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He Z, Zhu H, Liu J, Kwek E, Ma KY, Chen ZY. Mangiferin alleviates trimethylamine- N-oxide (TMAO)-induced atherogenesis and modulates gut microbiota in mice. Food Funct 2023; 14:9212-9225. [PMID: 37781894 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02791k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), originating from dietary trimethylamine-containing nutrients such as choline, has been recognized as a risk factor for atherosclerosis. Mangiferin is a bioactive xanthone initially extracted from mango (Mangifera indica). The present study aimed to investigate the effect of mangiferin on TMAO-induced atherogenesis in mice fed a high-choline diet. Female ApoE-/- mice were randomly divided into three groups and fed either a control diet, a high-choline diet with 1% free choline, or an experimental diet with 1% free choline plus 0.5% mangiferin for 15 weeks. Our results showed that a high-choline diet elevated plasma TMAO levels, accelerated atherogenesis, promoted cholesterol accumulation, and reduced the generation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by gut microbes. Mangiferin alleviated inflammation, and lowered plasma total cholesterol levels by facilitating the elimination of neutral and acidic sterols in feces, resulting in a 16.7-29.0% reduction in aortic atherosclerotic lesions. Notably, mangiferin could favorably remodel the composition of the gut microbiota by fostering the growth of the beneficial taxa Akkermansia, Parabacteroides, and Bifidobacteriaceae, while reducing the relative abundance of the pathogenic genus Helicobacter. This modulation led to a decrease in plasma lipopolysaccharide levels, enhanced the production of total SCFAs by gut microbes, and reduced susceptibility to atherosclerosis. In conclusion, mangiferin exhibited its ability to alleviate TMAO-induced atherosclerosis through its anti-inflammatory, cholesterol-lowering, and gut microbial modulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouyan He
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, NT, China.
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, NT, China.
- School of Food Science and Engineering/South China Food Safety Research Center, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Erika Kwek
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, NT, China.
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, NT, China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, NT, China.
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Yan C, Huang SH, Ding HF, Kwek E, Liu JH, Chen ZX, Ma KY, Chen ZY. Adverse effect of oxidized cholesterol exposure on colitis is mediated by modulation of gut microbiota. J Hazard Mater 2023; 459:132057. [PMID: 37467611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Both cholesterol and oxidized cholesterol (OXC) are present in human diets. The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) is increasing in the world. The present study was to investigate the mechanism by which OXC promotes colitis using C57BL/6 mice as a model. Results shown that more severe colitis was developed in OXC-treated mice with the administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in water. Direct effects of short-term OXC exposure on gut barrier or inflammation were not observed in healthy mice. However, OXC exposure could cause gut microbiota dysbiosis with a decrease in the relative abundance of short-train fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria (Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Blautia) and an increase in the abundance of some potential harmful bacteria (Bacteroides). OXC-induced symptoms of colitis were eliminated when mice were administered with antibiotic cocktails, indicating the promoting effect of OXC on DSS-induced colitis was mediated by its effect on gut microbiota. Moreover, bacteria-depleted mice colonized with gut microbiome from OXC-DSS-exposed mice exhibited a severe colitis, further proving the gut dysbiosis caused by OXC exposure was the culprit in exacerbating the colitis. It was concluded that dietary OXC exposure increased the susceptibility of colitis in mice by causing gut microbiota dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yan
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shou-He Huang
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua-Fang Ding
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Erika Kwek
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian-Hui Liu
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zi-Xing Chen
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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Liu J, Ding H, Yan C, He Z, Zhu H, Ma KY. Effect of tea catechins on gut microbiota in high fat diet-induced obese mice. J Sci Food Agric 2023; 103:2436-2445. [PMID: 36715435 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea catechins have been shown to have beneficial effects on the alleviation of obesity, the prevention of diabetes, and the amelioration of metabolic syndrome. The purpose of the present work is to explore the underlying mechanisms linking the intestinal microbiota and anti-obesity benefits of green tea, oolong tea, and black tea catechins in C57BL/6J mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). RESULTS The results indicated that, after the dietary intake of three tea catechins, obesity and low-grade inflammation were significantly alleviated. Hepatic steatosis was prevented, and this was accompanied by the upregulation of the mRNA and protein expressions of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). Metagenomic analysis of fecal samples suggested that the three tea catechins similarly changed the microbiota in terms of overall structure, composition, and protein functions by regulating the metabolites, facilitating the generation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and repressing lipopolysaccharides. CONCLUSION The anti-obese properties of three tea catechins were partially mediated by their positive effect on gut microbiota, hepatic steatosis alleviation, and anti-inflammatory activity. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Huafang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Chi Yan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
| | - Zouyan He
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering / South China Food Safety Research Center, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China
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Chook CYB, Cheung YM, Ma KY, Leung FP, Zhu H, Niu QJ, Wong WT, Chen ZY. Physiological concentration of protocatechuic acid directly protects vascular endothelial function against inflammation in diabetes through Akt/eNOS pathway. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1060226. [PMID: 37025617 PMCID: PMC10070727 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1060226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been the major cause of mortality in type 2 diabetes. However, new approaches are still warranted since current diabetic medications, which focus mainly on glycemic control, do not effectively lower cardiovascular mortality rate in diabetic patients. Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a phenolic acid widely distributed in garlic, onion, cauliflower and other plant-based foods. Given the anti-oxidative effects of PCA in vitro, we hypothesized that PCA would also have direct beneficial effects on endothelial function in addition to the systemic effects on vascular health demonstrated by previous studies. Methods and results Since IL-1β is the major pathological contributor to endothelial dysfunction in diabetes, the anti-inflammatory effects of PCA specific on endothelial cells were further verified by the use of IL-1β-induced inflammation model. Direct incubation of db/db mouse aortas with physiological concentration of PCA significantly ameliorated endothelium-dependent relaxation impairment, as well as reactive oxygen species overproduction mediated by diabetes. In addition to the well-studied anti-oxidative activity, PCA demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the pro-inflammatory cytokines MCP1, VCAM1 and ICAM1, as well as increasing the phosphorylation of eNOS and Akt in the inflammatory endothelial cell model induced by the key player in diabetic endothelial dysfunction IL-1β. Upon blocking of Akt phosphorylation, p-eNOS/eNOS remained low and the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines by PCA ceased. Conclusion PCA exerts protection on vascular endothelial function against inflammation through Akt/eNOS pathway, suggesting daily acquisition of PCA may be encouraged for diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui Yiu Bamboo Chook
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yiu Ming Cheung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fung Ping Leung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingshan Jason Niu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wing Tak Wong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Wing Tak Wong,
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Zhen-Yu Chen,
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Yan C, Kwek E, Ding HF, He Z, Ma KY, Zhu H, Chen ZY. Dietary Oxidized Cholesterol Aggravates Chemically Induced Murine Colon Inflammation and Alters Gut Microbial Ecology. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:13289-13301. [PMID: 36198042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Western diet with a higher intake of fat and cholesterol has been claimed as an intestinal inflammation trigger. Human diet contains both cholesterol and oxidized cholesterol. Oxidized cholesterol has been claimed to be associated with various inflammation diseases, but its effects on colitis and gut microbiome remain largely unknown. The present study was the first time to investigate the effect of the oxidized cholesterol on gut microbiota and dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis using mice as a model. The results showed that oxidized cholesterol promoted colitis by exacerbating bleeding, body weight decrease, colon shortening, gut barrier damage, oxidative stress, and gut inflammation, whereas non-oxidized cholesterol had no effect. Meanwhile, oxidized cholesterol could adversely modulate the gut microbiota by increasing the relative abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria (including Escherichia-Shigella and Bacteroides) and decreasing that of beneficial bacteria (Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Odoribacter). In addition, oxidized cholesterol significantly reduced the production of fecal short-chain fatty acids in colitis mice. It was concluded that oxidized cholesterol was a potential dietary factor of gut dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yan
