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Rieder F, Mukherjee PK, Massey WJ, Wang Y, Fiocchi C. Fibrosis in IBD: from pathogenesis to therapeutic targets. Gut 2024; 73:854-866. [PMID: 38233198 PMCID: PMC10997492 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-329963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal fibrosis resulting in stricture formation and obstruction in Crohn's disease (CD) and increased wall stiffness leading to symptoms in ulcerative colitis (UC) is among the largest unmet needs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Fibrosis is caused by a multifactorial and complex process involving immune and non-immune cells, their soluble mediators and exposure to luminal contents, such as microbiota and environmental factors. To date, no antifibrotic therapy is available. Some progress has been made in creating consensus definitions and measurements to quantify stricture morphology for clinical practice and trials, but approaches to determine the degree of fibrosis within a stricture are still lacking. OBJECTIVE We herein describe the current state of stricture pathogenesis, measuring tools and clinical trial endpoints development. DESIGN Data presented and discussed in this review derive from the past and recent literature and the authors' own research and experience. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Significant progress has been made in better understanding the pathogenesis of fibrosis, but additional studies and preclinical developments are needed to define specific therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Pranab K Mukherjee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - William J Massey
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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2
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Lenti MV, Santacroce G, Broglio G, Rossi CM, Di Sabatino A. Recent advances in intestinal fibrosis. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 96:101251. [PMID: 38359700 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Despite many progresses have been made in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, especially due to the increasing number of effective therapies, the development of tissue fibrosis is a very common occurrence along the natural history of this condition. To a certain extent, fibrogenesis is a physiological and necessary process in all those conditions characterised by chronic inflammation. However, the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix within the bowel wall will end up in the formation of strictures, with the consequent need for surgery. A number of mechanisms have been described in this process, but some of them are not yet clear. For sure, the main trigger is the presence of a persistent inflammatory status within the mucosa, which in turn favours the occurrence of a pro-fibrogenic environment. Among the main key players, myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, immune cells, growth factors and cytokines must be mentioned. Although there are no available therapies able to target fibrosis, the only way to prevent it is by controlling inflammation. In this review, we summarize the state of art of the mechanisms involved in gut fibrogenesis, how to diagnose it, and which potential targets could be druggable to tackle fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vincenzo Lenti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Santacroce
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Broglio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo Maria Rossi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
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3
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Douglas A, Stevens B, Lynch L. Interleukin-17 as a key player in neuroimmunometabolism. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1088-1100. [PMID: 37488456 PMCID: PMC10440016 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, interleukin (IL)-17 cytokines are produced by innate and adaptive lymphocytes. However, the IL-17 family has widespread expression throughout evolution, dating as far back as cnidaria, molluscs and worms, which predate lymphocytes. The evolutionary conservation of IL-17 suggests that it is involved in innate defence strategies, but also that this cytokine family has a fundamental role beyond typical host defence. Throughout evolution, IL-17 seems to have a major function in homeostatic maintenance at barrier sites. Most recently, a pivotal role has been identified for IL-17 in regulating cellular metabolism, neuroimmunology and tissue physiology, particularly in adipose tissue. Here we review the emerging role of IL-17 signalling in regulating metabolic processes, which may shine a light on the evolutionary role of IL-17 beyond typical immune responses. We propose that IL-17 helps to coordinate the cross-talk among the nervous, endocrine and immune systems for whole-body energy homeostasis as a key player in neuroimmunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Douglas
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, TBSI, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brenneth Stevens
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, TBSI, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lydia Lynch
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, TBSI, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Shu W, Wang Y, Li C, Zhang L, Zhuoma D, Yang P, Yan G, Chen C, Ba Y, Du P, Wang X. Single-cell Expression Atlas Reveals Cell Heterogeneity in the Creeping Fat of Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2023; 29:850-865. [PMID: 36715181 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izac266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creeping fat (CrF) has been recognized to play a positive role in Crohn's disease (CD) progression, yet the cellular compositions within mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) and their potential mechanism in CrF formation are poorly understood. METHODS Analysis of 10X single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on 67 064 cells from 3 pairs of surgically resected samples of CrF and their uninvolved MAT. The results were validated in another cohort with 6 paired MAT samples by immunofluorescence. RESULTS All samples manifested excellent consistency and repeatability in our study, and 10 cell types from the transcriptome atlas, including 20 clusters, were identified. In CrF, a specific vascular endothelial cell subpopulation highly expressing lipoprotein lipase was first identified, with a significantly increased proportion. This vascular endothelial cell subpopulation manifested robust peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) transcription activity and an upregulated PPAR signaling pathway and was involved in lipid metabolism and the antibacterial response. A novel fibroblast subpopulation (FC3) with remarkable GREM1 and RFLNB expression was identified and validated to predominantly accumulate in the CrF. The FC3 was annotated as inflammation-associated fibroblasts, which are characterized by inflammatory responses and the regulation of Smad phosphorylation related to intestinal fibrosis. The trajectory of fibroblasts revealed their pro-inflammatory and profibrotic conversion tendency during CrF formation with corresponding gene dynamics. Additionally, we unprecedently dissected the different origins and functions of 6 macrophage subclusters within the myeloid compartment. CONCLUSIONS Our results uncover the cellular heterogeneity in the MAT of CD and the role of these various cellular compositions in CrF development. This comprehensive understanding of CrF provides future directions for in-depth research on and potential targets for MAT-based treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Shu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yongheng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chuanding Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Deji Zhuoma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Pengyu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guorong Yan
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Chunqiu Chen
- Center for Difficult and Complicated Abdominal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Yongbing Ba
- OE Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201114, China
| | - Peng Du
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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5
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Wang Y, Huang B, Jin T, Ocansey DKW, Jiang J, Mao F. Intestinal Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Prospects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835005. [PMID: 35370998 PMCID: PMC8971815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is an important complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the course of the development of fibrosis, certain parts of the intestine become narrowed, significantly destroying the structure and function of the intestine and affecting the quality of life of patients. Chronic inflammation is an important initiating factor of fibrosis. Unfortunately, the existing anti-inflammatory drugs cannot effectively prevent and alleviate fibrosis, and there is no effective anti-fibrotic drug, which makes surgical treatment the mainstream treatment for intestinal fibrosis and stenosis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of tissue regeneration and repair through their self-differentiation, secretion of cytokines, and secretion of extracellular vesicles. MSCs have been shown to play an important therapeutic role in the fibrosis of many organs. However, the role of MSC in intestinal fibrosis largely remained unexplored. This review summarizes the mechanism of intestinal fibrosis, including the role of immune cells, TGF-β, and the gut microbiome and metabolites. Available treatment options for fibrosis, particularly, MSCs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Wang
- Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
- General Surgery Department, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Endoscopy, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China
| | - Dickson Kofi Wiredu Ocansey
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Directorate of University Health Services, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Jiajia Jiang
- Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jiajia Jiang, ; Fei Mao,
| | - Fei Mao
- Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Jiajia Jiang, ; Fei Mao,
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6
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Gut Microbiome and Organ Fibrosis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020352. [PMID: 35057530 PMCID: PMC8781069 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological process associated with most chronic inflammatory diseases. It is defined by an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and can affect nearly every tissue and organ system in the body. Fibroproliferative diseases, such as intestinal fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, progressive kidney disease and cardiovascular disease, often lead to severe organ damage and are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, for which there are currently no effective therapies available. In the past decade, a growing body of evidence has highlighted the gut microbiome as a major player in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune system, with severe implications in the pathogenesis of multiple immune-mediated disorders. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been associated with the development and progression of fibrotic processes in various organs and is predicted to be a potential therapeutic target for fibrosis management. In this review we summarize the state of the art concerning the crosstalk between intestinal microbiota and organ fibrosis, address the relevance of diet in different fibrotic diseases and discuss gut microbiome-targeted therapeutic approaches that are current being explored.
