1
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Hussain M, Zhang G, Leitner M, Hedges LM, Asgari S. Wolbachia RNase HI contributes to virus blocking in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. iScience 2022; 26:105836. [PMID: 36636344 PMCID: PMC9830209 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis blocks replication of several arboviruses in transinfected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. However, the mechanism of virus blocking remains poorly understood. Here, we characterized an RNase HI gene from Wolbachia, which is rapidly induced in response to dengue virus (DENV) infection. Knocking down w RNase HI using antisense RNA in Wolbachia-transinfected mosquito cell lines and A. aegypti mosquitoes led to increased DENV replication. Furthermore, overexpression of wRNase HI, in the absence of Wolbachia, led to reduced replication of a positive sense RNA virus, but had no effect on a negative sense RNA virus, a familiar scenario in Wolbachia-infected cells. Altogether, our results provide compelling evidence for the missing link between early Wolbachia-mediated virus blocking and degradation of viral RNA. These findings and the successful pioneered knockdown of Wolbachia genes using antisense RNA in cell line and mosquitoes enable new ways to manipulate and study the complex endosymbiont-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar Hussain
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Guangmei Zhang
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael Leitner
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lauren M. Hedges
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sassan Asgari
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia,Corresponding author
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2
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Ramos-Martín F, D'Amelio N. Biomembrane lipids: When physics and chemistry join to shape biological activity. Biochimie 2022; 203:118-138. [PMID: 35926681 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Biomembranes constitute the first lines of defense of cells. While small molecules can often permeate cell walls in bacteria and plants, they are generally unable to penetrate the barrier constituted by the double layer of phospholipids, unless specific receptors or channels are present. Antimicrobial or cell-penetrating peptides are in fact highly specialized molecules able to bypass this barrier and even discriminate among different cell types. This capacity is made possible by the intrinsic properties of its phospholipids, their distribution between the internal and external leaflet, and their ability to mutually interact, modulating the membrane fluidity and the exposition of key headgroups. Although common phospholipids can be found in the membranes of most organisms, some are characteristic of specific cell types. Here, we review the properties of the most common lipids and describe how they interact with each other in biomembrane. We then discuss how their assembly in bilayers determines some key physical-chemical properties such as permeability, potential and phase status. Finally, we describe how the exposition of specific phospholipids determines the recognition of cell types by membrane-targeting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ramos-Martín
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, 80039, France.
| | - Nicola D'Amelio
- Unité de Génie Enzymatique et Cellulaire UMR 7025 CNRS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, 80039, France.
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3
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Branca A, Le Ru B, Calatayud PA, Obonyo J, Musyoka B, Capdevielle-Dulac C, Kaiser-Arnauld L, Silvain JF, Gauthier J, Paillusson C, Gayral P, Herniou EA, Dupas S. Relative Influence of Host, Wolbachia, Geography and Climate on the Genetic Structure of the Sub-saharan Parasitic Wasp Cotesia sesamiae. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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4
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Bredlau JP, Kuhar D, Gundersen-Rindal DE, Kester KM. The Parasitic Wasp, Cotesia congregata (Say), Consists of Two Incipient Species Isolated by Asymmetric Reproductive Incompatibility and Hybrid Inability to Overcome Host Defenses. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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5
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Lin Z, Wang RJ, Cheng Y, Du J, Volovych O, Han LB, Li JC, Hu Y, Lu ZY, Lu Z, Zou Z. Insights into the venom protein components of Microplitis mediator, an endoparasitoid wasp. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 105:33-42. [PMID: 30602123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Endoparasitoid wasps deliver a variety of maternal factors, such as venom proteins, viruses, and virus-like particles, from their venom and calyx fluid into hosts and thereby regulate the hosts' immune response, metabolism and development. The endoparasitoid, Microplitis mediator, is used as an important biological agent for controlling the devastating pest Helicoverpa armigera. In this study, using an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis approach, we identified 75 putative venom proteins in M. mediator. The identified venom components were consistent with other known parasitoid wasps' venom proteins, including metalloproteases, serine protease inhibitors, and glycoside hydrolase family 18 enzymes. The metalloprotease and serpin family showed extensive gene duplications in venom apparatus. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) based quantitative proteomics revealed 521 proteins that were differentially expressed at 6 h and 24 h post-parasitism, including 10 wasp venom proteins that were released into the host hemolymph. Further analysis indicated that 511 differentially expressed proteins (DEP) from the host are primarily involved in the immune response, material metabolism, and extracellular matrix receptor interaction. Taken together, our results on parasitoid wasp venoms have the potential to enhance the application of endoparasitoid wasps for controlling insect pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Juan Wang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Olga Volovych
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Bin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Cheng Li
- Institute of Plant Protection of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Baoding, China
| | - Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Yun Lu
- Institute of Plant Protection of Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Baoding, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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6
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Ye XQ, Shi M, Huang JH, Chen XX. Parasitoid polydnaviruses and immune interaction with secondary hosts. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 83:124-129. [PMID: 29352983 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are obligatory symbionts with parasitoid wasps. The PDV virions are produced solely in wasp (the primary host) calyx cells. They are injected into caterpillar hosts (the secondary host) during parasitoid oviposition, where they express irreplaceable actions to ensure survival and development of wasp larvae. Some of PDV gene products suppress host immune responses while others alter host growth, metabolism or endocrine system. Here, we treat new findings on PDV gene products and their action on immunity within secondary hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Qian Ye
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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7
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The Cotesia sesamiae story: insight into host-range evolution in a Hymenoptera parasitoid and implication for its use in biological control programs. Genetica 2017; 145:455-468. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-017-9989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Gasmi L, Jakubowska AK, Herrero S. Gasmin (BV2-5), a polydnaviral-acquired gene in Spodoptera exigua. Trade-off in the defense against bacterial and viral infections. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:37-45. [PMID: 26658027 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Thousands of Hymenopteran endoparasitoids have developed a unique symbiotic relationship with viruses named polydnavirus (PDVs). These viruses immunocompromise the lepidopteran host allowing the survival of the wasp eggs. In a previous work, we have shown the horizontal transfer of some polydnaviral genes into the genome of the Lepidoptera, Spodoptera exigua. One of these genes, BV2-5 (named gasmin) interferes with actin polymerization, negatively affecting the multiplication of baculovirus in cell culture. In this work, we have focused in the study of the effect of Gasmin expression on different aspects of the baculovirus production. In addition, and since actin polymerization is crucial for phagocytosis, we have studied the effect of Gasmin expression on the larval interaction with bacterial pathogens. Over-expression of Gasmin on hemocytes significantly reduces their capacity to phagocytize the pathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis. According to these results, gasmin domestication negatively affects baculovirus replication, but increases larvae susceptibility to bacterial infections as pay off. Although the effect of Gasmin on the insect interaction with other pathogens or parasitoids remain unknown, the opposite effects described here could shape the biological history of this species based on the abundance of certain type of pathogens as suggested by the presence of truncated forms of this protein in several regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Gasmi
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI-BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Agata K Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI-BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Salvador Herrero
- Department of Genetics, Universitat de València and Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI-BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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9
