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Mantilla-Granados JS, Castellanos JE, Velandia-Romero ML. A tangled threesome: understanding arbovirus infection in Aedes spp. and the effect of the mosquito microbiota. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1287519. [PMID: 38235434 PMCID: PMC10792067 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1287519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboviral infections transmitted by Aedes spp. mosquitoes are a major threat to human health, particularly in tropical regions but are expanding to temperate regions. The ability of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to transmit multiple arboviruses involves a complex relationship between mosquitoes and the virus, with recent discoveries shedding light on it. Furthermore, this relationship is not solely between mosquitoes and arboviruses, but also involves the mosquito microbiome. Here, we aimed to construct a comprehensive review of the latest information about the arbovirus infection process in A. aegypti and A. albopictus, the source of mosquito microbiota, and its interaction with the arbovirus infection process, in terms of its implications for vectorial competence. First, we summarized studies showing a new mechanism for arbovirus infection at the cellular level, recently described innate immunological pathways, and the mechanism of adaptive response in mosquitoes. Second, we addressed the general sources of the Aedes mosquito microbiota (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) during their life cycle, and the geographical reports of the most common microbiota in adults mosquitoes. How the microbiota interacts directly or indirectly with arbovirus transmission, thereby modifying vectorial competence. We highlight the complexity of this tripartite relationship, influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic conditions at different geographical scales, with many gaps to fill and promising directions for developing strategies to control arbovirus transmission and to gain a better understanding of vectorial competence. The interactions between mosquitoes, arboviruses and their associated microbiota are yet to be investigated in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan S. Mantilla-Granados
- Saneamiento Ecológico, Salud y Medio Ambiente, Universidad El Bosque, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jaime E. Castellanos
- Grupo de Virología, Universidad El Bosque, Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones, Bogotá, Colombia
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The Role of Anti-Viral Effector Molecules in Mollusc Hemolymph. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030345. [PMID: 35327536 PMCID: PMC8945852 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Molluscs are major contributors to the international and Australian aquaculture industries, however, their immune systems remain poorly understood due to limited access to draft genomes and evidence of divergences from model organisms. As invertebrates, molluscs lack adaptive immune systems or ‘memory’, and rely solely on innate immunity for antimicrobial defence. Hemolymph, the circulatory fluid of invertebrates, contains hemocytes which secrete effector molecules with immune regulatory functions. Interactions between mollusc effector molecules and bacterial and fungal pathogens have been well documented, however, there is limited knowledge of their roles against viruses, which cause high mortality and significant production losses in these species. Of the major effector molecules, only the direct acting protein dicer-2 and the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hemocyanin and myticin-C have shown antiviral activity. A better understanding of these effector molecules may allow for the manipulation of mollusc proteomes to enhance antiviral and overall antimicrobial defence to prevent future outbreaks and minimize economic outbreaks. Moreover, effector molecule research may yield the description and production of novel antimicrobial treatments for a broad host range of animal species.
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Leitner M, Bishop C, Asgari S. Transcriptional Response of Wolbachia to Dengue Virus Infection in Cells of the Mosquito Aedes aegypti. mSphere 2021; 6:e0043321. [PMID: 34190587 PMCID: PMC8265661 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00433-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti transmits one of the most significant mosquito-borne viruses, dengue virus (DENV). The absence of effective vaccines and clinical treatments and the emergence of insecticide resistance in A. aegypti necessitate novel vector control strategies. A new approach uses the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis to reduce the spread of arboviruses. However, the Wolbachia-mediated antiviral mechanism is not well understood. To shed light on this mechanism, we investigated an unexplored aspect of Wolbachia-virus-mosquito interaction. We used RNA sequencing to examine the transcriptional response of Wolbachia to DENV infection in A. aegypti Aag2 cells transinfected with the wAlbB strain of Wolbachia. Our results suggest that genes encoding an endoribonuclease (RNase HI), a regulator of sigma 70-dependent gene transcription (6S RNA), essential cellular, transmembrane, and stress response functions and primary type I and IV secretion systems were upregulated, while a number of transport and binding proteins of Wolbachia, ribosome structure, and elongation factor-associated genes were downregulated due to DENV infection. Furthermore, bacterial retrotransposon, transposable, and phage-related elements were found among the up- and downregulated genes. We show that Wolbachia elicits a transcriptional response to virus infection and identify differentially expressed Wolbachia genes mostly at the early stages of virus infection. These findings highlight Wolbachia's ability to alter its gene expression in response to DENV infection of the host cell. IMPORTANCE Aedes aegypti is a vector of several pathogenic viruses, including dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever viruses, which are of importance to human health. Wolbachia is an endosymbiotic bacterium currently used in transinfected mosquitoes to suppress replication and transmission of dengue viruses. However, the mechanism of Wolbachia-mediated virus inhibition is not fully understood. While several studies have shown mosquitoes' transcriptional responses to dengue virus infection, none have investigated these responses in Wolbachia, which may provide clues to the inhibition mechanism. Our results suggest changes in the expression of a number of functionally important Wolbachia genes upon dengue virus infection, including those involved in stress responses, providing insights into the endosymbiont's reaction to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Leitner
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cameron Bishop
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sassan Asgari
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Wanjiku C, Tchouassi DP, Sole CL, Pirk CWW, Torto B. Biological traits of wild-caught populations of Aedes aegypti in dengue endemic and non-endemic regions of Kenya. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2021; 46:19-23. [PMID: 35229577 DOI: 10.52707/1081-1710-46.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Variation in vector traits can modulate local scale differences in pathogen transmission. Here, we compared seasonal variation in the wing length (proxy for body size) and energy reserves of adult wild-caught Aedes aegypti populations from a dengue endemic (Kilifi) and non-endemic (Isiolo) area of Kenya. Vector sampling in the dengue endemic site was conducted during the dry and wet seasons. In the non-endemic area, it was limited to the dry season which characterizes this ecology where sporadic or no rainfall is commonplace during the year. We found variation by site in the body size of both sexes, with an overall smaller size of Ae. aegypti populations collected from Isiolo than those from Kilifi. Our results show that although total carbohydrates and lipids levels were highest in both sexes during the dry season, they were two-fold higher in males than females. However, we found weak correlations between body size and energy reserves for both sexes, with body size being more sensitive in identifying differences at a population level. These results provide insights into the determinants of the vectoring potential of Ae. aegypti populations in dengue endemic and non-endemic ecologies in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Wanjiku
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, Republic of South Africa
| | - David P Tchouassi
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Catherine L Sole
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, Republic of South Africa
| | - Christian W W Pirk
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, Republic of South Africa
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- Behavioural and Chemical Ecology Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya,
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, Republic of South Africa
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Hay-McCullough E, Morrison J. Contributions of Ubiquitin and Ubiquitination to Flaviviral Antagonism of Type I IFN. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050763. [PMID: 33925296 PMCID: PMC8145522 DOI: 10.3390/v13050763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses implement a broad range of antagonism strategies against the host antiviral response. A pivotal component of the early host response is production and signaling of type I interferon (IFN-I). Ubiquitin, a prevalent cellular protein-modifying molecule, is heavily involved in the cellular regulation of this and other immune response pathways. Viruses use ubiquitin and ubiquitin machinery to antagonize various steps of these pathways through diverse mechanisms. Here, we highlight ways in which flaviviruses use or inhibit ubiquitin to antagonize the antiviral IFN-I response.
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Zhang L, Wu N, Ren Y, Wang X. Insights Into Insect Vector Transmission and Epidemiology of Plant-Infecting Fijiviruses. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:628262. [PMID: 33717017 PMCID: PMC7943461 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses in genus Fijivirus (family Reoviridae) have caused serious damage to rice, maize and sugarcane in American, Asian, European and Oceanian countries, where seven plant-infecting and two insect-specific viruses have been reported. Because the planthopper vectors are the only means of virus spread in nature, their migration and efficient transmission of these viruses among different crops or gramineous weeds in a persistent propagative manner are obligatory for virus epidemics. Understanding the mechanisms of virus transmission by these insect vectors is thus key for managing the spread of virus. This review describes current understandings of main fijiviruses and their insect vectors, transmission characteristics, effects of viruses on the behavior and physiology of vector insects, molecular transmission mechanisms. The relationships among transmission, virus epidemics and management are also discussed. To better understand fijivirus-plant disease system, research needs to focus on the complex interactions among the virus, insect vector, insect microbes, and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingdang Ren
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Bellone R, Failloux AB. The Role of Temperature in Shaping Mosquito-Borne Viruses Transmission. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:584846. [PMID: 33101259 PMCID: PMC7545027 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.584846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne diseases having the greatest impact on human health are typically prevalent in the tropical belt of the world. However, these diseases are conquering temperate regions, raising the question of the role of temperature on their dynamics and expansion. Temperature is one of the most significant abiotic factors affecting, in many ways, insect vectors and the pathogens they transmit. Here, we debate the veracity of this claim by synthesizing current knowledge on the effects of temperature on arboviruses and their vectors, as well as the outcome of their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Bellone
- Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Immune Control of Herpesvirus Infection in Molluscs. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080618. [PMID: 32751093 PMCID: PMC7460283 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Molluscan herpesviruses that are capable of infecting economically important species of abalone and oysters have caused significant losses in production due to the high mortality rate of infected animals. Current methods in preventing and controlling herpesviruses in the aquacultural industry are based around biosecurity measures which are impractical and do not contain the virus as farms source their water from oceans. Due to the lack of an adaptive immune system in molluscs, vaccine related therapies are not a viable option; therefore, a novel preventative strategy known as immune priming was recently explored. Immune priming has been shown to provide direct protection in oysters from Ostreid herpesvirus-1, as well as to their progeny through trans-generational immune priming. The mechanisms of these processes are not completely understood, however advancements in the characterisation of the oyster immune response has assisted in formulating potential hypotheses. Limited literature has explored the immune response of abalone infected with Haliotid herpesvirus as well as the potential for immune priming in these species, therefore, more research is required in this area to determine whether this is a practical solution for control of molluscan herpesviruses in an aquaculture setting.
