1
|
Garg K, Meriläinen L, Franz O, Pirttinen H, Quevedo-Diaz M, Croucher S, Gilbert L. Evaluating polymicrobial immune responses in patients suffering from tick-borne diseases. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15932. [PMID: 30374055 PMCID: PMC6206025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is insufficient evidence to support screening of various tick-borne diseases (TBD) related microbes alongside Borrelia in patients suffering from TBD. To evaluate the involvement of multiple microbial immune responses in patients experiencing TBD we utilized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Four hundred and thirty-two human serum samples organized into seven categories followed Centers for Disease Control and Prevention two-tier Lyme disease (LD) diagnosis guidelines and Infectious Disease Society of America guidelines for post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome. All patient categories were tested for their immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) responses against 20 microbes associated with TBD. Our findings recognize that microbial infections in patients suffering from TBDs do not follow the one microbe, one disease Germ Theory as 65% of the TBD patients produce immune responses to various microbes. We have established a causal association between TBD patients and TBD associated co-infections and essential opportunistic microbes following Bradford Hill's criteria. This study indicated an 85% probability that a randomly selected TBD patient will respond to Borrelia and other related TBD microbes rather than to Borrelia alone. A paradigm shift is required in current healthcare policies to diagnose TBD so that patients can get tested and treated even for opportunistic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Garg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Te?ted Ltd, Mattilaniemi 6-8, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Leena Meriläinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ole Franz
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heidi Pirttinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marco Quevedo-Diaz
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Stephen Croucher
- School of Communication, Journalism, and Marketing, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Leona Gilbert
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, NanoScience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
- Te?ted Ltd, Mattilaniemi 6-8, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kuivanen S, Hepojoki J, Vene S, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O. Identification of linear human B-cell epitopes of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Virol J 2014; 11:115. [PMID: 24946852 PMCID: PMC4078944 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a central nervous system infection transmitted to humans by ticks. The causative agent, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), belongs to the genus Flavivirus (family Flaviviridae), which includes globally important arthropod-borne viruses, such as dengue, Yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses. Flaviviruses are highly cross-reactive in serological tests that are currently based on viral envelope proteins. The envelope (E) protein is the major antigenic determinant and it is known to induce neutralizing antibody responses. Methods We synthesized the full-length TBEV proteome as overlapping synthetic 18-mer peptides to find dominant linear IgG epitopes. To distinguish natural TBEV infections from responses to TBE immunization or other flavivirus infections, the peptides were probed with sera of patients infected with TBEV, West Nile virus (WNV) or dengue virus (DENV), sera from TBE vaccinees and negative control sera by SPOT array technique. Results We identified novel linear TBEV IgG epitopes in the E protein and in the nonstructural protein 5 (NS5). Conclusions In this study, we screened TBEV structural and nonstructural proteins to find linear epitopes specific for TBEV. We found 11 such epitopes and characterized specifically two of them to be potential for differential diagnostics. This is the first report of identifying dominant linear human B-cell epitopes of the whole TBEV genome. The identified peptide epitopes have potential as antigens for diagnosing TBEV and to serologically distinguish flavivirus infections from each other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Kuivanen
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vaughan K, Greenbaum J, Blythe M, Peters B, Sette A. Meta-analysis of all immune epitope data in the Flavivirus genus: inventory of current immune epitope data status in the context of virus immunity and immunopathology. Viral Immunol 2010; 23:259-84. [PMID: 20565291 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was performed in order to inventory the immune epitope data related to viruses in the genus Flavivirus. Nearly 2000 epitopes were captured from over 130 individual Flavivirus-related references identified from PubMed and reported as of September 2009. This report includes all epitope structures and associated immune reactivity from the past and current literature, including: the epitope distribution among pathogens and related strains, the epitope distribution among different pathogen antigens, the number of epitopes defined in human and animal models of disease, the relationship between epitopes identified in different disease states following natural (or experimental) infection, and data from studies focused on candidate vaccines. We found that the majority of epitopes were defined for dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV). The prominence of DENV and WNV data in the epitope literature is likely a reflection of their overall worldwide impact on human disease, and the lack of vaccines. Conversely, the relatively smaller number of epitopes defined for the other viruses within the genus (yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis virus) most likely reflects the presence of established prophylaxis and/or their more modest impact on morbidity and mortality globally. Through this work we hope to provide useful data to those working in the area of Flavivirus research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie Vaughan