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Erika Kwek
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hua-Fang Ding
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zouyan He
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
- School of Public Health, Guanxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering/South China Food Safety Research Center, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
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Kwek E, Yan C, Ding H, Hao W, He Z, Liu J, Ma KY, Zhu H, Chen ZY. Effects of hawthorn seed oil on plasma cholesterol and gut microbiota. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022; 19:55. [PMID: 35962418 PMCID: PMC9373405 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-022-00690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypercholesterolemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis are associated with the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Hawthorn fruits has shown to be cardioprotective and hypocholesterolemic. However, no studies to date have studied the biological activity of hawthorn seed oil (HSO). The present study was to investigate if HSO could favourably reduce plasma cholesterol and modulate gut microbiota in hypercholesterolemia hamsters. Methods Golden Syrian hamsters (age, 8 weeks) were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8, each) and fed one of the following five diets, namely a non-cholesterol diet, a high cholesterol diet containing 0.15% cholesterol (HCD); a HCD diet with addition of 4.75% HSO (LHSO), a HCD diet with addition of 9.5% HSO (HHSO), a HCD diet with addition of 0.50% cholestyramine as positive control diet. After 6-week dietary intervention, plasma lipids, inflammatory markers, atherosclerosis plaque, hepatic and fecal lipids were quantified. Microbiota in fresh feces were analysed by sequencing 16S rRNA genes, while RT-PCR and Western blot analyses were employed to quantify the expression of genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Results HSO at a dose of 9.5% HSO could decrease plasma cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol by 15%. Additionally, both HSO experimental groups also suppressed mRNA of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase (HMG-CoA-R). Supplementation of HSO at 4.75% could significantly increase the excretion of fecal acidic sterols, accompanied by elevation of short-chain fatty acid levels in feces. The analyses of gut microbiome indicated that HSO supplementation could selectively alter the genera abundance of gut bacteria that were correlated with cholesterol metabolism including unclassified_f__Christensenellaceae, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_ group, norank_o_Gastranaerophilales, Faecalibaculum, Peptococcus, norank_f__Clostridiales_vadinBB60_group and Ruminococcus_2. Conclusions HSO supplementation was able to decrease plasma cholesterol by favourably modulating gut microbiota composition and gut-derived metabolites associated with cholesterol regulation. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Kwek
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Yan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huafang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wangjun Hao
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zouyan He
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China. .,School of Food Science and Engineering / South China Food Safety Research Center, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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Kwek E, Zhu H, Ding H, He Z, Hao W, Liu J, Ma KY, Chen ZY. Peony seed oil decreases plasma cholesterol and favorably modulates gut microbiota in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2341-2356. [PMID: 35107625 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02785-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peony (Paeonia spp.) seed oil (PSO) contains a high amount of α-linolenic acid. The effects of PSO on hypercholesterolemia and gut microbiota remains unclear. The present study was to investigate effects of PSO supplementation on cholesterol metabolism and modulation of the gut microbiota. METHODS Male Golden Syrian hamsters (n = 40) were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8, each) fed one of the following diets namely low-cholesterol diet (LCD); high cholesterol diet (HCD); HCD with PSO substituting 50% lard (LPSO), PSO substituting 100% lard (HPSO) and HCD with addition of 0.5% cholestyramine (PCD), respectively, for 6 weeks. RESULTS PSO supplementation dose-dependently reduced plasma total cholesterol (TC) by 9-14%, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) by 7-18% and triacylglycerols (TG) by 14-34% (p < 0.05). In addition, feeding PSO diets reduced the formation of plaque lesions by 49-61% and hepatic lipids by 9-19% compared with feeding HCD diet (p < 0.01). PSO also altered relative genus abundance of unclassified_f__Coriobacteriaceae, unclassified_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, Peptococcus, unclassified_f__Ruminococcaceae, norank_o__Mollicutes_RF9 and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that PSO was effective in reducing plasma cholesterol and hepatic lipids and favorably modulating gut microbiota associated with cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Kwek
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- School of Food Science and Engineering/South China Food Safety Research Center, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Huafang Ding
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zouyan He
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Wangjun Hao
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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Tao J, Liu L, Ma Q, Ma KY, Chen ZY, Ye F, Lei L, Zhao G. Effect of γ-oryzanol on oxygen consumption and fatty acids changes of canola oil. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Zhao Y, He Z, Hao W, Zhu H, Liu J, Ma KY, He WS, Chen ZY. Cholesterol-lowering activity of protocatechuic acid is mediated by increasing the excretion of bile acids and modulating gut microbiota and producing short-chain fatty acids. Food Funct 2021; 12:11557-11567. [PMID: 34709262 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02906a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of protocatechuic acid (PCA) on plasma lipid profiles and associated mechanisms with a focus on reshaping gut microbiota. Twenty-four male hamsters were randomly divided into three groups receiving a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) and two HCD diets containing 0.5% (PL) and 1% (PH) PCA, respectively. Feeding PL and PH diets for six weeks significantly reduced plasma total cholesterol by 18% and 24%, respectively. PL and PH diets also significantly lowered plasma non-HDL cholesterol by 37% and 44%, respectively. This was accompanied by an increase in fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and fecal bile acids with up-regulation on gene of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and down-regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase in the liver. Dietary PCA supplementation decreased hepatic lipid accumulation, whereas it increased fecal excretion of lipids. The 16S rRNA analysis found that dietary PCA significantly reduced the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidales S24-7, whereas it reduced the abundance of Lactobacillaceae. It was concluded that dietary PCA favorably modulated plasma lipid profiles and prevented the accumulation of hepatic cholesterol and lipid disposition. Such effect was mediated at least partially by increasing gut production of SCFAs and fecal excretion of bile acids via modulating the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Zhao
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zouyan He
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wangjun Hao
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wen-Sen He
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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Liu J, Hao W, He Z, Kwek E, Zhu H, Ma N, Ma KY, Chen ZY. Blueberry and cranberry anthocyanin extracts reduce bodyweight and modulate gut microbiota in C57BL/6 J mice fed with a high-fat diet. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:2735-2746. [PMID: 33392758 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02446-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Blueberry and cranberry are rich in anthocyanins. The present study was to investigate the effects of anthocyanin extracts from blueberry and cranberry on body weight and gut microbiota. METHODS C57BL/6 J Mice were divided into six groups (n = 9 each) fed one of six diets namely low-fat diet (LFD), high-fat diet (HFD), HFD with the addition of 1% blueberry extract (BL), 2% blueberry extract (BH), 1% cranberry extract (CL), and 2% cranberry extract (CH), respectively. RESULTS Feeding BL and BH diets significantly decreased body weight gain by 20-23%, total adipose tissue weight by 18-20%, and total liver lipids by 16-18% compared with feeding HFD. Feeding CH diet but not CL diet reduced the body weight by 27%, accompanied by a significant reduction of total plasma cholesterol by 25% and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) by 38%. The metagenomic analysis showed that the supplementation of blueberry and cranberry anthocyanin extracts reduced plasma lipopolysaccharide concentration, accompanied by a reduction in the relative abundance of Rikenella and Rikenellaceae. Dietary supplementation of berry anthocyanin extracts promoted the growth of Lachnoclostridium, Roseburia, and Clostridium_innocuum_group in genus level, leading to a greater production of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that both berry anthocyanins could manage the body weight and favorably modulate the gut microbiota at least in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, NT, China
| | - Wangjun Hao
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, NT, China
| | - Zouyan He
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, NT, China
| | - Erika Kwek
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, NT, China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, NT, China
| | - Ning Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, NT, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, NT, China.