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Kumar S, Kim Y. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is a mediator of hemocyte-spreading behavior and molecular target of immunosuppressive factor CrV1. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:97-108. [PMID: 26366678 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cellular immunity is accompanied by hemocyte-spreading behavior, which undergoes cytoskeletal rearrangement. Polydnaviral factor CpBV-CrV1 can inhibit the hemocyte-spreading behavior and suppress host immune response of Plutella xylostella. However, host target molecule of CpBV-CrV1 that inhibits the hemocyte behavior has not been identified yet. This study used a pull-down approach to identify the target molecule of CpBV-CrV1. A protein bound to CpBV-CrV1 was co-precipitated and identified to be glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) by LC-MS/MS analysis. RNA interference (RNAi) specific to GAPDH of P. xylostella was found to be able to inhibit the hemocyte-spreading behavior, while RNAi treatments with other glycolytic genes had no effect on the spreading behavior. An addition of recombinant CpBV-CrV1 on hemocyte monolayer interrupted the association between GAPDH and α-tubulin in the cytoplasm. Overlay of mutant proteins (Y492A or Y501A with tyrosine to alanine at putative GAPDH-binding site) of CpBV-CrV1 on hemocyte monolayer revealed that they could enter hemocytes unlike a mutant in the N-terminal coiled-coil domain. However, they failed to inhibit the hemocyte-spreading behavior without any binding affinity to GAPDH. These results suggest that GAPDH plays a critical role in hemocyte-spreading behavior during immune challenge as a molecular target of viral factor CpBV-CrV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Chevignon G, Cambier S, Da Silva C, Poulain J, Drezen JM, Huguet E, Moreau SJM. Transcriptomic response of Manduca sexta immune tissues to parasitization by the bracovirus associated wasp Cotesia congregata. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 62:86-99. [PMID: 25584519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
During oviposition, Cotesia congregata parasitoid wasps inject into their host, Manduca sexta, some biological factors such as venom, ovarian fluid and a symbiotic polydnavirus (PDV) named Cotesia congregata bracovirus (CcBV). During parasitism, complex interactions occur between wasp-derived factors and host targets that lead to important modifications in host physiology. In particular, the immune response leading to wasp egg encapsulation is inhibited allowing wasp survival. To date, the regulation of host genes during the interaction had only been studied for a limited number of genes. In this study, we analysed the global impact of parasitism on host gene regulation 24 h post oviposition by high throughput 454 transcriptomic analyses of two tissues known to be involved in the host immune response (hemocytes and fat body). To identify specific effects of parasitism on host transcription at this time point, transcriptomes were obtained from non-treated and parasitized larvae, and also from larvae injected with heat-killed bacteria and double stimulated larvae that were parasitized prior to bacterial challenge. Results showed that, immune challenge by bacteria leads to induction of certain antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes in M. sexta larvae whether they were parasitized or not prior to bacterial challenge. These results show that at 24 h post oviposition pathways leading to expression of AMP genes are not all inactivated suggesting wasps are in an antiseptic environment. In contrast, at this time point genes involved in phenoloxidase activation and cellular immune responses were globally down-regulated after parasitism in accordance with the observed inhibition of wasp egg encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germain Chevignon
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Sébastien Cambier
- Department of Environment and Agrobiotechnologies Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Corinne Da Silva
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Genoscope (Centre National de Séquençage), Evry, France
| | - Julie Poulain
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Genoscope (Centre National de Séquençage), Evry, France
| | - Jean-Michel Drezen
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - Elisabeth Huguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France.
| | - Sébastien J M Moreau
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR CNRS 7261, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
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11
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Cooper TH, Bailey-Hill K, Leifert WR, McMurchie EJ, Asgari S, Glatz RV. Identification of an in vitro interaction between an insect immune suppressor protein (CrV2) and G alpha proteins. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:10466-75. [PMID: 21233205 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.214726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein CrV2 is encoded by a polydnavirus integrated into the genome of the endoparasitoid Cotesia rubecula (Hymenoptera:Braconidae:Microgastrinae) and is expressed in host larvae with other gene products of the polydnavirus to allow successful development of the parasitoid. CrV2 expression has previously been associated with immune suppression, although the molecular basis for this was not known. Here, we have used time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) to demonstrate high affinity binding of CrV2 to Gα subunits (but not the Gβγ dimer) of heterotrimeric G-proteins. Signals up to 5-fold above background were generated, and an apparent dissociation constant of 6.2 nm was calculated. Protease treatment abolished the TR-FRET signal, and the presence of unlabeled CrV2 or Gα proteins also reduced the TR-FRET signal. The activation state of the Gα subunit was altered with aluminum fluoride, and this decreased the affinity of the interaction with CrV2. It was also demonstrated that CrV2 preferentially bound to Drosophila Gα(o) compared with rat Gα(i1). In addition, three CrV2 homologs were detected in sequences derived from polydnaviruses from Cotesia plutellae and Cotesia congregata (including the immune-related early expressed transcript, EP2). These data suggest a potential mode-of-action of immune suppressors not previously reported, which in addition to furthering our understanding of insect immunity may have practical benefits such as facilitating development of novel controls for pest insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara H Cooper
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Entomology, Waite Road, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
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12
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Mahmoud A, De Luna-Santillana E, Rodríguez-Perez M. Parasitism by the endoparasitoid, Cotesia flavipes induces cellular immunosuppression and enhances susceptibility of the sugar cane borer, Diatraea saccharalis to Bacillus thuringiensis. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2011; 11:119. [PMID: 22225507 PMCID: PMC3281321 DOI: 10.1673/031.011.11901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), is a gregarious larval endoparasitoid of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). The aim of this research was to analyze cellular immunosuppression of D. saccharalis parasitized by C. flavipes in terms of encapsulation, melanization, and hemocyte nodule formation. The encapsulation assay was done 1 and 6 days after parasitoid oviposition. In addition, the susceptibility of parasitized and nonparasitzed larvae to Bacillus thuringiensis HD 73 strain was assessed. 3, 12, and 24 h after bead injection; the percentages of encapsulation were significantly higher in unparasitized larvae compared to larvae parasitized 1 and 6 days after oviposition. Interestingly, there was a significant reduction in numbers of beads encapsulated at 1 day after oviposition compared to 6 days, and unparasitized larvae. The percentage of melanized beads decreased significantly in parasitized larvae compared to control. There was a reduction in the number of nodules in parasitized larvae compared to unparasitized controls. Larvae that were injected with polyndavirus 24 h before beads were injected showed significantly reduced encapsulation responses relative to control larvae. The D. saccharalis parasitized by C. flavipes exhibited higher susceptibility to B. thuringiensis. These results suggest that parasitization induced host immunosuppression, and the immunosuppression factors could impair the defense capacity against microbial pathogens--causing an increase in pathogen susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M.A. Mahmoud
- Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica (CBG), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico and Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CICATA) (Unidad Altamira), Mexico
| | - E.J. De Luna-Santillana
- Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica (CBG), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico and Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CICATA) (Unidad Altamira), Mexico
| | - M.A. Rodríguez-Perez
- Centro de Biotecnologia Genomica (CBG), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico and Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CICATA) (Unidad Altamira), Mexico
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13
