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Walter M, Haick AK, Riley R, Massa PA, Strongin DE, Klouser LM, Loprieno MA, Stensland L, Santo TK, Roychoudhury P, Aubert M, Taylor MP, Jerome KR, Verdin E. Viral gene drive spread during herpes simplex virus 1 infection in mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8161. [PMID: 39289368 PMCID: PMC11408514 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene drives are genetic modifications designed to propagate efficiently through a population. Most applications rely on homologous recombination during sexual reproduction in diploid organisms such as insects, but we recently developed a gene drive in herpesviruses that relies on co-infection of cells by wild-type and engineered viruses. Here, we report on a viral gene drive against human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and show that it propagates efficiently in cell culture and during HSV-1 infection in mice. We describe high levels of co-infection and gene drive-mediated recombination in neuronal tissues during herpes encephalitis as the infection progresses from the site of inoculation to the peripheral and central nervous systems. In addition, we show evidence that a superinfecting gene drive virus could recombine with wild-type viruses during latent infection. These findings indicate that HSV-1 achieves high rates of co-infection and recombination during viral infection, a phenomenon that is currently underappreciated. Overall, this study shows that a viral gene drive could spread in vivo during HSV-1 infection, paving the way toward therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Walter
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, US.
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, US.
| | - Anoria K Haick
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, US
| | | | - Paola A Massa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, US
| | - Daniel E Strongin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US
| | - Lindsay M Klouser
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, US
| | - Michelle A Loprieno
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, US
| | - Laurence Stensland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US
| | - Tracy K Santo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, US
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US
| | - Martine Aubert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, US
| | - Matthew P Taylor
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, US
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, US.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US.
| | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, US.
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2
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Strzelczyk JK, Świętek A, Hudy D, Gołąbek K, Gaździcka J, Miśkiewicz-Orczyk K, Ścierski W, Strzelczyk J, Misiołek M. Low Prevalence of HSV-1 and Helicobacter pylori in HNSCC and Chronic Tonsillitis Patients Compared to Healthy Individuals. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:1798. [PMID: 37238282 PMCID: PMC10217135 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13101798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies identified viral and bacterial factors, including HSV-1 and H. pylori, as possible factors associated with diseases such as chronic tonsillitis and cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We assessed the prevalence of HSV-1/2 and H. pylori in patients with HNSCC, chronic tonsillitis, and healthy individuals using PCR after DNA isolation. Associations were sought between the presence of HSV-1, H. pylori, and clinicopathological and demographic characteristics and stimulant use. HSV-1 and H. pylori were most frequently identified in controls (HSV-1: 12.5% and H. pylori: 6.3%). There were 7 (7.8%) and 8 (8.6%) patients with positive HSV-1 in HNSCC and chronic tonsillitis patients, respectively, while the prevalence of H. pylori was 0/90 (0%) and 3/93 (3.2%), respectively. More cases of HSV-1 were observed in older individuals in the control group. All positive HSV-1 cases in the HNSCC group were associated with advanced tumor stage (T3/T4). The prevalence of HSV-1 and H. pylori was highest in the controls compared to HNSCC and chronic tonsillitis patients, which indicates that the pathogens were not risk factors. However, since all positive HSV-1 cases in the HNSCC group were observed only in patients with advanced tumor stage, we suggested a possible link between HSV-1 and tumor progression. Further follow-up of the study groups is planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Katarzyna Strzelczyk
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 19 Jordana St., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Agata Świętek
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 19 Jordana St., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
- Silesia LabMed Research and Implementation Center, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 19 Jordana St., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Dorota Hudy
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 19 Jordana St., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Karolina Gołąbek
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 19 Jordana St., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Gaździcka
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 19 Jordana St., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Miśkiewicz-Orczyk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 10 C Skłodowskiej St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Wojciech Ścierski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 10 C Skłodowskiej St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Janusz Strzelczyk
- Department of Endocrinology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, Department of Pathophysiology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 35 Ceglana St., 40-514 Katowice, Poland
| | - Maciej Misiołek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Oncological Laryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 10 C Skłodowskiej St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
