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Veryard R, Wu J, O’Brien MJ, Anthony R, Both S, Burslem DF, Chen B, Fernandez-Miranda Cagigal E, Godfray HCJ, Godoong E, Liang S, Saner P, Schmid B, Sau Wai Y, Xie J, Reynolds G, Hector A. Positive effects of tree diversity on tropical forest restoration in a field-scale experiment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf0938. [PMID: 37713486 PMCID: PMC10846868 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf0938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Experiments under controlled conditions have established that ecosystem functioning is generally positively related to levels of biodiversity, but it is unclear how widespread these effects are in real-world settings and whether they can be harnessed for ecosystem restoration. We used remote-sensing data from the first decade of a long-term, field-scale tropical restoration experiment initiated in 2002 to test how the diversity of planted trees affected recovery of a 500-ha area of selectively logged forest measured using multiple sources of satellite data. Replanting using species-rich mixtures of tree seedlings with higher phylogenetic and functional diversity accelerated restoration of remotely sensed estimates of aboveground biomass, canopy cover, and leaf area index. Our results are consistent with a positive relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the lowland dipterocarp rainforests of SE Asia and demonstrate that using diverse mixtures of species can enhance their initial recovery after logging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Veryard
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Jinhui Wu
- China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, China Geological Survey, Beijing, China
| | - Michael J. O’Brien
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Rosila Anthony
- Sabah Forestry Department, 90000 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sabine Both
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - David F.R.P. Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drives, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Bin Chen
- Division of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | | | - Elia Godoong
- Faculty of Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88450 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Shunlin Liang
- Department of Geography, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Philippe Saner
- Rhino and Forest Fund e.V., Auf dem Stein 2, D-77694 Kehl, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yap Sau Wai
- Conservation and Environmental Management Division, Yayasan Sabah Group, 88817 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jun Xie
- Energy and Environment Institute, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Glen Reynolds
- The South East Asia Rainforest Research Partnership (SEARRP), Danum Valley Field Centre, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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Petter G, Kreft H, Ong Y, Zotz G, Cabral JS. Modelling the long-term dynamics of tropical forests: From leaf traits to whole-tree growth patterns. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Hemprich-Bennett DR, Kemp VA, Blackman J, Lewis OT, Struebig MJ, Bernard H, Kratina P, Rossiter SJ, Clare EL. Selective Logging Shows No Impact on the Dietary Breadth of a Generalist Bat Species: The Fawn Leaf-Nosed Bat (Hipposideros cervinus). Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.750269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Logging activities degrade forest habitats across large areas of the tropics, but the impacts on trophic interactions that underpin forest ecosystems are poorly understood. DNA metabarcoding provides an invaluable tool to investigate such interactions, allowing analysis at a far greater scale and resolution than has previously been possible. We analysed the diet of the insectivorous fawn leaf-nosed bat Hipposideros cervinus across a forest disturbance gradient in Borneo, using a dataset of ecological interactions from an unprecedented number of bat-derived faecal samples. Bats predominantly consumed insects from the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, Blattodea, and Coleoptera, and the taxonomic composition of their diet remained relatively consistent across sites regardless of logging disturbance. There was little difference in the richness of prey consumed per-bat in each logging treatment, indicating potential resilience of this species to habitat degradation. In fact, bats consumed a high richness of prey items, and intensive sampling is needed to reliably compare feeding ecology over multiple sites. Multiple bioinformatic parameters were used, to assess how they altered our perception of sampling completeness. While parameter choice altered estimates of completeness, a very high sampling effort was always required to detect the entire prey community.
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4
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Ng KKS, Kobayashi MJ, Fawcett JA, Hatakeyama M, Paape T, Ng CH, Ang CC, Tnah LH, Lee CT, Nishiyama T, Sese J, O'Brien MJ, Copetti D, Isa MNM, Ong RC, Putra M, Siregar IZ, Indrioko S, Kosugi Y, Izuno A, Isagi Y, Lee SL, Shimizu KK. The genome of Shorea leprosula (Dipterocarpaceae) highlights the ecological relevance of drought in aseasonal tropical rainforests. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1166. [PMID: 34620991 PMCID: PMC8497594 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperdiverse tropical rainforests, such as the aseasonal forests in Southeast Asia, are supported by high annual rainfall. Its canopy is dominated by the species-rich tree family of Dipterocarpaceae (Asian dipterocarps), which has both ecological (e.g., supports flora and fauna) and economical (e.g., timber production) importance. Recent ecological studies suggested that rare irregular drought events may be an environmental stress and signal for the tropical trees. We assembled the genome of a widespread but near threatened dipterocarp, Shorea leprosula, and analyzed the transcriptome sequences of ten dipterocarp species representing seven genera. Comparative genomic and molecular dating analyses suggested a whole-genome duplication close to the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event followed by the diversification of major dipterocarp lineages (i.e. Dipterocarpoideae). Interestingly, the retained duplicated genes were enriched for genes upregulated by no-irrigation treatment. These findings provide molecular support for the relevance of drought for tropical trees despite the lack of an annual dry season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kit Siong Ng
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Genetics Laboratory, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Masaki J Kobayashi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- URPP Global Change and Biodiversity, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Forestry Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeffrey A Fawcett
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, SOKENDAI, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
- RIKEN iTHEMS, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaomi Hatakeyama
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- URPP Global Change and Biodiversity, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Timothy Paape
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- URPP Global Change and Biodiversity, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chin Hong Ng
- Genetics Laboratory, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Choon Cheng Ang
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- URPP Global Change and Biodiversity, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lee Hong Tnah
- Genetics Laboratory, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chai Ting Lee
- Genetics Laboratory, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tomoaki Nishiyama
- Division of Integrated Omics research, Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Jun Sese
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
- AIST-Tokyo Tech RWBC-OIL, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Humanome Lab Inc., Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael J O'Brien
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- URPP Global Change and Biodiversity, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/Tulipán s/n., E-28933, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Dario Copetti
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Mahardika Putra
- Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | | | - Sapto Indrioko
- Faculty of Forestry, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yoshiko Kosugi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ayako Izuno
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuji Isagi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Soon Leong Lee
- Genetics Laboratory, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kentaro K Shimizu
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- URPP Global Change and Biodiversity, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.
