1
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Pietri GP, Bertuzzi S, Karnicar K, Unione L, Lisnic B, Malic S, Miklic K, Novak M, Calloni I, Santini L, Usenik A, Romano MR, Adamo R, Jonjic S, Turk D, Jiménez-Barbero J, Lenac Rovis T. Antigenic determinants driving serogroup-specific antibody response to Neisseria meningitidis C, W, and Y capsular polysaccharides: Insights for rational vaccine design. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 341:122349. [PMID: 38876728 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccines sourced from capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) of pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis strains are well-established measures to prevent meningococcal disease. However, the exact structural factors responsible for antibody recognition are not known. CPSs of Neisseria meningitidis serogroups Y and W differ by a single stereochemical center, yet they evoke specific immune responses. Herein, we developed specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting serogroups C, Y, and W and evaluated their ability to kill bacteria. We then used these mAbs to dissect structural elements responsible for carbohydrate-protein interactions. First, Men oligosaccharides were screened against the mAbs using ELISA to select putative lengths representing the minimal antigenic determinant. Next, molecular interaction features between the mAbs and serogroup-specific sugar fragments were elucidated using STD-NMR. Moreover, X-ray diffraction data with the anti-MenW CPS mAb enabled the elucidation of the sugar-antibody binding mode. Our findings revealed common traits in the epitopes of all three sialylated serogroups. The minimal binding epitopes typically comprise five to six repeating units. Moreover, the O-acetylation of the neuraminic acid moieties was fundamental for mAb binding. These insights hold promise for the rational design of optimized meningococcal oligosaccharides, opening new avenues for novel production methods, including chemical or enzymatic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Pietro Pietri
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sara Bertuzzi
- CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Katarina Karnicar
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP), Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luca Unione
- CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Euskadi Plaza 5, 48009 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Berislav Lisnic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Suzana Malic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Karmela Miklic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Matej Novak
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ilaria Calloni
- CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Aleksandra Usenik
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP), Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Stipan Jonjic
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Dusan Turk
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP), Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CICbioGUNE, Basque Research & Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Euskadi Plaza 5, 48009 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain; Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, EHU-UPV, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Tihana Lenac Rovis
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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2
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Montero DA, Vidal RM, Velasco J, Carreño LJ, Torres JP, Benachi O. MA, Tovar-Rosero YY, Oñate AA, O'Ryan M. Two centuries of vaccination: historical and conceptual approach and future perspectives. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1326154. [PMID: 38264254 PMCID: PMC10803505 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1326154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past two centuries, vaccines have been critical for the prevention of infectious diseases and are considered milestones in the medical and public health history. The World Health Organization estimates that vaccination currently prevents approximately 3.5-5 million deaths annually, attributed to diseases such as diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza, and measles. Vaccination has been instrumental in eradicating important pathogens, including the smallpox virus and wild poliovirus types 2 and 3. This narrative review offers a detailed journey through the history and advancements in vaccinology, tailored for healthcare workers. It traces pivotal milestones, beginning with the variolation practices in the early 17th century, the development of the first smallpox vaccine, and the continuous evolution and innovation in vaccine development up to the present day. We also briefly review immunological principles underlying vaccination, as well as the main vaccine types, with a special mention of the recently introduced mRNA vaccine technology. Additionally, we discuss the broad benefits of vaccines, including their role in reducing morbidity and mortality, and in fostering socioeconomic development in communities. Finally, we address the issue of vaccine hesitancy and discuss effective strategies to promote vaccine acceptance. Research, collaboration, and the widespread acceptance and use of vaccines are imperative for the continued success of vaccination programs in controlling and ultimately eradicating infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Montero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto M. Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juliana Velasco
- Unidad de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Hospital del Profesor, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Formación de Especialista en Medicina de Urgencia, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan P. Torres
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Pediátrica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel A. Benachi O.
- Área de Biotecnología, Tecnoacademia Neiva, Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje, Regional Huila, Neiva, Colombia
| | - Yenifer-Yadira Tovar-Rosero
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y de la Educación, Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Angel A. Oñate
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Miguel O'Ryan
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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3
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Wang B, Marshall HS. A new era for equity in meningococcal disease prevention. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:1329-1330. [PMID: 37579772 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Helen S Marshall
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia; Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia.
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4
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Arunachalam AB, Vile S, Rosas A. A Mouse Immunogenicity Model for the Evaluation of Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:814088. [PMID: 35126397 PMCID: PMC8812382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.814088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of an appropriate animal model for use in the development of meningococcal vaccines has been a challenge as humans are the only natural host for Neisseria meningitidis. Small animal models have been developed and are widely used to study the efficacy or immunogenicity of vaccine formulations generated against various diseases. Here, we describe the development and optimization of a mouse model for assessing the immunogenicity of candidate tetravalent meningococcal polysaccharide (MenACYW-TT) protein conjugate vaccines. Three inbred (BALB/c [H-2d], C3H/HeN [H-2k], or C57BL/6 [H-2b]) and one outbred (ICR [H-2g7]) mouse strains were assessed using serial two-fold dose dilutions (from 2 µg to 0.03125 µg per dose of polysaccharide for each serogroup) of candidate meningococcal conjugate vaccines. Groups of 10 mice received two doses of the candidate vaccine 14 days apart with serum samples obtained 14 days after the last dose for the evaluation of serogroup-specific anti-polysaccharide IgG by ELISA and bactericidal antibody by serum bactericidal assay (SBA). C3H/HeN and ICR mice had a more dose-dependent antibody response to all four serogroups than BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice. In general, ICR mice had the greatest antibody dose-response range (both anti-polysaccharide IgG and bactericidal antibodies) to all four serogroups and were chosen as the model of choice. The 0.25 µg per serogroup dose was chosen as optimal since this was in the dynamic range of the serogroup-specific dose-response curves in most of the mouse strains evaluated. We demonstrate that the optimized mouse immunogenicity model is sufficiently sensitive to differentiate between conjugated polysaccharides, against unconjugated free polysaccharides and, to degradation of the vaccine formulations. Following optimization, this optimized mouse immunogenicity model has been used to assess the impact of different conjugation chemistries on immunogenicity, and to screen and stratify various candidate meningococcal conjugate vaccines to identify those with the most desirable profile to progress to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stacey Vile