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Andrade GS, Serrão JE, Zanuncio JC, Zanuncio TV, Leite GLD, Polanczyk RA. Immunity of an alternative host can be overcome by higher densities of its parasitoids Palmistichus elaeisis and Trichospilus diatraeae. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13231. [PMID: 20975929 PMCID: PMC2958748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions of the parasitoids Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle and Trichospilus diatraeae Cherian & Margabandhu (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with its alternative host Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) affect the success or failure of the mass production of these parasitoids for use in integrated pest management programs. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the cellular defense and encapsulation ability of A. gemmatalis pupae against P. elaeisis or T. diatraeae in adult parasitoid densities of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 or 13 parasitoids/pupae. We evaluated the total quantity of circulating hemocytes and the encapsulation rate versus density. Increasing parasitoid density reduced the total number of hemocytes in the hemolymph and the encapsulation rate by parasitized pupae. Furthermore, densities of P. elaeisis above 5 parasitoids/pupae caused higher reduction in total hemocyte numbers. The encapsulation rate fell with increasing parasitoid density. However, parasitic invasion by both species induced generally similar responses. The reduction in defensive capacity of A. gemmatalis is related to the adjustment of the density of these parasitoids to their development in this host. Thus, the role of the density of P. elaeisis or T. diatraeae by pupa is induced suppression of cellular defense and encapsulation of the host, even without them possesses a co-evolutionary history. Furthermore, these findings can predict the success of P. elaeisis and T. diatraeae in the control of insect pests through the use of immunology as a tool for evaluation of natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Eduardo Serrão
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Ricardo Antonio Polanczyk
- Departamento de Proteção de Plantas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Universidade do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Transient transcription of a putative RNase containing BEN domain encoded in Cotesia plutellae bracovirus induces an immunosuppression of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. J Invertebr Pathol 2010; 105:156-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Barandoc KP, Kim Y. Identification of three host translation inhibitory factors encoded in Cotesia glomerata bracovirus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2009; 4:218-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Dani MP, Richards EH. Cloning and expression of the gene for an insect haemocyte anti-aggregation protein (VPr3), from the venom of the endoparasitic wasp, Pimpla hypochondriaca. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 71:191-204. [PMID: 19492333 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A venom protein from the endoparasitic wasp, Pimpla hypochondriaca, was recently biochemically isolated. This protein possessed haemocyte anti-aggregation activity in vitro and shares the same N-terminal amino acid sequence as that deduced from a gene termed vpr3. The vpr3 gene was identified by sequence analysis of randomly isolated cDNAs from a P. hypochondriaca venom gland library. Presently, the gene for the full-length sequence of mature VPr3 protein was amplified from the P. hypochondriaca venom gland cDNA library by PCR. The amplicon was directionally cloned into a pET expression vector so that recombinant VPr3 (rVPr3) would have an N-terminal polyhistidine (His) tag. High levels of target protein expression were obtained following addition of IPTG (1 mM) and growth of the bacteria at 37 degrees C for 5 h, or at 24 degrees C for 20 h. Following lysis of bacteria grown at 37 degrees C, the target protein partitioned into the insoluble fraction. However, at 24 degrees C, a small amount of soluble protein was consistently detected. The amount of soluble rVPr3 was subsequently increased when the transformed bacteria were grown in Overnight Express Instant TB medium at 24 degrees C. Soluble rVPr3 was purified utilizing the MagneHis Protein Purification System. Recombinant VPr3 was determined to have adverse effects on the cytoskeleton of Lacanobia oleracea haemocytes and to inhibit the ability of these cells to form aggregates in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paulina Dani
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom.
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17
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Choi JY, Kwon SJ, Roh JY, Yang TJ, Li MS, Park BS, Kim Y, Woo SD, Jin BR, Je YH. Analysis of promoter activity of selected Cotesia plutellae bracovirus genes. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1262-1269. [PMID: 19264605 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.009472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study, we cloned 27 discrete genome segments of Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV) and provided the complete nucleotide sequences and annotation. Seven putative coding regions were predicted from one of the largest segments, CpBV-S30. The activity of promoters associated with six predicted ORFs from this segment were investigated using both transient and baculovirus expression assays with enhanced green fluorescent protein as a reporter gene. CpBV promoters showed activity earlier than the polyhedrin promoter and the activity of some of these promoters was superior to that of the Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) ie-1 promoter in the baculovirus expression assays. The promoter of ORF3004 showed the highest level of activity in insect cells, exhibiting 24 % of the activity obtained with the AcMNPV polyhedrin promoter in Sf9 cells. In Spodoptera exigua larvae, the ORF3006 promoter showed the highest activity, with about 35 % of the activity measured with the polyhedrin promoter. In addition, analysis of the ORF3006 promoter revealed that the region between -382 and -422 from the translation start point was critical for activity of this promoter. These results suggest that the CpBV-S30 promoters characterized here could be useful tools in a variety of biotechnological applications, such as gene expression analyses and insecticide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Choi
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Kwon
- National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Yul Roh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Yang
- National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Ming Shun Li
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Seok Park
- National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Dong Woo
- Department of Plant Medicine, College of Agriculture, Life and Environment Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Rae Jin
- College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ho Je
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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18
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Transient expression of a polydnaviral gene, CpBV15β, induces immune and developmental alterations of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. J Invertebr Pathol 2009; 100:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 08/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Li Q, Sun Y, Wang G, Liu X. Effects of the mermithid nematode Ovomermis sinensis on the hemocytes of its host Helicoverpa armigera. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 55:47-50. [PMID: 19013175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanism by which mermithid nematodes avoid encapsulation responses of insect hosts. In this study, we investigated the influence of the mermithid nematode Ovomermis sinensis on host Helicoverpa armigera hemocyte number, encapsulation activity, spreading behavior and cytoskeleton. Parasitism by O. sinensis caused a significant increase in the total hemocyte counts (THC) and plasmatocyte numbers of H. armigera. However, in vivo encapsulation assays revealed that hemocyte encapsulation abilities of H. armigera were suppressed by O. sinensis. Moreover, parasitism by O. sinensis changed the spreading behavior and cytoskeletons of the host hemocytes. The results suggested that O. sinensis could actively suppress the hemocyte immune response of its host, possibly by destroying the host hemocyte cytoskeleton. This is the first report of a possible mechanism by which mermithid nematodes suppress encapsulation responses of insect hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
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20
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Labropoulou V, Douris V, Stefanou D, Magrioti C, Swevers L, Iatrou K. Endoparasitoid wasp bracovirus-mediated inhibition of hemolin function and lepidopteran host immunosuppression. Cell Microbiol 2008; 10:2118-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Suzuki M, Miura K, Tanaka T. The virus-like particles of a braconid endoparasitoid wasp, Meteorus pulchricornis, inhibit hemocyte spreading in its noctuid host, Pseudaletia separata. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 54:1015-22. [PMID: 18501922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that the virus-like particles of Meteorus pulchricornis (MpVLPs) are capable of inducing apoptosis by around 6h in the hemocytes of the host, Pseudaletia separata [Suzuki, M., Tanaka, T., 2006. Virus-like particles in venom of Meteorus pulchricornis induce host hemocyte apoptosis. Journal of Insect Physiology 52, 602-611], thereby protecting the oviposited egg. In the present study, we focused on analyses of the earlier events caused by the MpVLPs upon the host immune response, namely their effects on hemocyte spreading. After recognition and attachment on foreign substance, the granulocytes and plasmatocytes assemble focal complexes and focal adhesions and spread by protruding filopodia/lamellipodia. The well-spread, cultured hemocytes were subjected to MpVLPs exposure, and the morphological changes were observed. The granulocytes lost the focal complexes/adhesions visualized as phosphotyrosine clusters and retracted the filopodia/lamellipodia within 30min after exposure, while the plasmatocytes exhibited similar but distinct responses. The two hemocyte species prepared from either parasitized or MpVLP-injected hosts lost the ability to form both filopodia/lamellipodia and phosphotyrosine clusters. A caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK, did not affect these MpVLP-induced morphological changes, indicating that these earlier changes found in the hemocytes precede apoptosis. The present study together with our previous data has established that the attenuation of host immune defense by the MpVLPs comprises at least two temporally distinguishable phases: immediate and early inhibition of hemocyte spreading and the eventual induction of hemocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suzuki
- Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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22
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Lee S, Nalini M, Kim Y. A viral lectin encoded in Cotesia plutellae bracovirus and its immunosuppressive effect on host hemocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 149:351-61. [PMID: 18325805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An endoparasitoid wasp, Cotesia plutellae, induces immunosuppression of the host diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. To identify an immunosuppressive factor, the parasitized hemolymph of P. xylostella was separated into plasma and hemocyte fractions. When nonparasitized hemocytes were overlaid with parasitized plasma, they showed significant reduction in bacterial binding efficacy. Here, we considered a viral lectin previously known in other Cotesia species as a humoral immunosuppressive candidate in C. plutellae parasitization. Based on consensus regions of the viral lectins, the corresponding lectin gene was cloned from P. xylostella parasitized by C. plutellae. Its cDNA is 674 bp long and encodes 157 amino acid residues containing a signal peptide (15 residues) and one carbohydrate recognition domain. Open reading frame is divided by one intron (156 bp) in its genomic DNA. Amino acid sequence shares 80% homology with that of C. ruficrus bracovirus lectin and is classified into C-type lectin. Southern hybridization analysis indicated that the cloned lectin gene was located at C. plutellae bracovirus (CpBV) genome. Both real-time quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting assays indicated that CpBV-lectin showed early expression during the parasitization. A recombinant CpBV-lectin was expressed in a bacterial system and the purified protein significantly inhibited the association between bacteria and hemocytes of nonparasitized P. xylostella. In the parasitized P. xylostella, CpBV-lectin was detected on the surface of parasitoid eggs after 24 h parasitization by its specific immunostaining. The 24 h old eggs were not encapsulated in vitro by hemocytes of P. xylostella, compared to newly laid parasitoid eggs showing no CpBV-lectin detectable and easily encapsulated. These results support an existence of a polydnaviral lectin family among Cotesia-associated bracovirus and propose its immunosuppressive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Lee
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
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23
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Nalini M, Kim Y. A putative protein translation inhibitory factor encoded by Cotesia plutellae bracovirus suppresses host hemocyte-spreading behavior. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 53:1283-92. [PMID: 17706666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Revised: 07/02/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
An endoparasitoid, Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), possesses a mutualistic bracovirus (CpBV), which plays significant roles in the parasitized host, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). CpBV15beta, a viral gene encoded by CpBV, is expressed at early and late parasitization periods, suggesting that it functions to manipulate the physiology of the parasitized host. This paper reports a physiological function of CpBV15beta as an immunosuppressive agent. The effect of CpBV15beta on cellular immunity was analyzed by assessing hemocyte-spreading behavior. Parasitization by C. plutellae caused altered behavior of hemocytes of P. xylostella, in which the hemocytes were not able to attach and spread on glass slides. CpBV15beta was expressed in Sf9 cells using a baculovirus expression system and purified from the culture media. When hemocytes of nonparasitized P. xylostella were incubated with purified CpBV15beta protein, spreading behavior was impaired in a dose-dependent manner at low micro-molar range. This inhibitory effect of CpBV15beta could also be demonstrated on hemocytes of a non-natural host, Spodoptera exigua. CpBV15beta protein significantly inhibited F-actin growth of hemocytes in response to an insect cytokine. Similarly, cycloheximide, a eukaryotic translation inhibitor, strongly inhibited the spreading behavior and F-actin growth of P. xylostella hemocytes. Under in vitro condition, hemocytes of nonparasitized P. xylostella released proteins into the surrounding medium. Upon incubation of hemocytes with either CpBV15beta or cycloheximide, their ability to release protein molecules was markedly inhibited. This study suggests that CpBV15beta suppresses hemocyte behavior by inhibiting protein translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madanagopal Nalini
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Andong National University, Andong 760-749, Republic of Korea
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24
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Yu RX, Chen YF, Chen XX, Huang F, Lou YG, Liu SS. Effects of venom/calyx fluid from the endoparasitic wasp Cotesia plutellae on the hemocytes of its host Plutella xylostella in vitro. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 53:22-9. [PMID: 17157867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/29/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Crude venom and calyx fluid from Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera Braconidae) were assayed for biological activity toward hemocytes of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera Plutellidae). Venom from C. plutellae displayed high activity toward the spreading of plasmatocytes of P. xylostella early in the incubation period, and the inhibition was more severe as the concentration of venom increased. However, most inhibited hemocytes spread normally after being incubated for 4h. No effects were found toward granular cells from the host. Additionally, the venom from C. plutellae had some lethal effects on hemocytes of P. xylostella at high concentrations. In contrast, when incubated with different concentrations of calyx fluid, the spreading of some hemocytes was inhibited, some began to disintegrate, and some were badly damaged with only the nucleus left. After 4h, the majority of hemocytes died. The same results were observed when hemocytes were incubated in calyx fluid together with venom. These results show that calyx fluid from C. plutellae may play a major role in the suppression of the host immune system, whereas venom from C. plutellae has a limited effect on hemocytes and probably synergizes the effect of calyx fluid or polydnavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-xian Yu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Road, Hangzhou 310029, China
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25
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Luo K, Pang Y. Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus inhibits Microplitis bicoloratus polydnavirus-induced host granulocytes apoptosis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 52:795-806. [PMID: 16764883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Baculoviruses and parasitoids are critically important biological control agents in integrated pest management (IPM). They have been simultaneously and sequentially used to target insect pests. In this study, we examined the impacts of both baculovirus and polydnavirus (PDV) infection on the host cellular immune response. Larvae of the lepidopteran Spodoptera litura were infected by Spodoptera litura multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpltMNPV) and then the animals were parasitized by the braconid wasp Microplitis bicoloratus. The fate of the parasitoids in the dually infected hosts was followed and encapsulation of M. bicoloratus first instar larvae was observed. Hemocytes of S. litura larvae underwent apoptosis in naturally parasitized hosts and in non-parasitized larvae after injection of M. bicoloratus ovarian calyx fluid (containing MbPDV) plus venom (CFPV). However, assessments of the percentages of cells undergoing apoptosis under different treatments indicated that SpltMNPV could inhibit MbPDV-induced apoptosis in hemocytes when hosts were first injected with SpltMNPV budded virus (BV) followed by injection with M. bicoloratus CFPV. As the time of injection with SpltMNPV BV increased, the percentages of apoptosis in hemocytes population declined. Furthermore, in vitro, the percentages of apoptosis showed that SpltMNPV BV could inhibit MbPDV-induced granulocytes apoptosis. The occurrence of MbPDV-induced host granulocytes apoptosis was inhibited in the dually infected hosts. As hemocytes apoptosis causes host immunosuppression, the parasitoids are normally protected from the host immune system. However, in larvae infected with both baculovirus and PDV, the parasitoids underwent encapsulation in the host hemocoel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
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26
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Luo KJ, Pang Y. Disruption effect of Microplitis bicoloratus polydnavirus EGF-like protein, MbCRP, on actin cytoskeleton in lepidopteran insect hemocytes. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2006; 38:577-85. [PMID: 16894481 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2006.00195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microplitis bicoloratus is a braconid endoparasitic wasp associated with the polydnavirus named Microplitis bicoloratus bracovirus (MbBV). Parasitism of Spodoptera litura larvae leads to an impaired cellular immune response and to the disappearance of the 42 kDa actin in host hemocytes. In this work, we investigated if the absence of actin in blood cells was related to MbBV infection. An MbBV gene similar to egf-like genes identified in another bracovirus was partially cloned and named Mbcrp1. The full-length gene, named Mbcrp, is transcribed throughout the course of parasitism in host hemocytes and the 30 kDa MbCRP protein was detected in hemocytes 6-7 d post-parasitization. The Mbcrp1 gene contains the cysteine-rich trypsin inhibitor-like (TIL) domain coding sequence and the expression of recombinant MbCRP1 inhibited the expression of the 42 kDa actin in Hi5 cells. The 34.1 kDa MbCRP1-green fluorescent protein fusion protein locate specifically in the cytoplasm. These results suggest that expression of MbCRP in lepidopteran insect cells is related to the disruption of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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27