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He Z, Kwek E, Hao W, Zhu H, Liu J, Ma KY, Chen ZY. Hawthorn fruit extract reduced trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)-exacerbated atherogenesis in mice via anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:6. [PMID: 33413490 PMCID: PMC7789617 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00535-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Consumption of hawthorn fruit is believed to be cardio-protective, yet whether it is able to suppress the TMAO-induced atherosclerosis remains unexplored. The present study was to investigate the effects of hawthorn fruit extract (HFE) on TMAO-exacerbated atherogenesis.
Methods Five groups of male Apolipoprotein E knock-out (ApoE−/−) mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD), a Western high-fat diet (WD), or one of the three WDs containing 0.2% TMAO (WD + TMAO), 0.2% TMAO plus 1% HFE (WD + TMAO + L-HFE), or 0.2% TMAO plus 2% HFE (WD + TMAO + H-HFE), respectively. After 12-weeks of intervention, plasma levels of TMAO, lipid profile, inflammatory biomarkers, and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured. Atherosclerotic lesions in the thoracic aorta and aortic sinus were evaluated. The sterols and fatty acids in the liver and feces were extracted and measured. Hepatic expressions of inflammatory biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes were analyzed. Results Dietary TMAO accelerated atherogenesis, exacerbated inflammation, and reduced antioxidant capacities in the plasma and the liver. TMAO promoted hepatic cholesterol accumulation by inhibiting fecal excretion of acidic sterols. HFE could dose-dependently reduce the TMAO-aggravated atherosclerosis and inflammation. HFE was also able to reverse the TMAO-induced reduction in antioxidant capacity by up-regulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), SOD2, glutathione peroxidase 3 (GSH-Px3), and catalase (CAT) in the liver. Moreover, the hepatic cholesterol content was lowered by HFE via enhanced fecal excretion of neutral and acidic sterols. Conclusions The present results indicated that HFE was able to reduce the TMAO-exacerbated atherogenesis by attenuating inflammation and improving antioxidant capacity at least in mice. Graphic abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouyan He
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Erika Kwek
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wangjun Hao
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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12
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Zhao Y, He Z, Hao W, Zhu H, Liang N, Liu J, Zhang C, Ma KY, He WS, Yang Y, Chen ZY. Vinegars but not acetic acid are effective in reducing plasma cholesterol in hamsters fed a high-cholesterol diet. Food Funct 2020; 11:2163-2172. [PMID: 32076695 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02630d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study compares the effect of two types of vinegars, Balsamic vinegar of Modena (BV) and Chinese Shanxi vinegar (SV), with acetic acid on plasma cholesterol using hamsters as a model. Hamsters (n = 40) were divided into five groups (n = 8 each) with two control groups being fed a low-cholesterol diet (LCD) or a high-cholesterol diet containing 0.2% cholesterol (HCD). The three experimental groups were given a HCD diet and gavaged with 8 ml of BV, SV, and acetic acid solution (AC) per kg body weight, respectively. Acetic acid in BV, SV, and AC solutions was adjusted with water to be 20 mg ml-1. The whole experiment lasted for 9 weeks. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) in BV and SV groups but not in the AC group was reduced by 17% and 20%, respectively, compared with that in HCD hamsters. BV and SV significantly reduced cholesterol in the liver and increased the fecal excretion of neutral sterols and bile acids. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that BV and SV significantly up-regulated the mRNA of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in the liver. In conclusion, BV and SV but not AC were effective in reducing plasma TC and non-HDL-C concentrations at least in hypercholesterolemic hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shen Zhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China and Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zouyan He
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wangjun Hao
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ning Liang
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chengnan Zhang
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Wen-Sen He
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Public Health (Shen Zhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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Hong XP, Chen YL, Ma KY, Lyu LW, Liu DZ. [Advances in immune checkpoints regulations in autoimmune rheumatic diseases]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 2020; 59:481-484. [PMID: 32486592 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112138-20190903-00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X P Hong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Y L Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - K Y Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - L W Lyu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - D Z Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, China
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14
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Hao W, Kwek E, He Z, Zhu H, Liu J, Zhao Y, Ma KY, He WS, Chen ZY. Ursolic acid alleviates hypercholesterolemia and modulates the gut microbiota in hamsters. Food Funct 2020; 11:6091-6103. [PMID: 32568327 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00829j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a triterpenoid acid widely abundant in fruits and vegetables such as apple, blueberry and cranberry. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of UA supplementation in diet on blood cholesterol, intestinal cholesterol absorption and gut microbiota in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. A total of thirty-two hamsters were randomly assigned to four groups and given a non-cholesterol diet (NCD), a high-cholesterol diet containing 0.1% cholesterol (HCD), an HCD diet containing 0.2% UA (UAL), or an HCD diet containing 0.4% UA (UAH) for 6 weeks. Results showed that UA supplementation reduced plasma cholesterol by 15-16% and inhibited intestinal cholesterol absorption by 2.6-9.2%. The in vitro micellar cholesterol solubility experiment clearly demonstrated that UA could displace 40% cholesterol from micelles. In addition, UA decreased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, whereas it enhanced the growth of short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria in the intestine. In conclusion, UA possessed a cholesterol-lowering activity and could favorably modulate the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjun Hao
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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15
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Hao W, Zhu H, Chen J, Kwek E, He Z, Liu J, Ma N, Ma KY, Chen ZY. Wild Melon Seed Oil Reduces Plasma Cholesterol and Modulates Gut Microbiota in Hypercholesterolemic Hamsters. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:2071-2081. [PMID: 31984735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wild melon (Cucumis melo var. agrestis) seed oil (CO) contains 71.3% polyunsaturated fatty acids. The present study investigated the effects of CO on blood cholesterol and gut microbiota. Hamsters (n = 32) were randomly divided into four groups and given one of four diets, namely noncholesterol diet (NCD), high-cholesterol diet containing 0.1% cholesterol (HCD), HCD containing 4.75% CO (COL), and HCD containing 9.5% CO (COH) for 6 weeks. CO supplementation at 9.5% in the diet reduced plasma cholesterol by 24% and enhanced the excretion of fecal bile acids by 150%. CO supplementation upregulated the gene expression of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). In addition, supplementation of CO in the diet remarkably increased the production of fecal short-chain fatty acids and favorably altered the relative abundances of Eubacteriaceae, Clostridiales_vadinBB60_group, Ruminococcaceae, Streptococcaceae, and Desulfovibrionaceae at a family level. It was concluded that CO could reduce plasma cholesterol via promoting the excretion of fecal acidic sterols and modulating gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjun Hao
- School of Life Sciences , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT , Hong Kong , China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- School of Life Sciences , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT , Hong Kong , China
- Department of Food Science , Foshan University , Foshan , Guangdong Province 528231 , China
| | - Jingnan Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology , Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Erika Kwek
- School of Life Sciences , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT , Hong Kong , China
| | - Zouyan He
- School of Life Sciences , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT , Hong Kong , China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT , Hong Kong , China
| | - Ning Ma
- School of Life Sciences , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT , Hong Kong , China
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Finance and Economics , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT , Hong Kong , China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences , Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT , Hong Kong , China
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16
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He Z, Lei L, Kwek E, Zhao Y, Liu J, Hao W, Zhu H, Liang N, Ma KY, Ho HM, He WS, Chen ZY. Corrigendum to “Ginger attenuates trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)-exacerbated disturbance in cholesterol metabolism and vascular inflammation” [J. Funct. Foods 52 (2019) 25–33]. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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17