- Analytical Sciences, R&D Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, United States
| | - Angel Rosas
- Sanofi Medical Affairs, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, United States
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5
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K B M, Nayar SA, P V M. Vaccine and vaccination as a part of human life: In view of COVID-19. Biotechnol J 2021; 17:e2100188. [PMID: 34665927 PMCID: PMC8646257 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Vaccination created a great breakthrough toward the improvement to the global health. The development of vaccines and their use made a substantial decrease and control in infectious diseases. The abundance and emergence of new vaccines has facilitated targeting populations to alleviate and eliminate contagious pathogens from their innate reservoir. However, along with the infections like malaria and HIV, effective immunization remains obscure and imparts a great challenge to science. Purpose and scope The novel Corona virus SARS‐CoV‐2 is the reason for the 2019 COVID‐19 pandemic in the human global population, in the first half of 2019. The need for establishing a protected and compelling COVID‐19 immunization is a global prerequisite to end this pandemic. Summary and conclusion The different vaccine technologies like inactivation, attenuation, nucleic acid, viral vector, subunit, and viral particle based techniques are employed to develop a safe and highly efficient vaccine. The progress in vaccine development for SARS‐CoV2 is much faster in the history of science. Even though there exist of lot of limitations, continuous efforts has put forward so as to develop highly competent and effective vaccine for many human and animal linked diseases due to its unlimited prospective. This review article focuses on the historical outlook and the development of the vaccine as it is a crucial area of research where the life of the human is saved from various potential diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha K B
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
| | - Seema A Nayar
- Microbiology Department, Government Medical College, Trivandrum, India
| | - Mohanan P V
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
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6
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Marshall HS, Maiden MCJ. Impact of a Meningococcal Protein-based Serogroup B Vaccine on Serogroup W Invasive Disease in Children. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e1669-e1672. [PMID: 32845980 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helen S Marshall
- Robinson Research Institute and Department of Paediatrics, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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7
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Diallo K, Feteh VF, Ibe L, Antonio M, Caugant DA, du Plessis M, Deghmane AE, Feavers IM, Fernandez K, Fox LM, Rodrigues CMC, Ronveaux O, Taha MK, Wang X, Brueggemann AB, Maiden MCJ, Harrison OB. Molecular diagnostic assays for the detection of common bacterial meningitis pathogens: A narrative review. EBioMedicine 2021; 65:103274. [PMID: 33721818 PMCID: PMC7957090 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial meningitis is a major global cause of morbidity and mortality. Rapid identification of the aetiological agent of meningitis is essential for clinical and public health management and disease prevention given the wide range of pathogens that cause the clinical syndrome and the availability of vaccines that protect against some, but not all, of these. Since microbiological culture is complex, slow, and often impacted by prior antimicrobial treatment of the patient, molecular diagnostic assays have been developed for bacterial detection. Distinguishing between meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus), Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus agalactiae and identifying their polysaccharide capsules is especially important. Here, we review methods used in the identification of these bacteria, providing an up-to-date account of available assays, allowing clinicians and diagnostic laboratories to make informed decisions about which assays to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanny Diallo
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Vitalis F Feteh
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
| | - Lilian Ibe
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Antonio
- WHO Collaborating Centre for New Vaccines Surveillance, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, PO Box 273, Banjul, Gambia; Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique A Caugant
- WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Meningococci, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo N-0213, Norway
| | - Mignon du Plessis
- A division of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Ian M Feavers
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| | | | - LeAnne M Fox
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, United States
| | - Charlene M C Rodrigues
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Xin Wang
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Bacterial Diseases, Meningitis and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, United States
| | - Angela B Brueggemann
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C J Maiden
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom
| | - Odile B Harrison
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3SY, United Kingdom.
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8
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Immunogenicity and safety of a quadrivalent meningococcal tetanus toxoid-conjugate vaccine (MenACYW-TT) vs. a licensed quadrivalent meningococcal tetanus toxoid-conjugate vaccine in meningococcal vaccine-naïve and meningococcal C conjugate vaccine-primed toddlers: a phase III randomised study. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e50. [PMID: 33541457 PMCID: PMC8060839 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268821000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination remains the best strategy to reduce invasive meningococcal disease. This study evaluated an investigational tetanus toxoid-conjugate quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine (MenACYW-TT) vs. a licensed tetanus toxoid-conjugate quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine (MCV4-TT) (NCT02955797). Healthy toddlers aged 12–23 months were included if they were either meningococcal vaccine-naïve or MenC conjugate (MCC) vaccine-primed (≥1 dose of MCC prior to 12 months of age). Vaccine-naïve participants were randomised 1:1 to either MenACYW-TT (n = 306) or MCV4-TT (n = 306). MCC-primed participants were randomised 2:1 to MenACYW-TT (n = 203) or MCV4-TT (n = 103). Antibody titres against each of the four meningococcal serogroups were measured by serum bactericidal antibody assay using the human complement. The co-primary objectives of this study were to demonstrate the non-inferiority of MenACYW-TT to MCV4-TT in terms of seroprotection (titres ≥1:8) at Day 30 in both vaccine-naïve and all participants (vaccine-naïve and MCC-primed groups pooled). The immune response for all four serogroups to MenACYW-TT was non-inferior to MCV4-TT in vaccine-naïve participants (seroprotection: range 83.6–99.3% and 81.4–91.6%, respectively) and all participants (seroprotection: range 83.6–99.3% and 81.4–98.0%, respectively). The safety profiles of both vaccines were comparable. MenACYW-TT was well-tolerated and demonstrated non-inferior immunogenicity when administered to MCC vaccine-primed and vaccine-naïve toddlers.
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9
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Kumar P, Sunita, Dubey KK, Shukla P. Whole-Cell Vaccine Preparation: Options and Perspectives. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2183:249-266. [PMID: 32959248 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0795-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are biological preparations to elicit a specific immune response in individuals against the targetted microorganisms. The use of vaccines has caused the near eradication of many critical diseases and has had an everlasting impact on public health at a relatively low cost. Most of the vaccines developed today are based on techniques which were developed a long time ago. In the beginning, vaccines were prepared from tissue fluids obtained from infected animals or people, but at present, the scenario has changed with the development of vaccines from live or killed whole microorganisms and toxins or using genetic engineering approaches. Considerable efforts have been made in vaccine development, but there are still many diseases that need attention, and new technologies are being developed in vaccinology to combat them. In this chapter, we discuss different approaches for vaccine development, including the properties and preparation of whole-cell vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak, Rohtak, Haryana, India.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Allergology and Microbiology, Karaganda Medical University, 40 Gogol Street, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Sunita
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Kashyap Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India.
