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Hernández-Martín M, Bocanegra A, Redondo-Castillejo R, Macho-González A, Sánchez-Muniz FJ, Benedí J, Bastida S, García-Fernández RA, Garcimartín A, López-Oliva ME. Could Duodenal Molecular Mechanisms be Involved in the Hypocholesterolemic Effect of Silicon Used as Functional Ingredient in Late-Stage Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200104. [PMID: 36213967 PMCID: PMC10078384 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Hypercholesterolemia increases the risk of mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially in the late-stage. Consumption of bioactive compounds as functional ingredients would help achieve therapeutic goals for cholesterolemia. Silicon has demonstrated a hypocholesterolemic effect and the ability to reduce fat digestion. However, it is unclear whether silicon exerts such effect in late-stage T2DM (LD) and the intestinal mechanisms involved. METHODS AND RESULTS Three groups of eight rats were included: early-stage T2DM control (ED), LD, and the LD group treated with silicon (LD-Si) once the rats were diabetic. Morphological alterations of the duodenal mucosa, and levels of markers involve in cholesterol absorption and excretion, beside cholesterolemia, and fecal excretion were assayed. Silicon included as a functional ingredient significantly reduces cholesterolemia in part due to: 1) reducing cholesterol intestinal absorption by decreasing the absorptive area and Acetyl-Coenzyme A acetyltransferase-2 (ACAT2) levels; and 2) increasing cholesterol excretion to the lumen by induction of the liver X receptor (LXR) and consequent increase of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter (ABCG5/8). CONCLUSIONS These results provide insight into the intestinal molecular mechanisms by which silicon reduces cholesterolemia and highlights the efficacy of the consumption of silicon-enriched functional foods in late-stage T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Hernández-Martín
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Departmental Section of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Bocanegra
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Rocío Redondo-Castillejo
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Departmental Section of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Adrián Macho-González
- AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition), Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Francisco J Sánchez-Muniz
- AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition), Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Juana Benedí
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Sara Bastida
- AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Science Department (Nutrition), Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Rosa A García-Fernández
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Alba Garcimartín
- Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany Department, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - M Elvira López-Oliva
- Departmental Section of Physiology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,AFUSAN Group, Sanitary Research Institute of the San Carlos Clinical Hospital (IdISSC), Madrid, 28040, Spain
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2
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Duan Y, Gong K, Xu S, Zhang F, Meng X, Han J. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in health and diseases: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:265. [PMID: 35918332 PMCID: PMC9344793 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbed cholesterol homeostasis plays critical roles in the development of multiple diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), neurodegenerative diseases and cancers, particularly the CVD in which the accumulation of lipids (mainly the cholesteryl esters) within macrophage/foam cells underneath the endothelial layer drives the formation of atherosclerotic lesions eventually. More and more studies have shown that lowering cholesterol level, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, protects cardiovascular system and prevents cardiovascular events effectively. Maintaining cholesterol homeostasis is determined by cholesterol biosynthesis, uptake, efflux, transport, storage, utilization, and/or excretion. All the processes should be precisely controlled by the multiple regulatory pathways. Based on the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, many interventions have been developed to lower cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake or enhancing cholesterol utilization and excretion. Herein, we summarize the historical review and research events, the current understandings of the molecular pathways playing key roles in regulating cholesterol homeostasis, and the cholesterol-lowering interventions in clinics or in preclinical studies as well as new cholesterol-lowering targets and their clinical advances. More importantly, we review and discuss the benefits of those interventions for the treatment of multiple diseases including atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, osteoporosis and virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Duan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Ke Gong
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xianshe Meng
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Diseases of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China. .,College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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3
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Dong W, Zhang X, Kong Y, Zhao Z, Mahmoud A, Wu L, Moussian B, Zhang J. CYP311A1 in the anterior midgut is involved in lipid distribution and microvillus integrity in Drosophila melanogaster. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:261. [PMID: 35478270 PMCID: PMC11072108 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04283-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are either taken up from food sources or produced internally in specialized tissues such as the liver. Among others, both routes of lipid metabolism involve cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs). We sought to analyze the function of Cyp311a1 that has been shown to be expressed in the midgut of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Using a GFP-tagged version of CYP311A1 that is expressed under the control of its endogenous promoter, we show that Cyp311a1 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum in epithelial cells of the anterior midgut. In larvae with reduced Cyp311a1 expression in the anterior midgut, compared to control larvae, the apical plasma membrane of the respective epithelial cells contains less and shorter microvilli. In addition, we observed reduction of neutral lipids in the fat body, the insect liver, and decreased phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and triacylglycerols (TAG) amounts in the whole body of these larvae. Probably as a consequence, they cease to grow and eventually die. The microvillus defects in larvae with reduced Cyp311a1 expression are restored by supplying PE, a major phospholipid of plasma membranes, to the food. Moreover, the growth arrest phenotype of these larvae is partially rescued. Together, these results suggest that the anterior midgut is an import hub in lipid distribution and that the midgut-specific CYP311A1 contributes to this function by participating in shaping microvilli in a PE-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Xubo Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Yue Kong
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ali Mahmoud
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse-108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lixian Wu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Université Côte d'Azur, Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice Cedex 2, France.
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China.
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4
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Vidimce J, Pillay J, Ronda O, Boon A, Pennell E, Ashton KJ, Dijk TH, Wagner K, Verkade HJ, Bulmer AC. Sexual Dimorphism: increased sterol excretion leads to hypocholesterolaemia in female hyperbilirubinaemic Gunn rats. J Physiol 2022; 600:1889-1911. [PMID: 35156712 PMCID: PMC9310728 DOI: 10.1113/jp282395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Circulating bilirubin is associated with reduced serum cholesterol concentrations in humans and in hyperbilirubinaemic Gunn rats. However, mechanisms contributing to hypocholesterolaemia remain unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate cholesterol synthesis, transport and excretion in mutant Gunn rats. Adult Gunn and control rats were assessed for daily faecal sterol excretion using metabolic cages, and water was supplemented with [1‐13C]‐acetate to determine cholesterol synthesis. Bile was collected to measure biliary lipid secretion. Serum and liver were collected for biochemical analysis and for gene/protein expression using RT‐qPCR and western blot, respectively. Additionally, serum was collected and analysed from juvenile rats. A significant interaction of sex, age and phenotype on circulating lipids was found with adult female Gunn rats reporting significantly lower cholesterol and phospholipids. Female Gunn rats also demonstrated elevated cholesterol synthesis, greater biliary lipid secretion and increased total faecal cholesterol and bile acid excretion. Furthermore, they possessed increased hepatic low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor and SREBP2 expression. In contrast, there were no changes to sterol metabolism in adult male Gunn rats. This is the first study to demonstrate elevated faecal sterol excretion in female hyperbilirubinaemic Gunn rats. Increased sterol excretion creates a negative intestinal sterol balance that is compensated for by increased cholesterol synthesis and LDL receptor expression. Therefore, reduced circulating cholesterol is potentially caused by increased hepatic uptake via the LDL receptor. Future studies are required to further evaluate the sexual dimorphism of this response and whether similar findings occur in females with benign unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (Gilbert's syndrome). Key points Female adult hyperbilirubinaemic (Gunn) rats demonstrated lower circulating cholesterol, corroborating human studies that report a negative association between bilirubin and cholesterol concentrations. Furthermore, female Gunn rats had elevated sterol excretion creating a negative intestinal sterol balance that was compensated for by elevated cholesterol synthesis and increased hepatic low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor expression. Therefore, elevated LDL receptor expression potentially leads to reduced circulating cholesterol levels in female Gunn rats providing an explanation for the hypocholesterolaemia observed in humans with elevated bilirubin levels. This study also reports a novel interaction of sex with the hyperbilirubinaemic phenotype on sterol metabolism because changes were only reported in females and not in male Gunn rats. Future studies are required to further evaluate the sexual dimorphism of this response and whether similar findings occur in females with benign unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia (Gilbert's syndrome).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josif Vidimce
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Johara Pillay
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Onne Ronda
- Pediatric Gastroenterology/Hepatology Dept. Pediatrics University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ai‐Ching Boon
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Evan Pennell
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Kevin J. Ashton
- Faculty of Health Science and Medicine Bond University Gold Coast Australia
| | - Theo H. Dijk
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Department of Laboratory Medicine Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Karl‐Heinz Wagner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Research Platform Active Ageing University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Henkjan J. Verkade
- Pediatric Gastroenterology/Hepatology Dept. Pediatrics University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Andrew C. Bulmer
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Griffith University Gold Coast Queensland Australia
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5
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Baumgartner S, Lütjohann D, Husche C, Kerksiek A, Groen AK, Mensink RP, Plat J. Plasma oxyphytosterols most likely originate from hepatic oxidation and subsequent spill-over in the circulation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 216:106039. [PMID: 34861389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated oxyphytosterol (OPS) concentrations in plasma and various tissues of two genetically modified mouse models with either increased cholesterol (apoE KO mice) or increased cholesterol and plant sterol (PS) concentrations (apoExABCG8 dKO mice). Sixteen female apoE KO and 16 dKO mice followed the same standard, low OPS-chow diet. Animals were euthanized at 36 weeks to measure PS and OPS concentrations in plasma, brain, liver and aortic tissue. Cholesterol and oxysterol (OS) concentrations were analyzed as reference for sterol oxidation in general. Plasma campesterol (24.1 ± 4.3 vs. 11.8 ± 3.0 mg/dL) and sitosterol (67.4 ± 12.7 vs. 4.9 ± 1.1 mg/dL) concentrations were severely elevated in the dKO compared to the apoE KO mice (p < 0.001). Also, in aortic and brain tissue, PS levels were significantly elevated in dKO. However, plasma, aortic and brain OPS concentrations were comparable or even lower in the dKO mice. In contrast, in liver tissue, both PS and OPS concentrations were severely elevated in the dKO compared to apoE KO mice (sum OPS: 7.4 ± 1.6 vs. 4.1 ± 0.8 ng/mg, p < 0.001). OS concentrations followed cholesterol concentrations in plasma and all tissues suggesting ubiquitous oxidation. Despite severely elevated PS concentrations, OPS concentrations were only elevated in liver tissue, suggesting that OPS are primarily formed in the liver and plasma concentrations originate from hepatic spill-over into the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Baumgartner
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences. NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism. Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| | - D Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, D-53127, Germany
| | - C Husche
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, D-53127, Germany
| | - A Kerksiek
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, D-53127, Germany
| | - A K Groen
- Amsterdam Diabetes Center and Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 ZG, The Netherlands
| | - R P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences. NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism. Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - J Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences. NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism. Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
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6
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Xu C, Li H, Tang CK. Sterol Carrier Protein 2: A promising target in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Genes Dis 2022; 10:457-467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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7
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The Effects of Anthocyanin-Rich Bilberry Extract on Transintestinal Cholesterol Excretion. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112852. [PMID: 34829135 PMCID: PMC8624570 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is one of the modifiable and primary risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Emerging evidence suggests the stimulation of transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE), the nonbiliary cholesterol excretion, using natural products can be an effective way to reduce CVD. Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) has been reported to have cardioprotective effects by ameliorating oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia. However, the role of bilberry in intestinal cholesterol metabolism is not well understood. To examine the effects of bilberry in intestinal cholesterol metabolism, we measured the genes for cholesterol flux and de novo synthesis in anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract (BE)-treated Caco-2 cells. BE significantly decreased the genes for cholesterol absorption, i.e., Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). In contrast, BE significantly upregulated ABCG8, the apical transporter for cholesterol. There was a significant induction of low-density lipoprotein receptors, with a concomitant increase in cellular uptake of cholesterol in BE-treated cells. The expression of genes for lipogenesis and sirtuins was altered by BE treatment. In the present study, BE altered the genes for cholesterol flux from basolateral to the apical membrane of enterocytes, potentially stimulating TICE. These results support the potential of BE in the prevention of hypercholesterolemia.