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He Z, Hao W, Kwek E, Lei L, Liu J, Zhu H, Ma KY, Zhao Y, Ho HM, He WS, Chen ZY. Fish Oil Is More Potent than Flaxseed Oil in Modulating Gut Microbiota and Reducing Trimethylamine- N-oxide-Exacerbated Atherogenesis. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:13635-13647. [PMID: 31736303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is a risk factor for atherosclerosis. We compared the potency of fish oil with flaxseed oil in reducing TMAO-exacerbated atherogenesis. Five groups of ApoE-/- mice were given one of five diets, namely, a low-fat diet, a Western high fat diet (WD), a WD plus 0.2% TMAO, and two WDs containing 0.2% TMAO with 50% lard being replaced by flaxseed oil or fish oil. TMAO accelerated atherosclerosis and disturbed cholesterol homeostasis. Compared with flaxseed oil, fish oil was more effective in inhibiting TMAO-induced atherogenesis by lowering plasma cholesterol and inflammatory cytokines. Both oils could reverse TMAO-induced decrease in fecal acidic sterols. Fish oil promoted fecal output of neutral sterols and downregulated hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. Fish oil was more effective than flaxseed oil in promoting the growth of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria and lowering microbial generation of lipopolysaccharide. In conclusion, fish oil is more potent than flaxseed oil to ameliorate TMAO-exacerbated atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouyan He
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
| | - Wangjun Hao
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
| | - Erika Kwek
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
| | - Lin Lei
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
- College of Food Science , Southwest University , Chongqing 400715 , China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
| | - Hing Man Ho
- School of Chinese Medicine , Hong Kong Baptist University , Kowloon Tong , Hong Kong , China
| | - Wen-Sen He
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering , Jiangsu University , 301 Xuefu Road , Zhenjiang 212013 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , NT, Hong Kong , China
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18
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Zhu H, Chen J, He Z, Hao W, Liu J, Kwek E, Ma KY, Bi Y. Plasma Cholesterol-Lowering Activity of Soybean Germ Phytosterols. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112784. [PMID: 31731675 PMCID: PMC6893772 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean germ phytosterols (SGP) largely exist in soybean germ oil. Our previous study demonstrated that soybean germ oil was effective in reducing plasma cholesterol. However, it remains unknown if its phytosterols are the active ingredients responsible for the plasma cholesterol-lowering activity. The present study aimed to test the effect of SGP on plasma cholesterol and to investigate its associated underlying mechanisms using hamsters as animal model. Male hamsters (n = 40) were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8/group) and fed one of the five diets: a non-cholesterol diet (NCD), a high cholesterol diet (HCD), a HCD diet containing 0.5% cholestyramine (PC), and two HCD diets containing 0.1% (LP) and 0.2% (HP) SGP, respectively, for six weeks. Results showed that SPG reduced plasma cholesterol level in a dose-dependent manner, whereas it dose-dependently increased the excretion of both fecal neutral and acidic sterols. SGP was also effective in displacing cholesterol from micelles. It was concluded that SGP possessed hypocholesterolemic activity, likely by inhibiting cholesterol absorption in the intestine and promoting fecal sterol excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Jingnan Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China;
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +86-371-6775-8022
| | - Zouyan He
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Wangjun Hao
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Jianhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Erika Kwek
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong 999077, China; (H.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.H.); (J.L.); (E.K.); (K.Y.M.)
| | - Yanlan Bi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China;
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Liu J, Hao W, He Z, Kwek E, Zhao Y, Zhu H, Liang N, Ma KY, Lei L, He WS, Chen ZY. Beneficial effects of tea water extracts on the body weight and gut microbiota in C57BL/6J mice fed with a high-fat diet. Food Funct 2019; 10:2847-2860. [PMID: 31062778 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulative evidence has suggested that tea consumption has benefits in reducing body fat and alleviating metabolic syndrome. We hypothesize that benefits of tea consumption can be partially mediated by modulating intestinal microbiota via inhibiting the formation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and promoting the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). C57BL/6J mice were fed a high fat diet with the addition of 1% water extracts of green tea, oolong tea and black tea. Results showed that the dietary supplementation of three tea water extracts equally improved the glucose tolerance and reduced a high fat diet-induced gain in weight, hepatic lipids, and white adipose tissue weights. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in plasma LPS and a significant increase in the production of SCFAs. The metagenomic analyses showed that the tea extracts changed the overall composition of gut microbiota and decreased the relative abundance of family Rikenellaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae. In addition, tea water extracts could also change the abundance of key operational taxonomic units (OTUs) including OTU473 (Alistipes), OTU229 (Rikenella), OTU179 (Ruminiclostridium) and OTU264 (Acetatifactor). In conclusion, three tea extracts could improve the glucose tolerance, induce the production of SCFAs and inhibit the production of endotoxin LPS, most likely mediated by modulating gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Liu
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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Liu Y, Yang J, Lei L, Wang L, Wang X, Ma KY, Yang X, Chen ZY. Isoflavones enhance the plasma cholesterol-lowering activity of 7S protein in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Food Funct 2019; 10:7378-7386. [PMID: 31651924 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01432b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that 7S protein is the active ingredient responsible for the plasma cholesterol-lowering activity of soybean. It is hypothesized that isoflavones in soybean could enhance the blood cholesterol-lowering activity of 7S protein. Forty-eight hamsters were divided into six groups and fed a non-cholesterol diet or one of the five high-cholesterol diets containing 12.1% 7S protein with 0-15.62 mg g-1 isoflavones. The results showed that addition of isoflavones in diets dose-dependently enhanced the plasma total cholesterol-lowering activity of 7S protein. Addition of isoflavones in 7S protein-based diets significantly reduced hepatic cholesterol accumulation by 12.6-26.1%, compared with the high cholesterol control diet. Isoflavones could also facilitate excretion of neutral sterols in a dose-dependent manner. Supplementation of isoflavones in diets favourably modulated mRNA expression and the protein mass of HMG-CoA reductase. It was concluded that the enhancing effect of isoflavones on the blood cholesterol-lowering activity of 7S protein was mediated by inhibiting the cholesterol absorption and de novo cholesterol synthesis in hypercholesterolemic hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Liu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Lei
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China. and College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaoquan Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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Zhu H, Chen J, He Z, Hao W, Liu J, Kwek E, Zhao Y, Ma KY, He WS, Chen ZY. Soybean germ oil reduces blood cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol absorption and enhancing bile acid excretion. Food Funct 2019; 10:1836-1845. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02585a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Soybean germ oil is beneficial in management of hypercholesterolemia in hamsters fed a high cholesterol diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Zhu
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Jingnan Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Henan University of Technology
- Zhengzhou
- China
| | - Zouyan He
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Wangjun Hao
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Erika Kwek
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Wen-Sen He
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- Jiangsu
- China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
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Hao W, He Z, Zhu H, Liu J, Kwek E, Zhao Y, Ma KY, He WS, Chen ZY. Sea buckthorn seed oil reduces blood cholesterol and modulates gut microbiota. Food Funct 2019; 10:5669-5681. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01232j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sea buckthorn seed oil favorably decreases plasma cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjun Hao
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Zouyan He
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Erika Kwek
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Wen-Sen He
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
