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Aydin O, Yilmaz A, Turan N, Richt JA, Yilmaz H. Molecular Characterisation and Antibody Response to Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Vaccinated and Infected Cattle in Turkey. Pathogens 2024; 13:304. [PMID: 38668259 PMCID: PMC11053851 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of cattle. In this study, frequency of infection, analysis of variants, and the immune status of vaccinated and non-vaccinated cattle were studied. Blood (n = 162) and nasal/oropharyngeal (n = 277) swabs were collected from 62 cattle herds in Turkey. Lung samples (n = 37) were also taken from dead animals and abattoirs. Antibodies to BRSV were detected in 76 (46%) out of 162 sera. The antibody levels in the vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups were statistically significant. Among 277 nasal/oropharyngeal swabs and 37 lungs, ten nasal/oropharyngeal and four lung samples were positive for BRSV-RNA. BRSV-G gene sequences of 5 out of 14 RT-PCR positive samples showed that all viruses clustered as Group-III in phylogenetic analysis with 88-100% homology. Similarity with previous Turkish BRSVs was 89-98%, and that with BRSVs detected in the USA and Czechia was 89.47-93.12%. BRSV continues to circulate in Turkish cattle, and vaccination seems beneficial in preventing BRSV. The diversity of the BRSVs found in this study needs be considered in vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Aydin
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Hadimkoy, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul 66506, Turkey; (O.A.); (A.Y.); (N.T.)
| | - Aysun Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Hadimkoy, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul 66506, Turkey; (O.A.); (A.Y.); (N.T.)
| | - Nuri Turan
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Hadimkoy, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul 66506, Turkey; (O.A.); (A.Y.); (N.T.)
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, NY 66506, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Huseyin Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Hadimkoy, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul 66506, Turkey; (O.A.); (A.Y.); (N.T.)
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Kaplan M, Özan E, Pekmez K, Çağırgan AA, Arslan F. Molecular characterization of G and F protein genes of bovine respiratory syncytial virus detected from dead calves caused by severe respiratory syndrome: emergence of novel mutations and their importance. Virusdisease 2023; 34:539-549. [PMID: 38046057 PMCID: PMC10686935 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-023-00846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an important viral agent in bovine respiratory disease complex affecting young calves from asymptomatic to fatal. Although BRSV is widely prevalent in Türkiye as in other parts of the world, there are limited molecular studies on BRSV in Türkiye. Therefore, in order to better understand the characteristics of circulating BRSV in Türkiye, a study based on the molecular analysis of both F and G proteins was performed. For this purpose, the presence of BRSV was investigated in 20 calves that died as a result of severe respiratory syndrome in the western region of Türkiye in 2020. Nested PCR was performed for both gene regions, and the products were sequenced. Four samples detected as BRSV positive were identified as genotype III according to both gene regions in molecular analysis. However, they were separated into two distinct clusters due to significant differences in nucleotide (90.09-99.54%) and amino acid (85.42-99.31%) similarities between them. Besides, two positive samples in the same cluster were even more different from previously detected Turkish isolates (90.78-92.17% nt and 87.50-89.58% aa). More over, we detected nine novel aa mutations in the extracellular domain, an immunologically important region in the G protein of the virus, that have not been reported in other world isolates found in Genbank until now. These findings suggest that there may be many different viruses in circulation that have the ability to escape the immune system. We recommend that these findings be taken into account in planning both vaccine and epidemiological studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-023-00846-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Kaplan
- Virology Department, Izmir/Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, 35040 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emre Özan
- Department of Veterinary Experimental Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
| | - Kemal Pekmez
- Virology Department, Izmir/Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, 35040 Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Fatih Arslan
- Virology Department, Izmir/Bornova Veterinary Control Institute, 35040 Izmir, Turkey
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Abd-Eldaim M, Maarouf M, Potgieter L, Kania SA. Amino Acid Variations of The Immuno-Dominant Domain of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Attachment Glycoprotein (G) Affect the Antibody Responses In BALB/c Mice. J Virol Methods 2023; 316:114712. [PMID: 36958697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of respiratory illness in ruminants and infants. The G glycoprotein of RSV serves as the viral attachment ligand. Despite currently available vaccines, RSV immunity is insufficient, and re-infections occur. Vaccine studies employing the G-protein's 174-187 amino acids, representing the immunodominant domain, have protected mice and calves against infections. To investigate the causes of vaccination failure, we designed four synthetic peptides for the ruminant RSV isolates (391-2, Maryland-BRSV, European-BRSV, and ORSV) using the immune-dominant sequence and vaccinated mice groups with them. The produced antibodies targeting each peptide were evaluated using ELISA and flow cytometry to determine their reactivity against the linear antigen and the native form of the G protein, respectively. Antibodies responded to homologous and heterologous peptides as determined by ELISA. Using flow cytometry-analysis targeting the natively folded protein, most generated antibodies reacted only with their homologous strain. However, antibodies raised to 391-2 peptide reacted with homologous and heterologous Maryland-BRSV viral epitopes. Accordingly, inadequate immunity and recurring RSV infections might be attributed to variations of antibodies targeting the immunodominant region of the G-protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abd-Eldaim
- Department of Virology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Maarouf
- Department of Virology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
| | - Leon Potgieter
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN, USA
| | - Stephen A Kania