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5
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Wills J, Herbohn J, Wells J, Maranguit Moreno MO, Ferraren A, Firn J. Seedling diversity in actively and passively restored tropical forest understories. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02286. [PMID: 33421244 PMCID: PMC8047924 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alternative methods for restoring tropical forests influence the ecological processes that shape recruitment of understory species. In turn, the traits of species recruited will influence the ecological processes the forests provide now and over the long term. We assess the phylogenetic and functional structure of seedlings beneath monoculture plantations, mixed-species plantations (both active restoration) and regenerating selectively logged native forests (passive restoration), considering traits of specific leaf area (SLA, including within-species variation), leaf nitrogen and phosphorus content, life-form, potential plant height, and dispersal type. Monoculture plantations comprised seedlings that were more closely related then would be expected by chance (i.e., phylogenetically clustered), and regenerating forest contained species more distantly related then would be expected by chance (i.e., phylogenetically overdispersed). This suggests that seedlings beneath monocultures assemble through environmental filtering and through the dispersal limitation of predictable functional guilds. However, dispersal limitation is frequently overcome by human-assisted dispersal, increasing trait diversity. Comparing SLA values revealed that regenerating forests recruit seedlings with both high and low mean and variation of SLA, leading to higher overall diversity. Regenerating forest seedlings showed signs of environmental filtering, only based on within-species variation of SLA. Regenerating forest understories appear to favor species that show a high intraspecific variation in SLA values (e.g., Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) and at the same time provided habitat for later successional seedlings that show a lower intraspecific variation in SLA (e.g., Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A.Gray). This trait diversity suggests limiting similarity or competitive exclusion may be reduced because of niche differences, allowing species with different traits to coexist. Phylogenetic and functionally distinct species are restricted in their regeneration capacity, many of which are of conservation significance (under the IUCN Red List). Reforestation projects should maximize desired ecological services (including conservation value) by actively managing for the recruitment of species that are phylogenetically and functionally (including intraspecifically) distinct. This management aim will increase the probability of fulfilling a wider array of niche spaces and potentially increase the diversity of ecosystem services provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrah Wills
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceUniversity of Queensland (UQ)BrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
- Department of Soil ScienceVisayas State University, ViscaBaybay City, Leyte6521Philippines
| | - John Herbohn
- School of Agriculture and Food ScienceUniversity of Queensland (UQ)BrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
- Tropical Forests and People Research CentreUniversity of the Sunshine Coast (USC)MaroochydoreQueensland4558Australia
| | - Jessie Wells
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental DecisionsSchool of Biological SciencesThe University of Queensland (UQ)BrisbaneQueensland4072Australia
| | | | - Angela Ferraren
- Department of Soil ScienceVisayas State University, ViscaBaybay City, Leyte6521Philippines
| | - Jennifer Firn
- Tropical Forests and People Research CentreUniversity of the Sunshine Coast (USC)MaroochydoreQueensland4558Australia
- Department of Soil ScienceVisayas State University, ViscaBaybay City, Leyte6521Philippines
- Present address:
School of Earth, Environmental and Biological SciencesQueensland University of Technology (QUT), Gardens PointBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia
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6
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Pain A, Marquardt K, Lindh A, Hasselquist NJ. What Is Secondary about Secondary Tropical Forest? Rethinking Forest Landscapes. HUMAN ECOLOGY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL 2020; 49:239-247. [PMID: 33343057 PMCID: PMC7734905 DOI: 10.1007/s10745-020-00203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Forests have long been locations of contestation between people and state bureaucracies, and among the knowledge frameworks of local users, foresters, ecologists, and conservationists. An essential framing of the debate has been between the categories of primary and secondary forest. In this introduction to a collection of papers that address the questions of what basis, in what sense, and for whom primary forest is 'primary' and secondary forest is 'secondary,' and whether these are useful distinctions, we outline this debate and propose a new conceptual model that departs from the simple binary of primary and secondary forests. Rather, we propose that attention should be given to the nature of the disturbance that may alter forest ecology, the forms of regeneration that follow, and the governance context within which this takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pain
- Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristina Marquardt
- Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arvid Lindh
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Niles J. Hasselquist
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
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7
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Philipson CD, Cutler MEJ, Brodrick PG, Asner GP, Boyd DS, Moura Costa P, Fiddes J, Foody GM, van der Heijden GMF, Ledo A, Lincoln PR, Margrove JA, Martin RE, Milne S, Pinard MA, Reynolds G, Snoep M, Tangki H, Sau Wai Y, Wheeler CE, Burslem DFRP. Active restoration accelerates the carbon recovery of human-modified
tropical forests. Science 2020; 369:838-841. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aay4490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
More than half of all tropical forests are degraded by human impacts,
leaving them threatened with conversion to agricultural plantations and
risking substantial biodiversity and carbon losses. Restoration could
accelerate recovery of aboveground carbon density (ACD), but adoption of
restoration is constrained by cost and uncertainties over effectiveness. We
report a long-term comparison of ACD recovery rates between naturally
regenerating and actively restored logged tropical forests. Restoration
enhanced decadal ACD recovery by more than 50%, from 2.9 to 4.4 megagrams
per hectare per year. This magnitude of response, coupled with modal values
of restoration costs globally, would require higher carbon prices to justify
investment in restoration. However, carbon prices required to fulfill the
2016 Paris climate agreement [$40 to $80 (USD) per tonne carbon dioxide
equivalent] would provide an economic justification for tropical forest
restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Philipson
- School of Social Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Philip G. Brodrick
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Gregory P. Asner
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Doreen S. Boyd
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Pedro Moura Costa
- Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Joel Fiddes
- Mountainsense Consulting, 7249 Serneus, Switzerland
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research, CH-7260 Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - Giles M. Foody
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Alicia Ledo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
| | | | - James A. Margrove
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roberta E. Martin
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Sol Milne
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Michelle A. Pinard
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Glen Reynolds
- South East Asia Rainforest Research Partnership, Danum Valley Field Centre, Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - Hamzah Tangki
- Conservation & Environmental Management Division, Yayasan Sabah Group, 88817 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Yap Sau Wai
- Conservation & Environmental Management Division, Yayasan Sabah Group, 88817 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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8
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Monitoring tropical forest degradation and restoration with satellite remote sensing: A test using Sabah Biodiversity Experiment. ADV ECOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Davidson G, Chua TH, Cook A, Speldewinde P, Weinstein P. The Role of Ecological Linkage Mechanisms in Plasmodium knowlesi Transmission and Spread. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:594-610. [PMID: 30675676 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Defining the linkages between landscape change, disease ecology and human health is essential to explain and predict the emergence of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria, a zoonotic parasite residing in Southeast Asian macaques, and transmitted by species of Anopheles mosquitos. Changing patterns of land use throughout Southeast Asia, particularly deforestation, are suggested to be the primary drivers behind the recent spread of this zoonotic parasite in humans. Local ecological changes at the landscape scale appear to be increasing the risk of disease in humans by altering the dynamics of transmission between the parasite and its primary hosts. This paper will focus on the emergence of P. knowlesi in humans in Malaysian Borneo and the ecological linkage mechanisms suggested to be playing an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael Davidson
- CENRM and School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Tock H Chua
- Department of Pathobiology and Medical Diagnostics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.
| | - Angus Cook
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Philip Weinstein
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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10
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Relationships between Riparian Forest Fragmentation and Biological Indicators of Streams. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11102870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities, such as land use and land cover modifications in riparian areas, can alter the degree of fragmentation of riparian vegetation, lead to the degradation of stream habitats, and affect biological communities in the streams. The characteristics of the riparian forests can modify the condition of stream environments and the transporting mechanisms of materials, sediments, nutrients, and pollutants loaded from the watersheds. This study aimed to examine the relationships between forest fragmentation and three biological indicators of trophic diatom, benthic macroinvertebrate, and the fish assessment in the Nakdong River, Korea. Eighty-nine biological assessment sampling sites in the National Aquatic Ecological Monitoring Program of South Korea were identified. For each sampling site, riparian forest data within a 500 m radius were extracted from national LULC using GIS to compute fragmentation metrics using FRAGSTATS software. Four fragmentation metrics—number of forest patches, percentage of riparian forest cover (PLAND), largest riparian forest patch index (LPI), and riparian forest division index (DIVISION)—were correlated with the biological indicators. Also, due to severe spatial autocorrelation among observations, the fragmentation metrics and stream environmental variables were regressed to biological indicators using regression tree analysis. Our results indicate that the biological indicators were significantly associated with most forest fragmentation metrics. We found positive correlations of PLAND and LPI with biological indicators, whereas DIVISION was negatively correlated with biological indicators. Both correlation and regression tree analyses revealed that the biological conditions of streams were likely to be better if riparian forests are less fragmented. Particularly, stronger relationships were revealed between macroinvertebrates and fish with the fragmentation metrics of riparian forests than with benthic diatoms. However, these relationships varied with elevation, stream size, and slope conditions. The results of this study reinforced the importance of including riparian forests in the planning, restoration, and management of stream environments. These results also suggested that planners and managers may need to consider different strategies for different stream environments and topographic characteristics in managing riparian forests.