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University Rohtak, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
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10
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Fiebig T, Cramer JT, Bethe A, Baruch P, Curth U, Führing JI, Buettner FFR, Vogel U, Schubert M, Fedorov R, Mühlenhoff M. Structural and mechanistic basis of capsule O-acetylation in Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4723. [PMID: 32948778 PMCID: PMC7501274 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18464-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
O-Acetylation of the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A (NmA) is critical for the induction of functional immune responses, making this modification mandatory for CPS-based anti-NmA vaccines. Using comprehensive NMR studies, we demonstrate that O-acetylation stabilizes the labile anomeric phosphodiester-linkages of the NmA-CPS and occurs in position C3 and C4 of the N-acetylmannosamine units due to enzymatic transfer and non-enzymatic ester migration, respectively. To shed light on the enzymatic transfer mechanism, we solved the crystal structure of the capsule O-acetyltransferase CsaC in its apo and acceptor-bound form and of the CsaC-H228A mutant as trapped acetyl-enzyme adduct in complex with CoA. Together with the results of a comprehensive mutagenesis study, the reported structures explain the strict regioselectivity of CsaC and provide insight into the catalytic mechanism, which relies on an unexpected Gln-extension of a classical Ser-His-Asp triad, embedded in an α/β-hydrolase fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Fiebig
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | - Andrea Bethe
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Petra Baruch
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ute Curth
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jana I Führing
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
| | - Falk F R Buettner
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Vogel
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mario Schubert
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roman Fedorov
- Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Mühlenhoff
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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11
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Aye AMM, Bai X, Borrow R, Bory S, Carlos J, Caugant DA, Chiou CS, Dai VTT, Dinleyici EC, Ghimire P, Handryastuti S, Heo JY, Jennison A, Kamiya H, Tonnii Sia L, Lucidarme J, Marshall H, Putri ND, Saha S, Shao Z, Sim JHC, Smith V, Taha MK, Van Thanh P, Thisyakorn U, Tshering K, Vázquez J, Veeraraghavan B, Yezli S, Zhu B. Meningococcal disease surveillance in the Asia-Pacific region (2020): The global meningococcal initiative. J Infect 2020; 81:698-711. [PMID: 32730999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The degree of surveillance data and control strategies for invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) varies across the Asia-Pacific region. IMD cases are often reported throughout the region, but the disease is not notifiable in some countries, including Myanmar, Bangladesh and Malaysia. Although there remains a paucity of data from many countries, specific nations have introduced additional surveillance measures. The incidence of IMD is low and similar across the represented countries (<0.2 cases per 100,000 persons per year), with the predominant serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis being B, W and Y, although serogroups A and X are present in some areas. Resistance to ciprofloxacin is also of concern, with the close monitoring of antibiotic-resistant clonal complexes (e.g., cc4821) being a priority. Meningococcal vaccination is only included in a few National Immunization Programs, but is recommended for high-risk groups, including travellers (such as pilgrims) and people with complement deficiencies or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Both polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines form part of recommendations. However, cost and misconceptions remain limiting factors in vaccine uptake, despite conjugate vaccines preventing the acquisition of carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xilian Bai
- Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WZ, UK.
| | - Ray Borrow
- Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WZ, UK.
| | | | - Josefina Carlos
- University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | | | - Vo Thi Trang Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | | | | | - Jung Yeon Heo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
| | | | - Hajime Kamiya
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Jay Lucidarme
- Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WZ, UK.
| | - Helen Marshall
- Robinson Research Institute and department of Paediatrics, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Nina Dwi Putri
- Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Senjuti Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Mohammadpur, Dhaka1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Zhujun Shao
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | | | - Vinny Smith
- Meningitis Research Foundation, Bristol, UK.
| | | | - Phan Van Thanh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Usa Thisyakorn
- Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kinley Tshering
- Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimpu, Bhutan
| | - Julio Vázquez
- National Reference Laboratory for Meningococci, Institute of Health Carlos III, Spain.
| | | | - Saber Yezli
- Global Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bingqing Zhu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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Vesikari T, Borrow R, Forsten A, Findlow H, Dhingra MS, Jordanov E. Immunogenicity and safety of a quadrivalent meningococcal tetanus toxoid-conjugate vaccine (MenACYW-TT) in healthy toddlers: a Phase II randomized study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:1306-1312. [PMID: 32233959 PMCID: PMC7538019 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1733869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS can lead to invasive meningococcal disease to which young children are particularly vulnerable. We assessed the immunogenicity and safety of Sanofi Pasteur's investigational quadrivalent (serogroups A, C, Y, and W) meningococcal tetanus-toxoid conjugate vaccine, MenACYW-TT, as a single dose, in healthy meningococcal vaccine-naïve toddlers versus a licensed conjugate vaccine MCV4-TT (NCT03205358). In this Phase II study conducted in Finland, 188 toddlers aged 12-24 months were randomized 1:1 to MenACYW-TT or MCV4-TT. Serum bactericidal antibody assays using human complement (hSBA) and baby rabbit complement (rSBA) measured antibodies against each serogroup before and 30 days after vaccination. Participants were monitored for immediate adverse events (AEs) and post-vaccination AEs for 30 days. All analyses were descriptive. All 188 participants completed the study. The Day 30 hSBA seroresponses (hSBA titer <8 at baseline and post-vaccination titer ≥8, or ≥8 at baseline and ≥4-fold increase post-vaccination) were comparable between participants receiving MenACYW-TT (96.7-100%), and MCV4-TT (86.0-100.0%) for each serogroup. Most unsolicited AEs were of Grade 1 or Grade 2 intensity. There were no immediate hypersensitivity reactions, and no AEs or serious AEs leading to discontinuation from the study. In this exploratory study, MenACYW-TT vaccine was well tolerated and immunogenic. If confirmed in Phase III, a single dose of the MenACYW-TT vaccine may show promise as an alternative vaccine option for toddlers receiving meningococcal vaccination for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ray Borrow
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester, UK
| | - Aino Forsten
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Helen Findlow
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Emilia Jordanov
- Global Clinical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, PA, USA
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14
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Presa J, Findlow J, Vojicic J, Williams S, Serra L. Epidemiologic Trends, Global Shifts in Meningococcal Vaccination Guidelines, and Data Supporting the Use of MenACWY-TT Vaccine: A Review. Infect Dis Ther 2019; 8:307-333. [PMID: 31347097 PMCID: PMC6702537 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-019-0254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause of meningitis and septicemia with cases, outbreaks, and epidemics reported globally in industrialized and non-industrialized countries. N. meningitidis is categorized into 12 serogroups; however, only 5 serogroups (A, B, C, W, Y) are responsible for the majority of disease. Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) occurs unpredictably; protection is therefore best achieved by initiating proactive vaccination strategies. Vaccines are currently available for the five main disease-causing serogroups. With the evolution of meningococcal vaccines and changes in IMD epidemiology, different vaccination strategies have been used. Recently, the rapid clonal expansion of meningococcal serogroup W (MenW) has been associated with a change in the national and regional vaccination recommendations from monovalent meningococcal serogroup C vaccines to meningococcal serogroup A, C, W, Y (MenACWY) vaccines in several countries. This review highlights these and other changes in IMD epidemiology and meningococcal vaccination recommendations, summarizes information available for currently available conjugate MenACWY vaccines, and focuses on clinical study data for the most recently approved MenACWY conjugate vaccine, MenACWY vaccine conjugated to tetanus toxoid (MenACWY-TT). MenACWY-TT studies spanned multiple age groups and generally demonstrated safety and immunogenicity in comparison with other meningococcal vaccines and under concomitant administration of other routine vaccines. Continuous updates to meningococcal vaccine recommendations in response to changing epidemiology, as have been undertaken for MenW, are necessary to ensure optimal population protection. FUNDING: Pfizer, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Presa
- Global Medical Development and Scientific/Clinical Affairs, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Jamie Findlow
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, International Developed Markets, Pfizer Ltd, Tadworth, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | - Lidia Serra
- Global Medical Development and Scientific/Clinical Affairs, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA, USA.