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville TN, USA
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4
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Kumagai A, Kawauchi K, Andoh K, Hatama S. Sequence and unique phylogeny of G genes of bovine respiratory syncytial viruses circulating in Japan. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 33:162-166. [PMID: 33234033 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720975364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an etiologic agent of bovine respiratory disease. The rapid evolutionary rate of BRSV contributes to genetic and antigenic heterogeneity of field strains and causes occasional vaccine failure. We conducted molecular epidemiologic characterization of BRSV circulating in Japan to obtain genetic information for vaccine-based disease control. Phylogenetic analysis of G and F gene sequences revealed that all of the isolated Japanese BRSV strains clustered in the same genetic subgroup, which was distinct from the 9 known groups. We assigned the Japanese group to subgenotype X. The Japanese isolates formed 2 temporal clusters: isolates from 2003 to 2005 clustered in lineage A; isolates from 2017 to 2019 formed lineage B. The alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of the G gene revealed that the central hydrophobic region responsible for viral antigenicity is conserved in all of the isolates; unique amino acid mutations were found mainly in mucin-like regions. Our results suggest that BRSV has evolved uniquely in Japan to form the new subgenotype X; the antigenic homogeneity of the viruses within this group is inferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Kumagai
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kawauchi
- Tokachi Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Andoh
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hatama
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Giammarioli M, Mangili P, Nanni A, Pierini I, Petrini S, Pirani S, Gobbi P, De Mia GM. Highly pathogenic Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus variant in a dairy herd in Italy. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:740-745. [PMID: 32594662 PMCID: PMC7738713 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an economically significant pathogen in cattle production worldwide. Usually, it is detected in outbreaks of respiratory disease, most often during the winter period. During the middle of October 2018, a serious outbreak of respiratory disease occurred in a cattle farm comprising about 300 heads located in Central Italy. The herd was affected by a severe flu‐like syndrome unresponsive to any antibiotic treatment. Within 3 weeks, 39 adult animals died, and 12 abortions occurred. Direct and indirect laboratory tests were performed to detect the main pathogens causing the respiratory disease of the affected cattle. The results of laboratory investigations provided evidence of an acute and severe BRSV syndrome characterized by unusual mortality. In order to investigate the molecular underpinnings of this syndrome, phylogenetic analysis of the BRSV strain detected from the outbreak was carried out. The sequence analysis showed that the strain was genetically divergent from BRSV strains previously identified in Italy, as it showed high sequence similarity of more than 97% with strains isolated during a major BRSV epizootic that occurred in Sweden, Norway and Denmark during 2010–2011. The infection of the herd in Italy with this BRSV strain was likely due to the introduction of animals imported into Italy from abroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Giammarioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Piermario Mangili
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Alex Nanni
- AUSL Romagna - Ambito territoriale Rimini, Rimini, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pierini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Petrini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Pirani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Gobbi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Gian Mario De Mia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
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Immunofluorescence and molecular diagnosis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine parainfluenza virus in the naturally infected young cattle and buffaloes from India. Microb Pathog 2020; 145:104165. [PMID: 32205208 PMCID: PMC7118649 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pneumonia in bovines is a multifactorial disease manifestation leading to heavy economic losses. Infections of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine parainfluenza virus-3 (BPI-3) are among the important contributing factors for the development of pneumonia in young animals. These viral agents either primarily cause pneumonia or predispose animals to the development of pneumonia. Although, the role of BRSV and BPI-3 in the pathogenesis of pneumonia is well established, there are no reports of involvement of BRSV and BPI-3 from Indian cattle and buffaloes suffering from pneumonia. In the present investigation, we performed postmortem examinations of 406 cattle and buffaloes, which were below twelve months of age. Out of 406 cases, twelve (2.95%) cases were positive for BRSV and fifteen (3.69%) cases were positive for BPI-3, screened by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Further, positive cases were confirmed by sequence analysis of RT-PCR amplicons and direct immunofluorescence antibody test (d-FAT) in paraffin-embedded lung tissue sections. BRSV positive cases revealed characteristic findings of bronchiolar epithelial necrosis, thickened alveolar septa by mononuclear cells infiltration and edema; alveolar lumens were filled with mononuclear cells and numerous syncytial cells were seen having intracytoplasmic inclusions. The BRSV antigen distribution was found to be in bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium and syncytial cells in the lung sections. In fifteen cases, where BPI-3 was detected, bronchointerstitial pneumonia in the majority of cases with thickened alveolar septa by mild macrophage infiltration, hyperplasia of type-II pneumocytes and bronchiolar necrosis along with syncytial cells having intracytoplasmic inclusions in the majority of cases were observed. The BPI-3 antigen distribution was found to be in bronchiolar and alveolar epithelium and syncytial cells in the lung sections. RT-PCR amplicons of BRSV and BPI-3 obtained were sequenced and their analysis showed homology with already available sequences in the NCBI database. It is the first report of detection of BRSV and BPI-3 from pneumonic cases by RT-PCR and d-FAT from cattle and buffaloes of India, indicating the need for more epidemiological studies. BRSV and BPI-3 induce primary pneumonia. Syncytia with cytoplasmic inclusion was seen. RT-PCR and dFAT are confirmatory diagnosis.