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stiasny K, Kössl C, Heinz FX. Differences in the postfusion conformations of full-length and truncated class II fusion protein E of tick-borne encephalitis virus. J Virol 2005; 79:6511-5. [PMID: 15858034 PMCID: PMC1091727 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.10.6511-6515.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The trimeric postfusion structure of the C-terminally truncated fusion protein E of the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis virus, a class II viral fusion protein, was previously determined (S. Bressanelli, K. Stiasny, S. L. Allison, E. A. Stura, S. Duquerroy, J. Lescar, F. X. Heinz, and F. A. Rey, EMBO J. 23:728-738, 2004). In this study we compared the properties of this truncated form with the full-length trimer and found that the so-called stem-anchor region not only confers additional stability to the full-length molecule but also structurally modifies the protein domain carrying the fusion peptide loop. These data provide experimental evidence to support the model of a fusion process that leads to the interaction of the stem-anchor region with the fusion peptide loop in the postfusion trimer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Stiasny
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1095 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stiasny K, Bressanelli S, Lepault J, Rey FA, Heinz FX. Characterization of a membrane-associated trimeric low-pH-induced Form of the class II viral fusion protein E from tick-borne encephalitis virus and its crystallization. J Virol 2004; 78:3178-83. [PMID: 14990739 PMCID: PMC353737 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.6.3178-3183.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of a dimeric membrane anchor-free form of the envelope protein E (sE dimer) from tick-borne encephalitis virus with liposomes at acidic pH levels leads to its conversion into membrane-inserted sE trimers. Electron microscopy shows that these trimers have their long dimensions along the threefold molecular axis, which is oriented perpendicularly to the plane of the membrane, where the protein inserts via the internal fusion peptide. Liposomes containing sE at their surface display paracrystalline arrays of protein in a closely packing arrangement in which each trimer is surrounded by six others, suggesting cooperativity in the insertion process. sE trimers, solubilized with nonionic detergents, yielded three-dimensional crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Stiasny
- Institute of Virology, University of Vienna, A1095 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The increased activity of Dengue virus in the tropical regions of the world and the recent movement of West Nile virus from the eastern to the western hemisphere emphasize the fact that vector-borne flaviviruses are medically important emerging infectious diseases. These facts warrant continued efforts to decode all facets of flavivirus immunology. This chapter reviews current understanding of the antigenic fine structure of flaviviral structural and nonstructural (NS) proteins and their involvement in B- an T-cell host responses. The virion structural glycoprotein E elicits both virus-neutralizing antibodies and antiviral Th-cell responses. Consistent with the current hypothesis of the MHC class I pathway of protein processing, immunodominant flaviviral Tc-cell epitopes mainly reside on the NS proteins. To prepare effective and inexpensive subunit vaccines, we will need to continue to better understand these structure-function relationships of flavivirus proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T Roehrig
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hayasaka D, Ivanov L, Leonova GN, Goto A, Yoshii K, Mizutani T, Kariwa H, Takashima I. Distribution and characterization of tick-borne encephalitis viruses from Siberia and far-eastern Asia. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:1319-1328. [PMID: 11369875 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-6-1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) viruses from Siberia and far-eastern Asia were characterized in order to determine virus subtype distribution. TBE viruses were isolated from ticks (Ixodes persulcatus) collected in the far-eastern (Khabarovsk and Vladivostok) and Siberian (Irkutsk) regions of Russia in 1999. Phylogenetic analysis showed that isolates formed distinct clusters of far-eastern and Siberian subtypes. There was also a minor difference in antigenicity between the Irkutsk isolates and other TBE virus strains, as demonstrated by the reactivity of monoclonal antibodies. Amino acid alignments of the E gene showed that the Irkutsk isolates had a single amino acid change at position 234 (Q or H); this amino acid position is considered to be a ‘signature’ of Siberian subtype TBE viruses. Strains isolated in Irkutsk also exhibited equivalent or somewhat higher virulence in mice compared with far-eastern TBE virus isolates. All viruses isolated in this study (i.e. far-east Asian and Siberian isolates) have 3′ non-coding regions (NCRs) of almost the same length, which contrasts with the various sizes of 3′NCRs of other TBE viruses strains reported previously. The data presented in this study show that the 3′NCR is uniform among TBE viruses isolated from Siberia and far-eastern Asia and that the 3′NCR is essential for TBE virus growth in tick and/or rodent host cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Asia, Central
- Base Sequence
- Brain/virology
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/classification
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification
- Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/pathogenicity
- Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/virology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Genes, Viral/genetics
- Genetic Variation/genetics
- Humans
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Sequence Alignment
- Serotyping
- Siberia
- Survival Rate
- Ticks/virology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Virulence/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hayasaka
- Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan1
| | - Leonid Ivanov
- Plaque Control Station of Khabarovsk, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Chabarovsk 680311, Russia2
| | - Galina N Leonova
- Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Academy of Medical Sciences, Siberian Branch, Vladivostok 690028, Russia3
| | - Akiko Goto
- Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan1
| | - Kentaro Yoshii
- Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan1
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan1
| | - Hiroaki Kariwa
- Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan1
| | - Ikuo Takashima
- Laboratory of Public Health, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan1
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Beasley DW, Aaskov JG. Epitopes on the dengue 1 virus envelope protein recognized by neutralizing IgM monoclonal antibodies. Virology 2001; 279:447-58. [PMID: 11162801 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three of 41 IgM monoclonal antibodies derived from dengue 1 virus immunized mice neutralized dengue 1 infection in vitro. All three neutralizing monoclonal antibodies reacted with spatially related epitopes on the E protein of dengue 1 which were also recognized by antibodies in sera from dengue patients. Two neutralization-resistant populations of dengue 1 virus, D1-M10 and D1-M17, were selected by sequential passage of virus in C6/36 cells in the presence of neutralizing IgM monoclonal antibodies M10 and M17, respectively. Single nucleotide changes occurred in the E protein gene of each of these virus populations resulting in single amino acid substitutions at E279 (Phe-Ser) in D1-M10 and at E293 (Thr-Ile) in D1-M17. Both neutralization-resistant populations of virus were more sensitive to elevated temperature than was the wild-type dengue 1 virus and the infectivity and haemagglutinating ability of the neutralization-resistant populations decreased more slowly than that of wild-type virus when exposed to pH in the range 5.8 to 7.0. These are the first epitopes involved in neutralization to have been identified in dengue 1 virus and the first outside domain III of the E protein on any dengue virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D W Beasley
- Centre for Molecular Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brown JM, Coates DM, Phillpotts RJ. Evaluation of monoclonal antibodies for generic detection of flaviviruses by ELISA. J Virol Methods 1996; 62:143-51. [PMID: 9002072 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(96)02095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Three monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) specific for the envelope (E) protein of flaviviruses were evaluated for use in an antigen capture ELISA. Three combinations of Mabs and a combination of polyclonal antibodies (Pabs) were evaluated in antigen capture ELISAs for their ability to detect 18 flaviviruses. The Mab ELISAs detected 50% of flavivirus antigens with a sensitivity between 1 and 9 x 10(4)/ng viral protein/ml, however, none of the ELISAs evaluated proved to be useful for generic detection of flaviviruses, being unable to detect tick-borne flaviviruses and some mosquito-borne flaviviruses. The inability of the ELISAs to detect tick-borne flaviviruses is thought to be due to the conformation of surface epitopes, which the Mabs were unable to recognise. This was again observed using recombinant TBE virus prM/E protein as antigen in direct and antigen capture ELISAs. The Mabs reacted with the prM/E protein when it was denatured by binding directly onto the solid phase, but the antibodies were unable to detect the native protein in antigen capture ELISAs. The antigen capture ELISAs evaluated in this study were considered to be unsuitable for the generic detection of flaviviruses, but may provide a sensitive diagnostic assay for specific flavivirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Brown
- Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|