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Douglas GL, DeKerlegand D, Dlouhy H, Dumont-Leblond N, Fields E, Heer M, Krieger S, Mehta S, Rooney BV, Torralba MG, Whiting SE, Crucian B, Lorenzi H, Smith SM, Young M, Zwart SR. Impact of diet on human nutrition, immune response, gut microbiome, and cognition in an isolated and confined mission environment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20847. [PMID: 36522361 PMCID: PMC9755260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21927-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-duration spaceflight impacts human physiology, including well documented immune system dysregulation. The space food system has the potential to serve as a countermeasure to maladaptive physiological changes during spaceflight. However, the relationship between dietary requirements, the food system, and spaceflight adaptation requires further investigation to adequately define countermeasures and prioritize resources on future spaceflight missions. We evaluated the impact of an enhanced spaceflight diet, with increased quantity and variety of fruits, vegetables, fish, and other foods rich in flavonoids and omega-3 fatty acids, compared to a standard spaceflight diet on multiple health and performance outcomes in 16 subjects over four 45-day closed chamber missions in the NASA Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA). Subjects consuming the enhanced spaceflight diet had lower cholesterol levels, lower stress (i.e. cortisol levels), better cognitive speed, accuracy, and attention, and a more stable microbiome and metatranscriptome than subjects consuming the standard diet. Although no substantial changes were observed in the immune response, there were also no immune challenges, such as illness or infection, so the full benefits of the diet may not have been apparent in these analog missions. These results indicate that a spaceflight diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acids produces significant health and performance benefits even over short durations. Further investigation is required to fully develop dietary countermeasures to physiological decrements observed during spaceflight. These results will have implications for food resource prioritization on spaceflight missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L. Douglas
- grid.419085.10000 0004 0613 2864Human Health and Performance Directorate (SF4), NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058 USA
| | | | - Holly Dlouhy
- grid.481680.30000 0004 0634 8729KBR, Houston, TX USA
| | - Nathan Dumont-Leblond
- grid.421142.00000 0000 8521 1798Centre de Recherche de L’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie Et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, QC Canada
| | | | - Martina Heer
- grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300IU International University of Applied Sciences and University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Brian Crucian
- grid.419085.10000 0004 0613 2864Human Health and Performance Directorate (SF4), NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058 USA
| | - Hernan Lorenzi
- grid.469946.0J Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Scott M. Smith
- grid.419085.10000 0004 0613 2864Human Health and Performance Directorate (SF4), NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058 USA
| | - Millennia Young
- grid.419085.10000 0004 0613 2864Human Health and Performance Directorate (SF4), NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058 USA
| | - Sara R. Zwart
- grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
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Miyachi M, Imamura-Ichigatani T, Ihara H, Ohga Y, Nishimura M, Sato E, Hoashi S, Imafuku S. Herpes simplex virus DNA testing by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for accurate clinical diagnosis and detection of mucosal viral shedding. J Dermatol 2021; 49:282-288. [PMID: 34767275 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) periodically forms characteristic blisters in the perioral and genital areas in a subset of people. Because of the lack of accurate tests for this common virus, various types of perioral/anogenital lesions are often misdiagnosed as herpes. Also, though asymptomatic HSV-positive people shed virus, the precise time course of symptoms and viral shedding is unclear. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method amplifies target DNA sequences without thermal cycles, simpler and faster than polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To investigate clinico-laboratorial correlation and whether HSV can be detected in the oral cavity during symptom occurrence, we collected 445 specimens from 211 patients who visited our clinic with suspected herpetic lesions or non-symptomatic volunteers. DNA was extracted from swabs simultaneously taken from lesions (n = 219) and seemingly asymptomatic oral mucosa (n = 226). HSV-1 and HSV-2 DNA sequences were amplified by LAMP and validated by quantitative real-time PCR. The LAMP method detected HSV DNA almost as sensitively (97%) as PCR. Positivity for HSV DNA was found in 54% (40/74) of specimens from the perioral/oral area. Review of clinical images of recurrent herpes labialis revealed that HSV DNA was detected only from lesions located on the perioral skin and/or the dry, vermillion part of the lip; no HSV DNA was found in immunocompetent patients with lesions confined to the oral mucosa except primary infection. This observation may be an important principle for clinical diagnosis of recurrent herpes. HSV was detected in the oral mucosa in 2.7% (6/226) of samples; all of these patients had either primary infection or were immunosuppressed. Virus shedding in the mucosa was apparently tightly regulated by the immune system. Patients with suppressed or no immunity (naïve cases) did shed virus in the mucosa. LAMP is a simple method to reliably distinguish recurrent/primary herpes from other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Miyachi
- Department of Dermatology, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Honoka Ihara
- Department of Dermatology, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ohga
- Department of Dermatology, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miku Nishimura
- Department of Dermatology, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan.,Postgraduate Clinical Training Center, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Emi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shogo Hoashi
- Department of Dermatology, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan.,Maruho Co., Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinichi Imafuku
- Department of Dermatology, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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5