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Leme RA, Dall Agnol AM, Balbo LC, Pereira FL, Possatti F, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. Molecular characterization of Brazilian wild-type strains of bovine respiratory syncytial virus reveals genetic diversity and a putative new subgroup of the virus. Vet Q 2020; 40:83-96. [PMID: 32083983 PMCID: PMC7067174 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1733704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine orthopneumovirus, formerly known as bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), is frequently associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Aim To perform the molecular characterization of the G and F proteins of Brazilian wild-type BRSV strains derived from bovine respiratory infections in both beef and dairy cattle. Materials and Methods Ten BRSV strains derived from a dairy heifer rearing unit (n = 3) in 2011 and steers of three other feedlots (n = 7) in 2014 and 2015 were analyzed. For the BRSV G and F partial gene amplifications, RT-nested-PCR assays were performed with sequencing in both directions with forward and reverse primers used. Results The G gene-based analysis revealed that two strains were highly similar to the BRSV sequences representative of subgroup III, including the Bayovac vaccine strain. However, the remaining seven Brazilian BRSV strains were diverse when compared with strains representative of the BRSV I to VIII subgroups. The central hydrophobic region of the Brazilian BRSV G gene showed the replacement of conserved cysteines and other residues of importance to antibody reactivity. The deduced F gene amino acid sequences from the Brazilian BRSV strains showed changes that were absent in the representative sequences of the known subgroups. Viral isolation on the nasopharyngeal swab suspensions failed to isolate BRSV. Conclusion Results suggest that these strains represent a putative new subgroup of BRSV with mutations observed in the immunodominant region of the G protein. However, further studies on these Brazilian BRSV strains should be performed to establish their pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Arruda Leme
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alais Maria Dall Agnol
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luciana Carvalho Balbo
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Louise Pereira
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Flávia Possatti
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Guerra-Maupome M, Palmer MV, McGill JL, Sacco RE. Utility of the Neonatal Calf Model for Testing Vaccines and Intervention Strategies for Use against Human RSV Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010007. [PMID: 30626099 PMCID: PMC6466205 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant cause of pediatric respiratory tract infections. It is estimated that two-thirds of infants are infected with RSV during the first year of life and it is one of the leading causes of death in this age group worldwide. Similarly, bovine RSV is a primary viral pathogen in cases of pneumonia in young calves and plays a significant role in bovine respiratory disease complex. Importantly, naturally occurring infection of calves with bovine RSV shares many features in common with human RSV infection. Herein, we update our current understanding of RSV infection in cattle, with particular focus on similarities between the calf and human infection, and the recent reports in which the neonatal calf has been employed for the development and testing of vaccines and therapeutics which may be applied to hRSV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Guerra-Maupome
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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9
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Krešić N, Bedeković T, Brnić D, Šimić I, Lojkić I, Turk N. Genetic analysis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in Croatia. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 58:52-57. [PMID: 30245051 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) represents an important causative agent of respiratory tract disease in cattle. This study describes the genetic diversity of BRSV strains detected in beef cattle herds in Croatia during four consecutive years, from the end of 2011 to April 2016. Genetic diversity of circulating Croatian strains is reflected in their clustering within three different genetic subgroups. Analysis of representative BRSV G gene sequences revealed that infections in Croatia were caused by BRSV strains belonging to two new subgroups (VII and VIII identified herein for the first time). In 2014-2016, the subgroup VII strains were replaced with BRSV strains clustered in the previously unidentified subgroup VIII. Furthermore, co-circulation of subgroup II and new subgroup VIII strains in Croatia was recorded in the same time period. Sequences of Croatian BRSV strains within subgroups II and VII revealed unique mutations within an essential immunodominant region, demonstrating continuous evolution of viral mechanisms for immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Krešić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia(1).
| | - Tomislav Bedeković
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia(1).
| | - Dragan Brnić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia(1).
| | - Ivana Šimić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia(1).
| | - Ivana Lojkić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia(1).
| | - Nenad Turk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia(2).
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10
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Ke Z, Strauss JD, Hampton CM, Brindley MA, Dillard RS, Leon F, Lamb KM, Plemper RK, Wright ER. Promotion of virus assembly and organization by the measles virus matrix protein. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1736. [PMID: 29712906 PMCID: PMC5928126 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) remains a major human pathogen, but there are presently no licensed antivirals to treat MeV or other paramyxoviruses. Here, we use cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) to elucidate the principles governing paramyxovirus assembly in MeV-infected human cells. The three-dimensional (3D) arrangement of the MeV structural proteins including the surface glycoproteins (F and H), matrix protein (M), and the ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) are characterized at stages of virus assembly and budding, and in released virus particles. The M protein is observed as an organized two-dimensional (2D) paracrystalline array associated with the membrane. A two-layered F–M lattice is revealed suggesting that interactions between F and M may coordinate processes essential for MeV assembly. The RNP complex remains associated with and in close proximity to the M lattice. In this model, the M lattice facilitates the well-ordered incorporation and concentration of the surface glycoproteins and the RNP at sites of virus assembly. Virus assembly is technically challenging to study. Here the authors use cryo-electron tomography of measles virus-infected human cells to determine native-state virus structure and they locate well-ordered M lattices that organize viral glycoproteins, RNP, and drive assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunlong Ke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Joshua D Strauss
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Cheri M Hampton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Melinda A Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Population Health and Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Rebecca S Dillard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Fredrick Leon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kristen M Lamb
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Wright
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA. .,Robert P. Apkarian Integrated Electron Microscopy Core, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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11
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Klem TB, Rimstad E, Stokstad M. Occurrence and phylogenetic analysis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in outbreaks of respiratory disease in Norway. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:15. [PMID: 24423030 PMCID: PMC3896707 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is one of the major pathogens involved in the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. The seroprevalence to BRSV in Norwegian cattle herds is high, but its role in epidemics of respiratory disease is unclear. The aims of the study were to investigate the etiological role of BRSV and other respiratory viruses in epidemics of BRD and to perform phylogenetic analysis of Norwegian BRSV strains. Results BRSV infection was detected either serologically and/or virologically in 18 (86%) of 21 outbreaks and in most cases as a single viral agent. When serology indicated that bovine coronavirus and/or bovine parainfluenza virus 3 were present, the number of BRSV positive animals in the herd was always higher, supporting the view of BRSV as the main pathogen. Sequencing of the G gene of BRSV positive samples showed that the current circulating Norwegian BRSVs belong to genetic subgroup II, along with other North European isolates. One isolate from an outbreak in Norway in 1976 was also investigated. This strain formed a separate branch in subgroup II, clearly different from the current Scandinavian sequences. The currently circulating BRSV could be divided into two different strains that were present in the same geographical area at the same time. The sequence variations between the two strains were in an antigenic important part of the G protein. Conclusion The results demonstrated that BRSV is the most important etiological agent of epidemics of BRD in Norway and that it often acts as the only viral agent. The phylogenetic analysis of the Norwegian strains of BRSV and several previously published isolates supported the theory of geographical and temporal clustering of BRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea B Klem
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P,O, Box 8146 Dep,, Oslo N-0033, Norway.