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Liu J, Swevers L, Kolliopoulou A, Smagghe G. Arboviruses and the Challenge to Establish Systemic and Persistent Infections in Competent Mosquito Vectors: The Interaction With the RNAi Mechanism. Front Physiol 2019; 10:890. [PMID: 31354527 PMCID: PMC6638189 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are capable to establish long-term persistent infections in mosquitoes that do not affect significantly the physiology of the insect vectors. Arbovirus infections are controlled by the RNAi machinery via the production of viral siRNAs and the formation of RISC complexes targeting viral genomes and mRNAs. Engineered arboviruses that contain cellular gene sequences can therefore be transformed to "viral silencing vectors" for studies of gene function in reverse genetics approaches. More specifically, "ideal" viral silencing vectors must be competent to induce robust RNAi effects while other interactions with the host immune system should be kept at a minimum to reduce non-specific effects. Because of their inconspicuous nature, arboviruses may approach the "ideal" viral silencing vectors in insects and it is therefore worthwhile to study the mechanisms by which the interactions with the RNAi machinery occur. In this review, an analysis is presented of the antiviral RNAi response in mosquito vectors with respect to the major types of arboviruses (alphaviruses, flaviviruses, bunyaviruses, and others). With respect to antiviral defense, the exo-RNAi pathway constitutes the major mechanism while the contribution of both miRNAs and viral piRNAs remains a contentious issue. However, additional mechanisms exist in mosquitoes that are capable to enhance or restrict the efficiency of viral silencing vectors such as the amplification of RNAi effects by DNA forms, the existence of incorporated viral elements in the genome and the induction of a non-specific systemic response by Dicer-2. Of significance is the observation that no major "viral suppressors of RNAi" (VSRs) seem to be encoded by arboviral genomes, indicating that relatively tight control of the activity of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) may be sufficient to maintain the persistent character of arbovirus infections. Major strategies for improvement of viral silencing vectors therefore are proposed to involve engineering of VSRs and modifying of the properties of the RdRp. Because of safety issues (pathogen status), however, arbovirus-based silencing vectors are not well suited for practical applications, such as RNAi-based mosquito control. In that case, related mosquito-specific viruses that also establish persistent infections and may cause similar RNAi responses may represent a valuable alternative solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luc Swevers
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre of Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Kolliopoulou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre of Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Houé V, Bonizzoni M, Failloux AB. Endogenous non-retroviral elements in genomes of Aedes mosquitoes and vector competence. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:542-555. [PMID: 30938223 PMCID: PMC6455143 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1599302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent extensive (re)emergences of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) such as chikungunya (CHIKV), zika (ZIKV) and dengue (DENV) viruses highlight the role of the epidemic vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, in their spreading. Differences of vector competence to arboviruses highlight different virus/vector interactions. While both are highly competent to transmit CHIKV (Alphavirus,Togaviridae), only Ae. albopictus is considered as a secondary vector for DENV (Flavivirus, Flaviviridae). Among other factors such as environmental temperature, mosquito antiviral immunity and microbiota, the presence of non-retroviral integrated RNA virus sequences (NIRVS) in both mosquito genomes may modulate the vector competence. Here we review the current knowledge on these elements, highlighting the mechanisms by which they are produced and endogenized into Aedes genomes. Additionally, we describe their involvement in antiviral immunity as a stimulator of the RNA interference pathways and in some rare cases, as producer of viral-interfering proteins. Finally, we mention NIRVS as a tool for understanding virus/vector co-evolution. The recent discovery of endogenized elements shows that virus/vector interactions are more dynamic than previously thought, and genetic markers such as NIRVS could be one of the potential targets to reduce arbovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Houé
- a Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors , Institut Pasteur , Paris , France.,b Collège Doctoral , Sorbonne Université , Paris , France
| | | | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- a Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors , Institut Pasteur , Paris , France
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Assessing the Potential Interactions between Cellular miRNA and Arboviral Genomic RNA in the Yellow Fever Mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060540. [PMID: 31185697 PMCID: PMC6631873 DOI: 10.3390/v11060540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the role of exogenous small interfering RNA (siRNA) and P-element induced wimpy testis (PIWI)-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathways in mosquito antiviral immunity is increasingly better understood, there is still little knowledge regarding the role of mosquito cellular microRNA (miRNA). Identifying direct interactions between the mosquito miRNAs and the RNA genome of arboviruses and choosing the relevant miRNA candidates to explore resulting antiviral mechanisms are critical. Here, we carried out genomic analyses to identify Aedes aegypti miRNAs that potentially interact with various lineages and genotypes of chikungunya, dengue, and Zika viruses. By using prediction tools with distinct algorithms, several miRNA binding sites were commonly found within different genotypes/and or lineages of each arbovirus. We further analyzed those miRNAs that could target more than one arbovirus, required a low energy threshold to form miRNA-viralRNA (vRNA) complexes, and predicted potential RNA structures using RNAhybrid software. We predicted miRNA candidates that might participate in regulating arboviral replication in Ae. aegypti. Even without any experimental validation, which should be done as a next step, this study can shed further light on the role of miRNA in mosquito innate immunity and targets for future studies.
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Du J, Gao S, Tian Z, Guo Y, Kang D, Xing S, Zhang G, Liu G, Luo J, Chang H, Yin H. Transcriptome analysis of responses to bluetongue virus infection in Aedes albopictus cells. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:121. [PMID: 31182015 PMCID: PMC6558886 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes a disease among wild and domesticated ruminants which is not contagious, but which is transmitted by biting midges of the Culicoides species. BTV can induce an intense cytopathic effect (CPE) in mammalian cells after infection, although Culicoides- or mosquito-derived cell cultures cause non-lytic infection with BTV without CPE. However, little is known about the transcriptome changes in Aedes albopictus cells infected with BTV. Methods Transcriptome sequencing was used to identify the expression pattern of mRNA transcripts in A. albopictus cells infected with BTV, given the absence of the Culicoides genome sequence. Bioinformatics analyses were performed to examine the biological functions of the differentially expressed genes. Subsequently, quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction was utilized to validate the sequencing data. Results In total, 51,850,205 raw reads were generated from the BTV infection group and 51,852,293 from the control group. A total of 5769 unigenes were common to both groups; only 779 unigenes existed exclusively in the infection group and 607 in the control group. In total, 380 differentially expressed genes were identified, 362 of which were up-regulated and 18 of which were down-regulated. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that the differentially expressed genes mainly participated in endocytosis, FoxO, MAPK, dorso-ventral axis formation, insulin resistance, Hippo, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Conclusion This study represents the first attempt to investigate transcriptome-wide dysregulation in A. albopictus cells infected with BTV. The understanding of BTV pathogenesis and virus–vector interaction will be improved by global transcriptome profiling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1498-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhancheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanni Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Guorui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
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Aedes aegypti microRNA, miR-2944b-5p interacts with 3'UTR of chikungunya virus and cellular target vps-13 to regulate viral replication. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007429. [PMID: 31166953 PMCID: PMC6576790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background RNA interference is among the most important mechanisms that serve to restrict virus replication within mosquitoes, where microRNAs (miRNAs) are important in regulating viral replication and cellular functions. These miRNAs function by binding to complementary sequences mostly in the untranslated regions of the target. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) genome consists of two open reading frames flanked by 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions on the two sides. A recent study from our laboratory has shown that Aedes miRNAs are regulated during CHIKV infection. The present study was undertaken to further understand the role of these miRNAs in CHIKV replication. Methods/Findings We observe that miR-2944b-5p binds to the 3′ untranslated region of CHIKV and the binding is abated when the binding sites are abolished. Loss-of-function studies of miR-2944b-5p using antagomirs, both in vitro and in vivo, reveal an increase in CHIKV viral replication, thereby directly implying a role of miR-2944b-5p in CHIKV replication. We further showed that the mitochondrial membrane potential of the mosquito cells is maintained by this miRNA during CHIKV replication, and cellular factor vps-13 plays a contributing role. Conclusions Our study has opened new avenues to understand vector-virus interactions and provides novel insights into CHIKV replication in Aedes aegypti. Furthermore, our study has shown miR-2944b-5p to be playing role, where one of its target vps-13 also contributes, in maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential in Aedes aegypti. Aedes aegypti mosquito transmits pathogenic viruses like chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Inside the vector, the virus replicates in a way so that it is able to survive within the mosquito without causing damage to it. However, once in the mammalian host, it becomes pathogenic and induces death to the infected cells. Amongst several mosquito specific factors that allows or rejects the virus survival, microRNAs play a decisive role. In several studies, miRNAs have shown to be playing role in controlling virus replication either by binding to viral genome or to suppress the expression of any host factor. In the present study, we identified an Aedes miRNA, miR-2944b-5p, which binds to 3'UTR of CHIKV and regulates the replication of the virus in the mosquito. Analysis of the mode of action of this regulation revealed that miR-2944b-5p played a role in maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential during CHIKV replication by targeting cellular factor vps-13.