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He Z, Lei L, Kwek E, Zhao Y, Liu J, Hao W, Zhu H, Liang N, Ma KY, Ho HM, He WS, Chen ZY. Ginger attenuates trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)-exacerbated disturbance in cholesterol metabolism and vascular inflammation. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Zhu H, He Z, Kwek E, Liu J, Hao W, Liang N, Zhao Y, Ma KY, He WS, Chen ZY. Dose-Dependent Increases in Liver Cholesterol but Not Plasma Cholesterol from Consumption of One to Five Whole Eggs and No Effects from Egg Whites on Liver or Plasma Cholesterol in Hamsters. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:12805-12814. [PMID: 30415537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The dose-dependent effect of egg consumption on plasma cholesterol in humans remains inconclusive. It is unknown if egg white consumed in a normal amount can reduce plasma cholesterol. We used hamsters as a model to (i) investigate the dose-dependent effect of consuming zero to five whole eggs on plasma total cholesterol (TC) and (ii) examine if egg white, equivalent to one to five eggs, possessed any reducing effects on plasma TC. In experiment 1, hamsters were divided into six groups ( n = 8 each) and fed either a control diet or one of five experimental diets supplemented with whole-egg powder equivalent to one to five eggs per 2000 kcal. Results showed that supplementation with one egg increased plasma TC by 25% compared with that of the control (226 ± 16 versus 282 ± 56 mg/dL, p < 0.05), whereas supplementation with two to five eggs did not significantly produce any additional effects on plasma cholesterol. However, supplementation with one to five eggs in diets caused a dose-dependent accumulation of cholesterol in the liver from 21.5 ± 4.4 to 71.3 ± 7.3 mg/g ( p < 0.01). In the second experiment, hamsters were divided into six groups and fed either a high-cholesterol control diet or one of five experimental diets supplemented with egg-white powder from one to five eggs. Results showed that egg-white powder affected neither plasma nor liver cholesterol levels. The egg-white powder did not affect fecal sterol excretion, suggesting it had no effect on cholesterol absorption. It was therefore concluded that consumption of two to five eggs did not significantly produce any additional effects on plasma cholesterol, whereas egg white did not possess a plasma-cholesterol-lowering activity if it was consumed at amounts similar to those in a normal human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyue Zhu
- School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories, Hong Kong , China
| | - Zouyan He
- School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories, Hong Kong , China
| | - Erika Kwek
- School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories, Hong Kong , China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories, Hong Kong , China
| | - Wangjun Hao
- School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories, Hong Kong , China
| | - Ning Liang
- School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories, Hong Kong , China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories, Hong Kong , China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories, Hong Kong , China
| | - Wen-Sen He
- School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories, Hong Kong , China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering , Jiangsu University , 301 Xuefu Road , Zhenjiang 212013 , Jiangsu , China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , New Territories, Hong Kong , China
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Zhao Y, Liu J, Hao W, He Z, Zhu H, Liang N, Ma KY, He WS, Yang Y, Chen ZY. Plasma cholesterol-lowering activity of piperine is mediated by inhibition on cholesterol absorption via down-regulation of intestinal ACAT2 and MTP. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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26
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Zhao Y, Liu J, Hao W, Zhu H, Liang N, He Z, Ma KY, Chen ZY. Structure-Specific Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Plasma Cholesterol Concentration in Male Syrian Hamsters. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:10984-10992. [PMID: 29190422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are capable of decreasing plasma cholesterol. However, the relative plasma-cholesterol-lowering activity of individual SCFAs and the underlying mechanisms by which SCFAs decrease plasma cholesterol remain largely unknown. The present study was done to compare the plasma-cholesterol-lowering potencies of four common SCFAs with 2-5 carbons and to investigate their interactions with gene expressions of key regulatory factors involved in cholesterol metabolism. For 6 weeks, five groups of male Golden hamsters were fed either a control high-cholesterol diet (HCD) or one of the four experimental HCDs containing 0.5 mol of acetate (Ac), propionate (Pr), butyrate (Bu), or valerate (Va) per kilogram of the diet. The results showed that Ac, Pr, and Bu significantly reduced plasma total cholesterol (TC) by 24, 18, and 17% (P < 0.05), respectively. All four SCFAs could decrease non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C) and the non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratio. The addition of Ac, Pr, or Bu into the diet significantly promoted fecal excretion of bile acids by 121, 113, or 120% (P < 0.05), respectively, and upregulated the gene expressions of sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2), low-density-lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in the liver. It was concluded that SCFAs with 2-4 carbons (Ac, Pr, and Bu) are more hypocholesterolemic than Va, which has 5 carbons, via enhancing fecal excretion of bile acids and promoting the hepatic uptake of cholesterol from the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Zhao
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wangjun Hao
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning Liang
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zouyan He
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Zhang C, Zhang R, Li YM, Liang N, Zhao Y, Zhu H, He Z, Liu J, Hao W, Jiao R, Ma KY, Chen ZY. Cholesterol-Lowering Activity of Tartary Buckwheat Protein. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:1900-1906. [PMID: 28199789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that Tartary buckwheat flour is capable of reducing plasma cholesterol. The present study was to examine the effect of rutin and Tartary buckwheat protein on plasma total cholesterol (TC) in hypercholesterolemia hamsters. In the first animal experiment, 40 male hamsters were divided into four groups fed either the control diet or one of the three experimental diets containing 8.2 mmol rutin, 8.2 mmol quercetin, or 2.5 g kg-1 cholestyramine, respectively. Results showed that only cholestyramine but not rutin and its aglycone quercetin decreased plasma TC, which suggested that rutin was not the active ingredient responsible for plasma TC-lowering activity of Tartary buckwheat flour. In the second animal experiment, 45 male hamsters were divided into five groups fed either the control diet or one of the four experimental diets containing 24% Tartary buckwheat protein, 24% rice protein, 24% wheat protein, or 5 g kg-1 cholestyramine, respectively. Tartary buckwheat protein reduced plasma TC more effectively than cholestyramine (45% versus 37%), while rice and wheat proteins only reduced plasma TC by 10-13%. Tartary buckwheat protein caused 108% increase in the fecal excretion of total neutral sterols and 263% increase in the fecal excretion of total acidic sterols. real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analyses showed that Tartary buckwheat protein affected the gene expression of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1-like protein 1 (NPC1L1), acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), and ATP binding cassette transporters 5 and 8 (ABCG5/8) in a down trend, whereas it increased the gene expression of hepatic cholesterol-7α -hydroxylase (CYP7A1). It was concluded that Tartary buckwheat protein was at least one of the active ingredients in Tartary buckwheat flour to lower plasma TC, mainly mediated by enhancing the excretion of bile acids via up-regulation of hepatic CYP7A1 and also by inhibiting the absorption of dietary cholesterol via down-regulation on intestinal NPC1L1, ACAT2 and ABCG5/8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengnan Zhang
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Science, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Changchun, China
| | - Yuk Man Li
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning Liang
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zouyan He
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Wangjun Hao
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui Jiao
- College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Lei L, Zhu H, Zhang C, Wang X, Ma KY, Wang L, Zhao Y, Chen ZY. Dietary β-sitosterol is more potent in reducing plasma cholesterol than sesamin in hypercholesterolemia hamsters. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lei
- College of Food Science; Southwest University; Chongqing P. R. China
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Chengnan Zhang
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong P. R. China
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29
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Lei L, Li YM, Wang X, Liu Y, Ma KY, Wang L, Man SW, Zhang C, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Plasma triacylglycerol-lowering activity of citrus polymethoxylated flavones is mediated by modulating the genes involved in lipid metabolism in hamsters. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lei
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yuk Man Li
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Sun Wa Man
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Chengnan Zhang
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yu Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT Hong Kong P. R. China