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8
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Schroor MM, Mokhtar FBA, Plat J, Mensink RP. Associations between SNPs in Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption and Endogenous Cholesterol Synthesis Genes with Cholesterol Metabolism. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101475. [PMID: 34680591 PMCID: PMC8533139 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with cholesterol metabolism and may partly explain large inter-individual variability in intestinal cholesterol absorption and endogenous cholesterol synthesis rates. This cross-sectional study therefore examined whether SNPs in genes encoding for proteins involved in intestinal cholesterol absorption (ABCG5, ABCG8, and NPC1L1) and endogenous cholesterol synthesis (CYP51A1, DHCR7, DHCR24, HMGCR, HSD17B7, LBR, and MSMO1) were associated with intestinal cholesterol absorption markers (total cholesterol (TC) standardized campesterol and sitosterol levels), an endogenous cholesterol synthesis marker (TC-standardized lathosterol levels), and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations in a European cohort. ABCG5 (rs4245786) and the tag SNP ABCG8 (rs4245791) were significantly associated with serum campesterol and/or sitosterol levels. In contrast, NPC1L1 (rs217429 and rs217416) were significantly associated with serum lathosterol levels. The tag SNP in HMGCR (rs12916) and a SNP in LBR (rs12141732) were significantly associated with serum LDL-C concentrations. SNPs in the cholesterol absorption genes were not associated with serum LDL-C concentrations. SNPs in CYP51A1, DHCR24, HSD17B7, and MSMO1 were not associated with the serum non-cholesterol sterols and LDL-C concentrations. Given the variable efficiency of cholesterol-lowering interventions, the identification of SNPs associated with cholesterol metabolism could be a step forward towards personalized approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite M. Schroor
- Correspondence: (M.M.S.); (F.B.A.M.); Tel.: +31-(0)43-3884258 (M.M.S.); +31-(0)43-3881313 (F.B.A.M.)
| | - Fatma B. A. Mokhtar
- Correspondence: (M.M.S.); (F.B.A.M.); Tel.: +31-(0)43-3884258 (M.M.S.); +31-(0)43-3881313 (F.B.A.M.)
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9
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Polyphenol-Rich Black Elderberry Extract Stimulates Transintestinal Cholesterol Excretion. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is the primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent studies reported that the stimulation of transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE), a nonbiliary cholesterol excretion, can be a strategy for preventing CVD. Black elderberry (Sambucus nigra) has been reported to reduce the risk of CVD via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypocholesterolemic effects. However, little is known about the role of black elderberry in intestinal cholesterol metabolism despite its well-known effects on cholesterol homeostasis regulation. To investigate the effects of polyphenol-rich black elderberry extract (BEE) on intestinal cholesterol metabolism, we measured the expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and flux in Caco-2 cells. BEE significantly decreased the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels of genes for cholesterol absorption, such as Niemann–Pick C1 Like 1 and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). In contrast, there was marked induction of low-density lipoprotein receptor, ABCG5/G8, and ABCB1 in BEE-treated Caco-2 cells. Furthermore, BEE decreased the expression of genes for lipogenesis and altered the mRNA levels of sirtuins. All of the genes altered by BEE were in the direction of flux cholesterol from the basolateral to apical side of enterocytes, indicating stimulation of TICE. These results support the hypocholesterolemic effects of BEE for the prevention of CVD.
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10
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Pang J, Xu H, Wang X, Chen X, Li Q, Liu Q, You Y, Zhang H, Xu Z, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Ling W. Resveratrol enhances trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion through selective activation of intestinal liver X receptor alpha. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114481. [PMID: 33631191 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSV) is a dietary polyphenol with well-documented cardio-protective activity, but its effects on blood cholesterol levels remain to be established. Due to its poor bioavailability, tissue accumulation of RSV is extremely low except for that in the small intestine. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the dose-dependent effects of RSV on blood cholesterol levels and the involvement of small intestine in the cholesterol-lowering impacts of RSV. Mice were administrated with RSV at various doses with high-fat diet (HFD) or high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 12 weeks. The fecal neutral sterol contents were analyzed, and intestinal perfusion test was performed. An enteric barrier model using Caco-2 cells was established. We observed that RSV reduced blood cholesterol levels in a dose-dependent manner in mice fed with HFD or HCD. Further investigation revealed that RSV administration increased the bile acid pool size but did not affect cholesterol consumption or de novo cholesterol synthesis. Interestingly, RSV promoted trans-intestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) by 2-fold in the intestinal perfusion test. In addition, RSV upregulated the expressions of ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 5 or 8 (Abcg5/8) and ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1a or 1b (Abcb1a/b) by up to 8 times in the duodenum mucosa but not in the liver. RSV also significantly downregulated the expression of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (Npc1l1). Knock-down of liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) but not Sirt1 by siRNA significantly blocked RSV-induced cholesterol excretion in Caco-2 cells. In conclusion, RSV could decrease circulating cholesterol levels through enhancing TICE and limiting cholesterol absorption via selective activation of intestinal LXRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Huihui Xu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Qiannan Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Yiran You
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Hanyue Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Zhongliang Xu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Yinghui Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
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11
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Chen C, Lu L, Qin YT, Lv C, Wan XN, Guo XM. Combined Effects of Plant Sterols with Low Ratio of n-6/n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids against Atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- Mice. Curr Med Sci 2021; 40:1099-1106. [PMID: 33428138 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of low ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been clarified against atherosclerosis. Increasing evidence indicated that plant sterols (PS) have a significant cholesterol-lowering effect. This study explored the effects of PS combined with n-6/n-3 (2:1) PUFA on atherosclerosis and investigated the possible mechanism. In ApoE-/- mice, the milk fat in high fat diets was replaced with n-6/n-3 (2:1) PUFA alone or supplemented with 6% PS for 16 weeks. Results demonstrated that PS combined with PUFA exerted commentary and synergistic effects on ameliorating atherosclerosis, improving lipid metabolism and lipid deposition in liver, and alleviating inflammatory response. These changes were accompanied with decreased serum TC, TG, LDL-C and increased fecal cholesterol efflux, as well as the lower inflammatory cytokine CRP, IL-6, TNF-α. It is suggested that the underlying mechanism of PS combined with n-6/n-3 (2:1) PUFA promoting the fecal cholesterol efflux may be mediated by liver X receptor α/ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ya-Ting Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chao Lv
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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12
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Current Understanding of the Relationship of HDL Composition, Structure and Function to Their Cardioprotective Properties in Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091348. [PMID: 32967334 PMCID: PMC7564231 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the general population, the ability of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) to promote cholesterol efflux is a predictor of cardiovascular events, independently of HDL cholesterol levels. Although patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a high burden of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, neither serum levels of HDL cholesterol, nor cholesterol efflux capacity associate with cardiovascular events. Important for the following discussion on the role of HDL in CKD is the notion that traditional atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk factors only partially account for this increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in CKD. As a potential explanation, across the spectrum of cardiovascular disease, the relative contribution of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease becomes less important with advanced CKD. Impaired renal function directly affects the metabolism, composition and functionality of HDL particles. HDLs themselves are a heterogeneous population of particles with distinct sizes and protein composition, all of them affecting the functionality of HDL. Therefore, a more specific approach investigating the functional and compositional features of HDL subclasses might be a valuable strategy to decipher the potential link between HDL, cardiovascular disease and CKD. This review summarizes the current understanding of the relationship of HDL composition, metabolism and function to their cardio-protective properties in CKD, with a focus on CKD-induced changes in the HDL proteome and reverse cholesterol transport capacity. We also will highlight the gaps in the current knowledge regarding important aspects of HDL biology.