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Hsu HW, Chiu MC, Shih CJ, Matsuura K, Yang CCS. Apoptosis as a primary defense mechanism in response to viral infection in invasive fire ant Solenopsis invicta. Virology 2019; 531:255-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Aedes aegypti HPX8C modulates immune responses against viral infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007287. [PMID: 30986216 PMCID: PMC6464178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes act as vectors of numerous pathogens that cause human diseases. Dengue virus (DENV) transmitted by mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is responsible for dengue fever epidemics worldwide with a serious impact on human health. Currently, disease control mainly relies on vector targeted intervention strategies. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the innate immune response of mosquitoes against pathogens. In the present study, the expression profiles of immunity-related genes in the midgut responding to DENV infection by feeding were analyzed by transcriptome and quantitative real-time PCR. The level of Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) increased seven days post-infection (d.p.i.), which could be induced by the Toll immune pathway. The expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) genes, including antioxidant genes, such as HPX7, HPX8A, HPX8B, HPX8C were induced at one d.p.i. and peaked again at ten d.p.i. in the midgut. Interestingly, down-regulation of the antioxidant gene HPX8C by RNA interference led to reduction in the virus titer in the mosquito, probably due to the elevated levels of ROS. Application of a ROS inhibitor and scavenger molecules further established the role of oxygen free radicals in the modulation of the immune response to DENV infection. Overall, our comparative transcriptome analyses provide valuable information about the regulation of immunity related genes in the transmission vector in response to DENV infection. It further allows us to identify novel molecular mechanisms underlying the host-virus interaction, which might aid in the development of novel strategies to control mosquito-borne diseases. HPX8C is a heme-containing peroxidase, which can move reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage to the organism by reducing H2O2 to H2O. Previously, the peroxidase gene has been shown to modulate midgut immunity and regulate anti-malarial response in mosquitoes. In this study, the classical immune signaling pathways, Toll and IMD genes might be late responses against the viruses. HPX8C was demonstrated here to play a role in antiviral immunity against DENV infection in Ae. Aegypti mosquitoes. HPX8C expression was induced by DENV infection and continued to increase with an elevated virus titer. In HPX8C-depleted mosquitoes, the ROS level was found to be increased with a corresponding decrease in the DENV and ZIKV virus titer. Therefore, it was speculated that HPX8C mediated immune responses against the DENV in the mosquito in the late stage of viral infection, which could be controlled by Toll pathway.
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16
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Franzke K, Leggewie M, Sreenu VB, Jansen S, Heitmann A, Welch SR, Brennan B, Elliott RM, Tannich E, Becker SC, Schnettler E. Detection, infection dynamics and small RNA response against Culex Y virus in mosquito-derived cells. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1739-1745. [PMID: 30394867 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insect cell lines are persistently infected with insect-specific viruses (ISV) often unrecognized by the scientific community. Considering recent findings showing the possibility of interference between arbovirus and ISV infections, it is important to pay attention to ISV-infected cell lines. One example is the Entomobirnavirus, Culex Y virus (CYV). Here we describe the detection of CYV using a combination of small RNA sequencing, electron microscopy and PCR in mosquito cell lines Aag2, U4.4 and C7-10. We found CYV-specific small RNAs in all three cell lines. Interestingly, the magnitude of the detected viral RNA genome is variable among cell passages and leads to irregular detection via electron microscopy. Gaining insights into the presence of persistent ISV infection in commonly used mosquito cells and their interactions with the host immune system is beneficial for evaluating the outcome of co-infections with arboviruses of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Franzke
- 1Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mayke Leggewie
- 2Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,3German Centre for Infection research, partner side Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Stephanie Jansen
- 2Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Heitmann
- 2Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephen R Welch
- 4MRC - University of Glasgow Centre of Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Benjamin Brennan
- 4MRC - University of Glasgow Centre of Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Egbert Tannich
- 2Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,3German Centre for Infection research, partner side Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie C Becker
- 5Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Esther Schnettler
- 4MRC - University of Glasgow Centre of Virus Research, Glasgow, UK.,2Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,3German Centre for Infection research, partner side Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Monsanto-Hearne V, Johnson KN. miRNAs in Insects Infected by Animal and Plant Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E354. [PMID: 29970868 PMCID: PMC6071220 DOI: 10.3390/v10070354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses vectored by insects cause severe medical and agricultural burdens. The process of virus infection of insects regulates and is regulated by a complex interplay of biomolecules including the small, non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs). Considered an anomaly upon its discovery only around 25 years ago, miRNAs as a class have challenged the molecular central dogma which essentially typifies RNAs as just intermediaries in the flow of information from DNA to protein. miRNAs are now known to be common modulators or fine-tuners of gene expression. While recent years has seen an increased emphasis on understanding the role of miRNAs in host-virus associations, existing literature on the interaction between insects and their arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) is largely restricted to miRNA abundance profiling. Here we analyse the commonalities and contrasts between miRNA abundance profiles with different host-arbovirus combinations and outline a suggested pipeline and criteria for functional analysis of the contribution of miRNAs to the insect vector-virus interaction. Finally, we discuss the potential use of the model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, in complementing research on the role of miRNAs in insect vector-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verna Monsanto-Hearne
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
| | - Karyn N Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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18
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The potential role of Wolbachia in controlling the transmission of emerging human arboviral infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2018; 30:108-116. [PMID: 27849636 PMCID: PMC5325245 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review Wolbachia is a genus of Gram-negative intracellular bacteria that is naturally found in more than half of all arthropod species. These bacteria cannot only reduce the fitness and the reproductive capacities of arthropod vectors, but also increase their resistance to arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). This article reviews the evidence supporting a Wolbachia-based strategy for controlling the transmission of dengue and other arboviral infections. Recent findings Studies conducted 1 year after the field release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes in Australia have demonstrated the suppression of dengue virus (DENV) replication in and dissemination by mosquitoes. Recent mathematical models show that this strategy could reduce the transmission of DENV by 70%. Consequently, the WHO is encouraging countries to boost the development and implementation of Wolbachia-based prevention strategies against other arboviral infections. However, the evidence regarding the efficacy of Wolbachia to prevent the transmission of other arboviral infections is still limited to an experimental framework with conflicting results in some cases. There is a need to demonstrate the efficacy of such strategies in the field under various climatic conditions, to select the Wolbachia strain that has the best pathogen interference/spread trade-off, and to continue to build community acceptance. Summary Wolbachia represents a promising tool for controlling the transmission of arboviral infections that needs to be developed further. Long-term environmental monitoring will be necessary for timely detection of potential changes in Wolbachia/vector/virus interactions.
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19
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Schultz MJ, Connor JH, Frydman HM. Group B Wolbachia Strain-Dependent Inhibition of Arboviruses. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:2-6. [PMID: 29297702 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.4025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viruses, including Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV), are global threats that continue to infect millions annually. Historically, efforts to combat the spread of these diseases have sought to eradicate the mosquito population. This has had limited success. Recent efforts to combat the spread of these diseases have targeted the mosquito population and the mosquito's ability to transmit viruses by altering the mosquito's microbiome. The introduction of particular strains of Wolbachia bacteria into mosquitos suppresses viral growth and blocks disease transmission. This novel strategy is being tested worldwide to reduce DENV and has early indications of success. The Wolbachia genus comprised divergent strains that are divided in major phylogenetic clades termed supergroups. All Wolbachia field trials currently utilize supergroup A Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti mosquitos to limit virus transmission. Here we discuss our studies of Wolbachia strains not yet used in virus control strategies but that show strong potential to reduce ZIKV replication. These strains are important opportunities in the search for novel tools to reduce the levels of mosquito-borne viruses and provide additional models for mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela J Schultz
- 1 Department of Biology, Boston University , Boston Massachusetts.,2 National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John H Connor
- 2 National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Horacio M Frydman
- 1 Department of Biology, Boston University , Boston Massachusetts.,2 National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts
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20
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Dubey SK, Shrinet J, Jain J, Ali S, Sunil S. Aedes aegypti microRNA miR-2b regulates ubiquitin-related modifier to control chikungunya virus replication. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17666. [PMID: 29247247 PMCID: PMC5732197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses that replicate in mosquitoes activate innate immune response within mosquitoes. Regulatory non-coding microRNAs (miRNA) are known to be modulated in mosquitoes during chikungunya infection. However, information about targets of these miRNAs is scant. The present study was aimed to identify and analyze targets of miRNAs that are regulated during chikungunya virus (CHIKV) replication in Aedes aegypti cells and in the mosquito. Employing next-generation sequencing technologies, we identified a total of 126 miRNAs from the Ae. aegypti cell line Aag2. Of these, 13 miRNAs were found to be regulated during CHIKV infection. Putative targets of three of the most significantly regulated miRNAs- miR-100, miR-2b and miR-989 were also analyzed using quantitative PCRs, in cell lines and in mosquitoes, to validate whether they were the targets of the miRNAs. Our study expanded the list of miRNAs known in Ae. aegypti and predicted targets for the significantly regulated miRNAs. Further analysis of some of these targets revealed that ubiquitin-related modifier is a target of miRNA miR-2b and plays a significant role in chikungunya replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Vector Borne Disease Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Jatin Shrinet
- Vector Borne Disease Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaspreet Jain
- Vector Borne Disease Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Shakir Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Disease Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India.