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Šudomová M, Berchová-Bímová K, Marzocco S, Liskova A, Kubatka P, Hassan ST. Berberine in Human Oncogenic Herpesvirus Infections and Their Linked Cancers. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061014. [PMID: 34071559 PMCID: PMC8229678 DOI: 10.3390/v13061014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are known to induce a broad spectrum of diseases, ranging from common cold sores to cancer, and infections with some types of these viruses, known as human oncogenic herpesviruses (HOHVs), can cause cancer. Challenges with viral latency, recurrent infections, and drug resistance have generated the need for finding new drugs with the ability to overcome these barriers. Berberine (BBR), a naturally occurring alkaloid, is known for its multiple biological activities, including antiviral and anticancer effects. This paper comprehensively compiles all studies that have featured anti-HOHV properties of BBR along with promising preventive effects against the associated cancers. The mechanisms and pathways induced by BBR via targeting the herpesvirus life cycle and the pathogenesis of the linked malignancies are reviewed. Approaches to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of BBR and its use in clinical practice as an anti-herpesvirus drug are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Šudomová
- Museum of Literature in Moravia, Klášter 1, 66461 Rajhrad, Czech Republic;
| | - Kateřina Berchová-Bímová
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Stefania Marzocco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy;
| | - Alena Liskova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Sherif T.S. Hassan
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-774-630-604
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6
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Herpesviruses in Head and Neck Cancers. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020172. [PMID: 32028641 PMCID: PMC7077226 DOI: 10.3390/v12020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers arise in the mucosa lining the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, sinonasal tract, and nasopharynx. The etiology of head and neck cancers is complex and involves many factors, including the presence of oncogenic viruses. These types of cancers are among the most common cancers in the world. Thorough knowledge of the pathogenesis of viral infections is needed to fully understand their impact on cancer development.
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7
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Ramchandani MS, Jing L, Russell RM, Tran T, Laing KJ, Magaret AS, Selke S, Cheng A, Huang ML, Xie H, Strachan E, Greninger AL, Roychoudhury P, Jerome KR, Wald A, Koelle DM. Viral Genetics Modulate Orolabial Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Shedding in Humans. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:1058-1066. [PMID: 30383234 PMCID: PMC6420167 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orolabial herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection has a wide spectrum of severity in immunocompetent persons. To study the role of viral genotype and host immunity, we characterized oral HSV-1 shedding rates and host cellular response, and genotyped viral strains, in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins. METHODS A total of 29 MZ and 22 DZ HSV-1-seropositive twin pairs were evaluated for oral HSV-1 shedding for 60 days. HSV-1 strains from twins were genotyped as identical or different. CD4+ T-cell responses to HSV-1 proteins were studied. RESULTS The median per person oral HSV shedding rate was 9% of days that a swab was obtained (mean, 10.2% of days). A positive correlation between shedding rates was observed within all twin pairs, and in the MZ and DZ twins. In twin subsets with sufficient HSV-1 DNA to genotype, 15 had the same strain and 14 had different strains. Viral shedding rates were correlated for those with the same but not different strains. The median number of HSV-1 open reading frames recognized per person was 16. The agreement in the CD4+ T-cell response to specific HSV-1 open reading frames was greater between MZ twins than between unrelated persons (P = .002). CONCLUSION Viral strain characteristics likely contribute to oral HSV-1 shedding rates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ronnie M Russell
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tran Tran
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amalia S Magaret
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anqi Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hong Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eric Strachan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alex L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Keith R Jerome
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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Akhtar LN, Bowen CD, Renner DW, Pandey U, Della Fera AN, Kimberlin DW, Prichard MN, Whitley RJ, Weitzman MD, Szpara ML. Genotypic and Phenotypic Diversity of Herpes Simplex Virus 2 within the Infected Neonatal Population. mSphere 2019; 4:e00590-18. [PMID: 30814317 PMCID: PMC6393728 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00590-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 14,000 neonates are infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) annually. Approximately half display manifestations limited to the skin, eyes, or mouth (SEM disease). The rest develop invasive infections that spread to the central nervous system (CNS disease or encephalitis) or throughout the infected neonate (disseminated disease). Invasive HSV disease is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, but the viral and host factors that predispose neonates to these forms are unknown. To define viral diversity within the infected neonatal population, we evaluated 10 HSV-2 isolates from newborns with a range of clinical presentations. To assess viral fitness independently of host immune factors, we measured viral growth characteristics in cultured cells and found diverse in vitro phenotypes. Isolates from neonates with CNS disease were associated with larger plaque size and enhanced spread, with the isolates from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exhibiting the most robust growth. We sequenced complete viral genomes of all 10 neonatal viruses, providing new insights into HSV-2 genomic diversity in this clinical setting. We found extensive interhost and intrahost genomic diversity throughout the viral genome, including amino acid differences in more than 90% of the viral proteome. The genes encoding glycoprotein G (gG; US4), glycoprotein I (gI; US7), and