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7
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Chen P, Tang X. Gut Microbiota as Regulators of Th17/Treg Balance in Patients With Myasthenia Gravis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:803101. [PMID: 35003133 PMCID: PMC8732367 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.803101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an acquired neurological autoimmune disorder characterized by dysfunctional transmission at the neuromuscular junction, with its etiology associated with genetic and environmental factors. Anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells (Tregs) and pro-inflammatory T helper 17 (Th17) cells functionally antagonize each other, and the immune imbalance between them contributes to the pathogenesis of MG. Among the numerous factors influencing the balance of Th17/Treg cells, the gut microbiota have received attention from scholars. Gut microbial dysbiosis and altered microbial metabolites have been seen in patients with MG. Therefore, correcting Th17/Treg imbalances may be a novel therapeutic approach to MG by modifying the gut microbiota. In this review, we initially review the association between Treg/Th17 and the occurrence of MG and subsequently focus on recent findings on alterations of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites in patients with MG. We also explore the effects of gut microbiota on Th17/Treg balance in patients with MG, which may provide a new direction for the prevention and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangqi Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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8
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Qiao L, Fang L, Zhu J, Xiang Y, Xu H, Sun X, Chen H, Yang B. Total Flavone of Abelmoschus manihot Ameliorates TNBS-Induced Colonic Fibrosis by Regulating Th17/Treg Balance and Reducing Extracellular Matrix. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:769793. [PMID: 35002710 PMCID: PMC8735858 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.769793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Surgery remains the major available strategy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) fibrotic strictures because no available drugs have sufficient prevention and treatment in this complication. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the total flavone of Abelmoschus manihot L. Medic (TFA) on the development of colonic fibrosis in mice and its possible mechanism. Methods: The 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced chronic colonic inflammation-associated fibrosis mice were used to evaluate anti-fibrosis of TFA using macroscopic, histological, immunohistochemical analyses, ELISA, Masson staining, Verhoeff’s von Gieson staining, transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblot analysis. Results: Oral administration of TFA attenuated body weight loss, reduced colon length shortening, lowered the morphological damage index score, and notably ameliorated the inflammatory response. TFA downregulated proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ productions, and increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and TGF-β. The histological severity of the colonic fibrosis was also notably improved by the TFA treatment and associated with a significant reduction in the colonic expression of col1a2, col3a2, and hydroxyproline. TFA inhibits α-SMA, TGF-β, vimentin, TIMP-1 expression, increasing MMPs, thereby inhibiting activated intestinal mesenchymal cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Conclusion: Together, we herein provide the evidence to support that TFA may restore the imbalance of Th17/Treg and decrease the generation of ECM. This may be a potential mechanism by which TFA protects the intestine under inflammatory conditions and acts as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of intestinal fibrosis in Crohn’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Qiao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Fang
- First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Junyi Zhu
- First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Haixia Xu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueliang Sun
- First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongjin Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bolin Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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9
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Maier I, Ruegger PM, Deutschmann J, Helbich TH, Pietschmann P, Schiestl RH, Borneman J. Particle Radiation Side-Effects: Intestinal Microbiota Composition Shapes Interferon-γ-Induced Osteo-Immunogenicity. Radiat Res 2021; 197:184-192. [DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00065.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Maier
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paul M. Ruegger
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | - Julia Deutschmann
- Department for Radiologic Technology, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt for Business and Engineering Ltd., Lower Austria, Austria
| | - Thomas H. Helbich
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Pietschmann
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert H. Schiestl
- Departments of Pathology and Environmental Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - James Borneman
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
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10
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Pulakazhi Venu VK, Alston L, Iftinca M, Tsai YC, Stephens M, Warriyar K V V, Rehal S, Hudson G, Szczepanski H, von der Weid PY, Altier C, Hirota SA. Nr4A1 modulates inflammation-associated intestinal fibrosis and dampens fibrogenic signaling in myofibroblasts. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G280-G297. [PMID: 34288735 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00338.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), contributing to tissue stiffening and luminal narrowing. Human nuclear receptor 4A 1 (NR4A1) was previously reported to regulate mesenchymal cell function and dampen fibrogenic signaling. NR4A1 gene variants are associated with IBD risk, and it has been shown to regulate intestinal inflammation. Here, we tested the hypothesis that NR4A1 acts as a negative regulator of intestinal fibrosis through regulating myofibroblast function. Using the SAMP1/YitFc mouse, we tested whether two pharmacological agents known to enhance NR4A1 signaling, cytosporone B (Csn-B) or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), could reduce fibrosis. We also used the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model of colitis and assessed the magnitude of colonic fibrosis in mouse nuclear receptor 4A 1 (Nr4a1-/-) and their wild-type littermates (Nr4a1+/+). Lastly, intestinal myofibroblasts isolated from Nr4a1-/- and Nr4a1+/+ mice or primary human intestinal myofibroblasts were stimulated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), in the presence or absence of Csn-B or 6-MP, and proliferation and ECM gene expression assessed. Csn-B or 6-MP treatment significantly reduced ileal thickness, collagen, and overall ECM content in SAMP1/YitFc mice. This was associated with a reduction in proliferative markers within the mesenchymal compartment. Nr4a1-/- mice exposed to DSS exhibited increased colonic thickening and ECM content. Nr4a1-/- myofibroblasts displayed enhanced TGF-β1-induced proliferation. Furthermore, Csn-B or 6-MP treatment was antiproliferative in Nr4a1+/+ but not Nr4a1-/- cells. Lastly, activating NR4A1 in human myofibroblasts reduced TGF-β1-induced collagen deposition and fibrosis-related gene expression. Our data suggest that NR4A1 can attenuate fibrotic processes in intestinal myofibroblasts and could provide a valuable clinical target to treat inflammation-associated intestinal fibrosis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Fibrosis and increased muscle thickening contribute to stricture formation and intestinal obstruction, a complication that occurs in 30%-50% of patients with CD within 10 yr of disease onset. More than 50% of those who undergo surgery to remove the obstructed bowel will experience stricture recurrence. To date, there are no drug-based approaches approved to treat intestinal strictures. In the current submission, we identify NR4A1 as a novel target to treat inflammation-associated intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Krishna Pulakazhi Venu
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laurie Alston
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mircea Iftinca
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yi-Cheng Tsai
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew Stephens
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vineetha Warriyar K V
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sonia Rehal
- Department of Advanced Diagnostics, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grace Hudson
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Holly Szczepanski
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pierre-Yves von der Weid
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christophe Altier
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simon A Hirota
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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11