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11
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Granados A, Bernard H, Brodie JF. The influence of logging on vertebrate responses to mast fruiting. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:892-902. [PMID: 30895613 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Periods of extreme food abundance, such as irregular masting events, can dramatically affect animal populations and communities, but the extent to which anthropogenic disturbances alter animal responses to mast events is not clear. In South-East Asia, dipterocarp trees reproduce in mast fruiting events every 2-10 years in some of the largest masting events on the planet. These trees, however, are targeted for selective logging, reducing the intensity of fruit production and potentially affecting multiple trophic levels. Moreover, animal responses to resource pulse events have largely been studied in systems where the major mast consumers have been extirpated. We sought to evaluate the influence of human-induced habitat disturbance on animal responses to masting in a system where key mast consumers remain extant. We used motion-triggered camera traps to quantify terrestrial mammal and bird occurrences in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, relative to variation in fruit biomass from 69 plant families during a major (2014) and minor (2015) masting event and a non-mast year (2013), in both logged and unlogged forests. Bearded pigs (Sus barbatus) showed the clearest responses to masting and occurrence rates were highest in unlogged forest in the year following the major mast, suggesting that the pulse in fruit availability increased immigration or reproduction. We also detected local-scale spatial tracking of dipterocarp fruits in bearded pigs in unlogged forest, while this was equivocal in other species. In contrast, pigs and other vertebrate taxa in our study showed limited response to spatial or temporal variation in fruit availability in logged forest. Our findings suggest that vertebrates, namely bearded pigs, may respond to masting via movement and increased reproduction, but that these responses may be attenuated by habitat disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alys Granados
- Department of Zoology and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Gunung Palung Orangutan Project, Ketapang, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Henry Bernard
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jedediah F Brodie
- Division of Biological Sciences and Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
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12
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O'Brien MJ, Philipson CD, Reynolds G, Dzulkifli D, Snaddon JL, Ong R, Hector A. Positive effects of liana cutting on seedlings are reduced during El Niño‐induced drought. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. O'Brien
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) Zürich Switzerland
- URPP Global Change and BiodiversityUniversity of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
- Southeast Asia Rainforest Research Partnership (SEARRP) Kota Kinabalu Malaysia
| | | | - Glen Reynolds
- Southeast Asia Rainforest Research Partnership (SEARRP) Kota Kinabalu Malaysia
| | - Dzaeman Dzulkifli
- Tropical Rainforest Conservation & Research Centre Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Jake L. Snaddon
- School of Geography and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Southampton Southampton UK
| | - Robert Ong
- Forest Research Centre Sandakan Sabah Malaysia
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of Oxford Oxford UK
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13
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Ammer C. Diversity and forest productivity in a changing climate. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:50-66. [PMID: 29905960 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 50 I. Introduction 50 II. Drivers of the diversity-productivity relationship 51 III. Patterns of the diversity-productivity relationship 55 IV. Responses of mixed stands to climate change 57 V. Conclusions 60 Acknowledgements 61 References 61 SUMMARY: Although the relationship between species diversity and biomass productivity has been extensively studied in grasslands, the impact of tree species diversity on forest productivity, as well as the main drivers of this relationship, are still under discussion. It is widely accepted that the magnitude of the relationship between tree diversity and forest stand productivity is context specific and depends on environmental conditions, but the underlying mechanisms of this relationship are still not fully understood. Competition reduction and facilitation have been identified as key mechanisms driving the diversity-productivity relationship. However, contrasting results have been reported with respect to the extent to which competition reduction and facilitation determine the diversity-productivity relationship. They appear to depend on regional climate, soil fertility, functional diversity of the tree species involved, and developmental stage of the forest. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge and to suggest a conceptual framework to explain the various processes leading to higher productivity of species-rich forests compared with average yields of their respective monocultures. This framework provides three pathways for possible development of the diversity-productivity relationship under a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ammer
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land-use, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Seddon N, Mace GM, Naeem S, Tobias JA, Pigot AL, Cavanagh R, Mouillot D, Vause J, Walpole M. Biodiversity in the Anthropocene: prospects and policy. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.2094. [PMID: 27928040 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Meeting the ever-increasing needs of the Earth's human population without excessively reducing biological diversity is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity, suggesting that new approaches to biodiversity conservation are required. One idea rapidly gaining momentum-as well as opposition-is to incorporate the values of biodiversity into decision-making using economic methods. Here, we develop several lines of argument for how biodiversity might be valued, building on recent developments in natural science, economics and science-policy processes. Then we provide a synoptic guide to the papers in this special feature, summarizing recent research advances relevant to biodiversity valuation and management. Current evidence suggests that more biodiverse systems have greater stability and resilience, and that by maximizing key components of biodiversity we maximize an ecosystem's long-term value. Moreover, many services and values arising from biodiversity are interdependent, and often poorly captured by standard economic models. We conclude that economic valuation approaches to biodiversity conservation should (i) account for interdependency and (ii) complement rather than replace traditional approaches. To identify possible solutions, we present a framework for understanding the foundational role of hard-to-quantify 'biodiversity services' in sustaining the value of ecosystems to humanity, and then use this framework to highlight new directions for pure and applied research. In most cases, clarifying the links between biodiversity and ecosystem services, and developing effective policy and practice for managing biodiversity, will require a genuinely interdisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Seddon
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK .,Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,International Institute for Environment and Development, 80-86 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8NH, UK
| | - Georgina M Mace
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shahid Naeem
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph A Tobias
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Alex L Pigot
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, Groningen 9700 CC, The Netherlands
| | | | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC, UMR CNRS-UM2 9190, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - James Vause
- UNEP, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matt Walpole
- UNEP, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK
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15
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Trogisch S, Schuldt A, Bauhus J, Blum JA, Both S, Buscot F, Castro-Izaguirre N, Chesters D, Durka W, Eichenberg D, Erfmeier A, Fischer M, Geißler C, Germany MS, Goebes P, Gutknecht J, Hahn CZ, Haider S, Härdtle W, He JS, Hector A, Hönig L, Huang Y, Klein AM, Kühn P, Kunz M, Leppert KN, Li Y, Liu X, Niklaus PA, Pei Z, Pietsch KA, Prinz R, Proß T, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmidt K, Scholten T, Seitz S, Song Z, Staab M, von Oheimb G, Weißbecker C, Welk E, Wirth C, Wubet T, Yang B, Yang X, Zhu CD, Schmid B, Ma K, Bruelheide H. Toward a methodical framework for comprehensively assessing forest multifunctionality. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10652-10674. [PMID: 29299246 PMCID: PMC5743643 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) research has extended its scope from communities that are short-lived or reshape their structure annually to structurally complex forest ecosystems. The establishment of tree diversity experiments poses specific methodological challenges for assessing the multiple functions provided by forest ecosystems. In particular, methodological inconsistencies and nonstandardized protocols impede the analysis of multifunctionality within, and comparability across the increasing number of tree diversity experiments. By providing an overview on key methods currently applied in one of the largest forest biodiversity experiments, we show how methods differing in scale and simplicity can be combined to retrieve consistent data allowing novel insights into forest ecosystem functioning. Furthermore, we discuss and develop recommendations for the integration and transferability of diverse methodical approaches to present and future forest biodiversity experiments. We identified four principles that should guide basic decisions concerning method selection for tree diversity experiments and forest BEF research: (1) method selection should be directed toward maximizing data density to increase the number of measured variables in each plot. (2) Methods should cover all relevant scales of the experiment to consider scale dependencies of biodiversity effects. (3) The same variable should be evaluated with the same method across space and time for adequate larger-scale and longer-time data analysis and to reduce errors due to changing measurement protocols. (4) Standardized, practical and rapid methods for assessing biodiversity and ecosystem functions should be promoted to increase comparability among forest BEF experiments. We demonstrate that currently available methods provide us with a sophisticated toolbox to improve a synergistic understanding of forest multifunctionality. However, these methods require further adjustment to the specific requirements of structurally complex and long-lived forest ecosystems. By applying methods connecting relevant scales, trophic levels, and above- and belowground ecosystem compartments, knowledge gain from large tree diversity experiments can be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Trogisch