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12
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Sacco RE, McGill JL, Pillatzki AE, Palmer MV, Ackermann MR. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in cattle. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:427-36. [PMID: 24009269 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813501341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a cause of respiratory disease in cattle worldwide. It has an integral role in enzootic pneumonia in young dairy calves and summer pneumonia in nursing beef calves. Furthermore, bovine RSV infection can predispose calves to secondary bacterial infection by organisms such as Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni, resulting in bovine respiratory disease complex, the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among feedlot cattle. Even in cases where animals do not succumb to bovine respiratory disease complex, there can be long-term losses in production performance. This includes reductions in feed efficiency and rate of gain in the feedlot, as well as reproductive performance, milk production, and longevity in the breeding herd. As a result, economic costs to the cattle industry from bovine respiratory disease have been estimated to approach $1 billion annually due to death losses, reduced performance, and costs of vaccinations and treatment modalities. Human and bovine RSV are closely related viruses with similarities in histopathologic lesions and mechanisms of immune modulation induced following infection. Therefore, where appropriate, we provide comparisons between RSV infections in humans and cattle. This review article discusses key aspects of RSV infection of cattle, including epidemiology and strain variability, clinical signs and diagnosis, experimental infection, gross and microscopic lesions, innate and adaptive immune responses, and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Sacco
- National Animal Disease Center, Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Neonatal calf infection with respiratory syncytial virus: drawing parallels to the disease in human infants. Viruses 2013; 4:3731-53. [PMID: 23342375 PMCID: PMC3528288 DOI: 10.3390/v4123731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common viral cause of childhood acute lower respiratory tract infections. It is estimated that RSV infections result in more than 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. Bovine RSV is a cause of enzootic pneumonia in young dairy calves and summer pneumonia in nursing beef calves. Furthermore, bovine RSV plays a significant role in bovine respiratory disease complex, the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among feedlot cattle. Infection of calves with bovine RSV shares features in common with RSV infection in children, such as an age-dependent susceptibility. In addition, comparable microscopic lesions consisting of bronchiolar neutrophilic infiltrates, epithelial cell necrosis, and syncytial cell formation are observed. Further, our studies have shown an upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators in RSV-infected calves, including IL-12p40 and CXCL8 (IL-8). This finding is consistent with increased levels of IL-8 observed in children with RSV bronchiolitis. Since rodents lack IL-8, neonatal calves can be useful for studies of IL-8 regulation in response to RSV infection. We have recently found that vitamin D in milk replacer diets can be manipulated to produce calves differing in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The results to date indicate that although the vitamin D intracrine pathway is activated during RSV infection, pro-inflammatory mediators frequently inhibited by the vitamin D intacrine pathway in vitro are, in fact, upregulated or unaffected in lungs of infected calves. This review will summarize available data that provide parallels between bovine RSV infection in neonatal calves and human RSV in infants.
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Abstract
The bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an enveloped, negative sense, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the pneumovirus genus within the family Paramyxoviridae. BRSV has been recognized as a major cause of respiratory disease in young calves since the early 1970s. The analysis of BRSV infection was originally hampered by its characteristic lability and poor growth in vitro. However, the advent of numerous immunological and molecular methods has facilitated the study of BRSV enormously. The knowledge gained from these studies has also provided the opportunity to develop safe, stable, attenuated virus vaccine candidates. Nonetheless, many aspects of the epidemiology, molecular epidemiology and evolution of the virus are still not fully understood. The natural course of infection is rather complex and further complicates diagnosis, treatment and the implementation of preventive measures aimed to control the disease. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which BRSV is able to establish infection is needed to prevent viral and disease spread. This review discusses important information regarding the epidemiology and molecular epidemiology of BRSV worldwide, and it highlights the importance of viral evolution in virus transmission.