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13
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Han AR, Kim JH, Kim E, Cui J, Chai IS, Zhang G, Lee Y. Hypotriglyceridemic effects of brown seaweed consumption via regulation of bile acid excretion and hepatic lipogenesis in high fat diet-induced obese mice. Nutr Res Pract 2020; 14:580-592. [PMID: 33282121 PMCID: PMC7683202 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2020.14.6.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to further investigate the potential health beneficial effects of long-term seaweed supplementation on lipid metabolism and hepatic functions in DIO mice. MATERIALS/METHODS Four brown seaweeds (Undaria pinnatifida [UP], Laminaria japonica [LJ], Sargassum fulvellum [SF], or Hizikia fusiforme [HF]) were added to a high fat diet (HFD) at a 5% ratio and supplemented to C57BL/6N mice for 16 weeks. Triglycerides (TGs) and total cholesterol (TC) in the liver, feces, and plasma were measured. Fecal bile acid (BA) levels in feces were monitored. Hepatic insulin signaling- and lipogenesis-related proteins were evaluated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Fasting blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in the LJ, SF, and HF groups compared to the HFD group by the end of 16-week feeding period. Plasma TG levels and hepatic lipid accumulation were significantly reduced in all 4 seaweed supplemented groups, whereas plasma TC levels were only suppressed in the UP and HF groups compared to the HFD group. Fecal BA levels were significantly elevated by UP, LJ, and SF supplementation compared to HFD feeding only. Lastly, regarding hepatic insulin signaling-related proteins, phosphorylation of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase was significantly up-regulated by all 4 types of seaweed, whereas phosphorylation of protein kinase B was up-regulated only in the SF and HF groups. Lipogenesis-related proteins in the liver were effectively down-regulated by HF supplementation in DIO mice. CONCLUSIONS Brown seaweed consumption showed hypotriglyceridemic effects in the prolonged DIO mouse model. Specifically, combinatory regulation of BA excretion and lipogenesis-related proteins in the liver by seaweed supplementation contributed to the reduction of plasma and hepatic TG levels, which inhibited hyperglycemia in DIO mice. Thus, the discrepant and species-specific functions of brown seaweeds provide novel insights for the selection of future targets for therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Reum Han
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.,Yerae Elementary School, Jeju 63537, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Eunyoung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Jiamei Cui
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - In-Suk Chai
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Guiguo Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yunkyoung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
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14
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Castaño D, Rattanasopa C, Monteiro-Cardoso VF, Corlianò M, Liu Y, Zhong S, Rusu M, Liehn EA, Singaraja RR. Lipid efflux mechanisms, relation to disease and potential therapeutic aspects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:54-93. [PMID: 32423566 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are hydrophobic and amphiphilic molecules involved in diverse functions such as membrane structure, energy metabolism, immunity, and signaling. However, altered intra-cellular lipid levels or composition can lead to metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction, as well as lipotoxicity. Thus, intra-cellular lipid homeostasis is tightly regulated by multiple mechanisms. Since most peripheral cells do not catabolize cholesterol, efflux (extra-cellular transport) of cholesterol is vital for lipid homeostasis. Defective efflux contributes to atherosclerotic plaque development, impaired β-cell insulin secretion, and neuropathology. Of these, defective lipid efflux in macrophages in the arterial walls leading to foam cell and atherosclerotic plaque formation has been the most well studied, likely because a leading global cause of death is cardiovascular disease. Circulating high density lipoprotein particles play critical roles as acceptors of effluxed cellular lipids, suggesting their importance in disease etiology. We review here mechanisms and pathways that modulate lipid efflux, the role of lipid efflux in disease etiology, and therapeutic options aimed at modulating this critical process.
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15
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Kazemian N, Mahmoudi M, Halperin F, Wu JC, Pakpour S. Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease: opportunities and challenges. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:36. [PMID: 32169105 PMCID: PMC7071638 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common health problem worldwide and remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Over the past decade, it has become clear that the inhabitants of our gut, the gut microbiota, play a vital role in human metabolism, immunity, and reactions to diseases, including CAD. Although correlations have been shown between CAD and the gut microbiota, demonstration of potential causal relationships is much more complex and challenging. In this review, we will discuss the potential direct and indirect causal roots between gut microbiota and CAD development via microbial metabolites and interaction with the immune system. Uncovering the causal relationship of gut microbiota and CAD development can lead to novel microbiome-based preventative and therapeutic interventions. However, an interdisciplinary approach is required to shed light on gut bacterial-mediated mechanisms (e.g., using advanced nanomedicine technologies and incorporation of demographic factors such as age, sex, and ethnicity) to enable efficacious and high-precision preventative and therapeutic strategies for CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Kazemian
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | | | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sepideh Pakpour
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
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16
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Xia B, Lin P, Ji Y, Yin J, Wang J, Yang X, Li T, Yang Z, Li F, Guo S. Ezetimibe promotes CYP7A1 and modulates PPARs as a compensatory mechanism in LDL receptor-deficient hamsters. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:24. [PMID: 32035489 PMCID: PMC7007651 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-1202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The LDL-C lowering effect of ezetimibe has been attributed primarily to increased catabolism of LDL-C via up-regulation of LDL receptor (LDLR) and decreased cholesterol absorption. Recently, ezetimibe has been demonstrated to have reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) promoting effects in mice, hamsters and humans. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not clear. The aim of this study is to investigate whether ezetimibe improves RCT-related protein expression in LDLR−/− hamsters. Methods A high-fat diet was used to induce a human-like hyperlipidemia in LDLR−/− hamsters. Lipid profiles were assayed by commercially available kits, and the effects of ezetimibe on lipid metabolism-related protein expression were carried out via western blot. Results Our data demonstrated that ezetimibe administration significantly reduced plasma total cholesterol (~ 51.6% reduction, P < 0.01) and triglyceride (from ~ 884.1 mg/dL to ~ 277.3 mg/dL) levels in LDLR−/− hamsters fed a high-fat diet. Ezetimibe administration (25 mg/kg/d) significantly promoted the protein expression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase A1 (CYP7A1), LXRβ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ; and down-regulated the protein expression of PPARα and PPARβ. However, it showed no significant effect on sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c, SREBP-2, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), and ATP-biding cassette (ABC) G5/G8. Conclusion Ezetimibe may accelerate the transformation from cholesterol to bile acid via promoting CYP7A1 and thereby enhance RCT. As a compensatory mechanism of TG lowering, ezetimibe promoted the protein expression of PPARγ and decreased PPARα and β. These results are helpful in explaining the lipid-lowering effects of ezetimibe and the potential compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xia
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ping Lin
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yubin Ji
- College of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Jiayu Yin
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.,College of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.,College of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Ting Li
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.,College of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Zixun Yang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.,College of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Fahui Li
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Shoudong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China. .,College of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China.
