPSc, an abnormal isomer of the normal host protein PrPC, in the brain of affected individuals. PrPSc is the principal component of the transmissible neurotoxic prion agent. It is important to identify molecular pathways and cellular processes that regulate prion formation and prion-induced neurotoxicity. This will allow identification of possible therapeutic interventions for individuals with, or at risk from, genetic human prion disease. Increasingly, Drosophila has been used to model human neurodegenerative disease. An important unanswered question is whether genetic prion disease with concomitant spontaneous prion formation can be modelled in Drosophila. We have used pUAST/PhiC31-mediated site-directed mutagenesis to generate Drosophila transgenic for murine or hamster PrP (prion protein) that carry single-codon mutations associated with genetic human prion disease. Mouse or hamster PrP harbouring an FFI (D178N) or fCJD (E200K) mutation showed mild Proteinase K resistance when expressed in Drosophila. Adult Drosophila transgenic for FFI or fCJD variants of mouse or hamster PrP displayed a spontaneous decline in locomotor ability that increased in severity as the flies aged. Significantly, this mutant PrP-mediated neurotoxic fly phenotype was transferable to recipient Drosophila that expressed the wild-type form of the transgene. Collectively, our novel data are indicative of the spontaneous formation of a PrP-dependent neurotoxic phenotype in FFI- or CJD-PrP transgenic Drosophila and show that inherited human prion disease can be modelled in this invertebrate host.
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Bistaffa E, Rossi M, De Luca CMG, Moda F. Biosafety of Prions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 150:455-485. [PMID: 28838674 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prions are the infectious agents that cause devastating and untreatable disorders known as Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs). The pathologic events and the infectious nature of these transmissible agents are not completely understood yet. Due to the difficulties in inactivating prions, working with them requires specific recommendations and precautions. Moreover, with the advent of innovative technologies, such as the Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification (PMCA) and the Real Time Quaking-Induced Conversion (RT-QuIC), prions could be amplified in vitro and the infectious features of the amplified products need to be carefully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Bistaffa
- IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy; Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Martina Rossi
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara M G De Luca
- IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy; Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Moda
- IRCCS Foundation Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy.
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