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Rahman MM, Ma G, Roberts HLS, Schmidt O. Cell-free immune reactions in insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 52:754-62. [PMID: 16753175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Insects, like many other multicellular organisms, are able to recognise and inactivate potential pathogens and toxins in the absence of cells. Here we show that the recognition and inactivation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and bacteria is mediated by lipophorin particles, which are the lipid carrier in insects. In immune-induced insects sub-populations of lipophorin particles are associated with pattern recognition proteins and regulatory proteins that activate prophenoloxidase. Moreover, interactions with lectins result in the assembly of lipophorin particles into cage-like coagulation products, effectively protecting the surrounding tissues and cells from the potentially damaging effects of pathogens and phenoloxidase products. The existence of cell-free defence reactions implies that immune signals exist upstream of cell-bound receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mahbubur Rahman
- Insect Molecular Biology, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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28
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Suzuki M, Tanaka T. Virus-like particles in venom of Meteorus pulchricornis induce host hemocyte apoptosis. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 52:602-13. [PMID: 16712867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructural studies on the reproductive tract and venom apparatus of a female braconid, Meteorus pulchricornis, revealed that the parasitoid lacks the calyx region in its oviduct, but possesses a venom gland with two venom gland filaments and a venom reservoir filled with white and cloudy fluid. Its venom gland cell is concaved and has a lumen filled with numerous granules. Transmisson electron microscopic (TEM) observation revealed that virus-like particles (VLPs) were produced in venom gland cells. The virus-like particle observed in M. pulchricornis (MpVLP) is composed of membranous envelopes with two different parts: a high-density core and a whitish low-density part. The VLPs of M. pulchricornis is also found assembling ultimately in the lumen of venom gland cell. Microvilli were found thrusting into the lumen of the venom gland cell and seem to aid in driving the matured MpVLPs to the common duct of the venom gland filament. Injection of MpVLPs into non-parasitized Pseudaletia separata hosts induced apoptosis in hemocytes, particularly granulocytes (GRs). Rate of apoptosis induced in GRs peaked 48h after VLP injection. While a large part of the GR population collapsed due to apoptosis caused by MpVLPs, the plasmatocyte population was minimally affected. The capacity of MpVLPs to cause apoptosis in host's hemocytes was further demonstrated by a decrease ( approximately 10-fold) in ability of host hemocytes to encapsulate fluorescent latex beads when MpVLPs were present. Apparently, the reduced encapsulation ability was due to a decrease in the GR population resulting from MpVLP-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suzuki
- Applied Entomology, Graduate School of Bio-Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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29
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Gundersen-Rindal DE, Pedroni MJ. Characterization and transcriptional analysis of protein tyrosine phosphatase genes and an ankyrin repeat gene of the parasitoid Glyptapanteles indiensis polydnavirus in the parasitized host. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:311-322. [PMID: 16432017 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81326-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyptapanteles indiensis (Braconidae, Hymenoptera) is an endoparasitoid of Lymantria dispar, the gypsy moth. Expression of G. indiensis polydnavirus (GiBV)-encoded genes within the pest host results in inhibition of immune response and development and alteration of physiology, enabling successful development of the parasitoid. Here, GiBV genome segment F (segF), an 18·6 kb segment shown to encode nine protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) genes and a single ankyrin repeat gene (ank), is analysed. PTPs have presumed function as regulators of signal transduction, while ankyrin repeat genes are hypothesized to function in inhibition of NF-κB signalling in the parasitized host. In this study, transcription of each gene was mapped by 5′- and 3′-RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) and temporal and tissue-specific expression was examined in the parasitized host. For polydnavirus gene prediction in the parasitized host, no available gene prediction parameters were entirely precise. The mRNAs for each GiBV segF gene initiated between 30 and 112 bp upstream of the translation initiation codon. All were encoded in single open reading frames (ORFs), with the exception of PTP9, which was transcribed as a bicistronic message with the adjacent ank gene. RT-PCR indicated that all GiBV segF PTPs were expressed early in parasitization and, for most, expression was sustained over the course of at least 7 days after parasitization, suggesting importance in both early and sustained virus-induced immunosuppression and alteration of physiology. Tissue-specific patterns of PTP expression of GiBV segF genes were variable, suggesting differing roles in facilitating parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Gundersen-Rindal
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Insect Biocontrol Laboratory, Bldg 011A, Room 214, BARC West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - M J Pedroni
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Insect Biocontrol Laboratory, Bldg 011A, Room 214, BARC West, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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30
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Schmidt O, Schreiber A. Integration of cell adhesion reactions—a balance of forces? J Theor Biol 2006; 238:608-15. [PMID: 16098540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2005] [Revised: 05/29/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The rearrangement of receptors by oligomeric adhesion molecules constitutes a configurational mechanism able to sculpture membranes and dislocate receptors from cytoplasmic anchorage. This provides a conceptual framework for complex cellular processes in mechanical terms, as a dynamic balance between extracellular and intracellular driving forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Schmidt
- University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
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31
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Zhang G, Schmidt O, Asgari S. A calreticulin-like protein from endoparasitoid venom fluid is involved in host hemocyte inactivation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 30:756-64. [PMID: 16364437 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Revised: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
During oviposition, most endoparasitoid wasps inject maternal factors into their hosts to interfere with host immune reactions and ensure successful development of their progeny. Since encapsulation is a major cellular defensive response of insects against intruding parasites, parasitoids have developed numerous mechanisms to suppress the host encapsulation capability by interfering with every step in the process, including recognition, adherence and spreading. In previous studies, components of Cotesia rubecula venom were shown to inhibit melanization of host hemolymph by interfering with the prophenoloxidase activation cascade and facilitate expression of polydnavirus genes. Here we report the isolation and characterization of another venom protein with similarity to calreticulin. Results indicate that C. rubecula calreticulin (CrCRT) inhibits hemocyte spreading behavior, thus preventing encapsulation of the developing parasitoid. It is possible that the protein might function as an antagonist competing for binding sites with the host hemocyte calreticulin, which mediates early-encapsulation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmei Zhang
- Insect Molecular Biology Laboratory, Plant and Pest Science, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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Pennacchio F, Strand MR. Evolution of developmental strategies in parasitic hymenoptera. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2006; 51:233-58. [PMID: 16332211 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps have evolved a wide spectrum of developmental interactions with hosts. In this review we synthesize and interpret results from the phylogenetic, ecological, physiological, and molecular literature to identify factors that have influenced the evolution of parasitoid developmental strategies. We first discuss the origins and radiation of the parasitoid lifestyle in the Hymenoptera. We then summarize how parasitoid developmental strategies are affected by ecological interactions and assess the inventory of physiological and molecular traits parasitoids use to successfully exploit hosts. Last, we discuss how certain parasitoid virulence genes have evolved and how these changes potentially affect parasitoid-host interactions. The combination of phylogenetic data with comparative and functional genomics offers new avenues for understanding the evolution of biological diversity in this group of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pennacchio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e Biotecnologie Agro-Forestali, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy.