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17
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Cedó L, Farràs M, Lee-Rueckert M, Escolà-Gil JC. Molecular Insights into the Mechanisms Underlying the Cholesterol- Lowering Effects of Phytosterols. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6704-6723. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190822154701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dietary phytosterols, which comprise plant sterols and stanols, reduce plasma Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C) levels when given 2 g/day. Since this dose has not been reported to cause health-related side effects in long-term human studies, food products containing these plant compounds are used as potential therapeutic dietary options to reduce LDL-C and cardiovascular disease risk. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cholesterol-lowering action of phytosterols. They may compete with dietary and biliary cholesterol for micellar solubilization in the intestinal lumen, impairing intestinal cholesterol absorption. Recent evidence indicates that phytosterols may also regulate other pathways. Impaired intestinal cholesterol absorption is usually associated with reduced cholesterol transport to the liver, which may reduce the incorporation of cholesterol into Very-Low- Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, thereby lowering the rate of VLDL assembly and secretion. Impaired liver VLDL production may reduce the rate of LDL production. On the other hand, significant evidence supports a role for plant sterols in the Transintestinal Cholesterol Excretion (TICE) pathway, although the exact mechanisms by which they promote the flow of cholesterol from the blood to enterocytes and the intestinal lumen remains unknown. Dietary phytosterols may also alter the conversion of bile acids into secondary bile acids, and may lower the bile acid hydrophobic/hydrophilic ratio, thereby reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption. This article reviews the progress to date in research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering effects of phytosterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Cedó
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Farràs
- Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease Division, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Zhu H, Chen J, He Z, Hao W, Liu J, Kwek E, Ma KY, Bi Y. Plasma Cholesterol-Lowering Activity of Soybean Germ Phytosterols. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112784. [PMID: 31731675 PMCID: PMC6893772 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean germ phytosterols (SGP) largely exist in soybean germ oil. Our previous study demonstrated that soybean germ oil was effective in reducing plasma cholesterol. However, it remains unknown if its phytosterols are the active ingredients responsible for the plasma cholesterol-lowering activity. The present study aimed to test the effect of SGP on plasma cholesterol and to investigate its associated underlying mechanisms using hamsters as animal model. Male hamsters (n = 40) were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8/group) and fed one of the five diets: a non-cholesterol diet (NCD), a high cholesterol diet (HCD), a HCD diet containing 0.5% cholestyramine (PC), and two HCD diets containing 0.1% (LP) and 0.2% (HP) SGP, respectively, for six weeks. Results showed that SPG reduced plasma cholesterol level in a dose-dependent manner, whereas it dose-dependently increased the excretion of both fecal neutral and acidic sterols. SGP was also effective in displacing cholesterol from micelles. It was concluded that SGP possessed hypocholesterolemic activity, likely by inhibiting cholesterol absorption in the intestine and promoting fecal sterol excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Jingnan Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China;
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +86-371-6775-8022
| | - Zouyan He
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Wangjun Hao
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Jianhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Erika Kwek
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Yanlan Bi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China;
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19
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Li D, Rodia CN, Johnson ZK, Bae M, Muter A, Heussinger AE, Tambini N, Longo AM, Dong H, Lee JY, Kohan AB. Intestinal basolateral lipid substrate transport is linked to chylomicron secretion and is regulated by apoC-III. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1503-1515. [PMID: 31152000 PMCID: PMC6718441 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m092460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chylomicron metabolism is critical for determining plasma levels of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and cholesterol, both of which are risk factors for CVD. The rates of chylomicron secretion and remnant clearance are controlled by intracellular and extracellular factors, including apoC-III. We have previously shown that human apoC-III overexpression in mice (apoC-IIITg mice) decreases the rate of chylomicron secretion into lymph, as well as the TAG composition in chylomicrons. We now find that this decrease in chylomicron secretion is not due to the intracellular effects of apoC-III, but instead that primary murine enteroids are capable of taking up TAG from TAG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) on their basolateral surface; and via Seahorse analyses, we find that mitochondrial respiration is induced by basolateral TRLs. Furthermore, TAG uptake into the enterocyte is inhibited when excess apoC-III is present on TRLs. In vivo, we find that dietary TAG is diverted from the cytosolic lipid droplets and driven toward mitochondrial FA oxidation when plasma apoC-III is high (or when basolateral substrates are absent). We propose that this pathway of basolateral lipid substrate transport (BLST) plays a physiologically relevant role in the maintenance of dietary lipid absorption and chylomicron secretion. Further, when apoC-III is in excess, it inhibits BLST and chylomicron secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Li
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Cayla N Rodia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Zania K Johnson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Minkyung Bae
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Angelika Muter
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Amy E Heussinger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Nicholas Tambini
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Austin M Longo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Hongli Dong
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
| | - Alison B Kohan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.
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20
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Meoli L, Ben-Zvi D, Panciotti C, Kvas S, Pizarro P, Munoz R, Stylopoulos N. Intestine-Specific Overexpression of LDLR Enhances Cholesterol Excretion and Induces Metabolic Changes in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2019; 160:744-758. [PMID: 30566603 PMCID: PMC6399722 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery is one of the most effective treatment options for severe obesity and related comorbidities, including hyperlipidemia, a well-established risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of RYGB may facilitate development of equally effective, but less invasive, treatments. Recent studies have revealed that RYGB increases low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression in the intestine of rodents. Therefore, in this study we first examined the effects of RYGB on intestinal cholesterol metabolism in human patients, and we show that they also exhibit profound changes and increased LDLR expression. We then hypothesized that the upregulation of intestinal LDLR may be sufficient to decrease circulating cholesterol levels. To this end, we generated and studied mice that overexpress human LDLR specifically in the intestine. This perturbation significantly affected intestinal metabolism, augmented fecal cholesterol excretion, and induced a reciprocal suppression of the machinery related to luminal cholesterol absorption and bile acid synthesis. Circulating cholesterol levels were significantly decreased and, remarkably, several other metabolic effects were similar to those observed in RYGB-treated rodents and patients, including improved glucose metabolism. These data highlight the importance of intestinal cholesterol metabolism for the beneficial metabolic effects of RYGB and for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Meoli
- Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Danny Ben-Zvi
- Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel–Canada, Hebrew University–Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Courtney Panciotti
- Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie Kvas
- Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Palmenia Pizarro
- Department of Digestive Surgery, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Munoz
- Department of Digestive Surgery, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicholas Stylopoulos
- Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Correspondence: Nicholas Stylopoulos, MD, Division of Endocrinology, CLS16066, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
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21
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Nakano T, Inoue I, Murakoshi T. A Newly Integrated Model for Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption and Efflux Reappraises How Plant Sterol Intake Reduces Circulating Cholesterol Levels. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020310. [PMID: 30717222 PMCID: PMC6412963 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis is maintained through a balance of de novo synthesis, intestinal absorption, and excretion from the gut. The small intestine contributes to cholesterol homeostasis by absorbing and excreting it, the latter of which is referred to as trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE). Because the excretion efficiency of endogenous cholesterol is inversely associated with the development of atherosclerosis, TICE provides an attractive therapeutic target. Thus, elucidation of the mechanism is warranted. We have shown that intestinal cholesterol absorption and TICE are inversely correlated in intestinal perfusion experiments in mice. In this review, we summarized 28 paired data sets for absorption efficiency and fecal neutral sterol excretion, a surrogate marker of TICE, obtained from 13 available publications in a figure, demonstrating the inverse correlation were nearly consistent with the assumption. We then offer a bidirectional flux model that accommodates absorption and TICE occurring in the same segment. In this model, the brush border membrane (BBM) of intestinal epithelial cells stands as the dividing ridge for cholesterol fluxes, making the opposite fluxes competitive and being coordinated by shared BBM-localized transporters, ATP-binding cassette G5/G8 and Niemann-Pick C1-like 1. Furthermore, the idea is applied to address how excess plant sterol/stanol (PS) intake reduces circulating cholesterol level, because the mechanism is still unclear. We propose that unabsorbable PS repeatedly shuttles between the BBM and lumen and promotes concomitant cholesterol efflux. Additionally, PSs, which are chemically analogous to cholesterol, may disturb the trafficking machineries that transport cholesterol to the cell interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanari Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
| | - Ikuo Inoue
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Murakoshi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
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Yu XH, Zhang DW, Zheng XL, Tang CK. Cholesterol transport system: An integrated cholesterol transport model involved in atherosclerosis. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 73:65-91. [PMID: 30528667 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the pathological basis of most cardiovascular disease (CVD), is closely associated with cholesterol accumulation in the arterial intima. Excessive cholesterol is removed by the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, representing a major antiatherogenic mechanism. In addition to the RCT, other pathways are required for maintaining the whole-body cholesterol homeostasis. Thus, we propose a working model of integrated cholesterol transport, termed the cholesterol transport system (CTS), to describe body cholesterol metabolism. The novel model not only involves the classical view of RCT but also contains other steps, such as cholesterol absorption in the small intestine, low-density lipoprotein uptake by the liver, and transintestinal cholesterol excretion. Extensive studies have shown that dysfunctional CTS is one of the major causes for hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Currently, several drugs are available to improve the CTS efficiently. There are also several therapeutic approaches that have entered into clinical trials and shown considerable promise for decreasing the risk of CVD. In recent years, a variety of novel findings reveal the molecular mechanisms for the CTS and its role in the development of atherosclerosis, thereby providing novel insights into the understanding of whole-body cholesterol transport and metabolism. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in this area with an emphasis on the therapeutic potential of targeting the CTS in CVD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Experiment Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Lian T, Wu Q, Hodge BA, Wilson KA, Yu G, Yang M. Drosophila Gut-A Nexus Between Dietary Restriction and Lifespan. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123810. [PMID: 30501099 PMCID: PMC6320777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is often defined as the accumulation of damage at the molecular and cellular levels which, over time, results in marked physiological impairments throughout the organism. Dietary restriction (DR) has been recognized as one of the strongest lifespan extending therapies observed in a wide array of organisms. Recent studies aimed at elucidating how DR promotes healthy aging have demonstrated a vital role of the digestive tract in mediating the beneficial effects of DR. Here, we review how dietary restriction influences gut metabolic homeostasis and immune function. Our discussion is focused on studies of the Drosophila digestive tract, where we describe in detail the potential mechanisms in which DR enhances maintenance of the intestinal epithelial barrier, up-regulates lipid metabolic processes, and improves the ability of the gut to deal with damage or stress. We also examine evidence of a tissue-tissue crosstalk between gut and neighboring organs including brain and fat body. Taken together, we argue that the Drosophila gut plays a critical role in DR-mediated lifespan extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lian
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Qi Wu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Brian A Hodge
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94947, USA.
| | - Kenneth A Wilson
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd., Novato, CA 94947, USA.