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Wang B, Dong Y, Tian Z, Chen Y, Dong S. The role of dendritic cells derived osteoclasts in bone destruction diseases. Genes Dis 2021; 8:401-411. [PMID: 34179305 PMCID: PMC8209356 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bone is previously considered as a dominant organ involved in the processes of locomotion. However, in the past two decades, a large number of studies have suggested that the skeletal system closely coordinated with the immune system so as to result in the emerging area of 'osteoimmunology'. In the evolution of many kinds of bone destruction-related diseases, osteoclasts could differentiate from dendritic cells, which contributed to increased expression of osteoclast-related membrane receptors and relatively higher activity of bone destruction, inducing severe bone destruction under inflammatory conditions. Numerous factors could influence the interaction between osteoclasts and dendritic cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of several bone diseases in the context of inflammation, including both immunocytes and a large number of cytokines. In addition, the products of osteoclasts released from bone destruction area serve as important signals for the differentiation and activation of immature dendritic cells. Therefore, the border between the dendritic cell-related immune response and osteoclast-related bone destruction has gradually unravelled. Dendritic cells and osteoclasts cooperate with each other to mediate bone destruction and bone remodelling under inflammatory conditions. In this review, we will pay attention to the interactions between dendritic cells and osteoclasts in physiological and pathological conditions to further understand the skeletal system and identify potential new therapeutic targets for the future by summarizing their significant roles and molecular mechanisms in bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
- Battalion of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Yutong Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
- Battalion of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Zhansong Tian
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Yueqi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, PR China
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12
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Wang J, Lin S, Brown JM, van Wagoner D, Fiocchi C, Rieder F. Novel mechanisms and clinical trial endpoints in intestinal fibrosis. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:211-227. [PMID: 33993489 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) worldwide has resulted in a global public health challenge. Intestinal fibrosis leading to stricture formation and bowel obstruction is a frequent complication in Crohn's disease (CD), and the lack of anti-fibrotic therapies makes elucidation of fibrosis mechanisms a priority. Progress has shown that mesenchymal cells, cytokines, microbial products, and mesenteric adipocytes are jointly implicated in the pathogenesis of intestinal fibrosis. This recent information puts prevention or reversal of intestinal strictures within reach through innovative therapies validated by reliable clinical trial endpoints. Here, we review the role of immune and non-immune components of the pathogenesis of intestinal fibrosis, including new cell clusters, cytokine networks, host-microbiome interactions, creeping fat, and their translation for endpoint development in anti-fibrotic clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sinan Lin
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jonathan Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David van Wagoner
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Claudio Fiocchi
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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13
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Negretti NM, Ye Y, Malavasi LM, Pokharel SM, Huynh S, Noh S, Klima CL, Gourley CR, Ragle CA, Bose S, Looft T, Parker CT, Clair G, Adkins JN, Konkel ME. A porcine ligated loop model reveals new insight into the host immune response against Campylobacter jejuni. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1-25. [PMID: 32887530 PMCID: PMC7524355 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1814121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The symptoms of infectious diarrheal disease are mediated by a combination of a pathogen's virulence factors and the host immune system. Campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial cause of diarrhea worldwide due to its near-ubiquitous zoonotic association with poultry. One of the outstanding questions is to what extent the bacteria are responsible for the diarrheal symptoms via intestinal cell necrosis versus immune cell initiated tissue damage. To determine the stepwise process of inflammation that leads to diarrhea, we used a piglet ligated intestinal loop model to study the intestinal response to C. jejuni. Pigs were chosen due to the anatomical similarity between the porcine and the human intestine. We found that the abundance of neutrophil related proteins increased in the intestinal lumen during C. jejuni infection, including proteins related to neutrophil migration (neutrophil elastase and MMP9), actin reorganization (Arp2/3), and antimicrobial proteins (lipocalin-2, myeloperoxidase, S100A8, and S100A9). The appearance of neutrophil proteins also corresponded with increases of the inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α. Compared to infection with the C. jejuni wild-type strain, infection with the noninvasive C. jejuni ∆ciaD mutant resulted in a blunted inflammatory response, with less inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil markers. These findings indicate that intestinal inflammation is driven by C. jejuni virulence and that neutrophils are the predominant cell type responding to C. jejuni infection. We propose that this model can be used as a platform to study the early immune events during infection with intestinal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Negretti
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Yinyin Ye
- Integrative Omics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Lais M Malavasi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Swechha M Pokharel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Steven Huynh
- Produce Safety and Microbiology, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Susan Noh
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, USA
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Cassidy L Klima
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Christopher R Gourley
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Claude A Ragle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Santanu Bose
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Torey Looft
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Craig T Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Geremy Clair
- Integrative Omics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Joshua N Adkins
- Integrative Omics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Michael E Konkel
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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14
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Yang B, Zhang G, Elias M, Zhu Y, Wang J. The role of cytokine and immune responses in intestinal fibrosis. J Dig Dis 2020; 21:308-314. [PMID: 32410365 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly increasing incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in South America, eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa has resulted in a global public health challenge. Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication in patients with long-term IBD, which may develop into stenosis and subsequent obstruction. Hitherto, the origin of IBD is unclear and several factors may be involved, including genetic, immune, environmental and microbial influences. Little is known about how the recurrent inflammation in patients with IBD develops into intestinal fibrosis and currently, there is no suitable treatment to reverse intestinal fibrosis in these patients. Here, we review the role of immune components in the pathogenesis of IBD and intestinal fibrosis, including cytokine networks, host-microbiome interactions, and immune cell trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China
| | - Michael Elias
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Yijun Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drug, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China.,Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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15
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Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a common outcome of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), becoming clinically apparent in 40% of patients with Crohn's disease and 5% of those with ulcerative colitis. Effective pharmacological treatments aimed at controlling or reversing fibrosis progression are unavailable. Fibrosis is characterized by an excessive local accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins (mainly collagen), as a result of their increased production by activated myofibroblasts and/or their reduced degradation by specific matrix metalloproteinases. Initiation and progression of fibrosis are modulated by several pro- and anti-fibrogenic molecules. In recent years, the cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17) has been integrated into the pathogenesis of fibrosis, although its precise contribution to IBD, and especially to its related intestinal fibrosis, remains controversial. Several data suggest both a pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic action and a protective function of the Th17/IL-17 immune response. A recent study has demonstrated that the treatment with anti-IL-17 antibody significantly alleviated 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colorectal fibrosis in mice by down-regulating the expression of collagen 3 and several pro-fibrogenic cytokines. Here, we describe and discuss the possible involvement of the Th17/IL-17 immune response in the initiation ad progression of intestinal fibrosis.