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21
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Vogels CB, Göertz GP, Pijlman GP, Koenraadt CJ. Vector competence of European mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e96. [PMID: 29116220 PMCID: PMC5717085 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an arthropod-borne flavivirus of high medical and veterinary importance. The main vectors for WNV are mosquito species of the Culex genus that transmit WNV among birds, and occasionally to humans and horses, which are ‘dead-end’ hosts. Recently, several studies have been published that aimed to identify the mosquito species that serve as vectors for WNV in Europe. These studies provide insight in factors that can influence vector competence of European mosquito species for WNV. Here, we review the current knowledge on vector competence of European mosquitoes for WNV, and the molecular knowledge on physical barriers, anti-viral pathways and microbes that influence vector competence based on studies with other flaviviruses. By comparing the 12 available WNV vector competence studies with European mosquitoes we evaluate the effect of factors such as temperature, mosquito origin and mosquito biotype on vector competence. In addition, we propose a standardised methodology to allow for comparative studies across Europe. Finally, we identify knowledge gaps regarding vector competence that, once addressed, will provide important insights into WNV transmission and ultimately contribute to effective strategies to control WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Bf Vogels
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giel P Göertz
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gorben P Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Constantianus Jm Koenraadt
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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22
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Angleró-Rodríguez YI, MacLeod HJ, Kang S, Carlson JS, Jupatanakul N, Dimopoulos G. Aedes aegypti Molecular Responses to Zika Virus: Modulation of Infection by the Toll and Jak/Stat Immune Pathways and Virus Host Factors. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2050. [PMID: 29109710 PMCID: PMC5660061 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) are transmitted to humans by Aedes mosquitoes. However, the molecular interactions between the vector and ZIKV remain largely unexplored. In this work, we further investigated the tropism of ZIKV in two different Aedes aegypti strains and show that the virus infection kinetics, tissue migration, and susceptibility to infection differ between mosquito strains. We also compare the vector transcriptome changes upon ZIKV or DENV infection demonstrating that 40% of the mosquito's midgut infection-responsive transcriptome is virus-specific at 7 days after virus ingestion. Regulated genes included key factors of the mosquito's anti-viral immunity. Comparison of the ZIKV and DENV infection-responsive transcriptome data to those available for yellow fever virus and West Nile virus identified 26 genes likely to play key roles in virus infection of Aedes mosquitoes. Through reverse genetic analyses, we show that the Toll and the Jak/Stat innate immune pathways mediate increased resistance to ZIKV infection, and the conserved DENV host factors vATPase and inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase are also utilized for ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesseinia I Angleró-Rodríguez
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hannah J MacLeod
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Seokyoung Kang
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jenny S Carlson
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Natapong Jupatanakul
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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23
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Nag DK, Kramer LD. Patchy DNA forms of the Zika virus RNA genome are generated following infection in mosquito cell cultures and in mosquitoes. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2731-2737. [PMID: 29039731 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus and has historically been reported to cause mild symptomatic diseases during human infections. More recently, the explosion of microcephaly among infants born to ZIKV-infected women has made ZIKV a global public health concern. While ZIKV causes acute human diseases, infections of vector mosquitoes are basically non-pathogenic, allowing persistent infections and conferring lifelong ability to transmit the virus. Recent studies have revealed that DNA forms of arboviral RNA genomes play a significant role in viral persistence in mosquitoes. We have initiated experiments to determine whether ZIKV generates viral DNA (vDNA) forms following infection in mosquitoes. Here we show that vDNAs are generated following ZIKV infection both in mosquito cell cultures and in its primary vector Aedes aegypti. vDNA formation is more extensive in RNA interference (RNAi)-deficient Aedes albopictus-derived C6/36 cells compared to RNAi-proficient mosquito cells. In addition, vDNAs are generated via multiple template-switching events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K Nag
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, USA.,Griffin Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
| | - Laura D Kramer
- Griffin Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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24
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Agarwal A, Parida M, Dash PK. Impact of transmission cycles and vector competence on global expansion and emergence of arboviruses. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27:e1941. [PMID: 28857363 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Arboviruses are transmitted between arthropod vectors and vertebrate host. Arboviral infection in mosquitoes is initiated when a mosquito feeds on a viremic host. Following ingestion of a viremic blood meal by mosquitoes, virus enters midgut along with the blood, infects and replicates in midgut epithelial cells, and then escapes to the hemocoel, from where it disseminates to various secondary organs including salivary glands. Subsequently, when mosquito bites another host, a new transmission cycle is initiated. The midgut and salivary glands act as anatomical barriers to virus infection and escape. These complex interactions between the virus and vector dictate the vector competence. Thus, vector competence reflects the success in overcoming different barriers within the vector. Along with these, other intrinsic factors like midgut microbiota and immune responses, extrinsic factors like temperature and humidity, and genetic factors like vector genotype and viral genotype have been discussed in this review. Recent advancement on novel molecular tools to study vector competence is also included. Different modes of arboviral transmission like horizontal, vertical, and venereal and how these play role in sustenance and emergence of arboviruses in nature are also discussed. These factors can be exploited to reduce the susceptibility of vectors for the viruses, so as to control arboviral diseases to certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Agarwal
- Division of Virology, Defence R and D Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manmohan Parida
- Division of Virology, Defence R and D Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Paban Kumar Dash
- Division of Virology, Defence R and D Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
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25
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Dengue-1 virus and vector competence of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) populations from New Caledonia. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:381. [PMID: 28793920 PMCID: PMC5551013 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue virus (DENV) is the arbovirus with the highest incidence in New Caledonia and in the South Pacific region. In 2012–2014, a major DENV-1 outbreak occurred in New Caledonia. The only known vector of DENV in New Caledonia is Aedes aegypti but no study has yet evaluated the competence of New Caledonia Ae. aegypti populations to transmit DENV. This study compared the ability of field-collected Ae. aegypti from different locations in New Caledonia to transmit the DENV-1 responsible for the 2012–2014 outbreak. This study also aimed to compare the New Caledonia results with the vector competence of Ae. aegypti from French Polynesia as these two French countries have close links, including arbovirus circulation. Methods Three wild Ae. aegypti populations were collected in New Caledonia and one in French Polynesia. Female mosquitoes were orally exposed to DENV-1 (106 FFU/ml). Mosquito bodies (thorax and abdomen), heads and saliva were analyzed to measure infection, dissemination, transmission rates and transmission efficiency, at 7, 14 and 21 days post-infection (dpi), respectively. Results DENV-1 infection rates were heterogeneous, but dissemination rates were high and homogenous among the three Ae. aegypti populations from New Caledonia. Despite this high DENV-1 dissemination rate, the transmission rate, and therefore the transmission efficiency, observed were low. Aedes aegypti population from New Caledonia was less susceptible to infection and had lower ability to transmit DENV-1 than Ae. aegypti populations from French Polynesia. Conclusion This study suggests that even if susceptible to infection, the New Caledonian Ae. aegypti populations were moderately competent vectors for DENV-1 strain from the 2012–2014 outbreak. These results strongly suggest that other factors might have contributed to the spread of this DENV-1 strain in New Caledonia and in the Pacific region. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2319-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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26
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Ciota AT. West Nile virus and its vectors. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 22:28-36. [PMID: 28805636 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV Flaviviridae; Flavivrus) is the most geographically widespread arbovirus in the world and the leading cause of arboviral encephalitis globally. Worldwide, WNV is maintained in an enzootic cycle between primarily Culex spp. mosquitoes and birds, with human infection and disease resulting from enzootic spillover. Dynamic and complex intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to the temporal and spatial variability in WNV transmission. The most current information on the relative contribution of each of these factors is reviewed and a case to incorporate detailed and localized environmental and genetic data into predictive models is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Ciota
- The Arbovirus Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Albany School of Public Health, Albany, NY, USA.