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15
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Sharma N, Hanif S, Upadhyay D, Chhikara MK. Inhibition ELISA as a putative tool for the identification and quantification of meningococcal A and X polysaccharides at various stages of vaccine development. J Immunol Methods 2019; 473:112634. [PMID: 31361996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.112634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The multivalent glycoconjugate vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis are extremely high-priced for the developing world. The high cost is due to the manufacturing set-up required to produce an effective vaccine and other inflators like complex production steps including the production and purification of the polysaccharide and consequently its conjugation with a protein and finally formulating the finished multivalent product. There is an urgent need for assays which are simple, precise, can be applicable at multiple steps and contribute in reducing the overall manufacturing cost, thereby making the vaccines more equitable to the developing world. WHO recommends serological tests for polysaccharide identification and quantitation at different stages of conjugate vaccine production. We report development of inhibition ELISAs for the identification and quantification of N. meningitidis serogroup A (MenA) and N. meningitidis serogroup X (MenX) polysaccharides (PSs) in samples from stage of cell banking till production of finished product. The method was qualified on various parameters such as specificity, intermediate precision, sensitivity and accuracy. Our results provide a proof of concept for the use of an inhibition ELISA as a common tool for the identification and quantification of PS at various stages of vaccine development and manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Sharma
- Amity Institute of Virology & Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Sarmad Hanif
- MSD Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Jamia Hamdard, 2nd Floor, Nanotechnology Building, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Dilip Upadhyay
- Amity Institute of Virology & Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Chhikara
- MSD Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Jamia Hamdard, 2nd Floor, Nanotechnology Building, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Rodrigues CMC, Chan H, Vipond C, Jolley K, Harrison OB, Wheeler J, Whiting G, Feavers IM, Maiden MCJ. Typing complex meningococcal vaccines to understand diversity and population structure of key vaccine antigens. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 3:151. [PMID: 30687793 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14859.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Protein-conjugate capsular polysaccharide vaccines can potentially control invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) caused by five (A, C, W, X, Y) of the six IMD-associated serogroups. Concerns raised by immunological similarity of the serogroup B capsule to human neural cell carbohydrates, meant that 'serogroup B substitute' vaccines target more variable subcapsular protein antigens. A successful approach using outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) as major vaccine components had limited strain coverage. In 4CMenB (Bexsero ®), recombinant proteins have been added to ameliorate this problem. Methods: Scalable, portable, genomic techniques were used to investigate the Bexsero ® OMV protein diversity in meningococcal populations. Shotgun proteomics identified 461 proteins in the OMV, defining a complex proteome. Amino acid sequences for the 24 proteins most likely to be involved in cross-protective immune responses were catalogued within the PubMLST.org/neisseria database using a novel OMV peptide Typing (OMVT) scheme. Results: Among these proteins there was variation in the extent of diversity and association with meningococcal lineages, identified as clonal complexes (ccs), ranging from the most conserved peptides (FbpA, NEISp0578, and putative periplasmic protein, NEISp1063) to the most diverse (TbpA, NEISp1690). There were 1752 unique OMVTs identified amongst 2492/3506 isolates examined by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). These OMVTs were grouped into clusters (sharing ≥18 identical OMVT peptides), with 45.3% of isolates assigned to one of 27 OMVT clusters. OMVTs and OMVT clusters were strongly associated with cc, genogroup, and Bexsero ® antigen variants, demonstrating that combinations of OMV proteins exist in discrete, non-overlapping combinations associated with genogroup and Bexsero ® Antigen Sequence Type. This highly structured population of IMD-associated meningococci is consistent with strain structure models invoking host immune and/or metabolic selection. Conclusions: The OMVT scheme facilitates region-specific WGS investigation of meningococcal diversity and is an open-access, portable tool with applications for vaccine development, especially in the choice of antigen combinations, assessment and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Chan
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Caroline Vipond
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Keith Jolley
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Odile B Harrison
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Jun Wheeler
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Gail Whiting
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Ian M Feavers
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
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17
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Rodrigues CMC, Chan H, Vipond C, Jolley K, Harrison OB, Wheeler J, Whiting G, Feavers IM, Maiden MCJ. Typing complex meningococcal vaccines to understand diversity and population structure of key vaccine antigens. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 3:151. [PMID: 30687793 PMCID: PMC6338130 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14859.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Protein-conjugate capsular polysaccharide vaccines can potentially control invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) caused by five (A, C, W, X, Y) of the six IMD-associated serogroups. Concerns raised by immunological similarity of the serogroup B capsule to human neural cell carbohydrates, meant that ‘serogroup B substitute’ vaccines target more variable subcapsular protein antigens. A successful approach using outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) as major vaccine components had limited strain coverage. In 4CMenB (Bexsero
®), recombinant proteins have been added to ameliorate this problem. Methods: Scalable, portable, genomic techniques were used to investigate the Bexsero
® OMV protein diversity in meningococcal populations. Shotgun proteomics identified 461 proteins in the OMV, defining a complex proteome. Amino acid sequences for the 24 proteins most likely to be involved in cross-protective immune responses were catalogued within the
PubMLST.org/neisseria database using a novel OMV peptide Typing (OMVT) scheme. Results: Among these proteins there was variation in the extent of diversity and association with meningococcal lineages, identified as clonal complexes (ccs), ranging from the most conserved peptides (FbpA, NEISp0578, and putative periplasmic protein, NEISp1063) to the most diverse (TbpA, NEISp1690). There were 1752 unique OMVTs identified amongst 2492/3506 isolates examined by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). These OMVTs were grouped into clusters (sharing ≥18 identical OMVT peptides), with 45.3% of isolates assigned to one of 27 OMVT clusters. OMVTs and OMVT clusters were strongly associated with cc, genogroup, and Bexsero
® antigen variants, demonstrating that combinations of OMV proteins exist in discrete, non-overlapping combinations associated with genogroup and Bexsero
® Antigen Sequence Type. This highly structured population of IMD-associated meningococci is consistent with strain structure models invoking host immune and/or metabolic selection. Conclusions:The OMVT scheme facilitates region-specific WGS investigation of meningococcal diversity and is an open-access, portable tool with applications for vaccine development, especially in the choice of antigen combinations, assessment and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Chan
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Caroline Vipond
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Keith Jolley
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Odile B Harrison
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Jun Wheeler
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Gail Whiting
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Ian M Feavers
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, EN6 3QG, UK
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18
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Maiden MCJ. The Impact of Nucleotide Sequence Analysis on Meningococcal Vaccine Development and Assessment. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3151. [PMID: 30697213 PMCID: PMC6340965 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since it became available as a routine tool in biology, the determination and analysis of nucleotide sequences has been applied to the design of vaccines and the investigation of their effectiveness. As vaccination is primarily concerned with the interaction of biological molecules with the immune system, the utility of sequence data is not immediately obvious and, indeed, nucleotide sequence data are most effective when used to complement more conventional immunological approaches. Here, the impact of sequencing on the field of vaccinology will be illustrated with reference to the development and implementation of vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis (the meningococcus) over the 30-year period from the late-1980s to the late-2010s. Nucleotide sequence-based studies have been important in the fight against this aggressive pathogen largely because of its high genetic and antigenic diversity, properties that were only fully appreciated because of sequence-based studies. Five aspects will be considered, the use of sequence data to: (i) discover vaccine antigens; (ii) assess the diversity and distribution of vaccine antigens; (iii) determine the evolutionary and population biology of the organism and their implications for immunization; and (iv) develop molecular approaches to investigate pre- and post-vaccine pathogen populations to assess vaccine impact. One of the great advantages of nucleotide sequence data has been its scalability, which has meant that increasingly large data sets have been available, which has proved invaluable in the investigation of an organism as diverse and enigmatic as the meningococcus.