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Wang X, Guan L, Zhao Y, Lei L, Liu Y, Ma KY, Wang L, Man SW, Wang J, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Plasma cholesterol-lowering activity of dietary dihydrocholesterol in hypercholesterolemia hamsters. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:77-86. [PMID: 26184696 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cholesterol analogs have been used to treat hypercholesterolemia. The present study was to examine the effect of dihydrocholesterol (DC) on plasma total cholesterol (TC) compared with that of β-sitosterol (SI) in hamsters fed a high cholesterol diet. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-five male hamsters were randomly divided into 6 groups, fed either a non-cholesterol diet (NCD) or one of five high-cholesterol diets without addition of DC and SI (HCD) or with addition of 0.2% DC (DA), 0.3% DC (DB), 0.2% SI (SA), and 0.3% SI (SB), respectively, for 6 weeks. Results showed that DC added into diet at a dose of 0.2% could reduce plasma TC by 21%, comparable to that of SI (19%). At a higher dose of 0.3%, DC reduced plasma TC by 15%, less effective than SI (32%). Both DC and SI could increase the excretion of fecal sterols, however, DC was more effective in increasing the excretion of neutral sterols but it was less effective in increasing the excretion of acidic sterols compared with SI. Results on the incorporation of sterols in micellar solutions clearly demonstrated both DC and SI could displace the cholesterol from micelles with the former being more effective than the latter. CONCLUSION DC was equally effective in reducing plasma cholesterol as SI at a low dose. Plasma TC-lowering activity of DC was mediated by inhibiting the cholesterol absorption and increasing the fecal sterol excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Guan
- R&D, Nestle, Beijing 100022, China
| | | | - Lin Lei
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sun Wa Man
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Yu Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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Liang YT, Chen J, Jiao R, Peng C, Zuo Y, Lei L, Liu Y, Wang X, Ma KY, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Cholesterol-lowering activity of sesamin is associated with down-regulation on genes of sterol transporters involved in cholesterol absorption. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:2963-9. [PMID: 25745846 DOI: 10.1021/jf5063606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sesame seed is rich in sesamin. The present study was to (i) investigate the plasma cholesterol-lowering activity of dietary sesamin and (ii) examine the interaction of dietary sesamin with the gene expression of sterol transporters, enzymes, receptors, and proteins involved in cholesterol metabolism. Thirty hamsters were divided into three groups fed the control diet (CON) or one of two experimental diets containing 0.2% (SL) and 0.5% (SH) sesamin, respectively, for 6 weeks. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) levels in hamsters given the CON, SL, and SH diets were 6.62 ± 0.40, 5.32 ± 0.40, and 5.00 ± 0.44 mmol/L, respectively, indicating dietary sesamin could reduce plasma TC in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, the excretion of total fecal neutral sterols was dose-dependently increased with the amounts of sesamin in diets (CON, 2.65 ± 0.57; SL, 4.30 ± 0.65; and SH, 5.84 ± 1.27 μmol/day). Addition of sesamin into diets was associated with down-regulation of mRNA of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 protein (NPC1L1), acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), microsomal triacylglycerol transport protein (MTP), and ATP-binding cassette transporters subfamily G members 5 and 8 (ABCG5 and ABCG8). Results also showed that dietary sesamin could up-regulate hepatic cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), whereas it down-regulated hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and liver X receptor alpha (LXRα). It was concluded that the cholesterol-lowering activity of sesamin was mediated by promoting the fecal excretion of sterols and modulating the genes involved in cholesterol absorption and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Tong Liang
- †Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingnan Chen
- ‡Lipids Technology and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Rui Jiao
- #Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- †Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zuo
- †Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Lei
- †Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- †Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- †Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- †Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- §School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- †Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Liu Y, Lei L, Wang X, Ma KY, Li YM, Wang L, Man SW, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Plasma cholesterol-raising potency of dietary free cholesterol versus cholesteryl ester and effect of β-sitosterol. Food Chem 2015; 169:277-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lei L, Wang X, Huang W, Liu Y, Zheng F, Ma KY, Li YM, Wang L, Man SW, Zhang C, Chen ZY. Cholesterol side chain analogs but not its ether analogs possess cholesterol-lowering activity. Food Funct 2015; 6:630-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo01044b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SI is hypocholesterolemic with little absorption, while CE and CM are well absorbed and have no effect on plasma cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lei
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme
- School of Life Sciences
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin, NT
- China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme
- School of Life Sciences
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin, NT
- China
| | - Weihuan Huang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme
- School of Life Sciences
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin, NT
- China
| | - Fangrui Zheng
- Department of Chemistry
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin, NT
- China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme
- School of Life Sciences
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin, NT
- China
| | - Yuk Man Li
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme
- School of Life Sciences
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin, NT
- China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme
- School of Life Sciences
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin, NT
- China
| | - Sun Wa Man
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme
- School of Life Sciences
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin, NT
- China
| | - Chengnan Zhang
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme
- School of Life Sciences
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin, NT
- China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme
- School of Life Sciences
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin, NT
- China
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Wang X, Huang W, Lei L, Liu Y, Ma KY, Li YM, Wang L, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Blockage of hydroxyl group partially abolishes the cholesterol-lowering activity of β-sitosterol. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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35
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Liu Y, Guan L, Zhao Y, Lei L, Wang X, Ma KY, Li YM, Wang L, Man SW, Wang J, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Fatty acid moieties have little effect on cholesterol-lowering potency of plant sterol esters. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Liu
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Lei Guan
- R&D; Nestle; Beijing P. R. China
| | | | - Lin Lei
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yuk Man Li
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Sun Wa Man
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | | | - Yu Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences; The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Shatin NT, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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Lei L, Liu Y, Wang X, Jiao R, Ma KY, Li YM, Wang L, Man SW, Sang S, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Plasma cholesterol-lowering activity of gingerol- and shogaol-enriched extract is mediated by increasing sterol excretion. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:10515-21. [PMID: 25290252 DOI: 10.1021/jf5043344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the cholesterol-lowering activity of gingerol- and shogaol-enriched ginger extract (GSE). Thirty hamsters were divided into three groups and fed the control diet or one of the two experimental diets containing 0.5 and 1.0% GSE. Plasma total cholesterol, liver cholesterol, and aorta atherosclerotic plaque were dose-dependently decreased with increasing amounts of GSE added into diets. The fecal sterol analysis showed dietary GSE increased the excretion of both neutral and acidic sterols in a dose-dependent manner. GSE down-regulated the mRNA levels of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein (NPC1L1), acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), microsomal triacylglycerol transport protein (MTP), and ATP binding cassette transporter 5 (ABCG5), whereas it up-regulated hepatic cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). It was concluded that beneficial modification of the lipoprotein profile by dietary GSE was mediated by enhancing excretion of fecal cholesterol and bile acids via up-regulation of hepatic CYP7A1 and down-regulation of mRNA of intestinal NPC1L1, ACAT2, and MTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lei