glycoprotein K (gK; UL53) and viral proteins UL8, UL20, UL24, and US2 contained variants that were found in association with CNS isolates. Many of these viral proteins are known to contribute to cell spread and neurovirulence in mouse models of CNS disease. This report represents the first application of comparative pathogen genomics to neonatal HSV disease.IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes invasive disease in half of infected neonates, resulting in significant mortality and permanent cognitive morbidity. The factors that contribute to invasive disease are not understood. This study revealed diversity among HSV isolates from infected neonates and detected the first associations between viral genetic variations and clinical disease manifestations. We found that viruses isolated from newborns with encephalitis showed enhanced spread in culture. These viruses contained protein-coding variations not found in viruses causing noninvasive disease. Many of these variations were found in proteins known to impact neurovirulence and viral spread between cells. This work advances our understanding of HSV diversity in the neonatal population and how it may impact disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N Akhtar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher D Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel W Renner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Utsav Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley N Della Fera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David W Kimberlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mark N Prichard
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Richard J Whitley
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Matthew D Weitzman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Moriah L Szpara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Shedding in Tears and Nasal and Oral Mucosa of Healthy Adults. Sex Transm Dis 2018; 43:756-760. [PMID: 27835628 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is prevalent worldwide and causes mucocutaneous infections of the oral area. We aimed to define the frequency and anatomic distribution of HSV-1 reactivation in the facial area in persons with a history of oral herpes. METHODS Eight immunocompetent HSV-1 seropositive adults were evaluated for shedding of HSV-1 from 12 separate orofacial sites (8 from oral mucosa, 2 from nose, and 2 from conjunctiva) 5 days a week and from the oral cavity 7 days a week for approximately 5 consecutive weeks by a HSV DNA PCR assay. Symptoms and lesions were recorded by participants. RESULTS Herpes simplex virus type 1 was detected at least from 1 site on 77 (26.5%) of 291 days. The most frequent site of shedding was the oral mucosa, with widespread shedding throughout the oral cavity. Lesional shedding rate was 36.4% (4 of 11 days with lesions), and the asymptomatic rate was 27.1% (65 of 240 nonlesional days). In individual participants, the median rate of HSV shedding by HSV PCR was 19.7% of days (range, 11%-63%). CONCLUSIONS Reactivation of HSV-1 on the oral mucosa is common and usually asymptomatic. However, HSV-1 is rarely found in tears and nasal mucosa. Frequent oral shedding of HSV-1 may increase the risk for transmitting the virus to both oral and genital mucosa of sexual partners.
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10
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Danaher RJ, Fouts DE, Chan AP, Choi Y, DePew J, McCorrison JM, Nelson KE, Wang C, Miller CS. HSV-1 clinical isolates with unique in vivo and in vitro phenotypes and insight into genomic differences. J Neurovirol 2016; 23:171-185. [PMID: 27739035 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Strain-specific factors contribute in significant but undefined ways to the variable incidence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) recrudescence. Studies that investigate these strain-specific factors are needed. Here, we used qPCR, in vitro assays, and genomic sequencing to identify important relationships between in vitro and clinical phenotypes of unique HSV-1 clinical isolates. Nine HSV-1 isolates from individuals displaying varying reactivation patterns were studied. Isolates associated with frequent recurrent herpes labialis (RHL) (1) displayed higher rates of viral shedding in the oral cavity than those associated with rare RHL and (2) tended to replicate more efficiently at 33 °C than 39 °C. HSV-1 isolates also displayed a more stable phenotype during propagation in U2OS cells than in Vero cells. Draft genome sequences of four isolates and one variant spanning 95.6 to 97.2 % of the genome were achieved, and whole-genome alignment demonstrated that the majority of these isolates clustered with known North American/European isolates. These findings revealed procedures that could help identify unique genotypes and phenotypes associated with HSV-1 isolates, which can be important for determining viral factors critical for regulating HSV-1 reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Danaher
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Division of Oral Medicine, Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Derrick E Fouts
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Agnes P Chan
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yongwook Choi
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jessica DePew
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jamison M McCorrison
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Karen E Nelson
- Department of Genomic Medicine, J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Chunmei Wang
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Division of Oral Medicine, Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Craig S Miller
- Department of Oral Health Practice, Division of Oral Medicine, Center for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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11