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Guixiang Yu
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Mingyao Yang
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Heo W, Lee ES, Cho HT, Kim JH, Lee JH, Yoon SM, Kwon HT, Yang S, Kim YJ. Lactobacillus plantarum LRCC 5273 isolated from Kimchi ameliorates diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in C57BL/6 mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1964-1972. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1497939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
This study was designed to select potent cholesterol-lowering probiotic strains on HepG2 cell and investigate the effect of selected strain, Lactobacillus plantarum LRCC 5273 and LRCC 5279 in hypercholesterolemic mice. In the results, LP5273 group showed significantly reduced total and LDL cholesterol compared to HCD group. In addition to significantly up-regulated hepatic mRNA expression of LXR-α and CYP7A1, intestinal LXR-α and ABCG5 were significantly up-regulated in LP5273 group. With activation of hepatic and intestinal LXR-α and its target genes, fecal cholesterol and bile acid excretion were increased in LP5273 fed mice. These results suggest that LP5273 ameliorates hypercholesterolemia in mice through the activation of hepatic and intestinal LXR-α, resulting in enhancement of fecal cholesterol and bile acids excretion in the small intestine. The results of present study suggest mechanistic evidences for hypocholesterolemic effects of L. plantarum spp., and may contribute to future researches for prevention of hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Heo
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Eui Seop Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Hyung Taek Cho
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Jin Hyup Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Young-Jun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
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Ahangari N, Ghayour Mobarhan M, Sahebkar A, Pasdar A. Molecular aspects of hypercholesterolemia treatment: current perspectives and hopes. Ann Med 2018; 50:303-311. [PMID: 29578362 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2018.1457795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a pathological condition which has been reported in 39% of the worlds' adult population. We aimed to review molecular aspects of current and novel therapeutic approaches based on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering strategies. Pathogenic mutations in the LDLR, ApoB, PCSK9 and LDLRAP genes cause deficient clearance of circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol particles via hepatic LDL receptor. This leads to increased plasma LDL cholesterol levels from birth, which can cause LDL depositions in the arterial walls. Ultimately, it progresses to atherosclerosis and an increased risk of premature cardiovascular diseases. Currently, statins, Ezetimibe, Bile acid sequestrants and PCSK9 inhibitors are the main therapeutic agents for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Moreover, novel RNA-based therapy had a strong impact on therapeutic strategies in recent decades. Additional development in understanding of the molecular basis of hypercholesterolemia will provide opportunities for the development of targeted therapy in the near future. Key Messages The most common genes involved in hypercholesterolemia are LDLR, PCSK9 and ApoB. Pharmacogenetic effects are typically constrained to pathways closely related to the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Change in lifestyle and diet along with treatment of the underlying disease and drug therapy are the current therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Ahangari
- a Departement of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour Mobarhan
- b Metabolic Syndrome Research Centre, School of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- c Biotechnology Research Center , Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,d Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Alireza Pasdar
- e Medical Genetics Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,f Division of Applied Medicine, Medical School , University of Aberdeen , Foresterhill , Aberdeen , UK
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26
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Gil-Ramírez A, Morales D, Soler-Rivas C. Molecular actions of hypocholesterolaemic compounds from edible mushrooms. Food Funct 2018; 9:53-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00835j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Edible mushrooms contain bioactive compounds able to modulate the expression of genes related to absorption, biosynthesis and transport of cholesterol and regulation of its homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Gil-Ramírez
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods
- CIAL – Research Institute in Food Science (UAM+CSIC)
- C/Nicolas Cabrera 9
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
| | - Diego Morales
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods
- CIAL – Research Institute in Food Science (UAM+CSIC)
- C/Nicolas Cabrera 9
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
| | - Cristina Soler-Rivas
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods
- CIAL – Research Institute in Food Science (UAM+CSIC)
- C/Nicolas Cabrera 9
- Campus de Cantoblanco
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid
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27
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van Schie MC, Jainandunsing S, van Lennep JER. Monogenetic disorders of the cholesterol metabolism and premature cardiovascular disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 816:146-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ahmadi Y, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Argani H. The effect of statins on the organs: similar or contradictory? J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2017; 9:64-70. [PMID: 28740624 PMCID: PMC5516053 DOI: 10.15171/jcvtr.2017.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxy-Methyl-Glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) – the main enzyme of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway – is mostly inhibited by statins in hepatocytes. In spite of the other tissues, liver utilizes cholesterol in different ways such as the synthesis of bile acids, excretion in to the intestine and synthesis of lipoproteins. Therefore, statins theoretically alter these pathways; although, there have not been such effects. In this review, we aim to show the roles of extra-hepatic tissues, in particular intestine, adipose and cutaneous tissues in providing the cholesterol after reduction of the whole body cholesterol content by statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ghorbanihaghjo
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Argani
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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29
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Lin X, Racette SB, Ma L, Wallendorf M, Ostlund RE. Ezetimibe Increases Endogenous Cholesterol Excretion in Humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:990-996. [PMID: 28279967 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ezetimibe improves cardiovascular outcomes when added to optimum statin treatment. It lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and percent intestinal cholesterol absorption, but the exact cardioprotective mechanism is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the dominant effect of ezetimibe is to increase the reverse transport of cholesterol from rapidly mixing endogenous cholesterol pool into the stool. APPROACH AND RESULTS In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind parallel trial in 24 healthy subjects with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 100 to 200 mg/dL, we measured cholesterol metabolism before and after a 6-week treatment period with ezetimibe 10 mg/d or placebo. Plasma cholesterol was labeled by intravenous infusion of cholesterol-d7 in a lipid emulsion and dietary cholesterol with cholesterol-d5 and sitostanol-d4 solubilized in oil. Plasma and stool samples collected during a cholesterol- and phytosterol-controlled metabolic kitchen diet were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Ezetimibe reduced intestinal cholesterol absorption efficiency 30±4.3% (SE, P<0.0001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 19.8±1.9% (P=0.0001). Body cholesterol pool size was unchanged, but fecal endogenous cholesterol excretion increased 66.6±12.2% (P<0.0001) and percent cholesterol excretion from body pools into the stool increased 74.7±14.3% (P<0.0001), whereas plasma cholesterol turnover rose 26.2±3.6% (P=0.0096). Fecal bile acids were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Ezetimibe increased the efficiency of reverse cholesterol transport from rapidly mixing plasma and tissue pools into the stool. Further work is needed to examine the potential relation of reverse cholesterol transport and whole body cholesterol metabolism to coronary events and the treatment of atherosclerosis. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01603758.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Lin
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (X.L., S.B.R., L.M., R.E.O.); Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (S.B.R.); and Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (M.W.)
| | - Susan B Racette
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (X.L., S.B.R., L.M., R.E.O.); Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (S.B.R.); and Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (M.W.)
| | - Lina Ma
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (X.L., S.B.R., L.M., R.E.O.); Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (S.B.R.); and Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (M.W.)
| | - Michael Wallendorf
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (X.L., S.B.R., L.M., R.E.O.); Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (S.B.R.); and Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (M.W.)
| | - Richard E Ostlund
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Lipid Research, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (X.L., S.B.R., L.M., R.E.O.); Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (S.B.R.); and Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (M.W.).
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30
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The Interpretation of Cholesterol Balance Derived Synthesis Data and Surrogate Noncholesterol Plasma Markers for Cholesterol Synthesis under Lipid Lowering Therapies. CHOLESTEROL 2017; 2017:5046294. [PMID: 28321334 PMCID: PMC5340945 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5046294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol balance procedure allows the calculation of cholesterol synthesis based on the assumption that loss of endogenous cholesterol via fecal excretion and bile acid synthesis is compensated by de novo synthesis. Under ezetimibe therapy hepatic cholesterol is diminished which can be compensated by hepatic de novo synthesis and hepatic extraction of plasma cholesterol. The plasma lathosterol concentration corrected for total cholesterol concentration (R_Lath) as a marker of de novo cholesterol synthesis is increased during ezetimibe treatment but unchanged under treatment with ezetimibe and simvastatin. Cholesterol balance derived synthesis data increase during both therapies. We hypothesize the following. (1) The cholesterol balance data must be applied to the hepatobiliary cholesterol pool. (2) The calculated cholesterol synthesis value is the sum of hepatic de novo synthesis and the net plasma-liver cholesterol exchange rate. (3) The reduced rate of biliary cholesterol absorption is the major trigger for the regulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism under ezetimibe treatment. Supportive experimental and literature data are presented that describe changes of cholesterol fluxes under ezetimibe, statin, and combined treatments in omnivores and vegans, link plasma R_Lath to liver function, and define hepatic de novo synthesis as target for regulation of synthesis. An ezetimibe dependent direct hepatic drug effect cannot be excluded.