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19
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Mostowy RJ, Holt KE. Diversity-Generating Machines: Genetics of Bacterial Sugar-Coating. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:1008-1021. [PMID: 30037568 PMCID: PMC6249986 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens and commensals are surrounded by diverse surface polysaccharides which include capsules and lipopolysaccharides. These carbohydrates play a vital role in bacterial ecology and interactions with the environment. Here, we review recent rapid advancements in this field, which have improved our understanding of the roles, structures, and genetics of bacterial polysaccharide antigens. Genetic loci encoding the biosynthesis of these antigens may have evolved as bacterial diversity-generating machines, driven by selection from a variety of forces, including host immunity, bacteriophages, and cell-cell interactions. We argue that the high adaptive potential of polysaccharide antigens should be taken into account in the design of polysaccharide-targeting medical interventions like conjugate vaccines and phage-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał J Mostowy
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Kathryn E Holt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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20
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Harris SL, Tan C, Andrew L, Hao L, Liberator PA, Absalon J, Anderson AS, Jones TR. The bivalent factor H binding protein meningococcal serogroup B vaccine elicits bactericidal antibodies against representative non-serogroup B meningococci. Vaccine 2018; 36:6867-6874. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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A Three Component Synthetic Vaccine Containing a β-Mannan T-Cell Peptide Epitope and a β-Glucan Dendritic Cell Ligand. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081961. [PMID: 30082627 PMCID: PMC6222438 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugates prepared from the capsular polysaccharide of several pathogenic bacteria and carrier proteins, such as CRM 197 or tetanus toxoid, have been one of the most successful public health measures to be implemented in the last quarter century. A crucial element in the success of conjugate vaccines has been the recruitment of T-cell help and systematic induction of a secondary immune response. The seminal discovery, that degraded polysaccharide fragments with attached peptide are presented to the T-cell receptor of carbohydrate specific T-cells by MHC-II molecules that bind to the peptide component of degraded vaccine, suggests potentially novel designs for conjugate vaccines. A fully synthetic conjugate vaccine was constructed from a 1,2-linked β-mannose trisaccharide conjugated to a T-cell peptide, previously shown to afford protection against Candida albicans. This combined B- and T-cell epitope was synthesized with a C-terminal azidolysine residue for subsequent conjugation by click chemistry. Four copies of a β-1,3 linked hexaglucan dendritic cell epitope were conjugated to an asymmetric dendrimer bearing an alkyne terminated tether. Click chemistry of these two components created a conjugate vaccine that induced antibodies to all three epitopes of the fully synthetic construct.
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New Technologies for Vaccine Development: Harnessing the Power of Human Immunology. J Indian Inst Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-018-0064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
There is an urgent need to develop vaccines against pathogenic bacteria. However, this is often hindered by antigenic diversity and difficulties encountered manufacturing membrane proteins. Here we show how to use structure-based design to develop chimeric antigens (ChAs) for subunit vaccines. ChAs are generated against serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis (MenB), the predominant cause of meningococcal disease in wealthy countries. MenB ChAs exploit factor H binding protein (fHbp) as a molecular scaffold to display the immunogenic VR2 epitope from the integral membrane protein PorA. Structural analyses demonstrate fHbp is correctly folded and the PorA VR2 epitope adopts an immunogenic conformation. In mice, immunisation with ChAs generates fHbp and PorA antibodies that recognise the antigens expressed by clinical MenB isolates; these antibody responses correlate with protection against meningococcal disease. Application of ChAs is therefore a potentially powerful approach to develop multivalent subunit vaccines, which can be tailored to circumvent pathogen diversity. Factor H binding protein (fHbp) and PorA are components of experimental serogroup B N. meningitidis vaccines. Here the authors graft the VR2 loop of PorA onto an fHBp-based scaffold to demonstrate proof-of-principle of a chimeric antigen strategy and vaccination against meningococcal disease.
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Effect of Vaccine-Elicited Antibodies on Colonization of Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup B and C Strains in a Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell Culture Model. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00188-17. [PMID: 28794055 PMCID: PMC5629670 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00188-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines protect individuals from invasive disease and decrease carriage, which reduces spread of the organism in the population. In contrast, antibodies elicited by plain polysaccharide or protein antigen-based meningococcal (Men) vaccines have little or no effect on decreasing carriage. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which vaccine-induced human immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies affect colonization by meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) or C (MenC) strains using a human bronchial epithelial cell culture model (16HBE14o-). Fluorescence microscopy showed that bacteria colonizing the apical side of 16HBE14o- monolayers had decreased capsular polysaccharide on the bacterial surface that resulted from shedding the capsule and not decreased production of polysaccharide. Capsular polysaccharide shedding depended on the presence of 16HBE14o- cells and bacteria but not direct adherence of the bacteria to the cells. Treatment of bacteria and cells with postimmunization MenC-conjugate IgG or murine anti-MenB polysaccharide monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) inhibited capsule shedding, microcolony dispersal, and invasion of the 16HBE14o- cell monolayer. In contrast, the IgG responses elicited by immunization with MenC polysaccharide (PS), MenB outer membrane vesicle (OMV)-based, or factor H binding protein (FHbp)-based vaccines were not different than preimmune IgG or no-treatment response. The results provide new insights on the mechanism by which high-avidity anticapsular antibodies elicited by polysaccharide-conjugate vaccines affect meningococcal colonization. The data also suggest that any effect on colonization by IgG elicited by OMV- or FHbp-based vaccines may involve a different mechanism.