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16
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The Th17/Treg Cell Balance: A Gut Microbiota-Modulated Story. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120583. [PMID: 31756956 PMCID: PMC6956175 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract of vertebrates is normally colonized with a remarkable number of commensal microorganisms that are collectively referred to as gut microbiota. Gut microbiota has been demonstrated to interact with immune cells and to modulate specific signaling pathways involving both innate and adaptive immune processes. Accumulated evidence suggests that the imbalance of Th17 and Treg cells is associated with the development of many diseases. Herein, we emphatically present recent findings to show how specific gut microbiota organisms and metabolites shape the balance of Th17 and Treg cells. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in diseases caused by the imbalance of Th17 and Treg cells
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17
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Cosin-Roger J, Canet F, Macias-Ceja DC, Gisbert-Ferrándiz L, Ortiz-Masiá D, Esplugues JV, Alós R, Navarro F, Barrachina MD, Calatayud S. Autophagy Stimulation as a Potential Strategy Against Intestinal Fibrosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091078. [PMID: 31540207 PMCID: PMC6770118 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently observed reduced autophagy in Crohn’s disease patients and an anti-inflammatory effect of autophagy stimulation in murine colitis, but both anti- and pro-fibrotic effects are associated with autophagy stimulation in different tissues, and fibrosis is a frequent complication of Crohn’s disease. Thus, we analyzed the effects of pharmacological modulation of autophagy in a murine model of intestinal fibrosis and detected that autophagy inhibition aggravates, while autophagy stimulation prevents, fibrosis. These effects are associated with changes in inflammation and in collagen degradation in primary fibroblasts. Thus, pharmacological stimulation of autophagy may be useful against intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Cosin-Roger
- Hospital Dr Peset, FISABIO, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Canet
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Dulce C Macias-Ceja
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Gisbert-Ferrándiz
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Ortiz-Masiá
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan V Esplugues
- Hospital Dr Peset, FISABIO, 46017 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Alós
- Departamento de Cirugía del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital La Fe, 46526 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Navarro
- Departamento de Cirugía y Coloproctología, Hospital de Manises, 46940 Valencia, Spain
| | - María D Barrachina
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Sara Calatayud
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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18
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Wang M, Zhang N, Zheng M, Li Y, Meng L, Ruan Y, Han J, Zhao N, Wang X, Zhang L, Bachert C. Cross-talk between T H2 and T H17 pathways in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:1254-1264. [PMID: 31271788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a heterogeneous disease with a spectrum of endotypes. TH2- and TH17-related cytokines are 2 central regulators involved in the inflammation associated with CRSwNP. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the interregulation of TH2 and TH17 pathways in Chinese patients with CRSwNP. METHODS Levels of key TH2- and TH17-related factors were measured in homogenates of polyp tissue obtained from patients with CRSwNP. The relationship of these factors and their expression in groups classified according to tissue IL-5 and IL-17 concentrations were analyzed. Cross-regulation of TH2 and TH17 cytokines and the effects of dexamethasone treatment were studied in dispersed nasal polyp cells. Associations between TH2- and TH17 related factors and comorbid atopic status and asthma, disease recurrence, and edema scores were also explored. RESULTS Four CRSwNP groups were classified based on expression or nonexpression of mutually exclusive TH2- and TH17-related factors. The TH2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 inhibited expression of TH17-related factors, whereas the TH17 cytokines IL-17 and TGF-β1 enhanced expression of TH2-related factors. Dexamethasone treatment inhibited both the TH2 and TH17 pathways. A patient's atopic status was related to their TH2 immune response. Edema scores were positively correlated with the TH2 pathway and negatively correlated with the TH17 pathway. CONCLUSION The TH2 and TH17 pathways are mutually exclusive and regulate each other, favoring the development of a TH2 immune response in Chinese patients with CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Meng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Bayan Nur Hospital, Bayan Nur, China
| | - Yu Ruan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Jinbo Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yanqing District Hospital, General Practice and Continuing Education Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China; Department of Allergy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Nasal Diseases, Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, China; Department of Allergy, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Li J, Mao R, Kurada S, Wang J, Lin S, Chandra J, Rieder F. Pathogenesis of fibrostenosing Crohn's disease. Transl Res 2019; 209:39-54. [PMID: 30981697 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease, which could affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. A severe complication of CD is fibrosis-associated strictures, which can cause bowel obstruction. Unfortunately, there is no specific antifibrotic therapy available. More than 80% of the patients with CD will have to undergo at least 1 surgery in their life and recurrence of strictures after surgery is common. Investigations on the mechanism of fibrostenosing CD have revealed that fibrosis is mainly driven by expansion of mesenchymal cells including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells. Being exposed to a pro-fibrotic milieu, these cells increase the secretion of extracellular matrix, as well as crosslinking enzymes, which drive tissue stiffness and remodeling. Fibrogenesis can become independent of inflammation in later stages of disease, which offers unique therapeutic potential. Exciting new evidence suggests smooth muscle cell hyperplasia as a strong contributor to luminal narrowing in fibrostenotic CD. Approval of new drugs in other fibrotic diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, as well as new targets associated with fibrosis found in CD, such as cadherins or specific integrins, shed light on the development of novel antifibrotic approaches in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Li
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ren Mao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Satya Kurada
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Sinan Lin
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jyotsna Chandra
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
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20
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Tan L, Zhao S, Zhu W, Wu L, Li J, Shen M, Lei L, Chen X, Peng C. The Akkermansia muciniphila is a gut microbiota signature in psoriasis. Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:144-149. [PMID: 29130553 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory skin disease. Although its pathogenesis is not fully understood, Th17 cells and the cytokines they produce, such as IL-17, IL-22 and IL-23, play critical roles in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Evidence has demonstrated that psoriasis has some common features, including immune responses (due to Th17 cells) and inflammatory cytokine profiles, with systematic diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and obesity. Recently, studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiota plays a crucial role in host homoeostasis and immune response, particular in Th17 cells, but the role of the gut microbiota in psoriasis remains unclear. To study the relationship between gut microbiota and psoriasis, we analysed microbiota profiles in psoriasis using a 16S rDNA sequencing platform, and we found that the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila was significantly reduced in patients with psoriasis. A. muciniphila is believed to have an important function in the pathogenesis of IBD and obesity; therefore, A. muciniphila, which is an indicator of health status, may be a key node for psoriasis as well as IBD and obesity. Taken together, our study identified that gut microbiota signature and function are significantly altered in the gut of patients with psoriasis, which provides a novel angle to understanding the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiRong Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wu Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lisha Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - MinXue Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Lei
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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21
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Targeting anti-fibrotic pathways in Crohn's disease - The final frontier? Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2019; 38-39:101603. [PMID: 31327400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis with stricture formation affects up to half of patients with Crohn's disease (CD), resulting in impaired quality of life, increased risk of surgical intervention, and associated patient morbidity. The underlying pathophysiologic mechansisms responsible for initiating and perpetuating intestinal fibrosis are complex, dynamic, and implicate both inflammation-dependent and independent pathways. Previously thought to be an irreversible complication of long-standing inflammation unresponsive to medical therapy, fibrostenotic CD has been traditionally managed with endoscopic or surgical approaches. However, recent advances in our understanding of the humoral, cellular, and environmental pathways driving intestinal fibrosis has the potential to fundamentally change these management paradigms for CD-related strictures. Furthermore, the promise of fibrosis treatments in other organ systems has encouraged hope that anti-fibrotic treatment approaches for CD may be within reach. Here, we summarize the key breakthroughs in our molecular understanding of intestinal fibrosis, review current medical, endoscopic, and surgical treatment approaches to CD-related strictures, propose future directions for anti-fibrotic therapy in CD, and identify crucial research questions in this field that require additional investigation.