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Global Diversity within and between Human Herpesvirus 1 and 2 Glycoproteins. J Virol 2015; 89:8206-18. [PMID: 26018161 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01302-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are large-genome DNA viruses that establish a persistent infection in sensory neurons and commonly manifest with recurring oral or genital erosions that transmit virus. HSV encodes 12 predicted glycoproteins that serve various functions, including cellular attachment, entry, and egress. Glycoprotein G is currently the target of an antibody test to differentiate HSV-1 from HSV-2; however, this test has shown reduced capacity to differentiate HSV strains in East Africa. Until the recent availability of 26 full-length HSV-1 and 36 full-length HSV-2 sequences, minimal comparative information was available for these viruses. In this study, we use a variety of sequence analysis methods to compare all available sequence data for HSV-1 and HSV-2 glycoproteins, using viruses isolated in Europe, Asia, North America, the Republic of South Africa, and East Africa. We found numerous differences in diversity, nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution rates, and recombination rates between HSV-1 glycoproteins and their HSV-2 counterparts. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that while most global HSV-2 glycoprotein G sequences did not form clusters within or between continents, one clade (supported at 60.5%) contained 37% of the African sequences analyzed. Accordingly, sequences from this African subset contained unique amino acid signatures, not only in glycoprotein G, but also in glycoproteins I and E, which may account for the failure of sensitive antibody tests to distinguish HSV-1 from HSV-2 in some African individuals. Consensus sequences generated in the study can be used to improve diagnostic assays that differentiate HSV-1 from HSV-2 in global populations. IMPORTANCE Human herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are large DNA viruses associated with recurring oral or genital erosions that transmit virus. Up to 12 HSV-1 and HSV-2 glycoproteins are involved in HSV cell entry or are required for viral spread in animals, albeit some are dispensable for replication in vitro. The recent availability of comparable numbers of full-length HSV-1 and HSV-2 sequences enabled comparative analysis of gene diversity of glycoproteins within and between HSV types. Overall, we found less glycoprotein sequence diversity within HSV-2 than within the HSV-1 strains studied, while at the same time, several HSV-2 glycoproteins were evolving under less selective pressure. Because HSV glycoproteins are the focus of antibody tests to detect and differentiate between infections with the two strains and are constituents of vaccines in clinical-stage development, these findings will aid in refining the targets for diagnostic tests and vaccines.
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12
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Umene K, Yoshida M, Fukumaki Y. Genetic variability in the region encompassing reiteration VII of herpes simplex virus type 1, including deletions and multiplications related to recombination between direct repeats. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:200. [PMID: 26020018 PMCID: PMC4439413 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A number of tandemly reiterated sequences are present on the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA molecule of 152 kbp. While regions containing tandem reiterations were usually unstable, reiteration VII, which is present within the protein coding regions of gene US10 and US11, was stable; hence, reiteration VII could be used as a genetic marker. In the present study, the nucleotide sequences (159–213 bp) of a region encompassing reiteration VII of 62 HSV-1 isolates were compared with that of strain 17 as the standard strain, and the genetic variability of base substitutions, deletions, and multiplications was revealed. Base substitution was observed in nine residues on the region flanking reiteration VII and sixty-two HSV-1 isolates were classified into twelve groups based on these base substitutions. Deletions, which were present in all sixty-two isolates, were classified into six groups. Multiplications, which were present in 19 isolates having the same deletion (named del-2), were classified into four groups. The sixty-two isolates were classified into twenty patterns based on variations in the region encompassing reiteration VII, and the region encompassing reiteration VII was considered to be useful for studies on the molecular epidemiology and evolution of HSV-1. The lengths of these deletions and multiplications were multiples of 3; thus, a frame-shift mutation was not induced, and a mechanism to maintain the functions of US10 and US11 was suggested. A series of multiplications, which consisted of the duplication, triplication, and tetraplication of the same sequence, were found. Since all isolates with a multiplication had del-2, multiplications were assumed to be generated after the generation of del-2, and an isolate with del-2 was considered to have the ability to generate a multiplication. Recombination between a pair of direct repeats in and around reiteration VII was accountable for the generation of deletions and multiplications, indicating the recombinogenic property of the region encompassing reiteration VII. A correlation was revealed between a set of 20 DNA polymorphisms widely present on the HSV-1 genome and the base substitutions and deletions of the region encompassing reiteration VII, using discriminant analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Umene
- Department of Nutrition & Health Science, Faculty of Human Environmental Science, Fukuoka Woman's University, Fukuoka, 813-8529 Japan
| | - Masami Yoshida
- Department of Dermatology, Sakura Medical Center, School of Medicine, Toho University, Sakura, Chiba 285-8741 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fukumaki
- Division of Human Molecular Genetics, Center for Genetic Information, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
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Kennedy PGE, Rovnak J, Badani H, Cohrs RJ. A comparison of herpes simplex virus type 1 and varicella-zoster virus latency and reactivation. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1581-602. [PMID: 25794504 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1; human herpesvirus 1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV; human herpesvirus 3) are human neurotropic alphaherpesviruses that cause lifelong infections in ganglia. Following primary infection and establishment of latency, HSV-1 reactivation typically results in herpes labialis (cold sores), but can occur frequently elsewhere on the body at the site of primary infection (e.g. whitlow), particularly at the genitals. Rarely, HSV-1 reactivation can cause encephalitis; however, a third of the cases of HSV-1 encephalitis are associated with HSV-1 primary infection. Primary VZV infection causes varicella (chickenpox) following which latent virus may reactivate decades later to produce herpes zoster (shingles), as well as an increasingly recognized number of subacute, acute and chronic neurological conditions. Following primary infection, both viruses establish a latent infection in neuronal cells in human peripheral ganglia. However, the detailed mechanisms of viral latency and reactivation have yet to be unravelled. In both cases latent viral DNA exists in an 'end-less' state where the ends of the virus genome are joined to form structures consistent with unit length episomes and concatemers, from which viral gene transcription is restricted. In latently infected ganglia, the most abundantly detected HSV-1 RNAs are the spliced products originating from the primary latency associated transcript (LAT). This primary LAT is an 8.3 kb unstable transcript from which two stable (1.5 and 2.0 kb) introns are spliced. Transcripts mapping to 12 VZV genes have been detected in human ganglia removed at autopsy; however, it is difficult to ascribe these as transcripts present during latent infection as early-stage virus reactivation may have transpired in the post-mortem time period in the ganglia. Nonetheless, low-level transcription of VZV ORF63 has been repeatedly detected in multiple ganglia removed as close to death as possible. There is increasing evidence that HSV-1 and VZV latency is epigenetically regulated. In vitro models that permit pathway analysis and identification of both epigenetic modulations and global transcriptional mechanisms of HSV-1 and VZV latency hold much promise for our future understanding in this complex area. This review summarizes the molecular biology of HSV-1 and VZV latency and reactivation, and also presents future directions for study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G E Kennedy
- 1Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Joel Rovnak
- 2Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Hussain Badani
- 3Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Randall J Cohrs
- 3Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA 4Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Tang KW, Norberg P, Holmudden M, Elias P, Liljeqvist JÅ. Rad51 and Rad52 are involved in homologous recombination of replicating herpes simplex virus DNA. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111584. [PMID: 25365323 PMCID: PMC4218770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication of herpes simplex virus 1 is coupled to recombination, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly characterized. The role of Rad51 and Rad52 recombinases in viral recombination was examined in human fibroblast cells 1BR.3.N (wild type) and in GM16097 with replication defects caused by mutations in DNA ligase I. Intermolecular recombination between viruses, tsS and tsK, harboring genetic markers gave rise to ∼17% recombinants in both cell lines. Knock-down of Rad51 and Rad52 by siRNA reduced production of recombinants to 11% and 5%, respectively, in wild type cells and to 3% and 5%, respectively, in GM16097 cells. The results indicate a specific role for Rad51 and Rad52 in recombination of replicating herpes simplex virus 1 DNA. Mixed infections using clinical isolates with restriction enzyme polymorphisms in the US4 and US7 genes revealed recombination frequencies of 0.7%/kbp in wild type cells and 4%/kbp in GM16097 cells. Finally, tandem repeats in the US7 gene remained stable upon serial passage, indicating a high fidelity of recombination in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Wei Tang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Norberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Holmudden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Elias
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Liljeqvist
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section of Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Ogunjimi B, Theeten H, Hens N, Beutels P. Serology indicates cytomegalovirus infection is associated with varicella-zoster virus reactivation. J Med Virol 2013; 86:812-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benson Ogunjimi
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases; Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics; Hasselt University; Hasselt Belgium
| | - Heidi Theeten
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination; Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases; Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics; Hasselt University; Hasselt Belgium
| | - Philippe Beutels
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases; Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
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16
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van Velzen M, Ouwendijk WJD, Selke S, Pas SD, van Loenen FB, Osterhaus ADME, Wald A, Verjans GMGM. Longitudinal study on oral shedding of herpes simplex virus 1 and varicella-zoster virus in individuals infected with HIV. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1669-77. [PMID: 23780621 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Primary herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection leads to a life-long latent infection of ganglia innervating the oral mucosa. HSV-1 and VZV reactivation is more common in immunocompromised individuals and may result in viral shedding in saliva. We determined the kinetics and quantity of oral HSV-1 and VZV shedding in HSV-1 and VZV seropositive individuals infected with HIV and to assess whether HSV-1 shedding involves reactivation of the same strain intra-individually. HSV-1 and VZV shedding was determined by real-time PCR of sequential daily oral swabs (n = 715) collected for a median period of 31 days from 22 individuals infected with HIV. HSV-1 was genotyped by sequencing the viral thymidine kinase gene. Herpesvirus shedding was detected in 18 of 22 participants. Shedding of HSV-1 occurred frequently, on 14.3% of days, whereas solely VZV shedding was very rare. Two participants shed VZV. The median HSV-1 load was higher compared to VZV. HSV-1 DNA positive swabs clustered into 34 shedding episodes with a median duration of 2 days. The prevalence, duration and viral load of herpesvirus shedding did not correlate with CD4 counts and HIV load. The genotypes of the HSV-1 viruses shed were identical between and within shedding episodes of the same person, but were different between individuals. One-third of the individuals shed an HSV-1 strain potentially refractory to acyclovir therapy. Compared to HSV-1, oral VZV shedding is rare in individuals infected with HIV. Recurrent oral HSV-1 shedding is likely due to reactivation of the same latent HSV-1 strain.