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Pérez-Breva L, Abad-Torreblanca R, Martínez-Beneito MÁ, Puig-Barberà J, Alemán-Sánchez S, Morant-Talamante N, Sastre-Cantón M, Vázquez-Moreno JA, Díez-Domingo J. Seroprevalence of antibodies against serogroup C meningococci in the region of Valencia, Spain: Impact of meningococcal C conjugate vaccination. Vaccine 2017; 35:2949-2954. [PMID: 28438407 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Meningococcal C conjugate (MCC) vaccination programs provide direct and indirect protection against meningococcal disease. However, a decrease in the antibodies could affect herd immunity. We conducted a seroprevalence study to assess the immunity in subjects 8-12years after different MCCV vaccination programs were launched and evaluated the impact of vaccination on seroprotection. METHODS Seroepidemiological study conducted from October 2010 to April 2012 in the region of Valencia, Spain. Sample size was not proportional to the population but to the expected seroprotection by age group. Sera from subjects that were≥3years old were tested using a standardized complement-mediated serum bactericidal antibodies (SBA) assay. Age-stratified proportions of subjects with SBA titers≥8 were considered seroprotected and evaluated. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to evaluate the impact of vaccination on the seroprotection. RESULTS Serum samples from 1880 subjects were collected. In total, 523 (27.8%) of the 1880 subjects and 446 (31.2%) of the 1430 subjects<30years (targeted to any vaccination campaign) showed protective SBA titers. The highest percentage of seroprotected subjects (67.8%, 95%CI 56.9-77.4) was observed in those that were vaccinated in a catch-up campaign at 10-13years of age (20-21years old at the time of blood sampling). Those scheduled for immunization in infancy at 2, 4 and 6months of age (7-8years at blood sample) represented the lowest (7.1%, 95% CI 3.3-13.1) number of seroprotected subjects. Having received one vaccine dose after 12months of age was associated with increased seroprotection. The present study revealed a positive correlation between the increasing age at vaccination and longer duration of seroprotection. CONCLUSION Only one in three subjects who were vaccinated with MCC vaccine was seroprotected after 8-12years. These findings emphasize that seroprevalence studies are essential to identify susceptible cohorts and to inform vaccine policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Pérez-Breva
- Vaccine Research, The Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO)-Public Health, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Raquel Abad-Torreblanca
- Spanish Reference Laboratory for Meningococci, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-Beneito
- Health Inequalities, The Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO)-Public Health, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Joan Puig-Barberà
- Vaccine Research, The Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO)-Public Health, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Sara Alemán-Sánchez
- Vaccine Research, The Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO)-Public Health, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Nuria Morant-Talamante
- Vaccine Research, The Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO)-Public Health, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Macrina Sastre-Cantón
- Vaccine Research, The Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO)-Public Health, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Julio A Vázquez-Moreno
- Spanish Reference Laboratory for Meningococci, National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Díez-Domingo
- Vaccine Research, The Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencian Community (FISABIO)-Public Health, Valencia, Spain.
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26
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Dave SR. Microbial Exopolysaccharide - An Inevitable Product for Living Beings and Environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.15406/jbmoa.2016.02.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Momen SB, Siadat SD, Akbari N, Ranjbar B, Khajeh K. Applying Central Composite Design and Response Surface Methodology to Optimize Growth and Biomass Production of Haemophilus influenzae Type b. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e25246. [PMID: 27630761 PMCID: PMC5011407 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.25246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia, cellulitis, bacteremia, and septic arthritis in infants and young children. The Hib capsule contains the major virulence factor, and is composed of polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) that can induce immune system response. Vaccines consisting of Hib capsular polysaccharide (PRP) conjugated to a carrier protein are effective in the prevention of the infections. However, due to costly processes in PRP production, these vaccines are too expensive. Objectives To enhance biomass, in this research we focused on optimizing Hib growth with respect to physical factors such as pH, temperature, and agitation by using a response surface methodology (RSM). Materials and Methods We employed a central composite design (CCD) and a response surface methodology to determine the optimum cultivation conditions for growth and biomass production of H. influenzae type b. The treatment factors investigated were initial pH, agitation, and temperature, using shaking flasks. After Hib cultivation and determination of dry biomass, analysis of experimental data was performed by the RSM-CCD. Results The model showed that temperature and pH had an interactive effect on Hib biomass production. The dry biomass produced in shaking flasks was about 5470 mg/L, which was under an initial pH of 8.5, at 250 rpm and 35° C. Conclusions We found CCD and RSM very effective in optimizing Hib culture conditions, and Hib biomass production was greatly influenced by pH and incubation temperature. Therefore, optimization of the growth factors to maximize Hib production can lead to 1) an increase in bacterial biomass and PRP productions, 2) lower vaccine prices, 3) vaccination of more susceptible populations, and 4) lower risk of Hib infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Bahman Momen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat-Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Neda Akbari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, IR Iran
| | - Bijan Ranjbar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat-Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Khosro Khajeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat-Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Khosro Khajeh, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat-Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2182884717, Fax: +98-2182884718, E-mail:
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Basta NE, Borrow R, Berthe A, Onwuchekwa U, Dembélé ATE, Almond R, Frankland S, Patel S, Wood D, Nascimento M, Manigart O, Trotter CL, Greenwood B, Sow SO. Higher Tetanus Toxoid Immunity 2 Years After PsA-TT Introduction in Mali. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 61 Suppl 5:S578-85. [PMID: 26553691 PMCID: PMC4639490 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. In 2010, mass vaccination with a then-new meningococcal A polysaccharide–tetanus toxoid protein conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT, or MenAfriVac) was undertaken in 1- to 29-year-olds in Bamako, Mali. Whether vaccination with PsA-TT effectively boosts tetanus immunity in a population with heterogeneous baseline tetanus immunity is not known. We assessed the impact of PsA-TT on tetanus toxoid (TT) immunity by quantifying age- and sex-specific immunity prior to and 2 years after introduction. Methods. Using a household-based, age-stratified design, we randomly selected participants for a prevaccination serological survey in 2010 and a postvaccination survey in 2012. TT immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were quantified and geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) pre- and postvaccination among all age groups targeted for vaccination were compared. The probability of TT IgG levels ≥0.1 IU/mL (indicating short-term protection) and ≥1.0 IU/mL (indicating long-term protection) by age and sex was determined using logistic regression models. Results. Analysis of 793 prevaccination and 800 postvaccination sera indicated that while GMCs were low pre–PsA-TT, significantly higher GMCs in all age–sex strata were observed 2 years after PsA-TT introduction. The percentage with short-term immunity increased from 57.1% to 88.4% (31.3-point increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 26.6–36.0;, P < .0001) and with long-term immunity increased from 20.0% to 58.5% (38.5-point increase; 95% CI, 33.7–43.3; P < .0001) pre- and postvaccination. Conclusions. Significantly higher TT immunity was observed among vaccine-targeted age groups up to 2 years after Mali's PsA-TT mass vaccination campaign. Our results, combined with evidence from clinical trials, strongly suggest that conjugate vaccines containing TT such as PsA-TT should be considered bivalent vaccines because of their ability to boost tetanus immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Basta