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Huang W, Cheang WS, Wang X, Lei L, Liu Y, Ma KY, Zheng F, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Capsaicinoids but not their analogue capsinoids lower plasma cholesterol and possess beneficial vascular activity. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:8415-8420. [PMID: 25078570 DOI: 10.1021/jf502888h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Capsaicinoids exist in chili peppers, whereas capsinoids are present in some sweet peppers. The present study investigated the effects of capsaicinoids and capsinoids on plasma lipids, relaxation of the aorta, atherosclerotic plaque development, and fecal sterol excretion in hamsters fed a high-cholesterol diet. Five groups of male hamsters were given the control diet or one of the four experimental diets containing 1.3 mmol of capsaicinoids (NL), 2.6 mmol of capsaicinoids (NH), 1.3 mmol of capsinoids (OL), or 2.6 mmol of capsinoids (OH), respectively. Results showed capsaicinoids but not capsinoids could decrease plasma total cholesterol (TC), reduce the formation of atherosclerotic plaque, and relax the aortic artery. This was accompanied by a 28-175% increase in fecal excretion of acidic sterols in hamsters fed the diets containing capsaicinoids. Similarly, capsaicinoids but not capsinoids could decrease the pad weights of epididymal and prerenal adipose tissues. It was concluded that capsaicinoids but not capsinoids could favorably modulate plasma lipids and possess beneficial vascular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihuan Huang
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, School of Life Sciences, ‡School of Biomedical Sciences, and #Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Jiao R, Chen J, Peng C, Liang Y, Ma KY, Wang X, Liu Y, Lei L, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Cholesteryl ester species differently elevate plasma cholesterol in hamsters. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:11041-11047. [PMID: 24151965 DOI: 10.1021/jf4039293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was to examine the effect of free cholesterol (C) and individual cholesteryl ester (CE) species, namely cholesteryl palmitate (CP), cholesteryl stearate (CS), cholesteryl oleate (CO), and cholesteryl linoleate (CL) on plasma total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-HDL-C, and triacylglycerols (TG) in hamsters. Results showed that addition of dietary CE species into diet at 0.1% differently raised plasma TC concentrations, with CO elevating plasma TC to 331 mg/dL, while CS raised plasma TC only to 220 mg/dL. It was found that CS was a poor substrate of pancreatic cholesterol esterase, while CO was a good substrate. The fecal analysis showed CS-fed hamsters had the highest fecal cholesterol concentration, while RT-PCR analysis found CS feeding was associated with down-regulations of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) and acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2) as well as microsomal triacylglycerol transport protein (MTP). It was therefore concluded that the plasma cholesterol-raising activity of CE species was partially governed by their hydrolysis rates in the intestine, and the relative low raising activity associated with CS was mediated by down-regulation of intestinal NPC1L1, ACAT2, and MTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jiao
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Black rice is rich in anthocyanin antioxidants. The present study investigated the lifespan-prolonging activity of black rice extracts (BREs) and its effect on gene expressions of CuZnSOD (SOD1), MnSOD (SOD2), catalase (CAT), methuselah (Mth) and Rpn11 involved in the antioxidant system and ageing of fruit flies. The OR wild type fly was maintained on a control diet or two experimental diets containing 10 mg ml(-1) BRE (BRE10) or 30 mg ml(-1) BRE (BRE30). Results demonstrated that BRE30 could prolong the mean lifespan of fruit flies by 14%, accompanied with up-regulation of mRNA SOD1, SOD2, CAT and Rpn11, and with down-regulation of Mth. It was also found that BRE30 could attenuate the paraquat-induced neurodegeneration in OR wild type flies accompanied by up-regulation of SOD1, SOD2, CAT and Rpn11. In addition, BRE30 supplementation increased the survival time of OR wild type flies and Alzheimer transgenic flies Aβ42 33769 with chronic exposure to paraquat. It was concluded that BREs could extend the lifespan of fruit flies, most likely by regulating the genes of SOD1, SOD2, CAT, Mth and Rpn11 at the transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zuo
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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Liang Y, Chen J, Zuo Y, Ma KY, Jiang Y, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Blueberry anthocyanins at doses of 0.5 and 1 % lowered plasma cholesterol by increasing fecal excretion of acidic and neutral sterols in hamsters fed a cholesterol-enriched diet. Eur J Nutr 2013; 52:869-75. [PMID: 22684634 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study investigated the underlying mechanism associated with the hypocholesterolemic activity of blueberry anthocyanins by examining its effect on fecal sterol excretion and gene expression of major receptors, enzymes, and transporters involved in cholesterol metabolism. METHODS Hamsters were divided into three groups and fed a 0.1 % cholesterol diet containing 0 % (CTL), 0.5 % (BL), and 1.0 % (BH) blueberry anthocyanins, respectively, for six weeks. Plasma total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TAG), and non-high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (non-HDL-C) were measured using the enzymatic kits, and the gene expression of transporters, enzymes, and receptors involved in cholesterol absorption and metabolism was quantified using the quantitative PCR. GC analysis was used to quantify hepatic cholesterol and fecal acidic and neutral sterols. RESULTS Dietary supplementation of 0.5 and 1.0 % blueberry anthocyanins for 6 weeks decreased plasma TC concentration by 6-12 % in a dose-dependent manner. This was accompanied by increasing the excretion of fecal neutral and acidic sterols by 22-29 % and 41-74 %, respectively. Real-time PCR analyses demonstrated that incorporation of blueberry anthocyanins into diet down-regulated the genes of NPC1L1, ACAT-2, MTP, and ABCG 8. In addition, blueberry anthocyanins were also able to down-regulate the gene expression of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase. CONCLUSION The cholesterol-lowering activity of blueberry anthocyanins was most likely mediated by enhancing the excretion of sterols accompanied with down-regulation on gene expression of intestinal NPC1L1, ACAT-2, MTP, and ABCG 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yintong Liang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Zuo Y, Peng C, Liang Y, Ma KY, Chan HYE, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Sesamin extends the mean lifespan of fruit flies. Biogerontology 2013; 14:107-19. [PMID: 23291977 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-012-9413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the anti-ageing activity of sesamin and its effect on gene expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), methuselah (Mth) and Rpn11 in Drosophila melanogaster. Results demonstrated that 0.2 % sesamin in diet prolonged the mean lifespan of OR wild fruit flies by 12 %, accompanied by up-regulation of SOD1, SOD2, CAT and Rpn11. Sesamin at 0.2 % in diet also attenuated paraquat-induced neurodegeneration with up-regulation of SOD1, SOD2 and Rpn11 in OR wild fruit flies. Supplementation of 0.2 % sesamin in diet increased the survival time of OR wild type flies and Alzheimer flies Aβ42 33769 when they were challenged with paraquat. Furthermore, sesamin-induced increase in the activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes also suggests that the longevity promoting activity of sesamin are possibly due to its action as a hormetin by inducing oxidative stress response-mediated hormesis. It was concluded that sesamin extended the mean lifespan and alleviated the neurodegeneration in Drosophila melanogaster at least mediated by its interaction with genes SOD1, SOD2, CAT, and Rpn11, but not with gene Mth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zuo
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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Ma KY, Liang YT, Chen JN, Jiang Y, Kwan KM, Peng C, Jiao R, Zuo YY, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Dietary calcium decreases plasma cholesterol level only in female but not in male hamster fed a high cholesterol diet. Biomed Environ Sci 2012; 25:392-398. [PMID: 23026518 DOI: 10.3967/0895-3988.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of dietary calcium on plasma lipoprotein profile in castrated and ovariectomized hamsters. METHODS Male, castrated, female and ovariectomized hamsters (n=36 each group) were randomly divided into three sub-groups (n=12) and fed one of the three diets containing 0, 2, and 8 g calcium per kg diet for a period of six weeks. Changes in plasma lipoprotein profile were monitored at the end of week 0, 3 and 6. RESULTS Plasma total cholesterol (TC), non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), triacylglycerols (TG) and TC/HDL-C were decreased only in intact female and ovariectomized hamsters. In contrast, three levels of dietary calcium had no effect on lipoprotein profiles in both intact male and castrated hamsters. CONCLUSION Beneficial modification of lipoprotein profile by dietary calcium was gender-dependent at least in hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Ying Ma
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
Interest in replacing synthetic antioxidants, namely, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), with natural antioxidants is increasing. The present study examined the antioxidant activity of capsaicinoid from chili pepper in heated canola oil. The oxidation was conducted at 60, 90, 120, and 180 °C by monitoring oxygen consumption and the decrease in linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid in canola oil. At 60 °C, capsaicinoid was more effective against oxidation of canola oil compared with BHT. At higher temperatures of 90, 120, and 180 °C, capsaicinoid possessed an antioxidant activity similar to or slightly weaker that that of BHT. It was found that capsaicinoid prevented canola oil from oxidation in a dose-dependent manner. To study the structure-antioxidant relationship, it was found that the trimethylsiloxy (TMS) derivatives of capsaicinoid did not exhibit any antioxidant activity, suggesting the hydroxyl moiety was the functional group responsible for the antioxidant activity of capsaicinoid. It was concluded that capsaicinoid had the potential to be further explored as a natural antioxidant in foods, particularly spicy foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Si
- Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of Agriculture, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Chen J, Jiang Y, Liang Y, Tian X, Peng C, Ma KY, Liu J, Huang Y, Chen ZY. DPA n-3, DPA n-6 and DHA improve lipoprotein profiles and aortic function in hamsters fed a high cholesterol diet. Atherosclerosis 2012; 221:397-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Peng C, Zuo Y, Kwan KM, Liang Y, Ma KY, Chan HYE, Huang Y, Yu H, Chen ZY. Blueberry extract prolongs lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster. Exp Gerontol 2011; 47:170-8. [PMID: 22197903 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Blueberry possesses greater antioxidant capacity than most other fruits and vegetables. The present study investigated the lifespan-prolonging activity of blueberry extracts in fruit flies and explored its underlying mechanism. Results revealed that blueberry extracts at 5mg/ml in diet could significantly extend the mean lifespan of fruit flies by 10%, accompanied by up-regulating gene expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and Rpn11 and down-regulating Methuselah (MTH) gene. Intensive H(2)O(2) and Paraquat challenge tests showed that lifespan was only extended in Oregon-R wild type flies but not in SOD(n108) or Cat(n1) mutant strains. Chronic Paraquat exposure shortened the maximum survival time from 73 to 35days and decreased the climbing ability by 60% while blueberry extracts at 5mg/ml in diet could significantly increase the survival rate and partially restore the climbing ability with up-regulating SOD, CAT, and Rpn11. Furthermore, gustatory assay demonstrated that those changes were not due to the variation of food intake between the control and the experimental diet containing 5mg/ml blueberry extracts. It was therefore concluded that the lifespan-prolonging activity of blueberry extracts was at least partially associated with its interactions with MTH, Rpn11, and endogenous antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Chen J, Jiang Y, Ma KY, Chen F, Chen ZY. Microalga decreases plasma cholesterol by down-regulation of intestinal NPC1L1, hepatic LDL receptor, and HMG-CoA reductase. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:6790-6797. [PMID: 21561085 DOI: 10.1021/jf200757h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the cholesterol-lowering activity of algal powder (AP), algal lipids (AL), and algal residue (AR) and their interaction with genes of transporters, receptors, and enzymes involved in cholesterol absorption and metabolism. In this experiment, 48 hamsters were fed either control diet or one of the three experimental diets containing 2% AP, 1.0% AL, or 1.0% AR for 6 weeks. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) and non-high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (non-HDL-C) were significantly decreased in the AP and AL groups but not in the AR group compared with those in the control hamsters. It was found that the cholesterol-lowering activity of AP and AL was associated with down-regulation of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and intestinal Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) transporter. It was concluded that the alga possessed the cholesterol-lowering activity and its lipids were the active ingredients. The mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering activity of algae were mediated most likely by increasing the sterol excretion and decreasing the cholesterol absorption and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Chen
- Kwong Living Trust Food Safety and Analysis Laboratory and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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Ma KY, Yang N, Jiao R, Peng C, Guan L, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Dietary calcium decreases plasma cholesterol by down-regulation of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 and microsomal triacylglycerol transport protein and up-regulation of CYP7A1 and ABCG 5/8 in hamsters. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 55:247-58. [PMID: 20715096 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE It has been shown that calcium supplementation favorably modifies plasma lipoprotein profile in postmenopausal women. The present study investigated the interaction of dietary calcium with genes of transporters, receptors and enzymes involved in cholesterol metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-eight ovariectomized hamsters were fed one of the four diets containing 0, 2, 6 and 8 g calcium per kg. Plasma total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TG), and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol were dose-dependently decreased, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was dose-dependently increased with the increasing dietary calcium levels. Dietary calcium had no effect on protein mass of hepatic sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP), liver X receptor-alpha (LXR), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), LDL receptor (LDLR) and cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1). However, dietary calcium up-regulated the mRNA levels of hepatic CYP7A1 and intestinal ATP binding cassette transporters (ABCG5/8) whereas it down-regulated the intestinal Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) and microsomal triacylglycerol transport protein (MTP). In addition, dietary calcium increased the activity of intestinal acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase 2, while it decreased plasma cholesteryl ester transport protein (CETP). CONCLUSION Beneficial modification of lipoprotein profile by dietary calcium was mediated by sequestering bile acid absorption and enhancing excretion of fecal cholesterol, via up-regulation of mRNA CYP7A1 and intestinal ABCG 5/8 with down-regulation of mRNA NPC1L1 and MTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Ying Ma
- Food & Nutritional Sciences Programme of Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, PR China
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Jiao R, Guan L, Yang N, Peng C, Liang Y, Ma KY, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Frequent cholesterol intake up-regulates intestinal NPC1L1, ACAT2, and MTP. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:5851-5857. [PMID: 20405839 DOI: 10.1021/jf100879y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Dietary cholesterol elevates plasma total cholesterol (TC) level. However, no study to date has examined how cholesterol intake frequency interacts with the gene of sterol transporters, receptors, and enzymes involved in cholesterol metabolism. Thirty-three hamsters were divided into three groups with the control hamsters being given daily 9 mg of cholesterol in the diet (CD), whereas the second group being gavage-administered 3 mg of cholesterol three times per day (C-3) and the third group being gavage-administered 9 mg of cholesterol one time per day (C-1). The experiment lasted for 6 weeks. The hamsters were killed under carbon dioxide suffocation. Data demonstrated that plasma TC, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triacylglycerols were elevated with the increasing cholesterol intake frequency. Western blotting analyses revealed that the intake frequency had no effect on protein mass of hepatic sterol regulatory element binding protein-2, liver X receptor-alpha, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, LDL receptor, and cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase. However, the frequent cholesterol intake down-regulated the mRNA level of hepatic LDL receptor. In contrast, the frequent cholesterol intake up-regulated the mRNA levels of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), and microsomal triacylglycerol transport protein (MTP). It was concluded that the cholesterol intake frequency-induced elevation in plasma TC was associated with greater cholesterol absorption, possibly mediated by up-regulation of NPC1L1, ACAT2, and MTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jiao
- Department of Biochemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that elevated levels of plasma total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are the major risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), whereas high concentrations of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and a low ratio of TC to HDL-C are protective against CHD. A relationship between plasma TC and the risk of CHD is well established at concentrations above 240 mg/dL. In addition to the use of three main classes of cholesterol-lowering medications, including HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, anion-exchange resins, and fibrates, a nutritionally balanced diet that reduces saturated fat and cholesterol intake has traditionally been the first goal of dietary therapy in lowering plasma TC. In recent years, nutraceuticals and functional foods have attracted much interest as possible alternative therapies for lowering plasma TC, especially for hypercholesterolemia patients, whose blood cholesterol level is marginally high (200-240 mg/dL) but not high enough to warrant the prescription of cholesterol-lowering medications. This review summarizes the findings of recent studies on the production, application, efficacy, and mechanisms of popular cholesterol-lowering nutraceuticals and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Chen
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Programme, Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, China.
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