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Bidokhti MRM, Tråvén M, Ohlson A, Zarnegar B, Baule C, Belák S, Alenius S, Liu L. Phylogenetic analysis of bovine respiratory syncytial viruses from recent outbreaks in feedlot and dairy cattle herds. Arch Virol 2011; 157:601-7. [PMID: 22209787 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is one of the major causes of bovine respiratory disease worldwide. In order to study the molecular epidemiology of the virus, samples from 30 BRSV outbreaks in cattle herds located in different parts of Sweden were collected from 2007 to 2011. The samples were analyzed by PCR, and the glycoprotein (G) gene was sequenced. BRSV was detected in outbreaks of respiratory disease in both dairy and feedlot herds most often during the winter period but also during the summer months (May to August). This indicates that circulation of the virus between herds occurs throughout the year. Comparative sequence analysis revealed a high degree (more than 94.5%) of sequence identity among the collected strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 29 out of the 30 strains formed a unique clade. Identical sequences found in herds sampled within a few months' time suggested that these herds were part of a common transmission chain. One strain from a single outbreak in a herd in southern Sweden clustered with Danish strains and showed a distant relationship to the rest of the Swedish strains. Further studies are highly warranted to clarify the inter-herd transmission routes of BRSV. Such knowledge is essential for the control of the spread of this virus between herds, regions and even countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi R M Bidokhti
- Division of Ruminant Medicine and Veterinary Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7019, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Hansbro NG, Horvat JC, Wark PA, Hansbro PM. Understanding the mechanisms of viral induced asthma: new therapeutic directions. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 117:313-53. [PMID: 18234348 PMCID: PMC7112677 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common and debilitating disease that has substantially increased in prevalence in Western Societies in the last 2 decades. Respiratory tract infections by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV) are widely implicated as common causes of the induction and exacerbation of asthma. These infections in early life are associated with the induction of wheeze that may progress to the development of asthma. Infections may also promote airway inflammation and enhance T helper type 2 lymphocyte (Th2 cell) responses that result in exacerbations of established asthma. The mechanisms of how RSV and RV induce and exacerbate asthma are currently being elucidated by clinical studies, in vitro work with human cells and animal models of disease. This research has led to many potential therapeutic strategies and, although none are yet part of clinical practise, they show much promise for the prevention and treatment of viral disease and subsequent asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
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17
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Meyer G, Deplanche M, Schelcher F. Human and bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine research and development. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 31:191-225. [PMID: 17720245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2007.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human (HRSV) and bovine (BRSV) respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV) are two closely related viruses, which are the most important causative agents of respiratory tract infections of young children and calves, respectively. BRSV vaccines have been available for nearly 2 decades. They probably have reduced the prevalence of RSV infection but their efficacy needs improvement. In contrast, despite decades of research, there is no currently licensed vaccine for the prevention of HRSV disease. Development of a HRSV vaccine for infants has been hindered by the lack of a relevant animal model that develops disease, the need to immunize immunologically immature young infants, the difficulty for live vaccines to find the right balance between attenuation and immunogenicity, and the risk of vaccine-associated disease. During the past 15 years, intensive research into a HRSV vaccine has yielded vaccine candidates, which have been evaluated in animal models and, for some of them, in clinical trials in humans. Recent formulations have focused on subunit vaccines with specific CD4+ Th-1 immune response-activating adjuvants and on genetically engineered live attenuated vaccines. It is likely that different HRSV vaccines and/or combinations of vaccines used sequentially will be needed for the various populations at risk. This review discusses the recent advances in RSV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Meyer
- INRA-ENVT, UMR1225 IHAP, Interactions Hôtes-Virus et Vaccinologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31076 Toulouse Cedex, France.
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18
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Deplanche M, Lemaire M, Mirandette C, Bonnet M, Schelcher F, Meyer G. In vivo evidence for quasispecies distributions in the bovine respiratory syncytial virus genome. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1260-1265. [PMID: 17374770 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82668-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We analysed the genetic evolution of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) isolate W2-00131, from its isolation in bovine turbinate (BT) cells to its inoculation in calves. Results showed that the BRSV genomic region encoding the highly variable glycoprotein G remained genetically stable after virus isolation and over 10 serial infections in BT cells, as well as following experimental inoculation in calves. This remarkable genetic stability led us to examine the mutant spectrum of several populations derived from this field isolate. Sequence analysis of molecular clones revealed an important genetic heterogeneity in the G-coding region of each population, with mutation frequencies ranging from 6.8 to 10.1×10−4substitutions per nucleotide. The non-synonymous mutations of the mutant spectrum mapped preferentially within the two variable antigenic regions of the ectodomain or close to the highly conserved domain. These results suggest that BRSV populations may evolve as complex and dynamic mutant swarms, despite apparent genetic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Deplanche
- INRA-ENVT, UMR1225 - Interactions Hosts-Pathogens (IHAP), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
| | - Mylène Lemaire
- Laboratoire Départemental Vétérinaire LVD09, 09007 Foix cedex, France
| | - Carole Mirandette
- INRA-ENVT, UMR1225 - Interactions Hosts-Pathogens (IHAP), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
| | - Marion Bonnet
- INRA-ENVT, UMR1225 - Interactions Hosts-Pathogens (IHAP), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
| | - François Schelcher
- INRA-ENVT, UMR1225 - Interactions Hosts-Pathogens (IHAP), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
| | - Gilles Meyer
- INRA-ENVT, UMR1225 - Interactions Hosts-Pathogens (IHAP), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 31076 Toulouse cedex 03, France
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Valarcher JF, Taylor G. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vet Res 2007; 38:153-80. [PMID: 17257568 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2006053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) belongs to the pneumovirus genus within the family Paramyxoviridae and is a major cause of respiratory disease in young calves. BRSV is enveloped and contains a negative sense, single-stranded RNA genome encoding 11 proteins. The virus replicates predominantly in ciliated respiratory epithelial cells but also in type II pneumocytes. It appears to cause little or no cytopathology in ciliated epithelial cell cultures in vitro, suggesting that much of the pathology is due to the host's response to virus infection. RSV infection induces an array of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines that recruit neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes to the respiratory tract resulting in respiratory disease. Although the mechanisms responsible for induction of these chemokines and cytokines are unclear, studies on the closely related human (H)RSV suggest that activation of NF-kappaB via TLR4 and TLR3 signalling pathways is involved. An understanding of the mechanisms by which BRSV is able to establish infection and induce an inflammatory response has been facilitated by advances in reverse genetics, which have enabled manipulation of the virus genome. These studies have demonstrated an important role for the non-structural proteins in anti-interferon activity, a role for a virokinin, released during proteolytic cleavage of the fusion protein, in the inflammatory response and a role for the SH and the secreted form of the G protein in establishing pulmonary infection. Knowledge gained from these studies has also provided the opportunity to develop safe, stable, live attenuated virus vaccine candidates.