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ray Borrow
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom
| | - Abdoulaye Berthe
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali
| | - Uma Onwuchekwa
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Rachael Almond
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Frankland
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom
| | - Sima Patel
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Wood
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Nascimento
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Olivier Manigart
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom Medical Research Council Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Caroline L Trotter
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Greenwood
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
| | - Samba O Sow
- Centre pour le Développement des Vaccins, Ministère de la Santé, Bamako, Mali
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Mowlaboccus S, Perkins TT, Smith H, Sloots T, Tozer S, Prempeh LJ, Tay CY, Peters F, Speers D, Keil AD, Kahler CM. Temporal Changes in BEXSERO® Antigen Sequence Type Associated with Genetic Lineages of Neisseria meningitidis over a 15-Year Period in Western Australia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158315. [PMID: 27355628 PMCID: PMC4927168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is the causative agent of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD). The BEXSERO® vaccine which is used to prevent serogroup B disease is composed of four sub-capsular protein antigens supplemented with an outer membrane vesicle. Since the sub-capsular protein antigens are variably expressed and antigenically variable amongst meningococcal isolates, vaccine coverage can be estimated by the meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS) which measures the propensity of the strain to be killed by vaccinated sera. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) which identifies the alleles of the antigens that may be recognised by the antibody response could represent, in future, an alternative estimate of coverage. In this study, WGS of 278 meningococcal isolates responsible for 62% of IMD in Western Australia from 2000–2014 were analysed for association of genetic lineage (sequence type [ST], clonal complex [cc]) with BEXSERO® antigen sequence type (BAST) and MATS to predict the annual vaccine coverage. A hyper-endemic period of IMD between 2000–05 was caused by cc41/44 with the major sequence type of ST-146 which was not predicted by MATS or BAST to be covered by the vaccine. An increase in serogroup diversity was observed between 2010–14 with the emergence of cc11 serogroup W in the adolescent population and cc23 serogroup Y in the elderly. BASTs were statistically associated with clonal complex although individual antigens underwent antigenic drift from the major type. BAST and MATS predicted an annual range of 44–91% vaccine coverage. Periods of low vaccine coverage in years post-2005 were not a result of the resurgence of cc41/44:ST-146 but were characterised by increased diversity of clonal complexes expressing BASTs which were not predicted by MATS to be covered by the vaccine. The driving force behind the diversity of the clonal complex and BAST during these periods of low vaccine coverage is unknown, but could be due to immune selection and inter-strain competition with carriage of non-disease causing meningococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Mowlaboccus
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Timothy T. Perkins
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Helen Smith
- Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland Department of Health, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Theo Sloots
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Royal Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah Tozer
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Royal Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lydia-Jessica Prempeh
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Chin Yen Tay
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Fanny Peters
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - David Speers
- Department of Microbiology, QEII Medical Centre, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Australia
| | - Anthony D. Keil
- Department of Microbiology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Australia
| | - Charlene M. Kahler
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abd El Ghany M, Sharaf H, Hill-Cawthorne GA. Hajj vaccinations-facts, challenges, and hope. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 47:29-37. [PMID: 27260241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective preventive measure that has been used in the unique Hajj pilgrimage setting to control the transmission of infectious diseases. The current vaccination policy applied during Hajj is reviewed herein, highlighting the effectiveness of the approaches applied and identifying research gaps that need to be filled in order to improve the development and dissemination of Hajj vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Abd El Ghany
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | - Grant A Hill-Cawthorne
- The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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31
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Piccini G, Torelli A, Gianchecchi E, Piccirella S, Montomoli E. FightingNeisseria meningitidis: past and current vaccination strategies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1393-1407. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1187068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Genetic and Molecular Basis of Kingella kingae Encapsulation. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1775-1784. [PMID: 27045037 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00128-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kingella kingae is a common cause of invasive disease in young children and was recently found to produce a polysaccharide capsule containing N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) and β-3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (βKdo). Given the role of capsules as important virulence factors and effective vaccine antigens, we set out to determine the genetic determinants of K. kingae encapsulation. Using a transposon library and a screen for nonencapsulated mutants, we identified the previously identified ctrABCD (ABC transporter) operon, a lipA (kpsC)-like gene, a lipB (kpsS)-like gene, and a putative glycosyltransferase gene designated csaA (capsule synthesis type a gene A). These genes were found to be present at unlinked locations scattered throughout the genome, an atypical genetic arrangement for Gram-negative bacteria that elaborate a capsule dependent on an ABC-type transporter for surface localization. The csaA gene product contains a predicted glycosyltransferase domain with structural homology to GalNAc transferases and a predicted capsule synthesis domain with structural homology to Kdo transferases, raising the possibility that this enzyme is responsible for alternately linking GalNAc to βKdo and βKdo to GalNAc. Consistent with this conclusion, mutation of the DXD motif in the GalNAc transferase domain and of the HP motif in the Kdo transferase domain resulted in a loss of encapsulation. Examination of intracellular and surface-associated capsule in deletion mutants and complemented strains further implicated the lipA (kpsC)-like gene, the lipB (kpsS)-like gene, and the csaA gene in K. kingae capsule production. These data define the genetic requirements for encapsulation in K. kingae and demonstrate an atypical organization of capsule synthesis, assembly, and export genes.