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Abstract
Advances in vaccine technology over the past two centuries have facilitated far-reaching impact in the control of many infections, and today's emerging vaccines could likewise open new opportunities in the control of several diseases. Here we consider the potential, population-level effects of a particular class of emerging vaccines that use specific viral vectors to establish long-term, intermittent antigen presentation within a vaccinated host: in essence, "self-boosting" vaccines. In particular, we use mathematical models to explore the potential role of such vaccines in situations where current immunization raises only relatively short-lived protection. Vaccination programs in such cases are generally limited in their ability to raise lasting herd immunity. Moreover, in certain cases mass vaccination can have the counterproductive effect of allowing an increase in severe disease, through reducing opportunities for immunity to be boosted through natural exposure to infection. Such dynamics have been proposed, for example, in relation to pertussis and varicella-zoster virus. In this context we show how self-boosting vaccines could open qualitatively new opportunities, for example by broadening the effective duration of herd immunity that can be achieved with currently used immunogens. At intermediate rates of self-boosting, these vaccines also alleviate the potential counterproductive effects of mass vaccination, through compensating for losses in natural boosting. Importantly, however, we also show how sufficiently high boosting rates may introduce a new regime of unintended consequences, wherein the unvaccinated bear an increased disease burden. Finally, we discuss important caveats and data needs arising from this work.
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18
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) have been incurable to date because effective antiviral therapies target only replicating viruses and do not eradicate latently integrated or nonreplicating episomal viral genomes. Endonucleases that can target and cleave critical regions within latent viral genomes are currently in development. These enzymes are being engineered with high specificity such that off-target binding of cellular DNA will be absent or minimal. Imprecise nonhomologous-end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair following repeated cleavage at the same critical site may permanently disrupt translation of essential viral proteins. We discuss the benefits and drawbacks of three types of DNA cleavage enzymes (zinc finger endonucleases, transcription activator-like [TAL] effector nucleases [TALENs], and homing endonucleases [also called meganucleases]), the development of delivery vectors for these enzymes, and potential obstacles for successful treatment of chronic viral infections. We then review issues regarding persistence of HIV-1, HBV, and HSV that are relevant to eradication with genome-altering approaches.
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19
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Sauerbrei A, Pfaff F, Zell R, Wutzler P. Prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein G (gG) and gI genotypes in patients with different herpetic diseases during the last four decades. J Med Virol 2012; 84:651-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Khrustalev VV, Barkovsky EV. Percent of highly immunogenic amino acid residues forming B-cell epitopes is higher in homologous proteins encoded by GC-rich genes. J Theor Biol 2011; 282:71-9. [PMID: 21616083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the dependence of the percent of highly immunogenic amino acid residues included in B-cell epitopes of homologous proteins on the GC-content (G+C) of genes coding for them in twenty-seven lineages of proteins (and subsequent genes), which belong to seven Varicello and five Simplex viruses. We found out that proteins encoded by genes of a high GC-content usually contain more targets for humoral immune response than their homologs encoded by GC-poor genes. This tendency is characteristic not only to the lineages of glycoproteins, which are the main targets for humoral immune response against Simplex and Varicello viruses, but also to the lineages of capsid proteins and even "housekeeping" enzymes. The percent of amino acids included in linear B-cell epitopes has been predicted for 324 proteins by BepiPred algorithm (www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/BepiPred), the percent of highly immunogenic amino acids included in discontinuous B-cell epitopes and the percent of exposed amino acid residues have been predicted by Epitopia algorithm (http://epitopia.tau.ac.il/). Immunological consequences of the directional mutational GC-pressure are mostly due to the decrease in the total usage of highly hydrophobic amino acids and due to the increase in proline and glycine levels of usage in proteins. The weaker the negative selection on amino acid substitutions caused by symmetric mutational pressure, the higher the slope of direct dependence of the percent of highly immunogenic amino acids included in B-cell epitopes on G+C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav V Khrustalev
- Department of General Chemistry, Belarussian State Medical University, Belarus, Minsk 220022, Dzerzinskogo 83, Belarus.