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27
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Interaction of Flavivirus with their mosquito vectors and their impact on the human health in the Americas. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 492:541-547. [PMID: 28499872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Some of the major arboviruses with public health importance, such as dengue, yellow fever, Zika and West Nile virus are mosquito-borne or mosquito-transmitted Flavivirus. Their principal vectors are from the family Culicidae, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus being responsible of the urban cycles of dengue, Zika and yellow fever virus. These vectors are highly competent for transmission of many arboviruses. The genetic variability of the vectors, the environment and the viral diversity modulate the vector competence, in this context, it is important to determine which vector species is responsible of an outbreak in areas where many vectors coexist. As some vectors can transmit several flaviviruses and some flaviviruses can be transmitted by different species of vectors, through this review we expose importance of yellow fever, dengue and Zika virus in the world and the Americas, as well as the updated knowledge about these flaviviruses in their interaction with their mosquito vectors, guiding us on what is probably the beginning of a new stage in which the simultaneity of outbreaks will occur more frequently.
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28
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Balakrishna Pillai A, Nagarajan U, Mitra A, Krishnan U, Rajendran S, Hoti SL, Mishra RK. RNA interference in mosquito: understanding immune responses, double-stranded RNA delivery systems and potential applications in vector control. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 26:127-139. [PMID: 27991710 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) refers to the process of post-transcriptional silencing of cellular mRNA by the application of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). RNAi strategies have been widely employed to regulate gene expression in plants and animals including insects. With the availability of the full genome sequences of major vector mosquitoes, RNAi has been increasingly used to conduct genetic studies of human pathogens in mosquito vectors and to study the evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. This review summarizes the recent progress in our understanding of mosquito-pathogen interactions using RNAi and various methods of dsRNA delivery in mosquitoes at different stages. We also discuss potential applications of this technology to develop novel tools for vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Balakrishna Pillai
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University, Puducherry, India
| | | | - A Mitra
- Department of Microbiology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
| | | | - S Rajendran
- Jawaharlal Institute for Post Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - S L Hoti
- Regional Medical Research Centre, ICMR, Belgaum, India
| | - R K Mishra
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
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Shrinet J, Srivastava P, Sunil S. Transcriptome analysis of Aedes aegypti in response to mono-infections and co-infections of dengue virus-2 and chikungunya virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 492:617-623. [PMID: 28161634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Dengue virus (DENV) spread via the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. Both these viruses exist as co-infections in the host as well as the vector and are known to exploit their cellular machinery for their replication. While there are studies reporting the changes in Aedes transcriptome when infected with DENV and CHIKV individually, the effect both these viruses have on the mosquitoes when present as co-infections is not clearly understood. In the present study, we infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with DENV and CHIKV individually and as co-infection through nanoinjections. We performed high throughput RNA sequencing of the infected Aedes aegypti to understand the changes in the Aedes transcriptome during the early stages of infection, i.e., 24 h post infection and compared the transcriptome profiles during DENV and CHIKV mono-infections with that of co-infections. We identified 190 significantly regulated genes identified in CHIKV infected library, 37 genes from DENV library and 100 genes from co-infected library and they were classified into different pathways. Our study reveal that distinct pathways and transcripts are being regulated during the three types of infection states in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Shrinet
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pratibha Srivastava
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Smartt CT, Shin D, Anderson SL. The Effect of West Nile Virus Infection on the Midgut Gene Expression of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). INSECTS 2016; 7:insects7040076. [PMID: 27999244 PMCID: PMC5198224 DOI: 10.3390/insects7040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of the mosquito and the invading virus is complex and can result in physiological and gene expression alterations in the insect. The association of West Nile virus (WNV) and Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus mosquitoes results in measurable changes in gene expression; 22 gene products were shown previously to have altered expression. Sequence analysis of one product, CQ G1A1, revealed 100% amino acid identity to gram negative bacteria binding proteins (CPQGBP) in Cx. p. quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti (70%) and Anopheles gambiae (63%) that function in pathogen recognition. CQ G1A1 also was differentially expressed following WNV infection in two populations of Cx. p. quinquefasciatus colonized from Florida with known differences in vector competence for WNV and showed spatial and temporal gene expression differences in midgut, thorax, and carcass tissues. These data suggest gene expression of CQ G1A1 is influenced by WNV infection and the WNV infection-controlled expression differs between populations and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea T Smartt
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida-IFAS, 200 9th Street Southeast, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA.
| | - Dongyoung Shin
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida-IFAS, 200 9th Street Southeast, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA.
| | - Sheri L Anderson
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida-IFAS, 200 9th Street Southeast, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA.
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Mathur K, Anand A, Dubey SK, Sanan-Mishra N, Bhatnagar RK, Sunil S. Analysis of chikungunya virus proteins reveals that non-structural proteins nsP2 and nsP3 exhibit RNA interference (RNAi) suppressor activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38065. [PMID: 27901124 PMCID: PMC5128919 DOI: 10.1038/srep38065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAi pathway is an antiviral defence mechanism employed by insects that result in degradation of viral RNA thereby curbing infection. Several viruses including flaviviruses encode viral suppressors of RNAi (VSRs) to counteract the antiviral RNAi pathway. Till date, no VSR has been reported in alphaviruses. The present study was undertaken to evaluate chikungunya virus (CHIKV) proteins for RNAi suppressor activity. We systematically analyzed all nine CHIKV proteins for RNAi suppressor activity using Sf21 RNAi sensor cell line based assay. Two non-structural proteins, namely, nsP2 and nsP3 were found to exhibit RNAi suppressor activity. We further validated the findings in natural hosts, namely in Aedes and in mammalian cell lines and further through EMSA and Agrobacterium infiltration in GFP silenced transgenic tobacco plants. Domains responsible for maximum RNAi suppressor activity were also identified within these proteins. RNA binding motifs in these domains were identified and their participation in RNAi suppression evaluated using site directed mutagenesis. Sequence alignment of these motifs across all species of known alphaviruses revealed conservation of these motifs emphasizing on a similar role of action in other species of alphaviruses as well. Further validation of RNAi suppressor activity of these proteins awaits establishment of specific virus infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalika Mathur
- Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Anand
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeti Sanan-Mishra
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Raj K Bhatnagar
- Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Insect Resistance Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Severson DW, Behura SK. Genome Investigations of Vector Competence in Aedes aegypti to Inform Novel Arbovirus Disease Control Approaches. INSECTS 2016; 7:insects7040058. [PMID: 27809220 PMCID: PMC5198206 DOI: 10.3390/insects7040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dengue (DENV), yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika virus transmission to humans by a mosquito host is confounded by both intrinsic and extrinsic variables. Besides virulence factors of the individual arboviruses, likelihood of virus transmission is subject to variability in the genome of the primary mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti. The “vectorial capacity” of A. aegypti varies depending upon its density, biting rate, and survival rate, as well as its intrinsic ability to acquire, host and transmit a given arbovirus. This intrinsic ability is known as “vector competence”. Based on whole transcriptome analysis, several genes and pathways have been predicated to have an association with a susceptible or refractory response in A. aegypti to DENV infection. However, the functional genomics of vector competence of A. aegypti is not well understood, primarily due to lack of integrative approaches in genomic or transcriptomic studies. In this review, we focus on the present status of genomics studies of DENV vector competence in A. aegypti as limited information is available relative to the other arboviruses. We propose future areas of research needed to facilitate the integration of vector and virus genomics and environmental factors to work towards better understanding of vector competence and vectorial capacity in natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Severson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Susanta K Behura
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Nag DK, Brecher M, Kramer LD. DNA forms of arboviral RNA genomes are generated following infection in mosquito cell cultures. Virology 2016; 498:164-171. [PMID: 27588377 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although infections of vertebrate hosts by arthropod-borne viruses may lead to pathogenic outcomes, infections of vector mosquitoes result in persistent infections, where the virus replicates in the host without causing apparent pathological effects. It is unclear how persistent infections are established and maintained in mosquitoes. Several reports revealed the presence of flavivirus-like DNA sequences in the mosquito genome, and recent studies have shown that DNA forms of RNA viruses restrict virus replication in Drosophila, suggesting that DNA forms may have a role in developing persistent infections. Here, we sought to investigate whether arboviruses generate DNA forms following infection in mosquitoes. Our results with West Nile, Dengue, and La Crosse viruses demonstrate that DNA forms of the viral RNA genome are generated in mosquito cells; however, not the entire viral genome, but patches of viral RNA in DNA forms can be detected 24h post infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K Nag
- Wadsworth Center, Griffin Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, USA.
| | - Matthew Brecher
- Wadsworth Center, Griffin Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
| | - Laura D Kramer
- Wadsworth Center, Griffin Laboratory, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12201, USA.