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Domingo P, Pomar V. Bacterial meningitis: the end of the beginning? THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 16:271-2. [PMID: 26652863 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pere Domingo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Virginia Pomar
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
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Fallarini S, Buzzi B, Giovarruscio S, Polito L, Brogioni G, Tontini M, Berti F, Adamo R, Lay L, Lombardi G. A Synthetic Disaccharide Analogue from Neisseria meningitidis A Capsular Polysaccharide Stimulates Immune Cell Responses and Induces Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Production in Mice When Protein-Conjugated. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:487-96. [PMID: 27623315 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Some new phosphonoester-linked oligomers, stabilized analogues of the corresponding phosphate-bridged oligomers of Neisseria meningitidis A (MenA) capsular polysaccharide (CPS), were conjugated to human serum albumin (HSA), as a protein carrier model, and studied for immunological activities. We determined (i) in vitro, their biocompatibility (CAM test) and activity in inducing both T cell proliferation (CFSE method) and IL-2 release (ELISA), and (ii) in vivo, their ability to stimulate specific IgG antibody production (ELISA). All HSA-conjugated compounds induce T cell proliferation (40% of proliferation at 10(2) μM), whereas only the phosphonodisaccharide was effective (28% of proliferation at 10(2) μM) among the unconjugated forms. IL-2 release confirmed these results. In addition, the HSA-conjugated showed in vivo the capacity of eliciting the production of specific IgG antibodies. In conclusion, we obtained novel biocompatible, water-stable, and immunoactive MenA CPS analogues. A short disaccharide fragment showed the unusual behavior of triggering T cell proliferation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fallarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of “Piemonte Orientale, A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Benedetta Buzzi
- Department of Chemistry and CRC “Materiali Polimerici”
(LaMPo), University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Giovarruscio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of “Piemonte Orientale, A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Laura Polito
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies, ISTM-CNR, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Brogioni
- Novartis Vaccines
and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 10, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Marta Tontini
- Novartis Vaccines
and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 10, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Berti
- Novartis Vaccines
and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 10, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Roberto Adamo
- Novartis Vaccines
and Diagnostics, Via Fiorentina 10, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC “Materiali Polimerici”
(LaMPo), University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Grazia Lombardi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of “Piemonte Orientale, A. Avogadro”, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
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35
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Neri A, Pezzotti P, Fazio C, Vacca P, D’Ancona FP, Caporali MG, Stefanelli P. Epidemiological and Molecular Characterization of Invasive Meningococcal Disease in Italy, 2008/09-2012/13. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139376. [PMID: 26445461 PMCID: PMC4596568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following the introduction of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine in Italy in 2005, changes in the epidemiology of Invasive Meningococcal Disease (IMD) were expected. The study aims were to describe the epidemiological trend and to characterize the isolates collected during the period 2008/09-2012/13 by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Data on laboratory confirmed meningococcal diseases from National Surveillance System of IMD were reported. METHODS Poisson regression models were used to estimate the incidence rate over time. Serogrouping and MLST were performed following published methods. RESULTS The incidence rate of laboratory confirmed meningococcal disease decreased from 0.33 per 100,000 population in 2008/09 to 0.25 per 100,000 population in 2012/13. The serogroup B incidence rate was significantly higher (p<0.01) than that of other serogroups, among all age groups. The significant decrease of the IMD incidence rate (p = 0.01) reflects the decrease of serogroup B and C, in particular among individuals aged 15-24 years old (p<0.01). On the other hand, serogroup Y incidence increased during the period (from 0.01/100,000 in 2008/09 to 0.02/100,000 in 2012/13, p = 0.05). Molecular characterizations revealed that ST-41/44 cc and ST-11 cc were the main clonal complexes identified among serogroup B and C isolates, respectively. In particular, ST-41/44 cc was predominant in all age groups, whereas ST-11 cc was not identified in infants less than 1 year of age. CONCLUSIONS IMD incidence declined in Italy and serogroup B caused most of the IMD cases, with infants having the highest risk of disease. Continued surveillance is needed to provide information concerning further changes in circulating meningococci with special regard to serogroup distribution. Moreover, knowledge of meningococcal genotypes is essential to detect hyper-invasive strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Neri
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immuno-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizio Pezzotti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immuno-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Fazio
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immuno-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Vacca
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immuno-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fortunato Paolo D’Ancona
- National Center for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Caporali
- National Center for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
| | - Paola Stefanelli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immuno-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Barnett TC, Lim JY, Soderholm AT, Rivera-Hernandez T, West NP, Walker MJ. Host-pathogen interaction during bacterial vaccination. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 36:1-7. [PMID: 25966310 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines have been developed and deployed against several important bacterial pathogens of humans, including Neisseria meningitidis, Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These vaccines are generally considered a successful public health measure and are effective at controlling disease symptoms and/or burden. However, a troubling consequence of recent vaccination programs has been the selection of vaccine escape mutants, whereby the pathogen displays a different repertoire of immune targets than those represented in the vaccine formulation. To address these issues of antigenic variation and bacterial evolution, continued and sustained efforts in epidemiological surveillance, vaccine development/formulation research, and understanding of the host-pathogen interaction are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Barnett
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jin Yan Lim
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amelia T Soderholm
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J Walker
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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Maiden MCJ, MacLennan JM. Editorial commentary: fifteen years of protection by meningococcal C conjugate vaccines: lessons from disease surveillance. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:1222-4. [PMID: 25069870 PMCID: PMC4191561 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Zahlanie YC, Hammadi MM, Ghanem ST, Dbaibo GS. Review of meningococcal vaccines with updates on immunization in adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:995-1007. [PMID: 24500529 PMCID: PMC4896590 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningococcal disease is a serious and global life-threatening disease. Six serogroups (A, B, C, W-135, X, and Y) account for the majority of meningococcal disease worldwide. Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines were introduced several decades ago and have led to the decline in the burden of disease. However, polysaccharide vaccines have several limitations, including poor immunogenicity in infants and toddlers, short-lived protection, lack of immunologic memory, negligible impact on nasopharyngeal carriage, and presence of hyporesponsiveness after repeated doses. The chemical conjugation of plain polysaccharide vaccines has the potential to overcome these drawbacks. Meningococcal conjugate vaccines include the quadrivalent vaccines (MenACWY-DT, MenACWY-CRM, and MenACWY-TT) as well as the monovalent A and C vaccines. These conjugate vaccines were shown to elicit strong immune response in adults. This review addresses the various aspects of meningococcal disease, the limitations posed by polysaccharide vaccines, the different conjugate vaccines with their immunogenicity and reactogenicity in adults, and the current recommendations in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorgo C Zahlanie
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; American University of Beirut Medical Center; Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Moza M Hammadi
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; American University of Beirut Medical Center; Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Soha T Ghanem
- Department of Pediatrics; Makassed General Hospital; Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan S Dbaibo
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; American University of Beirut Medical Center; Beirut, Lebanon
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Klepac P, Metcalf CJE, McLean AR, Hampson K. Towards the endgame and beyond: complexities and challenges for the elimination of infectious diseases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20120137. [PMID: 23798686 PMCID: PMC3720036 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful control measures have interrupted the local transmission of human infectious diseases such as measles, malaria and polio, and saved and improved billions of lives. Similarly, control efforts have massively reduced the incidence of many infectious diseases of animals, such as rabies and rinderpest, with positive benefits for human health and livelihoods across the globe. However, disease elimination has proven an elusive goal, with only one human and one animal pathogen globally eradicated. As elimination targets expand to regional and even global levels, hurdles may emerge within the endgame when infections are circulating at very low levels, turning the last mile of these public health marathons into the longest mile. In this theme issue, we bring together recurring challenges that emerge as we move towards elimination, highlighting the unanticipated consequences of particular ecologies and pathologies of infection, and approaches to their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Klepac
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK
| | | | - Angela R. McLean
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX13 PS, UK
| | - Katie Hampson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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