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22
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Patel S, Mandaliya D, Prajapati B, Kumar S, Seshadri S. Cefdinir Microsphere Modulated Microflora and Liver Immunological Response to Diet Induced Diabetes in Mice. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2018; 19:349-357. [PMID: 30582487 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666181224122115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gut microbiota is currently targeted for various diseases especially metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Our strategy is to alter gut microflora via specific antibiotic to reduce load of inflammation in the liver that increases as a result of high carbohydrate diet. Th1, Th17 and Treg are important immune cell types which decide the type of inflammatory response. Liver is tolerogenic in nature with low Th17/Treg ratio. In diabetics, this ratio decreases even more, and can cause liver trauma. METHOD The present study tries to find relationship between gut flora and immune cells such as Th1/Th17/Treg and their role in liver metabolism using diet induced diabetic mice model. RESULT Upon alteration of flora using Cefdinir in different forms, one could help lower the level of Treg cells thus increasing the ratio. Gut flora is strongly associated with the immunity in the liver. Targeted alteration of gut flora helps us to restore insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSION Colon targeted Cefdinir gives more promising results, opens colonic bacteria as target for improving gut, liver inflammation and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Patel
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, S G Highway, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Dipeeka Mandaliya
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, S G Highway, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Bhumika Prajapati
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, S G Highway, Ahmedabad, India.,Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Sunny Kumar
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, S G Highway, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sriram Seshadri
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, S G Highway, Ahmedabad, India
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Effect of Homocysteine on the Differentiation of CD4 + T Cells into Th17 Cells. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:3339-3347. [PMID: 29974377 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hyperhomocysteinaemia (Hhcy) is a common phenomenon observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our previous study showed that Hhcy aggravated intestinal inflammation in an animal model of colitis. Increased levels of IL-17 and RORγt were also observed in this animal model of colitis with Hhcy. However, the direct effect of homocysteine on the differentiation of Th17 cells has never been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the direct effect of Hhcy on the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th17 cells. METHOD Lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs) in colonic mucosa of Wistar rats were isolated and cultured under Th17-inducing (iTH17) environments. Different concentrations of the Hcy (0-100 μmol/ml) were added alone or combined with IL-23 (100 ng/ml) or folate (5 μmol/ml). The LPLs were divided into eight groups as follows: (1) Control group; (2) 10 μmol/ml Hcy group; (3) 25 μmol/ml Hcy group; (4) 50 μmol/ml Hcy group; (5) 100 μmol/ml Hcy group; (6) 100 ng/ml IL-23 group; (7) 50 μmol/ml Hcy + 100 ng/ml IL-23 group and (8) 50 μmol/ml Hcy + 100 ng/ml IL-23 + 5 μmol/ml folate group. The protein expression levels of IL-17, retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor-γt (RORγt), p38 MAPK, phosphorylated p38 MAPK, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), phosphorylated-cPLA2 and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) were detected by immunoblot analysis. The protein level of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and IL-17 was detected by ELISA, and IL-17 and RORγt-positive CD4+ T cells were stained and analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Hcy increased the protein levels of IL-17, RORγt, the ratio of phosphorylated p38 MAPK to p38 MAPK (p-p38/p38), the ratio of phosphorylated cPLA2 to cPLA2 (p-cPLA2/cPLA2) and COX2. The effect was concentration dependent to a certain degree; Hcy of 50 μmol/ml was the optimal concentration to increase the protein levels of those molecules. The level of IL-17 and PGE2 in the cell culture supernatants and the expression of IL-17 and RORγt in positive CD4+ T cells were also increased in the group of Hhcy. IL-23 showed a cooperative effect with Hcy on the differentiation of CD4+ Th cells into Th17 cells, whereas folate supplementation showed an inhibition action. CONCLUSIONS Homocysteine promoted the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th17 cells in a dose-dependant manner. This effect could be inhibited by folate.
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Konstantinides P, Alexopoulou A, Hadziyannis E, Kanellopoulou T, Dourakis SP. Interleukin-17A and B-cell activating factor in chronic hepatitis C patients with or without asymptomatic mixed cryoglobulinemia: effects of antiviral treatment and correlations with vitamin D. Ann Gastroenterol 2018; 31:705-711. [PMID: 30386121 PMCID: PMC6191865 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2018.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have provided conflicting results regarding the immune responses in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC). The importance of B-cell activating factor (BAFF) in MC has been described, but the role of interleukin (IL)-17A is less clear. METHODS Serum concentrations of IL-17A, BAFF and 25-OH vitamin D were measured in CHC patients at baseline, end of treatment, and 6 months post-treatment with pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin, versus 12 healthy controls. RESULTS Thirty-four patients (20 male, mean age 40.7±9.2 years, 12 of genotype 1 or 4, 22 of genotype 2 or 3) were included, of whom 64.7% achieved a sustained virological response (SVR). MC was detected in 52.9% of the patients. Higher levels of both cytokines were found in patients with MC compared to those without. Patients who achieved SVR had higher pretreatment IL-17A and lower BAFF levels compared to those without SVR. IL-17A was downregulated during and following treatment in responders, whereas upregulation was observed in non-responders. CHC patients demonstrated low vitamin D levels compared to HC. Moreover, the changes in IL-17A over the treatment period were significantly associated with vitamin D changes (β=-0.04, SE=0.02, P=0.046). No difference in IL-17A, BAFF and vitamin D values was seen between patients with cirrhosis (n=14) and those without. CONCLUSIONS CHC patients with asymptomatic MC have increased levels of IL-17A and BAFF. IL-17A levels decline significantly while BAFF increases during treatment in responders. An interplay between IL-17A and vitamin D concentrations was revealed during the antiviral treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polydoros Konstantinides
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine and Research Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Alexopoulou
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine and Research Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Emilia Hadziyannis
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine and Research Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Theoni Kanellopoulou
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine and Research Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon P. Dourakis