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Li ML, Weng KF, Shih SR, Brewer G. The evolving world of small RNAs from RNA viruses. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2016; 7:575-88. [PMID: 27046163 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
RNA virus infection in plants and invertebrates can produce virus-derived small RNAs. These RNAs share features with host endogenous small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). They can potentially mediate RNA interference (RNAi) and related RNA silencing pathways, resulting in specific antiviral defense. Although most RNA silencing components such as Dicer, Ago2, and RISC are conserved among eukaryotic hosts, whether RNA virus infection in mammals can generate functional small RNAs that act in antiviral defense remains under discussion. Here, we review recent studies on the molecular and biochemical features of viral siRNAs and other virus-derived small RNAs from infected plants, arthropods, nematodes, and vertebrates and discuss the genetic pathways for their biogenesis and their roles in antiviral activity. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:575-588. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1351 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kuo-Feng Weng
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Clinical Virology Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Gary Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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35
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Small interfering RNA pathway modulates persistent infection of a plant virus in its insect vector. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20699. [PMID: 26864546 PMCID: PMC4750021 DOI: 10.1038/srep20699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant reoviruses, rhabdoviruses, tospoviruses, and tenuiviruses are transmitted by insect vectors in a persistent-propagative manner. How such persistent infection of plant viruses in insect vectors is established and maintained remains poorly understood. In this study, we used rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV), a plant reovirus, and its main vector leafhopper Recilia dorsalis as a virus-insect system to determine how the small interference (siRNA) pathway modulates persistent infection of a plant virus in its insect vector. We showed that a conserved siRNA antiviral response was triggered by the persistent replication of RGDV in cultured leafhopper cells and in intact insects, by appearance of virus-specific siRNAs, primarily 21-nt long, and the increased expression of siRNA pathway core components Dicer-2 and Argonaute-2. Silencing of Dicer-2 using RNA interference strongly suppressed production of virus-specific siRNAs, promoted viral accumulation, and caused cytopathological changes in vitro and in vivo. When the viral accumulation level rose above a certain threshold of viral genome copy (1.32 × 10(14) copies/μg insect RNA), the infection of the leafhopper by RGDV was lethal rather than persistent. Taken together, our results revealed a new finding that the siRNA pathway in insect vector can modulate persistent infection of plant viruses.
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36
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Lan H, Chen H, Liu Y, Jiang C, Mao Q, Jia D, Chen Q, Wei T. Small Interfering RNA Pathway Modulates Initial Viral Infection in Midgut Epithelium of Insect after Ingestion of Virus. J Virol 2016; 90:917-29. [PMID: 26537672 PMCID: PMC4702677 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01835-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Numerous viruses are transmitted in a persistent manner by insect vectors. Persistent viruses establish their initial infection in the midgut epithelium, from where they disseminate to the midgut visceral muscles. Although propagation of viruses in insect vectors can be controlled by the small interfering RNA (siRNA) antiviral pathway, whether the siRNA pathway can control viral dissemination from the midgut epithelium is unknown. Infection by a rice virus (Southern rice black streaked dwarf virus [SRBSDV]) of its incompetent vector (the small brown planthopper [SBPH]) is restricted to the midgut epithelium. Here, we show that the siRNA pathway is triggered by SRBSDV infection in continuously cultured cells derived from the SBPH and in the midgut of the intact insect. Knockdown of the expression of the core component Dicer-2 of the siRNA pathway by RNA interference strongly increased the ability of SRBSDV to propagate in continuously cultured SBPH cells and in the midgut epithelium, allowing viral titers in the midgut epithelium to reach the threshold (1.99 × 10(9) copies of the SRBSDV P10 gene/μg of midgut RNA) needed for viral dissemination into the SBPH midgut muscles. Our results thus represent the first elucidation of the threshold for viral dissemination from the insect midgut epithelium. Silencing of Dicer-2 further facilitated the transmission of SRBSDV into rice plants by SBPHs. Taken together, our results reveal the new finding that the siRNA pathway can control the initial infection of the insect midgut epithelium by a virus, which finally affects the competence of the virus's vector. IMPORTANCE Many viral pathogens that cause significant global health and agricultural problems are transmitted via insect vectors. The first bottleneck in viral infection, the midgut epithelium, is a principal determinant of the ability of an insect species to transmit a virus. Southern rice black streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) is restricted exclusively to the midgut epithelium of an incompetent vector, the small brown planthopper (SBPH). Here, we show that silencing of the core component Dicer-2 of the small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway increases viral titers in the midgut epithelium past the threshold (1.99 × 10(9) copies of the SRBSDV P10 gene/μg of midgut RNA) for viral dissemination into the midgut muscles and then into the salivary glands, allowing the SBPH to become a competent vector of SRBSDV. This result is the first evidence that the siRNA antiviral pathway has a direct role in the control of viral dissemination from the midgut epithelium and that it affects the competence of the virus's vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhong Lan
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyan Liu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyang Jiang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianzhuo Mao
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongsheng Jia
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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37
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Weisheit S, Villar M, Tykalová H, Popara M, Loecherbach J, Watson M, Růžek D, Grubhoffer L, de la Fuente J, Fazakerley JK, Bell-Sakyi L. Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes ricinus tick cell lines respond to infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus: transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:599. [PMID: 26582129 PMCID: PMC4652421 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ixodid ticks are important vectors of a wide variety of viral, bacterial and protozoan pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Although several studies have elucidated tick responses to bacteria, little is known about the tick response to viruses. To gain insight into the response of tick cells to flavivirus infection, the transcriptomes and proteomes of two Ixodes spp cell lines infected with the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) were analysed. METHODS RNA and proteins were isolated from the Ixodes scapularis-derived cell line IDE8 and the Ixodes ricinus-derived cell line IRE/CTVM19, mock-infected or infected with TBEV, on day 2 post-infection (p.i.) when virus production was increasing, and on day 6 p.i. when virus production was decreasing. RNA-Seq and mass spectrometric technologies were used to identify changes in abundance of, respectively, transcripts and proteins. Functional analyses were conducted on selected transcripts using RNA interference (RNAi) for gene knockdown in tick cells infected with the closely-related but less pathogenic flavivirus Langat virus (LGTV). RESULTS Differential expression analysis using DESeq resulted in totals of 43 and 83 statistically significantly differentially-expressed transcripts in IDE8 and IRE/CTVM19 cells, respectively. Mass spectrometry detected 76 and 129 statistically significantly differentially-represented proteins in IDE8 and IRE/CTVM19 cells, respectively. Differentially-expressed transcripts and differentially-represented proteins included some that may be involved in innate immune and cell stress responses. Knockdown of the heat-shock proteins HSP90, HSP70 and gp96, the complement-associated protein Factor H and the protease trypsin resulted in increased LGTV replication and production in at least one tick cell line, indicating a possible antiviral role for these proteins. Knockdown of RNAi-associated proteins Argonaute and Dicer, which were included as positive controls, also resulted in increased LGTV replication and production in both cell lines, confirming their role in the antiviral RNAi pathway. CONCLUSIONS This systems biology approach identified several molecules that may be involved in the tick cell innate immune response against flaviviruses and highlighted that ticks, in common with other invertebrate species, have other antiviral responses in addition to RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Weisheit
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
- Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, 0377, Norway.
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain.
| | - Hana Tykalová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, České Budějovice (Budweis), 37005, Czech Republic.
| | - Marina Popara
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain.
| | - Julia Loecherbach
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Mick Watson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, České Budějovice (Budweis), 37005, Czech Republic.
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, Brno, 62100, Czech Republic.
| | - Libor Grubhoffer
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branisovska 31, České Budějovice (Budweis), 37005, Czech Republic.
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, 13005, Spain.
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
| | - John K Fazakerley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG, UK.
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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Green TJ, Rolland JL, Vergnes A, Raftos D, Montagnani C. OsHV-1 countermeasures to the Pacific oyster's anti-viral response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:435-443. [PMID: 26384844 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The host-pathogen interactions between the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and Ostreid herpesvirus type 1 (OsHV-1) are poorly characterised. Herpesviruses are a group of large, DNA viruses that are known to encode gene products that subvert their host's antiviral response. It is likely that OsHV-1 has also evolved similar strategies as its genome encodes genes with high homology to C. gigas inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) and an interferon-stimulated gene (termed CH25H). The first objective of this study was to simultaneously investigate the expression of C. gigas and OsHV-1 genes that share high sequence homology during an acute infection. Comparison of apoptosis-related genes revealed that components of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway (TNF) were induced in response to OsHV-1 infection, but we failed to observe evidence of apoptosis using a combination of biochemical and molecular assays. IAPs encoded by OsHV-1 were highly expressed during the acute stage of infection and may explain why we didn't observe evidence of apoptosis. However, C. gigas must have an alternative mechanism to apoptosis for clearing OsHV-1 from infected gill cells as we observed a reduction in viral DNA between 27 and 54 h post-infection. The reduction of viral DNA in C. gigas gill cells occurred after the up-regulation of interferon-stimulated genes (viperin, PKR, ADAR). In a second objective, we manipulated the host's anti-viral response by injecting C. gigas with a small dose of poly I:C at the time of OsHV-1 infection. This small dose of poly I:C was unable to induce transcription of known antiviral effectors (ISGs), but these oysters were still capable of inhibiting OsHV-1 replication. This result suggests dsRNA induces an anti-viral response that is additional to the IFN-like pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia.