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Andreas Schuldt
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Chair of Silviculture Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Juliet A Blum
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Sabine Both
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | - François Buscot
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Nadia Castro-Izaguirre
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | | | - Walter Durka
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - David Eichenberg
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute of Biology University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Alexandra Erfmeier
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute for Ecosystem Research/Geobotany Kiel University Kiel Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Christian Geißler
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Markus S Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute for Ecosystem Research/Geobotany Kiel University Kiel Germany
| | - Philipp Goebes
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Jessica Gutknecht
- Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany.,Department of Soil, Water, and Climate University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Saint Paul MN USA
| | - Christoph Zacharias Hahn
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Sylvia Haider
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Werner Härdtle
- Institute of Ecology Leuphana University of Lüneburg Lüneburg Germany
| | - Jin-Sheng He
- Department of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing China
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Lydia Hönig
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Alexandra-Maria Klein
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Peter Kühn
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Matthias Kunz
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection Technische Universität Dresden Tharandt Germany
| | - Katrin N Leppert
- Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Geobotany, Freiburg Germany
| | - Ying Li
- Faculty of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University Haidian District Beijing China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Pascal A Niklaus
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Zhiqin Pei
- Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | | | - Ricarda Prinz
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BIK-F) Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Tobias Proß
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Karsten Schmidt
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Thomas Scholten
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Steffen Seitz
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Zhengshan Song
- Institute of Geography, Soil Science and Geomorphology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Michael Staab
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection Technische Universität Dresden Tharandt Germany
| | - Christina Weißbecker
- Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Erik Welk
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Institute of Biology University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany.,Department of Soil Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,Key Laboratory of Speciality Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province Jingdezhen University Jingdezhen China
| | - Xuefei Yang
- Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China
| | - Chao-Dong Zhu
- Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
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16
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Cosset CCP, Edwards DP. The effects of restoring logged tropical forests on avian phylogenetic and functional diversity. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 27:1932-1945. [PMID: 28543995 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Selective logging is the most prevalent land-use change in the tropics. Despite the resulting degradation of forest structure, selectively logged forests still harbor a substantial amount of biodiversity leading to suggestions that their protection is the next best alternative to conserving primary, old-growth forests. Restoring carbon stocks under Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) schemes is a potential method for obtaining funding to protect logged forests, via enrichment planting and liberation cutting of vines. This study investigates the impacts of restoring logged forests in Borneo on avian phylogenetic diversity, the total evolutionary history shared across all species within a community, and on functional diversity, with important implications for the protection of evolutionarily unique species and the provision of many ecosystem services. Overall and understorey avifaunal communities were studied using point count and mist netting surveys, respectively. Restoration caused a significant loss in phylogenetic diversity and MPD (mean pairwise distance) leaving an overall bird community of less total evolutionary history and more closely related species compared to unlogged forests, while the understorey bird community had MNTD (mean nearest taxon distance) that returned toward the lower levels found in a primary forest, indicating more closely related species pairs. The overall bird community experienced a significant loss of functional strategies and species with more specialized traits in restored forests compared to that of unlogged forests, which led to functional clustering in the community. Restoration also led to a reduction in functional richness and thus niches occupied in the understorey bird community compared to unlogged forests. While there are additional benefits of restoration for forest regeneration, carbon sequestration, future timber harvests, and potentially reduced threat of forest conversion, this must be weighed against the apparent loss of phylogenetic and functional diversity from unlogged forest levels, making the biodiversity-friendliness of carbon sequestration schemes questionable under future REDD+ agreements. To reduce perverse biodiversity outcomes, it is important to focus restoration only on the most degraded areas or at reduced intensity where breaks between regimes are incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy C P Cosset
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - David P Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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17
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A pantropical assessment of vertebrate physical damage to forest seedlings and the effects of defaunation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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18
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Diversity and carbon storage across the tropical forest biome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39102. [PMID: 28094794 PMCID: PMC5240619 DOI: 10.1038/srep39102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical forests are global centres of biodiversity and carbon storage. Many tropical countries aspire to protect forest to fulfil biodiversity and climate mitigation policy targets, but the conservation strategies needed to achieve these two functions depend critically on the tropical forest tree diversity-carbon storage relationship. Assessing this relationship is challenging due to the scarcity of inventories where carbon stocks in aboveground biomass and species identifications have been simultaneously and robustly quantified. Here, we compile a unique pan-tropical dataset of 360 plots located in structurally intact old-growth closed-canopy forest, surveyed using standardised methods, allowing a multi-scale evaluation of diversity-carbon relationships in tropical forests. Diversity-carbon relationships among all plots at 1 ha scale across the tropics are absent, and within continents are either weak (Asia) or absent (Amazonia, Africa). A weak positive relationship is detectable within 1 ha plots, indicating that diversity effects in tropical forests may be scale dependent. The absence of clear diversity-carbon relationships at scales relevant to conservation planning means that carbon-centred conservation strategies will inevitably miss many high diversity ecosystems. As tropical forests can have any combination of tree diversity and carbon stocks both require explicit consideration when optimising policies to manage tropical carbon and biodiversity.
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19
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Tuck SL, O'Brien MJ, Philipson CD, Saner P, Tanadini M, Dzulkifli D, Godfray HCJ, Godoong E, Nilus R, Ong RC, Schmid B, Sinun W, Snaddon JL, Snoep M, Tangki H, Tay J, Ulok P, Wai YS, Weilenmann M, Reynolds G, Hector A. The value of biodiversity for the functioning of tropical forests: insurance effects during the first decade of the Sabah biodiversity experiment. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20161451. [PMID: 27928046 PMCID: PMC5204142 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main environmental threats in the tropics is selective logging, which has degraded large areas of forest. In southeast Asia, enrichment planting with seedlings of the dominant group of dipterocarp tree species aims to accelerate restoration of forest structure and functioning. The role of tree diversity in forest restoration is still unclear, but the 'insurance hypothesis' predicts that in temporally and spatially varying environments planting mixtures may stabilize functioning owing to differences in species traits and ecologies. To test for potential insurance effects, we analyse the patterns of seedling mortality and growth in monoculture and mixture plots over the first decade of the Sabah biodiversity experiment. Our results reveal the species differences required for potential insurance effects including a trade-off in which species with denser wood have lower growth rates but higher survival. This trade-off was consistent over time during the first decade, but growth and mortality varied spatially across our 500 ha experiment with species responding to changing conditions in different ways. Overall, average survival rates were extreme in monocultures than mixtures consistent with a potential insurance effect in which monocultures of poorly surviving species risk recruitment failure, whereas monocultures of species with high survival have rates of self-thinning that are potentially wasteful when seedling stocks are limited. Longer-term monitoring as species interactions strengthen will be needed to more comprehensively test to what degree mixtures of species spread risk and use limited seedling stocks more efficiently to increase diversity and restore ecosystem structure and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L Tuck
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Michael J O'Brien
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120 La Cañada, Almería, Spain
- Danum Valley Field Centre, The SE Asia Rainforest Research Partnership (SEARRP), PO Box 60282, 91112 Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - Philippe Saner
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Tanadini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Dzaeman Dzulkifli