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine and Research Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Khare S, Gokulan K, Williams K, Bai S, Gilbert KM, Blossom SJ. Irreversible effects of trichloroethylene on the gut microbial community and gut-associated immune responses in autoimmune-prone mice. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:209-220. [PMID: 30187502 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The developing immune system is particularly sensitive to immunotoxicants. This study assessed trichloroethylene (TCE)-induced effects on the gut microbiome and cytokine production during the development in mice. Mice were exposed to TCE (0.05 or 500 μg/mL) at the levels that approximate to environmental or occupational exposure, respectively. Mice were subjected to a continuous developmental exposure to these doses encompassing gestation, lactation and continuing directly in the drinking water postnatally for 154 days (PND154) or PND259. To observe persistence of the effect TCE was removed from the drinking water in a subset of mice on PND154 and were provided regular drinking water until the study terminus (PND259). Abundance of total tissue-associated bacteria reduced only in mice exposed to TCE until PND259. The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes did not alter during this continuos exposure; however, cessation of high-dose TCE at PND154 resulted in the increased abundance Bacteroidetes at PND259. Furthermore, high-dose TCE exposure until PND259 resulted in a lower abundance of the genera Bacteroides and Lactobaccilus and increased abundance of genus Bifidobactrium and bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae. TCE exposure until PND154 showed significant changes in the production of interleukin-33; that might play a dual role in maintaining the balance and homeostasis between commensal microbiota and mucosal health. At PND259, interleukin-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and Eotaxin were altered in both, the continuous exposure and cessation groups, whereas only a cessation group had a higher level of KC that may facilitate infiltration of neutrophils. The irreversible effects of TCE after a period of exposure cessation suggested a unique programming and potential toxicity of TCE even at the environmental level exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Khare
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Kuppan Gokulan
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Katherine Williams
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Shasha Bai
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
| | - Kathleen M Gilbert
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
| | - Sarah J Blossom
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, 72202, USA
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Heat shock protein 70 protects mouse against post-infection irritable bowel syndrome via up-regulating intestinal γδ T cell's Th17 response. Cell Biosci 2018; 8:38. [PMID: 29928498 PMCID: PMC5987648 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-018-0237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the role of HSP70 in modulating intestinal γδ T cells’ Th17 response in Trichinella spiralis-induced PI-IBS mice model. Methods The intestinal HSP70’s expression and mRNA level were measured by Western blot and RT-PCR. The intestinal γδ T cell’s morphological changes were analyzed using immunofluorescence staining and confocal laser scanning microscope. The pro-inflammatory cytokines’ level was detected by ELISA. The isolated and purified γδ T cells were pre-incubated with HSP70 and their functions including proliferation, apoptosis, activation and production of IL-17 were also detected. Results Heat treatment augmented intestinal HSP70 expression and alleviated the clinical presentations in PI-IBS mice. Meanwhile, intestinal γδ T cells and local IL-17 level were increased by pre-induction of HSP70. HSP70 promoted the proliferation of PI-IBS mice’s intestinal γδ T cells, inhibited the apoptosis and stimulated these cells to secret IL-17 rather than IFN-γ. Conclusion Our results suggest that HSP70 plays a protective role via up-regulating intestinal γδ T cell’s Th17 response in PI-IBS mice.
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Paul J, Singh AK, Kathania M, Elviche TL, Zeng M, Basrur V, Theiss AL, Venuprasad K. IL-17-driven intestinal fibrosis is inhibited by Itch-mediated ubiquitination of HIC-5. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:427-436. [PMID: 28612841 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a major complication in inflammatory bowel diseases, but the regulatory mechanism that inhibits fibrosis remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that Itch-/-myofibroblasts express increased amounts of profibrotic collagen type I and α-SMA in response to IL-17. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Itch directly binds to HIC-5 and targets it for K63-linked ubiquitination to inhibit IL-17-driven intestinal fibrosis. Reconstitution of Itch-/- myofibroblasts with wild-type Itch but not the Itch-C830A mutant normalized the expression of profibrotic genes. Similarly, shRNA-mediated inhibition of HIC-5 normalized the expression of profibrotic gene expression. Thus, we have uncovered a novel mechanism by which Itch negatively regulates intestinal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - A K Singh
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - M Kathania
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - T L Elviche
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - M Zeng
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - V Basrur
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - A L Theiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - K Venuprasad
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
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28
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Immunization with recombinant FliD confers protection against Helicobacter pylori infection in mice. Mol Immunol 2018; 94:176-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Paquissi FC. Immunity and Fibrogenesis: The Role of Th17/IL-17 Axis in HBV and HCV-induced Chronic Hepatitis and Progression to Cirrhosis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1195. [PMID: 29033929 PMCID: PMC5626935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is a common final pathway for most chronic liver diseases; representing an increasing burden worldwide and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Current evidence has shown that, after an initial injury, the immune response has a significant participation in the ongoing damage, and progression from chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) to cirrhosis, driving the activation and maintenance of main fibrogenic pathways. Among immune deregulations, those related to the subtype 17 of T helper lymphocytes (Th17)/interleukin-17 (IL-17) axis have been recognized as key immunopathological and prognostic elements in patients with CVH. The Th17/IL-17 axis has been found involved in several points of fibrogenesis chain from the activation of stellate cells, increased expression of profibrotic factors as TGF-β, promotion of the myofibroblastic or epithelial–mesenchymal transition, stimulation of the synthesis of collagen, and induction of imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). It also promotes the recruitment of inflammatory cells and increases the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-23. So, the Th17/IL-17 axis is simultaneously the fuel and the flame of a sustained proinflammatory and profibrotic environment. This work aims to present the immunopathologic and prognostic role of the Th17/IL-17 axis and related pathways in fibrogenesis and progression to cirrhosis in patients with liver disease due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV).
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Genetic Adjuvantation of a Cell-Based Therapeutic Vaccine for Amelioration of Chagasic Cardiomyopathy. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00127-17. [PMID: 28674032 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00127-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a leading cause of heart disease ("chagasic cardiomyopathy") in Latin America, disproportionately affecting people in resource-poor areas. The efficacy of currently approved pharmaceutical treatments is limited mainly to acute infection, and there are no effective treatments for the chronic phase of the disease. Preclinical models of Chagas disease have demonstrated that antigen-specific CD8+ gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-positive T-cell responses are essential for reducing parasite burdens, increasing survival, and decreasing cardiac pathology in both the acute and chronic phases of Chagas disease. In the present study, we developed a genetically adjuvanted, dendritic cell-based immunotherapeutic for acute Chagas disease in an attempt to delay or prevent the cardiac complications that eventually result from chronic T. cruzi infection. Dendritic cells transduced with the adjuvant, an adenoviral vector encoding a dominant negative isoform of Src homology region 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) along with the T. cruzi Tc24 antigen and trans-sialidase antigen 1 (TSA1), induced significant numbers of antigen-specific CD8+ IFN-γ-positive cells following injection into BALB/c mice. A vaccine platform transduced with the adenoviral vector and loaded in tandem with the recombinant protein reduced parasite burdens by 76% to >99% in comparison to a variety of different controls and significantly reduced cardiac pathology in a BALB/c mouse model of live Chagas disease. Although no statistical differences in overall survival rates among cohorts were observed, the data suggest that immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of acute Chagas disease are feasible and that this approach may warrant further study.