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20
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Spilki FR, Almeida RS, Domingues HG, D'Arce RCF, Ferreira HL, Campalans J, Costa SCB, Arns CW. Phylogenetic relationships of Brazilian bovine respiratory syncytial virus isolates and molecular homology modeling of attachment glycoprotein. Virus Res 2006; 116:30-7. [PMID: 16387381 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 08/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) causes lower respiratory tract disease in young cattle. Recently, it was possible to determine the sequence of the G protein gene, which plays a role in the attachment of BRSV particles to the cells, from three distinct Brazilian isolates. The phylogenetic analysis conducted here using those sequences compared to other worldwide distributed isolates of BRSV allow us to allocate Brazilian strains within the subgroup B, which was no longer found in the world since the 1970s. One of the Brazilian strains has a major mutation between amino acid residues 173 and 178, within the central hydrophobic conserved region, exactly on the site of two of the four cysteine-noose forming cysteine residues. Homology modeling with the previously determined NMR structure of this protein domain was made to check whether these mutations altered the three-dimensional conformation of this immunodominant region. Possible consequences on the biological effects induced by such mutation on the G protein are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, 13084-970 Campinas, Brazil
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21
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Boxus M, Letellier C, Kerkhofs P. Real Time RT-PCR for the detection and quantitation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus. J Virol Methods 2005; 125:125-30. [PMID: 15794981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Revised: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative Real Time RT-PCR assay was developed to detect and quantify bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in the respiratory tract of infected animals. A pair of primers and a TaqMan probe targeting conserved regions of the nucleoprotein gene of BRSV were designed. The detection limit of the assay was shown to be 10(3) RNA copies and standard curve demonstrated a linear range from 10(3) to 10(8) copies as well as an excellent reproducibility. The efficiency of the BRSV Real Time RT-PCR was then assessed by detecting BRSV in lungs, tracheas and bronchoalveaolar fluids (BAL) samples of experimentally infected calves. The assay was shown to be 100 times more sensitive than conventional RT-PCR and was more efficient for BRSV diagnosis. Finally, the Real Time RT-PCR was used to quantify BRSV load in BAL fluids of four experimentally infected calves for 14 days. The high sensitivity, rapidity and reproducibility of the BRSV Real Time RT-PCR make this method suitable for diagnostic and for the evaluation of the efficiency of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boxus
- Virology Department, Veterinary and Agrochemival Research Center, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
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22
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Valentova V, Antonis AFG, Kovarcik K. Restriction enzyme analysis of RT-PCR amplicons as a rapid method for detection of genetic diversity among bovine respiratory syncytial virus isolates. Vet Microbiol 2005; 108:1-12. [PMID: 15917131 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Our current knowledge of antigenic variability of the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is quite limited and is mainly dependent on the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAb). In this study, we present not only analysis of the antigenic, but also of the genetic variability of BRSV. Using a panel of BRSV-specific mAb we distinguished five main reactivity patterns, three of which corresponded to the previously established subgroups A, B and AB. A single viral strain yielded the fourth pattern, while four viral strains did not react with any of the used mAbs forming the fifth pattern. To investigate the genetic basis for the antigenic heterogeneity of the BRS virus G protein, DNA of 11 BRSV isolates was directly sequenced. The comparison of the obtained nucleotide or amino acid sequences to those BRSV strains present in the GenBank revealed 88.1-99.4% and 77.7-98.4% similarity, respectively. These results supported the previously stated suggestion to type BRSV isolates according to their genetic relationship. In order to introduce a rapid and simple method to study the genetic variability of BRSV, we utilized the restriction enzyme analysis of RT-PCR products derived from mRNAs corresponding to the most variable region of the BRSV glycoprotein G ectodomain. Using this restriction enzyme analysis we were able to identify genetic variability among BRSV isolates. The detected non-synonymous mutations led frequently to a change in digestion pattern and were predominantly located in two mucin-like regions of the G protein gene. A correlation has been found between grouping of isolates in the phylogenetic tree and their restriction patterns clustering together isolates with the same restriction profiles. However, viruses placed distant in the tree sharing the same restriction patterns were detected supposing that phylogenetic analysis should be necessary for BRSV typing. Thus, we propose to use DNA restriction polymorphism for a rapid detection of genetic variants among BRSV isolates circulating in cattle population and as a preliminary tool for their typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Valentova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 32 Brno, Czech Republic.
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23
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Yaegashi G, Seimiya YM, Seki Y, Tsunemitsu H. Genetic and Antigenic Analyses of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Detected in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67:145-50. [PMID: 15750309 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and antigenic analyses of bovine respiratory syncytial virus were conducted on 12 field strains from Tohoku and Hokuriku districts in Japan during from 2002 to 2004. On the phylogenetic tree of the nucleotide sequences of the glycoprotein region, the examined strains fell in the same cluster as the strain isolated in Nebraska and were classified as the subgroup III. The examined strains were subdivided into 2 lineages (A, B). Isoleucine 200 of the epitope domain was replaced by threonine as a feature of the lineage B strains. The examined strains showed the nucleotide sequence homologies of 88.3-93.3% with the known Japanese strains classified as the subgroup II and of 86.1-96.6% with those in the subgroup III. No significant difference was found on the neutralization index between the examined strain and the 52-163-13 phylogenetically similar to the Japanese vaccine one. The results suggest that the subgroup III strains have existed in Japan and that epidemics of the strains could be protected due to the present vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gakuji Yaegashi
- Iwate Prefecture Central Livestock Hygiene Service Center, 390-5 Sunagome, Takizawa-mura.iwate 020-0173, Japan
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Nettleton PF, Gilray JA, Caldow G, Gidlow JR, Durkovic B, Vilcek S. Recent isolates of bovine respiratory syncytial virus from Britain are more closely related to isolates from USA than to earlier British and current mainland European isolates. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. B, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH 2003; 50:196-9. [PMID: 12916694 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2003.00647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Eight isolates of Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) were made from calves with severe respiratory disease on seven farms in one region of Britain. Genetic analysis of the viruses showed that seven, which were isolated between 1997 and 1999 were almost identical and were distinguishable from an earlier 1991 isolate. When compared with the available sequences of BRSVs from other countries, the recent British isolates were more closely related to US isolates than to earlier British and current mainland European isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Nettleton
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh EH26 0PZ, Scotland, UK.