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Nghiem-Rao TH, Patel SB. Investigating Sitosterolemia to Understand Lipid Physiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 8:649-658. [PMID: 29928317 DOI: 10.2217/clp.13.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cholesterol molecule is at the center of the pathophysiology of many vascular diseases. Whole-body cholesterol pools are maintained by a balance of endogenous synthesis, dietary absorption and elimination from our bodies. While the cellular aspects of cholesterol metabolism received significant impetus from the seminal work of Goldstein and Brown investigating LDL receptor trafficking, how dietary cholesterol was absorbed and eliminated was relatively neglected. The identification of the molecular defect a rare human disorder, Sitosterolemia, led to elucidation of a key mechanism of how we regulate the excretory pathway in the liver and in the intestine. Two proteins, ABCG5 and ABCG8, constitute a heterodimeric transporter that facilitates the extrusion of sterols from the cell into the biliary lumen, with a preference for xenosterols. This mechanism explained how dietary xenosterols are prevented from accumulating in our bodies. In addition, this disease has also highlighted the potential harm of xenosterols; macrothrombocytopenia, liver disease and endocrine disruption are seen when xenosterols accumulate. Mouse models of this disease suggest that there are more dramatic alterations of physiology, suggesting that these highly conserved mechanisms have evolved to prevent these xenosterols from accumulating in our bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shailendra B Patel
- Medical College of Wisconsin, and the Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI
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32
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Stöger JL, Boshuizen MCS, Brufau G, Gijbels MJJ, Wolfs IMJ, van der Velden S, Pöttgens CCH, Vergouwe MN, Wijnands E, Beckers L, Goossens P, Kerksiek A, Havinga R, Müller W, Lütjohann D, Groen AK, de Winther MPJ. Deleting myeloid IL-10 receptor signalling attenuates atherosclerosis in LDLR-/- mice by altering intestinal cholesterol fluxes. Thromb Haemost 2016; 116:565-77. [PMID: 27358035 DOI: 10.1160/th16-01-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses and cholesterol homeostasis are interconnected in atherogenesis. Interleukin (IL)-10 is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine, known to suppress atherosclerosis development. However, the specific cell types responsible for the atheroprotective effects of IL-10 remain to be defined and knowledge on the actions of IL-10 in cholesterol homeostasis is scarce. Here we investigated the functional involvement of myeloid IL-10-mediated atheroprotection. To do so, bone marrow from IL-10 receptor 1 (IL-10R1) wild-type and myeloid IL-10R1-deficient mice was transplanted to lethally irradiated female LDLR-/- mice. Hereafter, mice were given a high cholesterol diet for 10 weeks after which atherosclerosis development and cholesterol metabolism were investigated. In vitro, myeloid IL-10R1 deficiency resulted in a pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype. However, in vivo significantly reduced lesion size and severity was observed. This phenotype was associated with lower myeloid cell accumulation and more apoptosis in the lesions. Additionally, a profound reduction in plasma and liver cholesterol was observed upon myeloid IL-10R1 deficiency, which was reflected in plaque lipid content. This decreased hypercholesterolaemia was associated with lowered very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, likely as a response to decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption. In addition, IL-10R1 deficient mice demonstrated substantially higher faecal sterol loss caused by increased non-biliary cholesterol efflux. The induction of this process was linked to impaired ACAT2-mediated esterification of liver and plasma cholesterol. Overall, myeloid cells do not contribute to IL-10-mediated atheroprotection. In addition, this study demonstrates a novel connection between IL-10-mediated inflammation and cholesterol homeostasis in atherosclerosis. These findings make us reconsider IL-10 as a beneficial influence on atherosclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Biological Transport, Active
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Cholesterol, Dietary/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Hypercholesterolemia/prevention & control
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Myeloid Cells/pathology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/etiology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/metabolism
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- Receptors, Interleukin-10/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-10/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase/metabolism
- Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Menno P J de Winther
- Prof. M. P. J. de Winther, PhD, Experimental Vascular Biology, Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 20 5666762, E-mail:
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Horikawa K, Hashimoto C, Kikuchi Y, Makita M, Fukudome SI, Okita K, Wada N, Oishi K. Wheat alkylresorcinols reduce micellar solubility of cholesterol in vitro and increase cholesterol excretion in mice. Nat Prod Res 2016; 31:578-582. [PMID: 27312999 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1198347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that the consumption of whole grains can reduce risk for metabolic disorders. We recently showed that chronic supplementation with wheat alkylresorcinols (ARs) prevents glucose intolerance and insulin resistance with hepatic lipid accumulation induced in mice by a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHSD). This study examines the effects of ARs on the micellar solubility of cholesterol in vitro, as well as the effects of transient AR supplementation on faecal lipid excretion and plasma lipid levels in mice. We found that ARs formed bile micelles with taurocholate independently of phospholipids, and dose-dependently decreased the micellar solubility of cholesterol in a biliary micelle model. Transient AR supplementation with HFHSD increased faecal cholesterol and triglyceride contents and decreased plasma cholesterol concentrations. These suggest that one underlying mechanism through which ARs suppress diet-induced obesity is by interfering with the micellar cholesterol solubilisation in the digestive tract, which subsequently decreases cholesterol absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Horikawa
- a Biological Clock Research Group , Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - Chiaki Hashimoto
- a Biological Clock Research Group , Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba , Japan.,b Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Biological Science , Tokyo University of Science , Noda, Chiba , Japan
| | - Yosuke Kikuchi
- c Quality Assurance Division, Research Center for Basic Science, Research and Development , Nisshin Seifun Group Inc. , Fujimino, Saitama , Japan
| | - Miki Makita
- c Quality Assurance Division, Research Center for Basic Science, Research and Development , Nisshin Seifun Group Inc. , Fujimino, Saitama , Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Fukudome
- c Quality Assurance Division, Research Center for Basic Science, Research and Development , Nisshin Seifun Group Inc. , Fujimino, Saitama , Japan
| | - Kimiko Okita
- d Yeast Function Development Unit , Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. , Itabashi , Japan
| | - Naoyuki Wada
- b Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Biological Science , Tokyo University of Science , Noda, Chiba , Japan
| | - Katsutaka Oishi
- a Biological Clock Research Group , Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Tsukuba , Japan.,e Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba , Japan.,f Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology , Tokyo University of Science , Noda, Chiba , Japan
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Meriwether D, Sulaiman D, Wagner A, Grijalva V, Kaji I, Williams KJ, Yu L, Fogelman S, Volpe C, Bensinger SJ, Anantharamaiah GM, Shechter I, Fogelman AM, Reddy ST. Transintestinal transport of the anti-inflammatory drug 4F and the modulation of transintestinal cholesterol efflux. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1175-93. [PMID: 27199144 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m067025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The site and mechanism of action of the apoA-I mimetic peptide 4F are incompletely understood. Transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE) is a process involved in the clearance of excess cholesterol from the body. While TICE is responsible for at least 30% of the clearance of neutral sterols from the circulation into the intestinal lumen, few pharmacological agents have been identified that modulate this pathway. We show first that circulating 4F selectively targets the small intestine (SI) and that it is predominantly transported into the intestinal lumen. This transport of 4F into the SI lumen is transintestinal in nature, and it is modulated by TICE. We also show that circulating 4F increases reverse cholesterol transport from macrophages and cholesterol efflux from lipoproteins via the TICE pathway. We identify the cause of this modulation of TICE either as 4F being a cholesterol acceptor with respect to enterocytes, from which 4F enhances cholesterol efflux, or as 4F being an intestinal chaperone with respect to TICE. Our results assign a novel role for 4F as a modulator of the TICE pathway and suggest that the anti-inflammatory functions of 4F may be a partial consequence of the codependent intestinal transport of both 4F and cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Meriwether
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dawoud Sulaiman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Degree Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alan Wagner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Victor Grijalva
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Izumi Kaji
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kevin J Williams
- Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Liqing Yu
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
| | - Spencer Fogelman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Carmen Volpe
- Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - G M Anantharamaiah
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Ishaiahu Shechter
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Srinivasa T Reddy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA Department of Medical and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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Zhao D. Challenges associated with elucidating the mechanisms of the hypocholesterolaemic activity of saponins. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Acuña M, González-Hódar L, Amigo L, Castro J, Morales MG, Cancino GI, Groen AK, Young J, Miquel JF, Zanlungo S. Transgenic overexpression of Niemann-Pick C2 protein promotes cholesterol gallstone formation in mice. J Hepatol 2016; 64:361-369. [PMID: 26453970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Niemann-Pick C2 (NPC2) is a lysosomal protein involved in the egress of low-density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol from lysosomes to other intracellular compartments. NPC2 has been detected in several tissues and is also secreted from the liver into bile. We have previously shown that NPC2-deficient mice fed a lithogenic diet showed reduced biliary cholesterol secretion as well as cholesterol crystal and gallstone formation. This study aimed to investigate the consequences of NPC2 hepatic overexpression on liver cholesterol metabolism, biliary lipid secretion, gallstone formation and the effect of NPC2 on cholesterol crystallization in model bile. METHODS We generated NPC2 transgenic mice (Npc2.Tg) and fed them either chow or lithogenic diets. We studied liver cholesterol metabolism, biliary lipid secretion, bile acid composition and gallstone formation. We performed cholesterol crystallization studies in model bile using a recombinant NPC2 protein. RESULTS No differences were observed in biliary cholesterol content or secretion between wild-type and Npc2.Tg mice fed the chow or lithogenic diets. Interestingly, Npc2.Tg mice showed an increased susceptibility to the lithogenic diet, developing more cholesterol gallstones at early times, but did not show differences in the bile acid hydrophobicity and gallbladder cholesterol saturation indices compared to wild-type mice. Finally, recombinant NPC2 decreased nucleation time in model bile. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that NPC2 promotes cholesterol gallstone formation by decreasing the cholesterol nucleation time, indicating a pro-nucleating function of NPC2 in bile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Acuña
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP "Center for Genome Regulation" (CGR), Santiago, Chile
| | - Lila González-Hódar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ludwig Amigo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Castro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Gabriela Morales
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo I Cancino
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Albert K Groen
- Departments of Pediatrics/Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Young
- Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECs), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan Francisco Miquel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP "Center for Genome Regulation" (CGR), Santiago, Chile
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP "Center for Genome Regulation" (CGR), Santiago, Chile.