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21
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22
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Bauchat JR. Focused review: neuraxial morphine and oral herpes reactivation in the obstetric population. Anesth Analg 2010; 111:1238-41. [PMID: 20881282 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181f57c30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Neuraxial morphine administration is a common strategy for providing postcesarean delivery analgesia. Morphine delivered via this route increases the risk of herpes labialis (oral herpes) reactivation, a disease common in women of childbearing age. A primary concern is risk of transmission to the neonate from maternal reactivation. The benefits to the mother of this form of analgesia outweigh the risk of neonatal herpes acquired postpartum from maternal recurrence because serious neonatal morbidity from recurrent herpes has not been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette R Bauchat
- Department of Anesthesiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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23
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Scheithauer S, Manemann AK, Krüger S, Häusler M, Krüttgen A, Lemmen SW, Ritter K, Kleines M. Impact of herpes simplex virus detection in respiratory specimens of patients with suspected viral pneumonia. Infection 2010; 38:401-5. [PMID: 20589523 PMCID: PMC7101829 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-010-0036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory infection and failure is a commonly encountered problem in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. However, despite the accumulating body of evidence to suggest that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is associated with pneumonia, the exact role played by this virus in this process is still not fully understood. Therefore, to identify patients at risk, we have conducted a case-control study to characterize patients with HSV-1-positive pneumonia. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 2007 and 2009, all patients with suspected viral pneumonia were tested for the presence of herpes viruses using a PCR assay approach with respiratory specimens. To identify possible associations, risk factors, and impact of HSV, HSV-1-positive ICU patients (n = 51) were compared to age-, gender-, and department- and season-matched HSV-negative patients (n = 52). RESULTS HSV-positive patients differed significantly from the HSV-negative ones only in terms of time of mechanical ventilation (13 vs. 6 days, respectively; p = 0.002). Subgroup analysis in the patients aged >60 years and in those without bacterial detection revealed a similar trend (p = 0.01 and p = 0.004, respectively). Mortality did not differ between the groups or between the HSV-1-positive patients treated with aciclovir and those who were not. A viral load >10E+05 geq/ml was associated with mechanical ventilation (20/21 vs. 17/29; p = 0.004), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS; 19/21 vs. 18/29; p = 0.005), sepsis (18/21 vs. 14/29; p = 0.008), detection of a bacterial pathogen in the same specimen (10/21 vs. 4/29; p = 0.01) and longer ICU stay (25 vs. 30 days; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Despite several associations with high viral load, the clinical outcome of HSV-1-positive ICU patients did not differ significantly from the clinical outcome of HSV-negative patients. This finding indicates that HSV-1 viral loads in respiratory specimens are a symptom of a clinically poor condition rather than a cause of it. Longitudinal and therapy studies are therefore needed to distinguish between HSV-1 as a causative pathogen and HSV-1 as a bystander of pneumonia/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Scheithauer
- Department of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Norberg P. Divergence and genotyping of human alpha-herpesviruses: an overview. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 10:14-25. [PMID: 19772930 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are large DNA viruses that are highly disseminated among animals. Of the eight herpesviruses identified in humans, three are classified into the alpha-herpesvirus subfamily: herpes simplex virus types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2), which are typically associated with mucocutaneous lesions, and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which is the cause of chicken pox and herpes zoster. All three viruses establish lifelong infections and may also induce more severe symptoms, such as neurological manifestations and fatal neonatal infections. Despite thorough investigation of the genetic variability among circulating strains of each virus in recent decades, little is known about possible associations between the genetic setups of the viruses and clinical manifestations in human hosts. This review focuses mainly on evolutionary studies of and genotyping strategies for these three human alpha-herpesviruses, emphasizing the ambiguities induced by a high frequency of circulating recombinant strains. It also aims to shed light on the challenges of establishing a uniform genotyping strategy for all three viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Norberg
- Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology, Microbiology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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