- Tropical Rainforest Conservation and Research Centre, Lot 2900 and 2901, Jalan 7/71B Pinggiran Taman Tun, 60000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - H Charles J Godfray
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Elia Godoong
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
| | - Reuben Nilus
- Sabah Forestry Department Forest Research Centre, Mile 14 Jalan Sepilok, 90000 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Robert C Ong
- Sabah Forestry Department Forest Research Centre, Mile 14 Jalan Sepilok, 90000 Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Waidi Sinun
- Yayasan Sabah (Conservation and Environmental Management Division), 12th Floor, Menara Tun Mustapha, Yayasan Sabah, Likas Bay, PO Box 11622, 88813 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
| | - Jake L Snaddon
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Martijn Snoep
- Face the Future, Utrechtseweg 95, 3702 AA, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Hamzah Tangki
- Yayasan Sabah (Conservation and Environmental Management Division), 12th Floor, Menara Tun Mustapha, Yayasan Sabah, Likas Bay, PO Box 11622, 88813 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
| | - John Tay
- School of International Tropical Forestry, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, 88400 Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Philip Ulok
- Danum Valley Field Centre, The SE Asia Rainforest Research Partnership (SEARRP), PO Box 60282, 91112 Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Yap Sau Wai
- Yayasan Sabah (Conservation and Environmental Management Division), 12th Floor, Menara Tun Mustapha, Yayasan Sabah, Likas Bay, PO Box 11622, 88813 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
| | - Maja Weilenmann
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Glen Reynolds
- Danum Valley Field Centre, The SE Asia Rainforest Research Partnership (SEARRP), PO Box 60282, 91112 Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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20
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Scriven SA, Beale CM, Benedick S, Hill JK. Barriers to dispersal of rain forest butterflies in tropical agricultural landscapes. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin M. Beale
- Department of Biology; University of York; York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Suzan Benedick
- Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture; Universiti Malaysia Sabah; Beg Berkunci No. 3 90509 Sandakan Sabah Malaysia
| | - Jane K. Hill
- Department of Biology; University of York; York YO10 5DD UK
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21
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Chamagne J, Tanadini M, Frank D, Matula R, Paine CET, Philipson CD, Svátek M, Turnbull LA, Volařík D, Hector A. Forest diversity promotes individual tree growth in central European forest stands. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Chamagne
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Forest Management and Development (ForDev) Group; Department of Environmental System Sciences; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich; Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Matteo Tanadini
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of Oxford; OX1 3RB Oxford UK
| | - David Frank
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL; Zürcherstrasse 111 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Radim Matula
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology; Mendel University; Zemědělská 3 613 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - C. E. Timothy Paine
- Biological and Environmental Sciences; University of Stirling; FK9 4LA Stirling UK
| | - Christopher D. Philipson
- Ecosystem Management Group; Department of Environmental System Sciences; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich; Universitätstrasse 16 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Martin Svátek
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology; Mendel University; Zemědělská 3 613 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | | | - Daniel Volařík
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology; Mendel University; Zemědělská 3 613 00 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences; University of Oxford; OX1 3RB Oxford UK
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22
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Teuscher M, Gérard A, Brose U, Buchori D, Clough Y, Ehbrecht M, Hölscher D, Irawan B, Sundawati L, Wollni M, Kreft H. Experimental Biodiversity Enrichment in Oil-Palm-Dominated Landscapes in Indonesia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1538. [PMID: 27799935 PMCID: PMC5065973 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Tropical biodiversity is threatened by the expansion of oil-palm plantations. Reduced-impact farming systems such as agroforests, have been proposed to increase biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. In regions where oil-palm plantations already dominate the landscape, this increase can only be achieved through systematic ecological restoration. However, our knowledge about the underlying ecological and socio-economic processes, constraints, and trade-offs of ecological restoration in oil-palm landscapes is very limited. To bridge this gap, we established a long-term biodiversity enrichment experiment. We established experimental tree islands in a conventional oil-palm plantation and systematically varied plot size, tree diversity, and tree species composition. Here, we describe the rationale and the design of the experiment, the ecosystem variables (soil, topography, canopy openness) and biotic characteristics (associated vegetation, invertebrates, birds) of the experimental site prior to the establishment of the experiment, and initial experimental effects on the fauna. Already one year after establishment of the experiment, tree plantings had an overall positive effect on the bird and invertebrate communities at the plantation scale. The diversity and abundance of invertebrates was positively affected by the size of the tree islands. Based on these results, we expect a further increase of biodiversity and associated ecological functions in the future. The long-term interdisciplinary monitoring of ecosystem variables, flora, fauna, and socio-economic aspects will allow us to evaluate the suitability of tree islands as a restoration measure. Thereof, guidelines for ecologically improved and socio-economically viable restoration and management concepts could be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Teuscher
- Department of Systemic Conservation Biology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Anne Gérard
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle-Jena-LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University JenaJena, Germany
| | - Damayanti Buchori
- Department of Plant Protection, Bogor Agricultural UniversityBogor, Indonesia
| | - Yann Clough
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund UniversityLund, Sweden
- Department of Crop Sciences, Agroecology, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Ehbrecht
- Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Hölscher
- Tropical Silviculture and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Bambang Irawan
- Faculty of Forestry, University of JambiJambi, Indonesia
| | - Leti Sundawati
- Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural UniversityBogor, Indonesia
| | - Meike Wollni
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Georg-August-University GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
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Mori AS, Lertzman KP, Gustafsson L. Biodiversity and ecosystem services in forest ecosystems: a research agenda for applied forest ecology. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira S. Mori
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences; Yokohama National University; Yokohama, Kanagawa 240 8501 Japan
- The Hakai Institute and the School of Resource and Environmental Management; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Kenneth P. Lertzman
- The Hakai Institute and the School of Resource and Environmental Management; Simon Fraser University; Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Lena Gustafsson
- Department of Ecology; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Box 7044 750 07 Uppsala Sweden
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24
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Granados A, Crowther K, Brodie JF, Bernard H. Persistence of mammals in a selectively logged forest in Malaysian Borneo. Mamm Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Yeong KL, Reynolds G, Hill JK. Leaf litter decomposition rates in degraded and fragmented tropical rain forests of Borneo. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kok Loong Yeong
- International Tropical Forestry Programme; Faculty of Science and Natural Resources; Universiti Malaysia Sabah; Jalan UMS 88400 Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia
- The South East Asia Rainforest Research Partnership (SEARRP); Danum Valley Field Centre; PO Box 60282 91112 Lahad Datu Sabah Malaysia
| | - Glen Reynolds
- The South East Asia Rainforest Research Partnership (SEARRP); Danum Valley Field Centre; PO Box 60282 91112 Lahad Datu Sabah Malaysia
| | - Jane K. Hill
- Department of Biology; Wentworth Way; University of York; York YO10 5DD U.K
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Verheyen K, Vanhellemont M, Auge H, Baeten L, Baraloto C, Barsoum N, Bilodeau-Gauthier S, Bruelheide H, Castagneyrol B, Godbold D, Haase J, Hector A, Jactel H, Koricheva J, Loreau M, Mereu S, Messier C, Muys B, Nolet P, Paquette A, Parker J, Perring M, Ponette Q, Potvin C, Reich P, Smith A, Weih M, Scherer-Lorenzen M. Contributions of a global network of tree diversity experiments to sustainable forest plantations. AMBIO 2016; 45:29-41. [PMID: 26264716 PMCID: PMC4709352 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0685-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The area of forest plantations is increasing worldwide helping to meet timber demand and protect natural forests. However, with global change, monospecific plantations are increasingly vulnerable to abiotic and biotic disturbances. As an adaption measure we need to move to plantations that are more diverse in genotypes, species, and structure, with a design underpinned by science. TreeDivNet, a global network of tree diversity experiments, responds to this need by assessing the advantages and disadvantages of mixed species plantations. The network currently consists of 18 experiments, distributed over 36 sites and five ecoregions. With plantations 1-15 years old, TreeDivNet can already provide relevant data for forest policy and management. In this paper, we highlight some early results on the carbon sequestration and pest resistance potential of more diverse plantations. Finally, suggestions are made for new, innovative experiments in understudied regions to complement the existing network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Verheyen
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium.
| | - Margot Vanhellemont
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium.
| | - Harald Auge
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120, Halle, Germany.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (Halle-Jena-Leipzig), iDiv, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Lander Baeten
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium.