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Downing LE, Heidker RM, Caiozzi GC, Wong BS, Rodriguez K, Del Rey F, Ricketts ML. A Grape Seed Procyanidin Extract Ameliorates Fructose-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia in Rats via Enhanced Fecal Bile Acid and Cholesterol Excretion and Inhibition of Hepatic Lipogenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140267. [PMID: 26458107 PMCID: PMC4601771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether a grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) exerts a triglyceride-lowering effect in a hyperlipidemic state using the fructose-fed rat model and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Rats were fed either a starch control diet or a diet containing 65% fructose for 8 weeks to induce hypertriglyceridemia. During the 9th week of the study, rats were maintained on their respective diet and administered vehicle or GSPE via oral gavage for 7 days. Fructose increased serum triglyceride levels by 171% after 9 weeks, compared to control, while GSPE administration attenuated this effect, resulting in a 41% decrease. GSPE inhibited hepatic lipogenesis via down-regulation of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 in the fructose-fed animals. GSPE increased fecal bile acid and total lipid excretion, decreased serum bile acid levels and increased the expression of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis. However, bile acid biosynthetic gene expression was not increased in the presence of GSPE and fructose. Serum cholesterol levels remained constant, while hepatic cholesterol levels decreased. GSPE did not modulate expression of genes responsible for esterification or biliary export of the newly synthesized cholesterol, but did increase fecal cholesterol excretion, suggesting that in the presence of GSPE and fructose, the liver may secrete more free cholesterol into the plasma which may then be shunted to the proximal small intestine for direct basolateral to apical secretion and subsequent fecal excretion. Our results demonstrate that GSPE effectively lowers serum triglyceride levels in fructose-fed rats after one week administration. This study provides novel insight into the mechanistic actions of GSPE in treating hypertriglyceridemia and demonstrates that it targets hepatic de novo lipogenesis, bile acid homeostasis and non-biliary cholesterol excretion as important mechanisms for reducing hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic lipid accumulation in the presence of fructose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Downing
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Rebecca M. Heidker
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Gianella C. Caiozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Brian S. Wong
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Kelvin Rodriguez
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Fernando Del Rey
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Marie-Louise Ricketts
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nicotinic Acid Accelerates HDL Cholesteryl Ester Turnover in Obese Insulin-Resistant Dogs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136934. [PMID: 26366727 PMCID: PMC4569091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Nicotinic acid (NA) treatment decreases plasma triglycerides and increases HDL cholesterol, but the mechanisms involved in these change are not fully understood. A reduction in cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity has been advanced to explain most lipid-modulating effects of NA. However, due to the central role of CETP in reverse cholesterol transport in humans, other effects of NA may have been hidden. As dogs have no CETP activity, we conducted this study to examine the specific effects of extended-release niacin (NA) on lipids and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesteryl ester (CE) turnover in obese Insulin-Resistant dogs with increase plasma triglycerides. METHODS HDL kinetics were assessed in fasting dogs before and four weeks after NA treatment through endogenous labeling of cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI by simultaneous infusion of [1,2 13C2] acetate and [5,5,5 2H3] leucine for 8 h. Kinetic data were analyzed by compartmental modeling. In vitro cell cholesterol efflux of serum from NA-treated dogs was also measured. RESULTS NA reduced plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and very-low-density lipoprotein TG concentrations (p < 0.05). The kinetic study also showed a higher cholesterol esterification rate (p < 0.05). HDL-CE turnover was accelerated (p < 0.05) via HDL removal through endocytosis and selective CE uptake (p < 0.05). We measured an elevated in vitro cell cholesterol efflux (p < 0.05) with NA treatment in accordance with a higher cholesterol esterification. CONCLUSION NA decreased HDL cholesterol but promoted cholesterol efflux and esterification, leading to improved reverse cholesterol transport. These results highlight the CETP-independent effects of NA in changes of plasma lipid profile.
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Cao P, Pan H, Xiao T, Zhou T, Guo J, Su Z. Advances in the Study of the Antiatherogenic Function and Novel Therapies for HDL. Int J Mol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26225968 PMCID: PMC4581191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels could improve the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is facing challenges. There is multitudinous clear clinical evidence that the latest failures of HDL-C-raising drugs show no clear association with risks for CVD. At the genetic level, recent research indicates that steady-state HDL-C concentrations may provide limited information regarding the potential antiatherogenic functions of HDL. It is evident that the newer strategies may replace therapeutic approaches to simply raise plasma HDL-C levels. There is an urgent need to identify an efficient biomarker that accurately predicts the increased risk of atherosclerosis (AS) in patients and that may be used for exploring newer therapeutic targets. Studies from recent decades show that the composition, structure and function of circulating HDL are closely associated with high cardiovascular risk. A vast amount of data demonstrates that the most important mechanism through which HDL antagonizes AS involves the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) process. Clinical trials of drugs that specifically target HDL have so far proven disappointing, so it is necessary to carry out review on the HDL therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiu Cao
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipemia SATCM/Class III, Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Haitao Pan
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipemia SATCM/Class III, Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tiancun Xiao
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK.
- Guangzhou Boxabio Ltd., D-106 Guangzhou International Business Incubator, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guangzhou Boxabio Ltd., D-106 Guangzhou International Business Incubator, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Jiao Guo
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipemia SATCM/Class III, Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipemia SATCM/Class III, Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Temel RE, Brown JM. A new model of reverse cholesterol transport: enTICEing strategies to stimulate intestinal cholesterol excretion. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:440-51. [PMID: 25930707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the largest cause of mortality in most developed countries. Although recent failed clinical trials and Mendelian randomization studies have called into question the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) hypothesis, it remains well accepted that stimulating the process of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) can prevent or even regress atherosclerosis. The prevailing model for RCT is that cholesterol from the artery wall must be delivered to the liver where it is secreted into bile before leaving the body through fecal excretion. However, many studies have demonstrated that RCT can proceed through a non-biliary pathway known as transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE). The goal of this review is to discuss the current state of knowledge of the TICE pathway, with emphasis on points of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Abstract
Bile acids are the end products of cholesterol catabolism. Hepatic bile acid synthesis accounts for a major fraction of daily cholesterol turnover in humans. Biliary secretion of bile acids generates bile flow and facilitates hepatobiliary secretion of lipids, lipophilic metabolites, and xenobiotics. In the intestine, bile acids are essential for the absorption, transport, and metabolism of dietary fats and lipid-soluble vitamins. Extensive research in the last 2 decades has unveiled new functions of bile acids as signaling molecules and metabolic integrators. The bile acid-activated nuclear receptors farnesoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, vitamin D receptor, and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor play critical roles in the regulation of lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism, inflammation, and drug metabolism and detoxification. Bile acid synthesis exhibits a strong diurnal rhythm, which is entrained by fasting and refeeding as well as nutrient status and plays an important role for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Recent research revealed an interaction of liver bile acids and gut microbiota in the regulation of liver metabolism. Circadian disturbance and altered gut microbiota contribute to the pathogenesis of liver diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, and obesity. Bile acids and their derivatives are potential therapeutic agents for treating metabolic diseases of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiangang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (T.L.); and Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio (J.Y.L.C.)
| | - John Y L Chiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (T.L.); and Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio (J.Y.L.C.)
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Davidson NO. Overview and introduction: thematic review series on intestinal lipid metabolism. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:487-488. [PMID: 25684761 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.e058503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Davidson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.