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Bi Y, Li C, Liu L, Zhou J, Li Z, Deng H, Wu C, Han Y, Song Y, Tan Y, Wang X, Du Z, Cui Y, Yan Y, Zhi F, Liu G, Qin N, Zhang H, Yang R. IL-17A-dependent gut microbiota is essential for regulating diet-induced disorders in mice. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2017; 62:1052-1063. [PMID: 36659332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a key role in obesity and related metabolic disorders, and multiple factors including diet, host genotype, and age regulate it. Many studies have examined the contribution of extrinsic factors to the regulation of the gut microbiota, but the importance of the host genetic constitution cannot be ignored. Interleukin 17A (IL-17A), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is important in the defense against infection and diseases. Here, we investigated the association among IL-17, a high-fat diet (HFD), and the gut microbiota. Mice deficient in IL-17A were resistant to diet-induced obesity and related diseases. Compared with the Il-17a-/- mice, wild-type (WT) mice challenged with HFD showed obvious weight fluctuations, such as those seen in type 2 diabetes, and hematological changes similar to those associated with metabolic syndrome. However, housing WT mice and Il-17a-/- mice together significantly alleviated these symptoms in the WT mice. A metagenomic analysis of the mouse feces indicated that the microbial community compositions of these two groups differed before HFD feeding. The HFD mediated shifts in the gut microbial compositions, which were associated with the mouse phenotypes. We also identified potentially beneficial and harmful species present during this period, and drew networks of the most abundant species. A functional analysis indicated pathway changes in the WT and Il-17a-/- mice when fed the HFD. Collectively, these data underscore the importance of the host factor IL-17A in shaping and regulating the gut microbiota, which conversely, influences the host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Bi
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jiyuan Zhou
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhengchao Li
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Huimin Deng
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Realbio Genomics Institute, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yanping Han
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yajun Song
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yafang Tan
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zongmin Du
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yujun Cui
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yanfeng Yan
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Fachao Zhi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Gastroenterology of Guangdong Province, Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guangwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Nan Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of China, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China.
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O'Dwyer DN, Dickson RP, Moore BB. The Lung Microbiome, Immunity, and the Pathogenesis of Chronic Lung Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 196:4839-47. [PMID: 27260767 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of culture-independent techniques for microbiological analysis has uncovered the previously unappreciated complexity of the bacterial microbiome at various anatomic sites. The microbiome of the lung has relatively less bacterial biomass when compared with the lower gastrointestinal tract yet displays considerable diversity. The composition of the lung microbiome is determined by elimination, immigration, and relative growth within its communities. Chronic lung disease alters these factors. Many forms of chronic lung disease demonstrate exacerbations that drive disease progression and are poorly understood. Mounting evidence supports ways in which microbiota dysbiosis can influence host defense and immunity, and in turn may contribute to disease exacerbations. Thus, the key to understanding the pathogenesis of chronic lung disease may reside in deciphering the complex interactions between the host, pathogen, and resident microbiota during stable disease and exacerbations. In this brief review we discuss new insights into these labyrinthine relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N O'Dwyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Robert P Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Mehrotra P, Collett JA, McKinney SD, Stevens J, Ivancic CM, Basile DP. IL-17 mediates neutrophil infiltration and renal fibrosis following recovery from ischemia reperfusion: compensatory role of natural killer cells in athymic rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 312:F385-F397. [PMID: 27852609 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00462.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) and its progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Previous studies suggest that Th17 cells participate during the AKI-to-CKD transition, and inhibition of T cell activity by mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or losartan attenuates the development of fibrosis following AKI. We hypothesized that T cell-deficient rats may have reduced levels of IL-17 cytokine leading to decreased fibrosis following AKI. Renal ischemis-reperfusion (I/R) was performed on T cell-deficient athymic rats (Foxn1rnu-/rnu-) and control euthymic rats (Foxn1rnu-/+), and CKD progression was hastened by unilateral nephrectomy at day 33 and subsequent exposure to 4.0% sodium diet. Renal fibrosis developed in euthymic rats and was reduced by MMF treatment. Athymic rats exhibited a similar degree of fibrosis, but this was unaffected by MMF treatment. FACS analysis demonstrated that the number of IL-17+ cells was similar between postischemic athymic vs. euthymic rats. The source of IL-17 production in euthymic rats was predominately from conventional T cells (CD3+/CD161-). In the absence of conventional T cells in athymic rats, a compensatory pathway involving natural killer cells (CD3-/CD161+) was the primary source of IL-17. Blockade of IL-17 activity using IL-17Rc receptor significantly decreased fibrosis and neutrophil recruitment in both euthymic and athymic rats compared with vehicle-treated controls. Taken together, these data suggest that IL-17 secretion participates in the pathogenesis of AKI-induced fibrosis possibly via the recruitment of neutrophils and that the source of IL-17 may be from either conventional T cells or NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purvi Mehrotra
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jason A Collett
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Seth D McKinney
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jackson Stevens
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Carlie M Ivancic
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David P Basile
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Lapérine O, Blin-Wakkach C, Guicheux J, Beck-Cormier S, Lesclous P. Dendritic-cell-derived osteoclasts: a new game changer in bone-resorption-associated diseases. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1345-1354. [PMID: 27151158 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone-resorbing cells, osteoclasts (OCs), and antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs), share several features. They are derived from a common hematopoietic precursor, exhibit phagocytic activities and their functions are dependent upon receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). Upon inflammatory conditions, DCs can transdifferentiate toward functional OCs in the presence of RANKL. It has then been assumed that the increase in proinflammatory cytokines could provide a supportive environment for this transdifferentiation. In this review, we emphasize the molecular mechanisms underlying the potential for DCs to give rise to resorbing OCs in the context of bone-destruction-associated diseases upon inflammatory conditions. Whether these mechanisms reveal new strategies for the discovery of therapeutic targets and drugs is discussed extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lapérine
- INSERM, U791, LIOAD, Nantes F-44042, France; Université de Nantes, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, UFR Odontologie, Nantes F-44042, France; ONIRIS, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- CNRS, UMR 7370, LP2M, Faculté de médecine, Nice, France; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Jérôme Guicheux
- INSERM, U791, LIOAD, Nantes F-44042, France; Université de Nantes, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, UFR Odontologie, Nantes F-44042, France; ONIRIS, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, Nantes F-44307, France; CHU Nantes, PHU 4 OTONN, Nantes F-44042, France.