| | - Jean-Luc Rolland
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Agnes Vergnes
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - David Raftos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Chowder Bay Road, Mosman, NSW, 2088, Australia
| | - Caroline Montagnani
- IFREMER, IHPE, UMR 5244, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, F-34095, Montpellier, France
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Zink SD, Van Slyke GA, Palumbo MJ, Kramer LD, Ciota AT. Exposure to West Nile Virus Increases Bacterial Diversity and Immune Gene Expression in Culex pipiens. Viruses 2015; 7:5619-31. [PMID: 26516902 PMCID: PMC4632394 DOI: 10.3390/v7102886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex interactions between microbial residents of mosquitoes and arboviruses are likely to influence many aspects of vectorial capacity and could potentially have profound effects on patterns of arbovirus transmission. Such interactions have not been well studied for West Nile virus (WNV; Flaviviridae, Flavivirus) and Culex spp. mosquitoes. We utilized next-generation sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA bacterial genes derived from Culex pipiens Linnaeus following WNV exposure and/or infection and compared bacterial populations and broad immune responses to unexposed mosquitoes. Our results demonstrate that WNV infection increases the diversity of bacterial populations and is associated with up-regulation of classical invertebrate immune pathways including RNA interference (RNAi), Toll, and Jak-STAT (Janus kinase-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription). In addition, WNV exposure alone, without the establishment of infection, results in similar alterations to microbial and immune signatures, although to a lesser extent. Multiple bacterial genera were found in greater abundance in WNV-exposed and/or infected mosquitoes, yet the most consistent and notable was the genus Serratia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Zink
- Griffin Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
| | - Greta A Van Slyke
- Griffin Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
| | - Michael J Palumbo
- Wadsworth Center Bioinformatics Core, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
| | - Laura D Kramer
- Griffin Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
| | - Alexander T Ciota
- Griffin Laboratory, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA.
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Rochon K, Baker RB, Almond GW, Gimeno IM, Pérez de León AA, Watson DW. Persistence and Retention of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Stable Flies (Diptera: Muscidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:1117-1123. [PMID: 26336236 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the acquisition of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus by the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae; Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) through a bloodmeal, and virus persistence in the digestive organs of the fly using virus isolation and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Stable flies were fed blood containing live virus, modified live vaccine virus, chemically inactivated virus, or no virus. Stable flies acquired PRRSV from the bloodmeal and the amount of virus in the flies declined with time, indicating virus did not replicate in fly digestive tissues. Virus RNA was recovered from the flies fed live virus up to 24 h postfeeding using virus isolation techniques and 96 h using qRT-PCR. We further examined the fate of PRRSV in the hemolymph of the flies following intrathoracic injection to bypass the midgut barrier. PRRSV was detected in intrathoracically inoculated adult stable flies for 10 d using qRT-PCR. In contrast to what we observed in the digestive tract, detectable virus quantities in the intrathoracically inoculated stable flies followed an exponential decay curve. The amount of virus decreased fourfold in the first 3 d and remained stable thereafter, up to 10 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rochon
- University of Manitoba, 214 Entomology Bldg., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3T 2N2.
| | - R B Baker
- Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 3020, Ames, IA 50010
| | - G W Almond
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - I M Gimeno
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - A A Pérez de León
- Knipling-Bushland US Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd., Kerrville, TX 78028-1984
| | - D W Watson
- North Carolina State University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 1111 Grinnells Laboratory, Campus Box 7626, Raleigh, NC 27695-7626
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Paradkar PN, Duchemin JB, Rodriguez-Andres J, Trinidad L, Walker PJ. Cullin4 Is Pro-Viral during West Nile Virus Infection of Culex Mosquitoes. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005143. [PMID: 26325027 PMCID: PMC4556628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although mosquitoes serve as vectors of many pathogens of public health importance, their response to viral infection is poorly understood. It also remains to be investigated whether viruses deploy some mechanism to be able to overcome this immune response. Here, we have used an RNA-Seq approach to identify differentially regulated genes in Culex quinquefasciatus cells following West Nile virus (WNV) infection, identifying 265 transcripts from various cellular pathways that were either upregulated or downregulated. Ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway genes, comprising 12% of total differentially regulated genes, were selected for further validation by real time RT-qPCR and functional analysis. It was found that treatment of infected cells with proteasomal inhibitor, MG-132, decreased WNV titers, indicating importance of this pathway during infection process. In infection models, the Culex ortholog of mammalian Cul4A/B (cullin RING ubiquitin ligase) was found to be upregulated in vitro as well as in vivo, especially in midguts of mosquitoes. Gene knockdown using dsRNA and overexpression studies indicated that Culex Cul4 acts as a pro-viral protein by degradation of CxSTAT via ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway. We also show that gene knockdown of Culex Cul4 leads to activation of the Jak-STAT pathway in mosquitoes leading to decrease viral replication in the body as well as saliva. Our results suggest a novel mechanism adopted by WNV to overcome mosquito immune response and increase viral replication. Mosquitoes are responsible for transmitting a large number of human and livestock viruses, like West Nile, dengue and Japanese encephalitis viruses. Infection of female mosquitoes with these viruses during blood feeding elicits an immune response. It is not known how the viruses manage to replicate in spite of this antiviral response. We used an unbiased transcriptome sequencing approach to identify genes differentially regulated after WNV infection resulting in 265 transcripts from various cellular pathways. Ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway, responsible for protein degradation, was found to be important during viral infection in mosquito cells. Using in vitro and in vivo infection models, we identified Culex Cul4 to be acting as pro-viral protein, increasing viral titers. Knockdown of Cul4 in Culex mosquitoes decreased viral titers in mosquito saliva. Identification of this novel immune evasion mechanism adopted by WNV provides new insights into transmission of arbovirus and interaction of WNV with its mosquito vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad N. Paradkar
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Jean-Bernard Duchemin
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julio Rodriguez-Andres
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lee Trinidad
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J. Walker
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Carrera JP, Guzman H, Beltrán D, Díaz Y, López-Vergès S, Torres-Cosme R, Popov V, Widen SG, Wood TG, Weaver SC, Cáceres-Carrera L, Vasilakis N, Tesh RB. Mercadeo Virus: A Novel Mosquito-Specific Flavivirus from Panama. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:1014-9. [PMID: 26304915 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses in the genus Flavivirus (family Flaviviridae) include many arthropod-borne viruses of public health and veterinary importance. However, during the past two decades an explosion of novel insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs), some closely related to vertebrate pathogens, have been discovered. Although many flavivirus pathogens of vertebrates have been isolated from naturally infected mosquitoes in Panama, ISFs have not previously been reported from the country. This report describes the isolation and characterization of a novel ISF, tentatively named Mercadeo virus (MECDV), obtained from Culex spp. mosquitoes collected in Panama. Two MECDV isolates were sequenced and cluster phylogenetically with cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV) and Nakiwogo virus (NAKV) to form a distinct lineage within the insect-specific group of flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Carrera
- Department of Virology and Biotechnology Research, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infectious and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Hilda Guzman
- Department of Virology and Biotechnology Research, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infectious and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Davis Beltrán
- Department of Virology and Biotechnology Research, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infectious and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Yamilka Díaz
- Department of Virology and Biotechnology Research, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infectious and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Sandra López-Vergès
- Department of Virology and Biotechnology Research, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infectious and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Rolando Torres-Cosme
- Department of Virology and Biotechnology Research, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infectious and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Vsevolod Popov
- Department of Virology and Biotechnology Research, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infectious and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Steven G Widen
- Department of Virology and Biotechnology Research, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infectious and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Thomas G Wood
- Department of Virology and Biotechnology Research, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infectious and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Virology and Biotechnology Research, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infectious and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Lorenzo Cáceres-Carrera
- Department of Virology and Biotechnology Research, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infectious and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Department of Virology and Biotechnology Research, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infectious and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Virology and Biotechnology Research, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; Department of Medical Entomology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama; School of Medicine, Columbus University, Panama City, Panama; Department of Pathology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Institute for Human Infectious and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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43
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Chen Y, Redinbaugh MG, Michel AP. Molecular interactions and immune responses between Maize fine streak virus and the leafhopper vector Graminella nigrifrons through differential expression and RNA interference. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 24:391-401. [PMID: 25693649 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Graminella nigrifrons is the only known vector for Maize fine streak virus (MFSV). In this study, we used real-time quantitative PCR to compare the expression profiles of transcripts that putatively function in the insect immune response: four peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRP-SB1, -SD, -LC and LB), Toll, spaetzle, defensin, Dicer-2 (Dcr-2), Argonaut-2 (Ago-2) and Arsenic resistance protein 2 (Ars-2). Except for PGRP-LB and defensin, transcripts involved in humoral pathways were significantly suppressed in G. nigrifrons fed on MFSV-infected maize. The abundance of three RNA interference (RNAi) pathway transcripts (Dcr-2, Ago-2, Ars-2) was significantly lower in nontransmitting relative to transmitting G. nigrifrons. Injection with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) encoding segments of the PGRP-LC and Dcr-2 transcripts effectively reduced transcript levels by 90 and 75% over 14 and 22 days, respectively. MFSV acquisition and transmission were not significantly affected by injection of either dsRNA. Knock-down of PGRP-LC resulted in significant mortality (greater than 90%) at 27 days postinjection, and resulted in more abnormal moults relative to those injected with Dcr-2 or control dsRNA. The use of RNAi to silence G. nigrifrons transcripts will facilitate the study of gene function and pathogen transmission, and may provide approaches for developing novel targets of RNAi-based pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Department of Entomology, the Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OSU-OARDC), Wooster, OH, USA