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33
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Schmidt O, Glatz RV, Asgari S, Roberts HLS. Are insect immune suppressors driving cellular uptake reactions? ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 60:153-8. [PMID: 16304617 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Many insect parasitoids that deposit their eggs inside immature stages of other insect species inactivate the cellular host defence to protect the growing embryo from encapsulation. Suppression of encapsulation by polydnavirus-encoded immune-suppressors correlates with specific alterations in hemocytes, mainly cytoskeletal rearrangements and actin-cytoskeleton breakdown. We have previously shown that the Cotesia rubecula polydnavirus gene product CrV1 causes immune suppression when injected into the host hemocoel. CrV1 is taken up by hemocytes although no receptors have been found to bind the protein. Instead CrV1 uptake depends on dimer formation, which is required for interacting with lipophorin, suggesting a CrV1-lipophorin complex internalisation by hemocytes. Since treatment of hemocytes with oligomeric lectins and cytochalasin D can mimic the effects of CrV1, we propose that some dimeric and oligomeric adhesion molecules are able to cross-link receptors on the cell surface and depolymerise actin by leverage-mediated clearance reactions in the hemolymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Schmidt
- Insect Molecular Biology, School of Agriculture and Wine, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia.
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34
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Rodríguez-Pérez MA, Dumpit RF, Lenz JM, Powell EN, Tam SY, Beckage NE. Host refractoriness of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, to the braconid endoparasitoid Cotesia flavipes. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 60:159-71. [PMID: 16304618 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) is a gregarious endoparasitoid of several pyralid stemborer larvae of economic significance including the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis. In this study, the ability of this parasitoid to develop in a sphingid host, Manduca sexta, was tested. First, second, third, fourth, and even pharate fifth instar host tobacco hornworm larvae were readily parasitized by the female C. flavipes parasitoids but no wasp larvae hatched from the eggs in this refractory host. Instead, the parasitoid eggs were invariably encapsulated by the host's hemocytes and, ultimately, no parasitoids emerged from tobacco hornworm hosts. The first stages of encapsulation were evident at 2 h post-parasitization of the host M. sexta larvae, when the beginning stages of capsule formation were seen. The developmental fate of the host larvae with encapsulated parasitoids was variable. Most succumbed as abnormally small fifth instars or as post-wandering prepupal animals, while a few developed normally to the pupal stage. Dissection of all the larvae or pupae with encapsulated wasp eggs showed evidence of hemocytic encapsulation and melanization of the C. flavipes eggs. This report describes the association between C. flavipes and M. sexta, which appears to be an excellent model system for studying the physiological processes accompanying wasp egg encapsulation that result in death of the host as well as the parasitoid. Since the parasitoid egg never hatches, the system offers an excellent opportunity to identify and study the effects of parasitoid-injected polydnavirus and venom on host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Blvd. del Maestro esq. Elías Piña, Col. Narciso Mendoza, Reynosa Tamaulipas, México
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35
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Moreau SJM, Guillot S. Advances and prospects on biosynthesis, structures and functions of venom proteins from parasitic wasps. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 35:1209-23. [PMID: 16203203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2005] [Revised: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular and biochemical properties of parasitoid Hymenoptera's venom proteins are currently receiving an increasing interest. In this review, we will highlight the progress that has been made over the past 10 years in fundamental research on this field. Main knowledge acquired on the structural features of parasitoid venom peptides, proteins and enzymes will be summarized and discussed and several examples showing the diversity of their biological functions will be given with respect to future prospects and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J M Moreau
- UMR CNRS 6035, Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université François Rabelais, Avenue Monge, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France.
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36
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Abstract
Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are endogenous particles that are used by some endoparasitic hymenoptera to disrupt host immunity and development. Recent analyses of encapsidated PDV genes have increased the number of known PDV gene families, which are often closely related to insect genes. Several PDV proteins inactivate host haemocytes by damaging their actin cytoskeleton. These proteins share no significant sequence homology and occur in polyphyletic PDV genera, possibly indicating that convergent evolution has produced functionally similar immune-suppressive molecules causing a haemocyte phenotype characterised by damaged cytoskeleton and inactivation. These phenomena provide further insights into the immune-suppressive activity of PDVs and raise interesting questions about PDV evolution, a topic that has puzzled researchers ever since the discovery of PDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard V Glatz
- Insect Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
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37
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Beck M, Strand MR. Glc1.8 from Microplitis demolitor bracovirus induces a loss of adhesion and phagocytosis in insect high five and S2 cells. J Virol 2005; 79:1861-70. [PMID: 15650210 PMCID: PMC544146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.3.1861-1870.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviridae is a unique family of DNA viruses that are symbiotically associated with parasitoid wasps. Upon oviposition, wasps inject these viruses into their hosts, where they cause several physiological alterations, including suppression of the cellular immune response. Here we report that expression of the glc1.8 gene from Microplitis demolitor bracovirus (MdBV) causes a loss of adhesion by two hemocyte-like cell lines, namely, High Five cells from the lepidopteran Trichoplusia ni and S2 cells from the dipteran Drosophila melanogaster. The expression of recombinant Glc1.8 also greatly reduced the ability of these cells to phagocytize foreign targets. Glc1.8 is characterized by a signal peptide at its N terminus, an extracellular domain comprised of five nearly perfect tandem repeats of 78 amino acids, and a C-terminal hydrophobic domain that encodes a putative membrane anchor sequence. The expression of a Glc1.8 mutant lacking the anchor sequence resulted in a secreted protein that had no effect on adhesion or phagocytosis. In contrast, sequential deletion of the repeats in the extracellular domain resulted in a progressive reduction in immunosuppressive activity. Since each repeat and its associated glycosylation sites are nearly identical, these results suggested that adhesion-blocking activity depends more on the overall number of repeats in the extracellular domain than on the specific determinants within each repeat. While it severely compromised adhesion and phagocytic functions, Glc1.8 did not cause cell death. Collectively, these results indicate that Glc1.8 is a major pathogenic determinant of MdBV that is involved in suppression of the insect cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Beck
- Department of Entomology, 413 Biological Sciences Bldg., University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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38