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- Department of Biological Sciences, International Center for Tropical Botany, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, OE 167, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
- INRA, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, 97310, Kourou, French Guiana.
- Department of Botany, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.
| | - Nadia Barsoum
- Centre for Ecosystems, Society and Biosecurity, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, GU10 4LH, Surrey, UK.
| | - Simon Bilodeau-Gauthier
- Centre for Forest Research (CFR), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQM), P.O. Box 8888, Centre-ville Station, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle, Germany.
| | - Bastien Castagneyrol
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, 69 route d'Arcachon, 33612, Cestas, France.
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, 33610, Cestas, France.
- UMR 1202, BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, 33615, Pessac, France.
| | - Douglas Godbold
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Universität für Bodenkultur (BOKU), Peter Jordan Str 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Josephine Haase
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Austria.
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
- Ecosystem Management, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Universitaetsstr. 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
| | - Hervé Jactel
- INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, 33610, Cestas, France.
- UMR 1202, BIOGECO, University of Bordeaux, 33615, Pessac, France.
| | - Julia Koricheva
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, Surrey, UK.
| | - Michel Loreau
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS, 2 route du CNRS, 09200, Moulis, France.
| | - Simone Mereu
- Department of Science for Nature and Natural Resources, University of Sassari, Via Enrico De Nicola 1, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Impacts on Agriculture, Forest, and Natural Ecosystems, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Christian Messier
- Centre for Forest Research (CFR), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQM), P.O. Box 8888, Centre-ville Station, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
- Institut des Sciences de la Forêt tempérée (ISFORT), Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), 8, Rue Principale, Ripon, QC, JOV 1V0, Canada.
| | - Bart Muys
- Division Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, Box 2411, 3001, Louvain, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Nolet
- Département des Sciences naturelles, Université du Québec en Outaouais, 58 Principale, Ripon, QC, J0V 1V0, Canada.
| | - Alain Paquette
- Centre for Forest Research (CFR), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQM), P.O. Box 8888, Centre-ville Station, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - John Parker
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA.
| | - Mike Perring
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium.
- Ecosystem Restoration and Intervention Ecology Research Group, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Quentin Ponette
- Earth and Life Institute - Environmental Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Croix du Sud 2, Box L7.05.09, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Catherine Potvin
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield, Montréal, QC, H3A-1B1, Canada.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, USA.
| | - Peter Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, 1530 Cleveland Avenue North, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2753, Australia.
| | - Andy Smith
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor University, Thoday Building, Bangor, LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, UK.
| | - Martin Weih
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7043, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Maestre FT, Bowker MA, Eldridge DJ, Cortina J, Lázaro R, Gallardo A, Delgado-Baquerizo M, Berdugo M, Castillo-Monroy AP, Valencia E. Biological Soil Crusts as a Model System in Ecology. BIOLOGICAL SOIL CRUSTS: AN ORGANIZING PRINCIPLE IN DRYLANDS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Fayle TM, Turner EC, Basset Y, Ewers RM, Reynolds G, Novotny V. Whole-ecosystem experimental manipulations of tropical forests. Trends Ecol Evol 2015; 30:334-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Measuring biomass and carbon stock in resprouting woody plants. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118388. [PMID: 25719601 PMCID: PMC4342014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Resprouting multi-stemmed woody plants form an important component of the woody vegetation in many ecosystems, but a clear methodology for reliable measurement of their size and quick, non-destructive estimation of their woody biomass and carbon stock is lacking. Our goal was to find a minimum number of sprouts, i.e., the most easily obtainable, and sprout parameters that should be measured for accurate sprout biomass and carbon stock estimates. Using data for 5 common temperate woody species, we modelled carbon stock and sprout biomass as a function of an increasing number of sprouts in an interaction with different sprout parameters. The mean basal diameter of only two to five of the thickest sprouts and the basal diameter and DBH of the thickest sprouts per stump proved to be accurate estimators for the total sprout biomass of the individual resprouters and the populations of resprouters, respectively. Carbon stock estimates were strongly correlated with biomass estimates, but relative carbon content varied among species. Our study demonstrated that the size of the resprouters can be easily measured, and their biomass and carbon stock estimated; therefore, resprouters can be simply incorporated into studies of woody vegetation.
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30
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O'Brien MJ, Burslem DFRP, Caduff A, Tay J, Hector A. Contrasting nonstructural carbohydrate dynamics of tropical tree seedlings under water deficit and variability. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:1083-1094. [PMID: 25358235 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Drought regimes can be characterized by the variability in the quantity of rainfall and the duration of rainless periods. However, most research on plant response to drought has ignored the impacts of rainfall variation, especially with regard to the influence of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in promoting drought resistance. To test the hypothesis that these components of drought differentially affect NSC dynamics and seedling resistance, we tracked NSC in plant tissues of tropical tree seedlings in response to manipulations of the volume and frequency of water applied. NSC concentrations decreased in woody tissues under infrequent-high watering but increased under no watering. A faster decline of growth relative to stomatal conductance in the no watering treatment was consistent with NSC accumulation as a result of an uncoupling of growth and photosynthesis, while usage of stored NSCs in woody tissues to maintain function may account for the NSC decline under infrequent-high watering. NSCs, and specifically stem NSCs, contributed to drought resistance under severe water deficits, while NSCs had a less clear role in drought resistance to variability in water availability. The contrasting response of NSCs to water variability and deficit indicates that unique processes support seedling resistance to these components of drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J O'Brien
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David F R P Burslem
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Cruickshank Building, St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Alexa Caduff
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John Tay
- School of International Tropical Forestry, University Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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31
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Ant community structure during forest succession in a subtropical forest in South-East China. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Philipson CD, Dent DH, O’Brien MJ, Chamagne J, Dzulkifli D, Nilus R, Philips S, Reynolds G, Saner P, Hector A. A trait-based trade-off between growth and mortality: evidence from 15 tropical tree species using size-specific relative growth rates. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:3675-88. [PMID: 25478157 PMCID: PMC4224540 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A life-history trade-off between low mortality in the dark and rapid growth in the light is one of the most widely accepted mechanisms underlying plant ecological strategies in tropical forests. Differences in plant functional traits are thought to underlie these distinct ecological strategies; however, very few studies have shown relationships between functional traits and demographic rates within a functional group. We present 8 years of growth and mortality data from saplings of 15 species of Dipterocarpaceae planted into logged-over forest in Malaysian Borneo, and the relationships between these demographic rates and four key functional traits: wood density, specific leaf area (SLA), seed mass, and leaf C:N ratio. Species-specific differences in growth rates were separated from seedling size effects by fitting nonlinear mixed-effects models, to repeated measurements taken on individuals at multiple time points. Mortality data were analyzed using binary logistic regressions in a mixed-effects models framework. Growth increased and mortality decreased with increasing light availability. Species differed in both their growth and mortality rates, yet there was little evidence for a statistical interaction between species and light for either response. There was a positive relationship between growth rate and the predicted probability of mortality regardless of light environment, suggesting that this relationship may be driven by a general trade-off between traits that maximize growth and traits that minimize mortality, rather than through differential species responses to light. Our results indicate that wood density is an important trait that indicates both the ability of species to grow and resistance to mortality, but no other trait was correlated with either growth or mortality. Therefore, the growth mortality trade-off among species of dipterocarp appears to be general in being independent of species crossovers in performance in different light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Philipson