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25
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Schlender J, Zimmer G, Herrler G, Conzelmann KK. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein subunit F2, not attachment protein G, determines the specificity of RSV infection. J Virol 2003; 77:4609-16. [PMID: 12663767 PMCID: PMC152164 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.8.4609-4616.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and bovine RSV (BRSV) infect human beings and cattle in a species-specific manner. We have here analyzed the contribution of RSV envelope proteins to species-specific entry into cells. In contrast to permanent cell lines, primary cells of human or bovine origin, including differentiated respiratory epithelia, peripheral blood lymphocytes, and macrophages, showed a pronounced species-specific permissiveness for HRSV and BRSV infection, respectively. Recombinant BRSV deletion mutants lacking either the small hydrophobic (SH) protein gene or both SH and the attachment glycoprotein (G) gene retained their specificity for bovine cells, whereas corresponding mutants carrying the HRSV F gene specifically infected human cells. To further narrow the responsible region of F, two reciprocal chimeric F constructs were assembled from BRSV and HRSV F1 and F2 subunits. The specificity of recombinant RSV carrying only the chimeric F proteins strictly correlated with the origin of the membrane-distal F2 domain. A contribution of G to the specificity of entry could be excluded after reintroduction of BRSV or HRSV G. Virus with F1 and G from BRSV and with only F2 from HRSV specifically infected human cells, whereas virus expressing F1 and G from HRSV and F2 from BRSV specifically infected bovine cells. The introduction of G enhanced the infectiousness of both chimeric viruses to equal degrees. Thus, the role of the nominal attachment protein G is confined to facilitating infection in a non-species-specific manner, most probably by binding to cell surface glycosaminoglycans. The identification of the F2 subunit as the determinant of RSV host cell specificity facilitates identification of virus receptors and should allow for development of reagents specifically interfering with RSV entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schlender
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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Arns CW, Campalans J, Costa SCB, Domingues HG, D'Arce RCF, Almeida RS, Coswig LT. Characterization of bovine respiratory syncytial virus isolated in Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res 2003; 36:213-8. [PMID: 12563523 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2003000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the first isolation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in Brazil and its physicochemical, morphological and molecular characterization. The virus was isolated from 33 samples of nasotracheal secretions, successively inoculated into a Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell culture, which was characterized by physicochemical tests and morphological observation by electron microscopy. The Brazilian sample is an RNA pleomorphic, enveloped, thermolabile and non-hemagglutinating spicular virus. Reverse transcription, followed by nested polymerase chain reaction (nRT-PCR) assay was carried out using oligonucleotides B1, B2A, B3 and B4 for the fusion proteins (F) and B5A, B6A, B7A and B8 for the attachment protein (G). The nRT-PCR-F amplified a fragment of 481 bp corresponding to part of the gene that codes for protein F, whereas nRT-PCR-G amplified a fragment of 371 bp, in agreement with part of the G gene. The virus isolated from Brazilian samples in this study corresponded to the bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and RT-PCR proved to be useful for the diagnosis of bovine clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Arns
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Shin HJ, Cameron KT, Jacobs JA, Turpin EA, Halvorson DA, Goyal SM, Nagaraja KV, Kumar MC, Lauer DC, Seal BS, Njenga MK. Molecular epidemiology of subgroup C avian pneumoviruses isolated in the United States and comparison with subgroup a and B viruses. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:1687-93. [PMID: 11980943 PMCID: PMC130925 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.5.1687-1693.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian pneumovirus (APV) outbreak in the United States is concentrated in the north-central region, particularly in Minnesota, where more outbreaks in commercial turkeys occur in the spring (April to May) and autumn (October to December). Comparison of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix (M), fusion (F), and second matrix (M2) genes of 15 U.S. APV strains isolated between 1996 and 1999 revealed between 89 and 94% nucleotide sequence identity and 81 to 95% amino acid sequence identity. In contrast, genes from U.S. viruses had 41 to 77% nucleotide sequence identity and 52 to 78% predicted amino acid sequence identity with European subgroup A or B viruses, confirming that U.S. viruses belonged to a separate subgroup. Of the five proteins analyzed in U.S. viruses, P was the most variable (81% amino acid sequence identity) and N was the most conserved (95% amino acid sequence identity). Phylogenetic comparison of subgroups A, B, and C viruses indicated that A and B viruses were more closely related to each other than either A or B viruses were to C viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jin Shin
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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28
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Abstract
Until now, the analysis of the genetic diversity of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) has been based on small numbers of field isolates. In this report, we determined the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of regions of the nucleoprotein (N protein), fusion protein (F protein), and glycoprotein (G protein) of 54 European and North American isolates and compared them with the sequences of 33 isolates of BRSV obtained from the databases, together with those of 2 human respiratory syncytial viruses and 1 ovine respiratory syncytial virus. A clustering of BRSV sequences according to geographical origin was observed. We also set out to show that a continuous evolution of the sequences of the N, G, and F proteins of BRSV has been occurring in isolates since 1967 in countries where vaccination was widely used. The exertion of a strong positive selective pressure on the mucin-like region of the G protein and on particular sites of the N and F proteins is also demonstrated. Furthermore, mutations which are located in the conserved central hydrophobic part of the ectodomain of the G protein and which result in the loss of four Cys residues and in the suppression of two disulfide bridges and an alpha helix critical to the three-dimensional structure of the G protein have been detected in some recent French BRSV isolates. This conserved central region, which is immunodominant in BRSV G protein, thus has been modified in recent isolates. This work demonstrates that the evolution of BRSV should be taken into account in the rational development of future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Valarcher
- UMR INRA-ENVT de Physiopathologie Infectieuse et Parasitaire des Ruminants, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection is the major cause of respiratory disease in calves during the first year of life. The study of the virus has been difficult because of its lability and very poor growth in cell culture. However, during the last decade, the introduction of new immunological and biotechnological techniques has facilitated a more extensive study of BRSV as illustrated by the increasing number of papers published. Despite this growing focus, many aspects of the pathogenesis, epidemiology, immunology etc. remain obscure. The course and outcome of the infection is very complex and unpredictable which makes the diagnosis and subsequent therapy very difficult. BRSV is closely related to human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) which is an important cause of respiratory disease in young children. In contrast to BRSV, the recent knowledge of HRSV is regularly extensively reviewed in several books and journals. The present paper contains an updated review on BRSV covering most aspects of the structure, molecular biology, pathogenesis, pathology, clinical features, epidemiology, diagnosis and immunology based on approximately 140 references from international research journals.