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Labrosse C, Eslin P, Doury G, Drezen JM, Poirié M. Haemocyte changes in D. Melanogaster in response to long gland components of the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi: a Rho-GAP protein as an important factor. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 51:161-170. [PMID: 15749101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The hymenopteran wasp Leptopilina boulardi (Figitidae) is a larval solitary parasitoid of Drosophila larvae of the melanogaster sub-group. The factors used by parasitoid females to prevent encapsulation of their eggs by the host are localized in the female long gland and reservoir. We report here the physiological effects of these factors on host haemocytes using in vivo injection experiments. The total number of haemocytes, the number of plasmatocytes and the number of crystal cells were not modified by injection of long gland extracts. In contrast, long gland extracts either from virulent or avirulent strains had a significant effect on the lamellocyte number. Compared to the Ringer control, the avirulent long gland products induced an increase of the lamellocyte number while virulent extracts induced a drastic decrease together with an alteration of the morphology of these cells. Interestingly, changes in the lamellocyte morphology were also observed following injection of the P4 protein, a major component of L. boulardi female long glands that displays a strong immune suppressive effect on Drosophila larvae. The implication of the P4 protein in suppressing the host cellular immunity is discussed in correlation with its predicted molecular function as a Rho-GAP protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Labrosse
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte UMR CNRS 6035, Université F. Rabelais, Parc Grandmont, 37 200 Tours, France
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39
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Nappi AJ, Vass E, Malagoli D, Carton Y. The effects of parasite-derived immune-suppressive factors on the cellular innate immune and autoimmune responses of Drosophila melanogaster. J Parasitol 2004; 90:1139-49. [PMID: 15562616 DOI: 10.1645/ge-266r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-suppressive factors (ISFs) introduced into larvae of Drosophila melanogaster during infection by virulent endoparasitic wasps effectively block the innate immune response mediated by blood cells (hemocytes) but have little influence on the autoimmune response made by a tumor strain in which the blood cells manifest a similar response but instead target and destroy endogenous tissues. Quantitative hemocyte analyses indicate that ISFs interfere with the immune effector responses downstream of nonself recognition, hemocyte activation and differentiation, because these responses were manifested by tumor hosts, in which the parasitoids developed. The data suggest that once activated to encapsulate aberrant tissues, the target specificity of the autoimmune-activated hemocytes, and the genetic program underlying tumor formation, cannot be blocked by parasitoid-derived ISFs, which effectively inhibit identical hemocyte-mediated responses during parasitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Nappi
- Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.
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40
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Theopold U, Schmidt O, Söderhäll K, Dushay MS. Coagulation in arthropods: defence, wound closure and healing. Trends Immunol 2004; 25:289-94. [PMID: 15145318 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Theopold
- Department of Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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41
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Glatz R, Schmidt O, Asgari S. Isolation and characterization of a Cotesia rubecula bracovirus gene expressed in the lepidopteran Pieris rapae. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:2873-2882. [PMID: 15448349 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydnaviruses are endogenous particles that are crucial for the survival of endoparasitoid wasps, providing active suppression of the immune function of the lepidopteran host in which wasp larvae develop. The Cotesia rubecula bracovirus (CrBV) is unique in that only four gene products are detected in larval host (Pieris rapae) tissues and expression of CrBV genes is transient, occurring between 4 and 12 h post-parasitization. Two of the four genes, CrV1 and CrV3, have been characterized. CrV1 is a secreted glycoprotein that has been implicated in depolymerization of the actin cytoskeleton of host haemocytes, leading to haemocyte inactivation; CrV3 is a multimeric C-type lectin that shares homology with insect immune lectins. Here, a third CrBV-specific gene is described, CrV2, which is expressed in larval P. rapae tissues. CrV2, which is transcribed in haemocytes and fat body cells, has an ORF of 963 bp that produces a glycoprotein of approximately 40 kDa. CrV2 is secreted into haemolymph and appears to be internalized by host haemocytes. CrV2 has a coiled-coil region predicted at its C-terminus, which may be involved in the formation of putative CrV2 trimers that are detected in haemolymph of parasitized host larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Glatz
- Insect Molecular Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Otto Schmidt
- Insect Molecular Biology, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Sassan Asgari
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, School of Life Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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42
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Glatz R, Roberts HLS, Li D, Sarjan M, Theopold UH, Asgari S, Schmidt O. Lectin-induced haemocyte inactivation in insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 50:955-963. [PMID: 15518663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Revised: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Most multimeric lectins are adhesion molecules, promoting attachment and spreading on surface glycodeterminants. In addition, some lectins have counter-adhesion properties, detaching already spread cells which then acquire round or spindle-formed cell shapes. Since lectin-mediated adhesion and detachment is observed in haemocyte-like Drosophila cells, which have haemomucin as the major lectin-binding glycoprotein, the two opposite cell behaviours may be the result of lectin-mediated receptor rearrangements on the cell surface. To investigate oligomeric lectins as a possible extracellular driving force affecting cell shape changes, we examined lectin-mediated reactions in lepidopteran haemocytes after cytochalasin D-treatment and observed that while cell-spreading was dependent on F-actin, lectin-uptake was less dependent on F-actin. We propose a model of cell shape changes involving a dynamic balance between adhesion and uptake reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Glatz
- Insect Molecular Biology, School of Agriculture, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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43
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Asgari S, Schmidt O. Isolation of an imaginal disc growth factor homologue from Pieris rapae and its expression following parasitization by Cotesia rubecula. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 50:687-694. [PMID: 15288202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Revised: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Endoparasitoid insects introduce maternal factors into the body of their host at oviposition to suppress cellular defences for the protection of the developing parasitoid. We have shown that transient expression of polydnavirus genes from a hymenopteran parasitoid Cotesia rubecula (CrPDV) is responsible for the inactivation of hemocytes from the lepidopteran host Pieris rapae. Since the observed downregulation of CrPDV genes in infected host tissues is not due to cis-regulatory elements at the CrV1 gene locus, we speculated that the termination of CrPDV gene expression may be due to cellular inactivation caused by the CrV1-mediated immune suppression of infected tissues. To test this assumption, we isolated an imaginal disc growth factor (IDGF) that is expressed in fat body and hemocytes, the target of viral infection and expression of CrPDV genes. Time-course experiments showed that the level of P. rapae IDGF is not affected by parasitization and polydnavirus infection. However, the amount of highly expressed genes, such as storage proteins, arylphorin and lipophorin, are significantly reduced following parasitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sassan Asgari
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, School of Life Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld. 4072, Australia.