- Mountain Ecosystems, WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research, SLFFlüelastrasse 11, CH-7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Daisy H Dent
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of StirlingStirling, UK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteApartado, Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
| | - Michael J O’Brien
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Juliette Chamagne
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Dzaeman Dzulkifli
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Reuben Nilus
- Forest Research CentreSepilok, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sam Philips
- Kasanka National ParkZambia, Central Province, Zambia
| | - Glen Reynolds
- The Royal Society South-East Asian Rainforest Research Programme, Danum Valley Field CentreSabah, Malaysia
| | - Philippe Saner
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Andy Hector
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of OxfordSouth Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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Cole LES, Bhagwat SA, Willis KJ. Recovery and resilience of tropical forests after disturbance. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3906. [PMID: 24844297 PMCID: PMC4354292 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The time taken for forested tropical ecosystems to re-establish post-disturbance is of widespread interest. Yet to date there has been no comparative study across tropical biomes to determine rates of forest re-growth, and how they vary through space and time. Here we present results from a meta-analysis of palaeoecological records that use fossil pollen as a proxy for vegetation change over the past 20,000 years. A total of 283 forest disturbance and recovery events, reported in 71 studies, are identified across four tropical regions. Results indicate that forests in Central America and Africa generally recover faster from past disturbances than those in South America and Asia, as do forests exposed to natural large infrequent disturbances compared with post-climatic and human impacts. Results also demonstrate that increasing frequency of disturbance events at a site through time elevates recovery rates, indicating a degree of resilience in forests exposed to recurrent past disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia E S Cole
- 1] Department of Zoology, Oxford Long-term Ecology Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK [2] Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Institute, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Shonil A Bhagwat
- 1] Department of Zoology, Oxford Long-term Ecology Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK [2] Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Institute, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK [3] Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Katherine J Willis
- 1] Department of Zoology, Oxford Long-term Ecology Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK [2] Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Institute, Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK [3] Department of Biology, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway [4] Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK
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Pichancourt JB, Firn J, Chadès I, Martin TG. Growing biodiverse carbon-rich forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:382-93. [PMID: 23913584 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Regrowing forests on cleared land is a key strategy to achieve both biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation globally. Maximizing these co-benefits, however, remains theoretically and technically challenging because of the complex relationship between carbon sequestration and biodiversity in forests, the strong influence of climate variability and landscape position on forest development, the large number of restoration strategies possible, and long time-frames needed to declare success. Through the synthesis of three decades of knowledge on forest dynamics and plant functional traits combined with decision science, we demonstrate that we cannot always maximize carbon sequestration by simply increasing the functional trait diversity of trees planted. The relationships between plant functional diversity, carbon sequestration rates above ground and in the soil are dependent on climate and landscape positions. We show how to manage 'identities' and 'complementarities' between plant functional traits to achieve systematically maximal cobenefits in various climate and landscape contexts. We provide examples of optimal planting and thinning rules that satisfy this ecological strategy and guide the restoration of forests that are rich in both carbon and plant functional diversity. Our framework provides the first mechanistic approach for generating decision-makingrules that can be used to manage forests for multiple objectives, and supports joined carbon credit and biodiversity conservation initiatives, such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation REDD+. The decision framework can also be linked to species distribution models and socio-economic models to find restoration solutions that maximize simultaneously biodiversity, carbon stocks, and other ecosystem services across landscapes. Our study provides the foundation for developing and testing cost-effective and adaptable forest management rules to achieve biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and other socio-economic co-benefits under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Pichancourt
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Conservation Decision Team, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo road, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
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Bruelheide H, Nadrowski K, Assmann T, Bauhus J, Both S, Buscot F, Chen X, Ding B, Durka W, Erfmeier A, Gutknecht JLM, Guo D, Guo L, Härdtle W, He J, Klein A, Kühn P, Liang Y, Liu X, Michalski S, Niklaus PA, Pei K, Scherer‐Lorenzen M, Scholten T, Schuldt A, Seidler G, Trogisch S, Oheimb G, Welk E, Wirth C, Wubet T, Yang X, Yu M, Zhang S, Zhou H, Fischer M, Ma K, Schmid B. Designing forest biodiversity experiments: general considerations illustrated by a new large experiment in subtropical
C
hina. Methods Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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O'Brien MJ, Philipson CD, Tay J, Hector A. The influence of variable rainfall frequency on germination and early growth of shade-tolerant dipterocarp seedlings in borneo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70287. [PMID: 23894634 PMCID: PMC3722165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change induced alterations to rainfall patterns have the potential to affect the regeneration dynamics of plant species, especially in historically everwet tropical rainforest. Differential species response to infrequent rainfall may influence seed germination and seedling establishment in turn affecting species distributions. We tested the role of watering frequency intervals (from daily to six-day watering) on the germination and the early growth of Dipterocarpaceae seedlings in Borneo. We used seeds that ranged in size from 500 to 20,000 mg in order to test the role of seed mass in mediating the effects of infrequent watering. With frequent rainfall, germination and seedling development traits bore no relationship to seed mass, but all metrics of seedling growth increased with increasing seed mass. Cumulative germination declined by 39.4% on average for all species when plants were watered at six-day intervals, and days to germination increased by 76.5% on average for all species from daily to six-day intervals. Final height and biomass declined on average in the six-day interval by 16% and 30%, respectively, but the percentage decrease in final size was greater for large-seeded species. Rooting depth per leaf area also significantly declined with seed mass indicating large-seeded species allocate relatively more biomass for leaf production. This difference in allocation provided an establishment advantage to large-seeded species when water was non-limiting but inhibited their growth under infrequent rainfall. The observed reduction in the growth of large-seeded species under infrequent rainfall would likely restrict their establishment in drier microsites associated with coarse sandy soils and ridge tops. In total, these species differences in germination and initial seedling growth indicates a possible niche axis that may help explain both current species distributions and future responses to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J O'Brien
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Ishii H, Azuma W, Nabeshima E. The need for a canopy perspective to understand the importance of phenotypic plasticity for promoting species coexistence and light-use complementarity in forest ecosystems. Ecol Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-012-1025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Differential growth responses in seedlings of ten species of Dipterocarpaceae to experimental shading and defoliation. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467412000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:The responses of plants to shade and foliar herbivory jointly affect growth rates and community assembly. We grew 600 seedlings of ten species of the economically important Dipterocarpaceae in experimental gradients of shading (0.3–47.0% of full sunlight) and defoliation (0, 25%, 50% or 75% of leaf area removed). We assessed stem diameters initially, after 2 and 4 mo, and calculated relative growth rates (RGR) with a linear model. Shading interacted with defoliation, reducing RGR by 21.6% in shaded conditions and 8.9% in well-lit conditions. We tested three hypotheses for interspecific trade-offs in growth responses to shading and defoliation. They could be positively related, because both reduce a plant's access to carbon, or inversely related because of trade-offs between herbivore resistance and tolerance. We observed, however, that species varied in their response to shading, but not defoliation, precluding an interspecific trade-off and suggesting that plants tolerate shade and herbivory with differing strategies. Shading most strongly reduced the growth of species with less-dense wood and larger seeds. The strong and variable growth responses to shade, contrasted with the weak and uniform responses to defoliation, suggest that variation in light availability more strongly affects the growth of tropical tree seedlings, and thus community assembly, than does variation in herbivory.