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Valarcher JF, Bourhy H, Gelfi J, Schelcher F. Evaluation of a nested reverse transcription-PCR assay based on the nucleoprotein gene for diagnosis of spontaneous and experimental bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:1858-62. [PMID: 10325337 PMCID: PMC84970 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.6.1858-1862.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/1998] [Accepted: 03/01/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The first nested reverse transcription (RT)-PCR based on the nucleoprotein gene (n RT-PCR-N) of the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) has been developed and optimized for the detection of BRSV in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells of calves. This test is characterized by a low threshold of detection (0.17 PFU/ml), which is 506 times lower than that obtained by an enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA) test (RSV TESTPACK ABBOTT). During an experimental infection of 17 immunocompetent calves less than 3 months old, BRSV RNA could be detected up to 13 days after the onset of symptoms whereas isolation in cell culture was possible only up to 5 days. Compiling results obtained by conventional techniques (serology, antigen detection, and culture isolation) for 132 field samples collected from calves with acute respiratory signs revealed that n RT-PCR-N showed the highest diagnostic sensitivity and very good specificity. This n RT-PCR-N with its long period of detection during BRSV infection thus provides a valuable tool for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Valarcher
- UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse de Physiopathologie Infectieuse et Parasitaire des Ruminants, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse cedex 3, France
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Schrijver RS, Langedijk JP, Middel WG, Kramps JA, Rijsewijk FA, van Oirschot JT. A bovine respiratory syncytial virus strain with mutations in subgroup-specific antigenic domains of the G protein induces partial heterologous protection in cattle. Vet Microbiol 1998; 63:159-75. [PMID: 9850996 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(98)00244-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) strains are tentatively divided in subgroups A, AB and B, based on antigenic differences of the G protein. A Dutch BRSV strain (Waiboerhoeve: WBH), could not be assigned to one of the subgroups, because the strain did not react with any monoclonal antibody against the G protein. We describe here that the WBH strain has accumulated critical mutations in subgroup-specific domains of the G protein gene, which also occur but then independently in G protein genes of BRSV subgroup A or B strains. Although the comparison of nucleotide residues 256-792 of the G gene of the WBH strain with those of subgroup A and B strains showed that the G gene of the WBH strain is different from that of BRSV subgroup A and B strains, the sequence divergence was not more than observed within the G genes of human respiratory syncytial virus subgroup A or B strains. The WBH strain did not induce severe disease after experimental infection of calves, and induced partial protection against a heterologous challenge. Despite the dissimilarity of the conserved central regions of the G protein of the WBH strain and that of the challenge strain, a secondary antibody response against this region was induced in WBH-infected calves after challenge. We conclude that complete BRSV virus can partially protect against a BRSV infection with a strain that contains an antigenic dissimilar G protein.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibody Formation
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Cattle
- Cattle Diseases/immunology
- Cattle Diseases/prevention & control
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Evolution, Molecular
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Netherlands
- Phylogeny
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/veterinary
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Sheep
- Sheep Diseases
- Vero Cells
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Schrijver
- Department of Mammalian Virology, DLO-Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-DLO), Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Larsen LE, Uttenthal A, Arctander P, Tjørnehøj K, Viuff B, Røntved C, Rønsholt L, Alexandersen S, Blixenkrone-Møller M. Serological and genetic characterisation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) indicates that Danish isolates belong to the intermediate subgroup: no evidence of a selective effect on the variability of G protein nucleotide sequence by prior cell culture adaption and passages in cell culture or calves. Vet Microbiol 1998; 62:265-79. [PMID: 9791873 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(98)00226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Danish isolates of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) were characterised by nucleotide sequencing of the G glycoprotein and by their reactivity with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Among the six Danish isolates, the overall sequence divergence ranged between 0 and 3% at the nucleotide level and between 0 and 5% at the amino acid level. Sequence divergences of 7-8%, 8-9% and 2-3% (nucleotide) and 9-11%, 12-16% and 4-6% (amino acid) were obtained in the comparison made between the group of Danish isolates and the previously sequenced 391-2USA, 127UK and 220-69Bel isolates, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Danish isolates formed three lineages within a separate branch of the phylogenetic tree. Nevertheless, the Danish isolates were closely related to the 220-69Bel isolate, the prototype of the intermediate antigenic subgroup. The sequencing of the extracellular part of the G gene of additional 11 field BRSV viruses, processed directly from lung samples without prior adaption to cell culture growth, revealed sequence variabilities in the range obtained with the propagated virus. In addition, several passages in cell culture and in calves had no major impact on the nucleotide sequence of the G protein. These findings indicated that the previously established variabilities of the G protein of RS virus isolates were not attributable to mutations induced during the propagation of the virus. The reactivity of the Danish isolates with G protein-specific MAbs were similar to that of the 220-69Bel isolate. Furthermore, the sequence of the immunodominant region was completely conserved among the Danish isolates on one side and the 220-69Bel isolate on the other. When combined, these data strongly suggested that the Danish isolates belong to the intermediate subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Larsen
- Danish Veterinary Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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