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44
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Zhang G, Schmidt O, Asgari S. A novel venom peptide from an endoparasitoid wasp is required for expression of polydnavirus genes in host hemocytes. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:41580-5. [PMID: 15292189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m406865200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal factors introduced into host insects by endoparasitoid wasps are usually essential for successful parasitism. This includes polydnaviruses (PDVs) that are produced in the reproductive organ of female hymenopteran endoparasitoids and are injected, together with venom proteins, into the host hemocoel at oviposition. Inside the host, PDVs enter various tissue cells and hemocytes where viral genes are expressed, leading to developmental and physiological alterations in the host, including the suppression of the host immune system. Although several studies have shown that some PDVs are only effective when accompanied by venom proteins, there is no report of an active venom ingredient(s) facilitating PDV infection and/or gene expression. In this study, we describe a novel peptide (Vn1.5) isolated from Cotesia rubecula venom that is required for the expression of C. rubecula bracoviruses (CrBVs) in host hemocytes (Pieris rapae), although it is not essential for CrBV entry into host cells. The peptide consists of 14 amino acids with a molecular mass of 1598 Da. In the absence of Vn1.5 or total venom proteins, CrBV genes are not expressed in host cells and did not cause inactivation of host hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmei Zhang
- Insect Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant and Pest Science, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond SA 5064, Australia
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45
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Abstract
The cellular capacity to internalise objects, involving attachment, engulfment and uptake, exists in virtually all organisms. Many uptake reactions are associated with cell signalling. However, the mechanical forces that form endocytotic vesicles are not known. We propose a 'leverage-mediated' uptake mechanism involving lateral cross-linking processes on the cell surface that can generate the configurational energy to create an inverse curvature of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Schmidt
- Insect Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064 Australia.
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46
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Kroemer JA, Webb BA. Polydnavirus genes and genomes: emerging gene families and new insights into polydnavirus replication. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2004; 49:431-456. [PMID: 14651471 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.49.072103.120132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polydnavirus genome sequencing is providing new insights into viral genome organization and viral gene function. Sequence analyses demonstrate that the genomes of these viral mutualists are largely noncoding but maintain genes and gene families that are unrelated to other viral genes. Interestingly, these organizational patterns in polydnavirus genomes are evident in both the bracovirus and ichnovirus genera, even though these two genera are evolutionarily unrelated. The identity and function of some polydnavirus gene families are considered with some functions experimentally supported and others implied by homology relationships with known insect genes. The evidence relative to polydnavirus origins and evolution is considered but remains an area of speculation. However, sequencing of these viral genomes has been informative and provides opportunities for productive investigation of these unusual mutualistic insect viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Kroemer
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Sciences Center North, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, USA.
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47
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Beckage NE, Gelman DB. Wasp parasitoid disruption of host development: implications for new biologically based strategies for insect control. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2004; 49:299-330. [PMID: 14651466 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wasp parasitoids use a variety of methods to commandeer their insect hosts in order to create an environment that will support and promote their own development, usually to the detriment of the host insect. Parasitized insects typically undergo developmental arrest and die sometime after the parasitoid has become independent of its host. Parasitoids can deactivate their host's immune system and effect changes in host hormone titers and behavior. Often, host tissues or organs become refractory to stimulation by tropic hormones. Here we present an overview of the manipulative capabilities of wasp-injected calyx fluid containing polydnaviruses and venom, as well as the parasitoid larva and the teratocytes that originate from the serosal membrane that surrounds the developing embryo of the parasitoid. Possibilities for using regulatory molecules produced by the parasitoid or its products that would be potentially useful in developing new, environmentally safe insect control agents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Beckage
- Department of Entomology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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48
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Beck M, Strand MR. RNA interference silences Microplitis demolitor bracovirus genes and implicates glc1.8 in disruption of adhesion in infected host cells. Virology 2003; 314:521-35. [PMID: 14554081 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The family Polydnaviridae consists of ds-DNA viruses that are symbiotically associated with certain parasitoid wasps. PDVs are transmitted vertically but also are injected by wasps into hosts where they cause several physiological alterations including immunosuppression. The PDV genes responsible for mediating immunosuppression and other host alterations remain poorly characterized in large measure because viral mutants cannot be produced to study gene function. Here we report the use of RNA interference (RNAi) to specifically silence the glc1.8 and egf1.0 genes from Microplitis demolitor bracovirus (MdBV) in High Five cells derived from the lepidopteran Trichoplusia ni. Dose-response studies indicated that MdBV infects High Five cells and blocks the ability of these cells to adhere to culture plates. This response was very similar to what occurs in two classes of hemocytes, granular cells, and plasmatocytes, after infection by MdBV. Screening of monoclonal antibody (mAb) markers that distinguish different classes of lepidopteran hemocytes indicated that High Five cells cross-react with three mAbs that recognize granular cells from T. ni. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) complementary to glc1.8 specifically silenced glc1.8 expression and rescued the adhesive phenotype of High Five cells. Reciprocally, dsRNA complementary to egf1.0 silenced egf1.0 expression but had no effect on adhesion. The simplicity and potency of RNAi could be extremely useful for analysis of other PDV genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Beck
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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49
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Asgari S, Zhang G, Zareie R, Schmidt O. A serine proteinase homolog venom protein from an endoparasitoid wasp inhibits melanization of the host hemolymph. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:1017-1024. [PMID: 14505695 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(03)00116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Activation of prophenoloxidase (proPO) in insects is a defense mechanism against intruding microorganisms and parasites. Pattern recognition molecules induce activation of an enzymatic cascade involving serine proteinases, which leads to the conversion of proPO to active phenoloxidase (PO). Phenolic compounds produced by pPO-activation are toxic to invaders. Here, we describe the isolation of a venom protein from the parasitoid, Cotesia rubecula, injected into the host, Pieris rapae, which is homologous to serine proteinase homologs (SPH). The data presented here indicate that the protein interferes with the proteolytic cascade, which under normal circumstances leads to the activation of proPO and melanin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sassan Asgari
- Insect Molecular Biology Lab., Plant and Pest Science, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
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50
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Renault S, Bigot S, Lemesle M, Sizaret PY, Bigot Y. The cypovirus Diadromus pulchellus RV-2 is sporadically associated with the endoparasitoid wasp D. pulchellus and modulates the defence mechanisms of pupae of the parasitized leek-moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:1799-1807. [PMID: 12810874 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diadromus pulchellus is a solitary endoparasitoid wasp that parasitizes the pupae of the leek-moth, Acrolepiosis assectella (Lepidoptera). Hitherto, every individual D. pulchellus from France that has been investigated was infected by an orthoreovirus, DpRV-1, and an ascovirus, DpAV-4. Recently, a new strain of D. pulchellus, established from a French field population, was found to be able to develop on leek-moth pupae, but lacked both DpRV-1 and DpAV-4. However, all these wasps were infected with a new cypovirus, DpRV-2. This cypovirus is transmitted to the A. assectella pupae at each wasp oviposition and is replicated mainly in the gut cells of the parasitized pupae. DpRV-2, like the ascovirus DpAV-4, is able to inhibit the defence reaction of A. assectella pupae and so contributes to the parasitic success of D. pulchellus wasps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvaine Renault
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Parasites Génétiques, CNRS-FRE 2535, Université François Rabelais, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Sylvie Bigot
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Parasites Génétiques, CNRS-FRE 2535, Université François Rabelais, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Monique Lemesle
- Service de Microscopie Electronique, Université François Rabelais, UFR de Médecine, 2 bis Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Sizaret
- Service de Microscopie Electronique, Université François Rabelais, UFR de Médecine, 2 bis Boulevard Tonnellé, 37032 Tours, France
| | - Yves Bigot
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Parasites Génétiques, CNRS-FRE 2535, Université François Rabelais, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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