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Klimes P, Idigel C, Rimandai M, Fayle TM, Janda M, Weiblen GD, Novotny V. Why are there more arboreal ant species in primary than in secondary tropical forests? J Anim Ecol 2012; 81:1103-12. [PMID: 22642689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.02002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Species diversity of arboreal arthropods tends to increase during rainforest succession so that primary forest communities comprise more species than those from secondary vegetation, but it is not well understood why. Primary forests differ from secondary forests in a wide array of factors whose relative impacts on arthropod diversity have not yet been quantified. 2. We assessed the effects of succession-related determinants on a keystone ecological group, arboreal ants, by conducting a complete census of 1332 ant nests from all trees with diameter at breast height ≥ 5 cm occurring within two (unreplicated) 0·32-ha plots, one in primary and one in secondary lowland forest in New Guinea. Specifically, we used a novel rarefaction-based approach to match number, size distribution and taxonomic structure of trees in primary forest communities to those in secondary forest and compared the resulting numbers of ant species. 3. In total, we recorded 80 nesting ant species from 389 trees in primary forest but only 42 species from 295 trees in secondary forest. The two habitats did not differ in the mean number of ant species per tree or in the relationship between ant diversity and tree size. However, the between-tree similarity of ant communities was higher in secondary forest than in primary forest, as was the between-tree nest site similarity, suggesting that secondary trees were more uniform in providing nesting microhabitats. 4. Using our rarefaction method, the difference in ant species richness between two forest types was partitioned according to the effects of higher tree density (22·6%), larger tree size (15·5%) and higher taxonomic diversity of trees (14·3%) in primary than in secondary forest. The remaining difference (47·6%) was because of higher beta diversity of ant communities between primary forest trees. In contrast, difference in nest density was explained solely by difference in tree density. 5. Our study shows that reduction in plant taxonomic diversity in secondary forests is not the main driver of the reduction in canopy ant species richness. We suggest that the majority of arboreal species losses in secondary tropical forests are attributable to simpler vegetation structure, combined with lower turnover of nesting microhabitats between trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Klimes
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, CZ-370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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Hector A, Fowler D, Nussbaum R, Weilenmann M, Walsh RPD. The future of South East Asian rainforests in a changing landscape and climate. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 366:3165-7. [PMID: 22006959 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With a focus on the Danum Valley area of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, this special issue has as its theme the future of tropical rainforests in a changing landscape and climate. The global environmental context to the issue is briefly given before the contents and rationale of the issue are summarized. Most of the papers are based on research carried out as part of the Royal Society South East Asia Rainforest Research Programme. The issue is divided into five sections: (i) the historical land-use and land management context; (ii) implications of land-use change for atmospheric chemistry and climate change; (iii) impacts of logging, forest fragmentation (particularly within an oil palm plantation landscape) and forest restoration on ecosystems and their functioning; (iv) the response and resilience of rainforest systems to climatic and land-use change; and (v) the scientific messages and policy implications arising from the research findings presented in the issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Hector
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Foster WA, Snaddon JL, Turner EC, Fayle TM, Cockerill TD, Ellwood MDF, Broad GR, Chung AYC, Eggleton P, Khen CV, Yusah KM. Establishing the evidence base for maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function in the oil palm landscapes of South East Asia. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 366:3277-91. [PMID: 22006968 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of natural forest to oil palm plantation is a major current threat to the conservation of biodiversity in South East Asia. Most animal taxa decrease in both species richness and abundance on conversion of forest to oil palm, and there is usually a severe loss of forest species. The extent of loss varies significantly across both different taxa and different microhabitats within the oil palm habitat. The principal driver of this loss in diversity is probably the biological and physical simplification of the habitat, but there is little direct evidence for this. The conservation of forest species requires the preservation of large reserves of intact forest, but we must not lose sight of the importance of conserving biodiversity and ecosystem processes within the oil palm habitat itself. We urgently need to carry out research that will establish whether maintaining diversity supports economically and ecologically important processes. There is some evidence that both landscape and local complexity can have positive impacts on biodiversity in the oil palm habitat. By intelligent manipulation of habitat complexity, it could be possible to enhance not only the number of species that can live in oil palm plantations but also their contribution to the healthy functioning of this exceptionally important and widespread landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Foster
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.
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Walsh RPD, Nussbaum R, Fowler D, Weilenmann M, Hector A. Conclusion: applying South East Asia Rainforest Research Programme science to land-use management policy and practice in a changing landscape and climate. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 366:3354-8. [PMID: 22006974 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The context and challenges relating to the remaining tropical rainforest are briefly reviewed and the roles which science can play in addressing questions are outlined. Key messages which articles in the special issue, mainly based on projects of the Royal Society South East Asia Rainforest Research Programme (SEARRP), have raised of relevance to policies on land use, land management and REDD+ are then considered. Results from the atmospheric science and hydrology papers, and some of the ecological ones, demonstrate the very high ecosystem service values of rainforest (compared with oil palm) in maintaining high biodiversity, good local air quality, reducing greenhouse emissions, and reducing landslide, flooding and sedimentation consequences of climate change-and hence provide science to underpin the protection of remaining forest, even if degraded and fragmented. Another group of articles test ways of restoring forest quality (in terms of biodiversity and carbon value) or maintaining as high biodiversity and ecological functioning levels as possible via intelligent design of forest zones and fragments within oil palm landscapes. Finally, factors that have helped to enhance the policy relevance of SEARRP projects and dissemination of their results to decision-makers are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory P D Walsh
- Department of Geography, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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Reynolds G, Payne J, Sinun W, Mosigil G, Walsh RPD. Changes in forest land use and management in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, 1990-2010, with a focus on the Danum Valley region. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 366:3168-76. [PMID: 22006960 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In an earlier special issue of this journal, Marsh & Greer summarized forest land use in Sabah at that time and gave an introduction to the Danum Valley Conservation Area. Since that assessment, during the period 1990-2010, the forests of Sabah and particularly those of the ca 10 000 km(2) concession managed on behalf of the State by Yayasan Sabah (the Sabah Foundation) have been subject to continual, industrial harvesting, including the premature re-logging of extensive tracts of previously only once-logged forest and large-scale conversion of natural forests to agricultural plantations. Over the same period, however, significant areas of previously unprotected pristine forest have been formally gazetted as conservation areas, while much of the forest to the north, the south and the east of the Danum Valley Conservation Area (the Ulu Segama and Malua Forest Reserves) has been given added protection and new forest restoration initiatives have been launched. This paper analyses these forest-management and land-use changes in Sabah during the period 1990-2010, with a focus on the Yayasan Sabah Forest Management Area. Important new conservation and forest restoration and rehabilitation initiatives within its borders are given particular emphasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Reynolds
- The Royal Society South East Asia Rainforest Research Programme, Danum Valley Field Centre, PO Box 60282, 91112 Lahad Datu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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Saner P, Loh YY, Ong RC, Hector A. Carbon stocks and fluxes in tropical lowland dipterocarp rainforests in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29642. [PMID: 22235319 PMCID: PMC3250468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deforestation in the tropics is an important source of carbon C release to the atmosphere. To provide a sound scientific base for efforts taken to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+) good estimates of C stocks and fluxes are important. We present components of the C balance for selectively logged lowland tropical dipterocarp rainforest in the Malua Forest Reserve of Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Total organic C in this area was 167.9 Mg C ha−1±3.8 (SD), including: Total aboveground (TAGC: 55%; 91.9 Mg C ha−1±2.9 SEM) and belowground carbon in trees (TBGC: 10%; 16.5 Mg C ha−1±0.5 SEM), deadwood (8%; 13.2 Mg C ha−1±3.5 SEM) and soil organic matter (SOM: 24%; 39.6 Mg C ha−1±0.9 SEM), understory vegetation (3%; 5.1 Mg C ha−1±1.7 SEM), standing litter (<1%; 0.7 Mg C ha−1±0.1 SEM) and fine root biomass (<1%; 0.9 Mg C ha−1±0.1 SEM). Fluxes included litterfall, a proxy for leaf net primary productivity (4.9 Mg C ha−1 yr−1±0.1 SEM), and soil respiration, a measure for heterotrophic ecosystem respiration (28.6 Mg C ha−1 yr−1±1.2 SEM). The missing estimates necessary to close the C balance are wood net primary productivity and autotrophic respiration. Twenty-two years after logging TAGC stocks were 28% lower compared to unlogged forest (128 Mg C ha−1±13.4 SEM); a combined weighted average mean reduction due to selective logging of −57.8 Mg C ha−1 (with 95% CI −75.5 to −40.2). Based on the findings we conclude that selective logging decreased the dipterocarp stock by 55–66%. Silvicultural treatments may have the potential to accelerate the recovery of dipterocarp C stocks to pre-logging levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Saner
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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