| | - Sarah Beck-Cormier
- INSERM, U791, LIOAD, Nantes F-44042, France; Université de Nantes, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, UFR Odontologie, Nantes F-44042, France; ONIRIS, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Philippe Lesclous
- INSERM, U791, LIOAD, Nantes F-44042, France; Université de Nantes, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, UFR Odontologie, Nantes F-44042, France; ONIRIS, UMR-S 791, LIOAD, Nantes F-44307, France; CHU Nantes, PHU 4 OTONN, Nantes F-44042, France
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35
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Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a common feature of Crohn's disease and may appear as a stricture, stenosis, or intestinal obstruction. Fibrostenosing Crohn's disease leads to a significantly impaired quality of life in affected patients and constitutes a challenging treatment situation. In the absence of specific medical antifibrotic treatment options, endoscopic or surgical therapy approaches with their potential harmful side effects are frequently used. However, our understanding of mechanisms of fibrogenesis in general and specifically intestinal fibrosis has emerged. Progression of fibrosis in the liver, lung, or skin can be halted or even reversed, and possible treatment targets have been identified. In face of this observation and given the fact that fibrotic alterations in various organs of the human body share distinct core characteristics, this article aims to address whether reversibility of intestinal fibrosis may be conceivable and to highlight promising research avenues and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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36
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Wakkach A, Rouleau M, Blin-Wakkach C. Osteoimmune Interactions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Central Role of Bone Marrow Th17 TNFα Cells in Osteoclastogenesis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:640. [PMID: 26734007 PMCID: PMC4683185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoimmunology is an interdisciplinary research field dedicated to the study of the crosstalk between the immune and bone systems. CD4+ T cells are central players in this crosstalk. There is an emerging understanding that CD4+ T cells play an important role in the bone marrow (BM) under physiological and pathological conditions and modulate the differentiation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. However, identification of the mechanisms that maintain CD4+ T cells in the BM is still a matter of investigation. This article describes the CD4+ T cell populations of the BM and reviews their role as osteoclastogenic population in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelilah Wakkach
- CNRS, UMR 7370, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France; University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Matthieu Rouleau
- CNRS, UMR 7370, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France; University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- CNRS, UMR 7370, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire (LP2M), Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France; University Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
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37
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Huynh PT, Beswick EJ, Coronado YA, Johnson P, O'Connell MR, Watts T, Singh P, Qiu S, Morris K, Powell DW, Pinchuk IV. CD90(+) stromal cells are the major source of IL-6, which supports cancer stem-like cells and inflammation in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:1971-81. [PMID: 26595254 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine increased in CRC and known to directly promote tumor growth. Colonic myofibroblasts/fibroblasts (CMFs or stromal cells) are CD90(+) innate immune cells representing up to 30% of normal colonic mucosal lamina propria cells. They are expanded in CRC tumor stroma, where they also known as a cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Cells of mesenchymal origin, such as normal myofibroblasts/fibroblasts, are known to secrete IL-6; however, their contribution to the increase in IL-6 in CRC and to tumor-promoting inflammation is not well defined. Using in situ, ex vivo and coculture analyses we have demonstrated that the number of IL-6 producing CMFs is increased in CRC (C-CMFs) and they represent the major source of IL-6 in T2-T3 CRC tumors. Activity/expression of stem cell markers-aldehyde dehydrogenase and LGR5- was significantly up-regulated in colon cancer cells (SW480, Caco-2 or HT29) cultured in the presence of conditioned medium from tumor isolated C-CMFs in an IL-6 dependent manner. C-CMF and its derived condition medium, but not normal CMF isolated from syngeneic normal colons, induced differentiation of tumor promoting inflammatory T helper 17 cells (Th17) cell responses in an IL-6 dependent manner. Our study suggests that CD90(+) fibroblasts/myofibroblasts may be the major source of IL-6 in T2-T3 CRC tumors, which supports the stemness of tumor cells and induces an immune adaptive inflammatory response (a.k.a. Th17) favoring tumor growth. Taken together our data supports the notion that IL-6 producing CAFs (a.k.a. C-CMFs) may provide a useful target for treating or preventing CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong T Huynh
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Ellen J Beswick
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Yun A Coronado
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Paul Johnson
- Departments of Surgery, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Malaney R O'Connell
- Departments of Neuoroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Tammara Watts
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Pomila Singh
- Departments of Neuoroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Suimin Qiu
- Departments of Pathology, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Katherine Morris
- Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Don W Powell
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.,Departments of Neuoroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.,Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Irina V Pinchuk
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.,Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX.,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Translational Science at University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
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38
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Cătană CS, Berindan-Neagoe I, Cozma V, Magdaş C, Tăbăran F, Dumitraşcu DL. Contribution of the IL-17/IL-23 axis to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:5823-5830. [PMID: 26019446 PMCID: PMC4438016 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i19.5823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic disorders of modern society, requiring management strategies aimed at prolonging an active life and establishing the exact etiology and pathogenesis. These idiopathic diseases have environmental, genetic, immunologic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress components. On the one hand, recent advances have shown that abnormal immune reactions against the microorganisms of the intestinal flora are responsible for the inflammation in genetically susceptible individuals. On the other hand, in addition to T helper cell-type (Th) 1 and Th2 immune responses, other subsets of T cells, namely regulatory T cells and Th17 maintained by IL-23 are likely to develop IBD. IL-23 acts on innate immune system members and also facilitates the expansion and maintenance of Th17 cells. The IL-17/IL-23 axis is relevant in IBD pathogenesis both in human and experimental studies. Novel biomarkers of IBD could be calprotectin, microRNAs, and serum proinflammatory cytokines. An efficient strategy for IBD therapy is represented by the combination of IL-17A and IL-17F in acute IL-17A knockout TNBS-induced colitis, and also definite decrease of the inflammatory process in IL-17F knockout, DSS-induced colitis have been observed. Studying the correlation between innate and adaptive immune systems, we hope to obtain a focused review in order to facilitate future approaches aimed at elucidating the immunological mechanisms that control gut inflammation.
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39
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Small bowel Crohn's disease can present with clinical challenges that are specific to its location. In this review, we address some of the areas that present particular problems in small bowel Crohn's disease. RECENT FINDINGS A key issue specific to small bowel Crohn's disease relates to its diagnosis given that access to the small bowel is limited. Radiological advances, particularly in small bowel ultrasonography and MRI, as well as the introduction of capsule endoscopy and balloon enteroscopy are helping to address this. In addition, our ability to differentiate small bowel Crohn's disease from other causes of inflammation, such as tuberculosis, is improving on the basis of better understanding of the features that differentiate these conditions. It is also becoming apparent that jejunal Crohn's disease represents a distinct disease phenotype with potentially worse clinical outcomes. Finally, because it is a rare complication, our understanding of small bowel cancer associated with Crohn's disease remains limited. Recent publications are, however, starting to improve our knowledge of this condition. SUMMARY Although small bowel Crohn's disease presents specific management issues not seen in patients with Crohn's disease elsewhere in the gastrointestinal tract, our knowledge of how to manage these is improving.
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40
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Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is a common outcome in IBD leading to significant morbidity that, to date, has no effective medical treatment. Current knowledge regarding potential mechanism(s) of intestinal fibrogenesis and stricture formation is limited, due in large part to the lack of relevant animal models. Although conventional models possess aspects that are advantageous to study specific mechanisms involved in gut fibrosis, most lack the features of a spontaneously occurring process leading to the formation of intestinal fibrotic lesions following mucosal inflammatory events and the ability to investigate the natural course of disease over time. This review aims to discuss established and novel animal models of gut fibrosis, particularly focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of each model system and the insights they bring to our understanding of the mechanisms of fibrogenesis. In fact, recent enhancements to existing models and the expansion of novel animal models of gut fibrosis is opening up multiple avenues for investigation which should stimulate progress in our mechanistic understanding of intestinal fibrogenesis and facilitate the development of effective pharmacotherapy in an area of significant unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo De Salvo
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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