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Wang J, Mitsche MA, Lütjohann D, Cohen JC, Xie XS, Hobbs HH. Relative roles of ABCG5/ABCG8 in liver and intestine. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:319-30. [PMID: 25378657 PMCID: PMC4306686 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m054544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABCG5 (G5) and ABCG8 (G8) form a sterol transporter that acts in liver and intestine to prevent accumulation of dietary sterols. Mutations in either G5 or G8 cause sitosterolemia, a recessive disorder characterized by sterol accumulation and premature coronary atherosclerosis. Hepatic G5G8 mediates cholesterol excretion into bile, but the function and relative importance of intestinal G5G8 has not been defined. To determine the role of intestinal G5G8, we developed liver-specific (L-G5G8(-/-)), intestine-specific (I-G5G8(-/-)), and total (G5G8(-/-)) KO mice. Tissue levels of sitosterol, the most abundant plant sterol, were >90-fold higher in G5G8(-/-) mice than in WT animals. Expression of G5G8 only in intestine or only in liver decreased tissue sterol levels by 90% when compared with G5G8(-/-) animals. Biliary sterol secretion was reduced in L-G5G8(-/-) and G5G8(-/-) mice, but not in I-G5G8(-/-) mice. Conversely, absorption of plant sterols was increased in I-G5G8(-/-) and G5G8(-/-) mice, but not in L-G5G8(-/-) mice. Reverse cholesterol transport, as assessed from the fraction of intravenously administered (3)H-cholesterol that appeared in feces, was reduced in G5G8(-/-), I-G5G8(-/-), and L-G5G8(-/-) mice. Thus, G5G8 expression in both the liver and intestine protects animals from sterol accumulation, and intestinal G5G8 contributes to extrahepatic cholesterol efflux in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Matthew A Mitsche
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jonathan C Cohen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Xiao-Song Xie
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Helen H Hobbs
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 prevents atherosclerosis via inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7496-504. [PMID: 25261526 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02926-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 on the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice. Eight-week-old ApoE(-/-) mice were fed a Western diet with or without L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 daily for 16 weeks. L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 protected ApoE(-/-) mice from atherosclerosis by reducing their plasma cholesterol levels from 923 ± 44 to 581 ± 18 mg/dl, likely via a marked decrease in cholesterol absorption caused by modulation of Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1). In addition, suppression of cholesterol absorption induced reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in macrophages through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor/liver X receptor (PPAR/LXR) pathway. Fecal lactobacillus and bifidobacterium counts were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 treatment groups than in the control groups. Furthermore, L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 was detected in the rat small intestine, colon, and feces during the feeding trial. The bacterial levels remained high even after the administration of lactic acid bacteria had been stopped for 2 weeks. These results suggest that administration of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 can protect against atherosclerosis through the inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption. Therefore, L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 may be a potential therapeutic material for preventing the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Neels JG, Grimaldi PA. Physiological functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:795-858. [PMID: 24987006 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PPARα, PPARβ, and PPARγ, are a family of transcription factors activated by a diversity of molecules including fatty acids and fatty acid metabolites. PPARs regulate the transcription of a large variety of genes implicated in metabolism, inflammation, proliferation, and differentiation in different cell types. These transcriptional regulations involve both direct transactivation and interaction with other transcriptional regulatory pathways. The functions of PPARα and PPARγ have been extensively documented mainly because these isoforms are activated by molecules clinically used as hypolipidemic and antidiabetic compounds. The physiological functions of PPARβ remained for a while less investigated, but the finding that specific synthetic agonists exert beneficial actions in obese subjects uplifted the studies aimed to elucidate the roles of this PPAR isoform. Intensive work based on pharmacological and genetic approaches and on the use of both in vitro and in vivo models has considerably improved our knowledge on the physiological roles of PPARβ in various cell types. This review will summarize the accumulated evidence for the implication of PPARβ in the regulation of development, metabolism, and inflammation in several tissues, including skeletal muscle, heart, skin, and intestine. Some of these findings indicate that pharmacological activation of PPARβ could be envisioned as a therapeutic option for the correction of metabolic disorders and a variety of inflammatory conditions. However, other experimental data suggesting that activation of PPARβ could result in serious adverse effects, such as carcinogenesis and psoriasis, raise concerns about the clinical use of potent PPARβ agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap G Neels
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team "Adaptive Responses to Immuno-metabolic Dysregulations," Nice, France; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Paul A Grimaldi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U 1065, Mediterranean Center of Molecular Medicine (C3M), Team "Adaptive Responses to Immuno-metabolic Dysregulations," Nice, France; and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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46
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Degirolamo C, Sabbà C, Moschetta A. Intestinal nuclear receptors in HDL cholesterol metabolism. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:1262-70. [PMID: 25070952 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r052704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine plays a pivotal role in cholesterol homeostasis by functioning as an absorptive and secretory organ in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. Enterocytes control cholesterol absorption, apoAI synthesis, HDL biogenesis, and nonbiliary cholesterol fecal disposal. Thus, intestine-based therapeutic interventions may hold promise in the management of diseases driven by cholesterol overload. Lipid-sensing nuclear receptors (NRs) are highly expressed in the intestinal epithelium and regulate transcriptionally the handling of cholesterol by the enterocytes. Here, we discuss the NR regulation of cholesterol fluxes across the enterocytes with special emphasis on NR exploitation as a bona fide novel HDL-raising strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Degirolamo
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Clinica Medica "Cesare Frugoni", Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", 70124 Bari, Italy Clinica Medica "Cesare Frugoni", Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
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Breevoort SR, Angdisen J, Schulman IG. Macrophage-independent regulation of reverse cholesterol transport by liver X receptors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1650-60. [PMID: 24947527 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ability of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles to accept cholesterol from peripheral cells, such as lipid-laden macrophages, and to transport cholesterol to the liver for catabolism and excretion in a process termed reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is thought to underlie the beneficial cardiovascular effects of elevated HDL. The liver X receptors (LXRs; LXRα and LXRβ) regulate RCT by controlling the efflux of cholesterol from macrophages to HDL and the excretion, catabolism, and absorption of cholesterol in the liver and intestine. Importantly, treatment with LXR agonists increases RCT and decreases atherosclerosis in animal models. Nevertheless, LXRs are expressed in multiple tissues involved in RCT, and their tissue-specific contributions to RCT are still not well defined. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using tissue-specific LXR deletions together with in vitro and in vivo assays of cholesterol efflux and fecal cholesterol excretion, we demonstrate that macrophage LXR activity is neither necessary nor sufficient for LXR agonist-stimulated RCT. In contrast, the ability of LXR agonists primarily acting in the intestine to increase HDL mass and HDL function seems to underlie the ability of LXR agonists to stimulate RCT in vivo. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that activation of LXR in macrophages makes little or no contribution to LXR agonist-stimulated RCT. Unexpectedly, our studies suggest that the ability of macrophages to efflux cholesterol to HDL in vivo is not regulated by macrophage activity but is primarily determined by the quantity and functional activity of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Breevoort
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Jerry Angdisen
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Ira G Schulman
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
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Uto-Kondo H, Ayaori M, Sotherden GM, Nakaya K, Sasaki M, Yogo M, Komatsu T, Takiguchi S, Yakushiji E, Ogura M, Nishida T, Endo Y, Ikewaki K. Ezetimibe enhances macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in hamsters: contribution of hepato-biliary pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1247-55. [PMID: 24989153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is pivotal in the return of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for excretion in bile and eventually feces. RCT from macrophages is a critical anti-atherogenicity mechanism of HDL. As the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe promoted RCT in mice, which lack cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), we investigated its effects in hamsters, which have CETP. A high-cholesterol diet (HC) increased cholesterol levels throughout lipoprotein fractions and ezetimibe markedly reduced VLDL/LDL cholesterol levels under both normal chow (NC) and HC. However, ezetimibe did not affect and reduced HDL-cholesterol levels under NC and HC, respectively. Intraperitoneal injection of (3)H-cholesterol pre-labeled macrophages in an in vivo RCT assay increased tracer accumulation in the liver but reduced it in bile under HC, and these changes were completely cancelled by ezetimibe. Under both NC and HC, ezetimibe reduced tracer levels in the liver but increased them in feces, indicating promotion of RCT in vivo. We performed a RCT assay using hamsters subjected to bile duct ligation (BDL) to clarify whether a transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE) pathway contributes to ezetimibe's enhancement of RCT. BDL markedly inhibited macrophage-derived (3)H-cholesterol excretion to feces and cancelled ezetimibe's stimulatory effect on RCT, suggesting that biliary cholesterol excretion is a major contributor in RCT promotion by ezetimibe but the contribution of the TICE pathway is minimal. In conclusions, ezetimibe exerts an additive anti-atherogenic property by enhancing RCT in hamsters. Our findings suggest that this property is independent of the TICE pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harumi Uto-Kondo
- Division of Anti-aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Ayaori
- Division of Anti-aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan.
| | - Grace Megumi Sotherden
- Division of Anti-aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakaya
- Division of Anti-aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Sasaki
- Division of Anti-aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Yogo
- Division of Anti-aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Komatsu
- Division of Anti-aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Shunichi Takiguchi
- Division of Anti-aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Emi Yakushiji
- Division of Anti-aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Masatsune Ogura
- Division of Anti-aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takafumi Nishida
- Division of Anti-aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Endo
- Division of Anti-aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Katsunori Ikewaki
- Division of Anti-aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Mangat R, Proctor SD. Emerging pathways in the regulation of whole body cholesterol flux: therapeutic opportunities to target atherosclerosis? J Lipid Res 2014; 55:796-7. [PMID: 24670991 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.e049502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rabban Mangat
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids Group, Alberta Diabetes and Mazankowski Heart Institutes, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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50
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Gérard P. Metabolism of cholesterol and bile acids by the gut microbiota. Pathogens 2013; 3:14-24. [PMID: 25437605 PMCID: PMC4235735 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens3010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastro-intestinal tract hosts a complex and diverse microbial community, whose collective genetic coding capacity vastly exceeds that of the human genome. As a consequence, the gut microbiota produces metabolites from a large range of molecules that host's enzymes are not able to convert. Among these molecules, two main classes of steroids, cholesterol and bile acids, denote two different examples of bacterial metabolism in the gut. Therefore, cholesterol is mainly converted into coprostanol, a non absorbable sterol which is excreted in the feces. Moreover, this conversion occurs in a part of the human population only. Conversely, the primary bile acids (cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids) are converted to over twenty different secondary bile acid metabolites by the gut microbiota. The main bile salt conversions, which appear in the gut of the whole human population, include deconjugation, oxidation and epimerization of hydroxyl groups at C3, C7 and C12, 7-dehydroxylation, esterification and desulfatation. If the metabolisms of cholesterol and bile acids by the gut microbiota are known for decades, their consequences on human health and disease are poorly understood and only start to be considered.
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