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44
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Kean J, Rainey SM, McFarlane M, Donald CL, Schnettler E, Kohl A, Pondeville E. Fighting Arbovirus Transmission: Natural and Engineered Control of Vector Competence in Aedes Mosquitoes. INSECTS 2015; 6:236-78. [PMID: 26463078 PMCID: PMC4553541 DOI: 10.3390/insects6010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Control of aedine mosquito vectors, either by mosquito population reduction or replacement with refractory mosquitoes, may play an essential role in the fight against arboviral diseases. In this review, we will focus on the development and application of biological approaches, both natural or engineered, to limit mosquito vector competence for arboviruses. The study of mosquito antiviral immunity has led to the identification of a number of host response mechanisms and proteins that are required to control arbovirus replication in mosquitoes, though more factors influencing vector competence are likely to be discovered. We will discuss key aspects of these pathways as targets either for selection of naturally resistant mosquito populations or for mosquito genetic manipulation. Moreover, we will consider the use of endosymbiotic bacteria such as Wolbachia, which in some cases have proven to be remarkably efficient in disrupting arbovirus transmission by mosquitoes, but also the use of naturally occurring insect-specific viruses that may interfere with arboviruses in mosquito vectors. Finally, we will discuss the use of paratransgenesis as well as entomopathogenic fungi, which are also proposed strategies to control vector competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Kean
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
| | - Stephanie M Rainey
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
| | - Melanie McFarlane
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
| | - Claire L Donald
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
| | - Esther Schnettler
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
| | - Emilie Pondeville
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
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45
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Althouse BM, Hanley KA, Diallo M, Sall AA, Ba Y, Faye O, Diallo D, Watts DM, Weaver SC, Cummings DAT. Impact of climate and mosquito vector abundance on sylvatic arbovirus circulation dynamics in Senegal. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 92:88-97. [PMID: 25404071 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Sylvatic arboviruses have been isolated in Senegal over the last 50 years. The ecological drivers of the pattern and frequency of virus infection in these species are largely unknown. We used time series analysis and Bayesian hierarchical count modeling on a long-term arbovirus dataset to test associations between mosquito abundance, weather variables, and the frequency of isolation of dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. We found little correlation between mosquito abundance and viral isolations. Rainfall was a negative predictor of dengue virus (DENV) isolation but a positive predictor of Zika virus isolation. Temperature was a positive predictor of yellow fever virus (YFV) isolations but a negative predictor of DENV isolations. We found slight interference between viruses, with DENV negatively associated with concurrent YFV isolation and YFV negatively associated with concurrent isolation of chikungunya virus. These findings begin to characterize some of the ecological associations of sylvatic arboviruses with each other and climate and mosquito abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Althouse
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathryn A Hanley
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amadou A Sall
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yamar Ba
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Diawo Diallo
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Douglas M Watts
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Derek A T Cummings
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico; Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico; Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal; Office of Research and Sponsored Projects, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas; Tropical Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Jupatanakul N, Sim S, Dimopoulos G. The insect microbiome modulates vector competence for arboviruses. Viruses 2014; 6:4294-313. [PMID: 25393895 PMCID: PMC4246223 DOI: 10.3390/v6114294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), such as Dengue, West Nile, and Chikungunya, constitute a major global health burden and are increasing in incidence and geographic range. The natural microbiota of insect vectors influences various aspects of host biology, such as nutrition, reproduction, metabolism, and immunity, and recent studies have highlighted the ability of insect-associated bacteria to reduce vector competence for arboviruses and other pathogens. This reduction can occur through mechanisms, such as immune response activation, resource competition, or the production of anti-viral molecules. Studying the interactions between insect vectors and their microbiota is an important step toward developing alternative strategies for arbovirus transmission control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natapong Jupatanakul
- Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Shuzhen Sim
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
| | - George Dimopoulos
- Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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47
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Arboviral bottlenecks and challenges to maintaining diversity and fitness during mosquito transmission. Viruses 2014; 6:3991-4004. [PMID: 25341663 PMCID: PMC4213574 DOI: 10.3390/v6103991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The term arbovirus denotes viruses that are transmitted by arthropods, such as ticks, mosquitoes, and other biting arthropods. The infection of these vectors produces a certain set of evolutionary pressures on the virus; involving migration from the midgut, where the blood meal containing the virus is processed, to the salivary glands, in order to transmit the virus to the next host. During this process the virus is subject to numerous bottlenecks, stochastic events that significantly reduce the number of viral particles that are able to infect the next stage. This article reviews the latest research on the bottlenecks that occur in arboviruses and the way in which these affect the evolution and fitness of these viruses. In particular we focus on the latest research on three important arboviruses, West Nile virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and Chikungunya viruses and compare the differing effects of the mosquito bottlenecks on these viruses as well as other evolutionary pressures that affect their evolution and transmission.
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48
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Walker T, Jeffries CL, Mansfield KL, Johnson N. Mosquito cell lines: history, isolation, availability and application to assess the threat of arboviral transmission in the United Kingdom. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:382. [PMID: 25141888 PMCID: PMC4150944 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are highly effective vectors for transmission of human and animal pathogens. Understanding the relationship between pathogen and vector is vital in developing strategies to predict and prevent transmission. Cell lines derived from appropriate mosquito hosts provide a relatively simple tool for investigating the interaction between the host and viruses transmitted by mosquitoes. This review provides a brief overview of the development of mosquito cell lines, methods of isolation, their availability and application for investigating insect-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire L Jeffries
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
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49
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Rückert C, Bell-Sakyi L, Fazakerley JK, Fragkoudis R. Antiviral responses of arthropod vectors: an update on recent advances. Virusdisease 2014; 25:249-60. [PMID: 25674592 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0217-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, biting midges and sand flies, transmit many viruses that can cause outbreaks of disease in humans and animals around the world. Arthropod vector species are invading new areas due to globalisation and environmental changes, and contact between exotic animal species, humans and arthropod vectors is increasing, bringing with it the regular emergence of new arboviruses. For future strategies to control arbovirus transmission, it is important to improve our understanding of virus-vector interactions. In the last decade knowledge of arthropod antiviral immunity has increased rapidly. RNAi has been proposed as the most important antiviral response in mosquitoes and it is likely to be the most important antiviral response in all arthropods. However, other newly-discovered antiviral strategies such as melanisation and the link between RNAi and the JAK/STAT pathway via the cytokine Vago have been characterised in the last few years. This review aims to summarise the most important and most recent advances made in arthropod antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rückert
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF UK ; The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG UK
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Schnettler E, Tykalová H, Watson M, Sharma M, Sterken MG, Obbard DJ, Lewis SH, McFarlane M, Bell-Sakyi L, Barry G, Weisheit S, Best SM, Kuhn RJ, Pijlman GP, Chase-Topping ME, Gould EA, Grubhoffer L, Fazakerley JK, Kohl A. Induction and suppression of tick cell antiviral RNAi responses by tick-borne flaviviruses. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:9436-46. [PMID: 25053841 PMCID: PMC4132761 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are transmitted by distantly related arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes (class Insecta) and ticks (class Arachnida). RNA interference (RNAi) is the major antiviral mechanism in arthropods against arboviruses. Unlike in mosquitoes, tick antiviral RNAi is not understood, although this information is important to compare arbovirus/host interactions in different classes of arbovirus vectos. Using an Ixodes scapularis-derived cell line, key Argonaute proteins involved in RNAi and the response against tick-borne Langat virus (Flaviviridae) replication were identified and phylogenetic relationships characterized. Analysis of small RNAs in infected cells showed the production of virus-derived small interfering RNAs (viRNAs), which are key molecules of the antiviral RNAi response. Importantly, viRNAs were longer (22 nucleotides) than those from other arbovirus vectors and mapped at highest frequency to the termini of the viral genome, as opposed to mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Moreover, tick-borne flaviviruses expressed subgenomic flavivirus RNAs that interfere with tick RNAi. Our results characterize the antiviral RNAi response in tick cells including phylogenetic analysis of genes encoding antiviral proteins, and viral interference with this pathway. This shows important differences in antiviral RNAi between the two major classes of arbovirus vectors, and our data broadens our understanding of arthropod antiviral RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Schnettler
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Hana Tykalová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Mick Watson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mayuri Sharma
- Markey Centre for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA
| | - Mark G Sterken
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Darren J Obbard
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Infection Immunity and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Samuel H Lewis
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Infection Immunity and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Melanie McFarlane
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | - Lesley Bell-Sakyi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Gerald Barry
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sabine Weisheit
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sonja M Best
- Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Richard J Kuhn
- Markey Centre for Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907, USA
| | - Gorben P Pijlman
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ernest A Gould
- Unité des Virus Emergents, Faculté de Médicine Timone, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France Centre for Hydrology and Ecology, Maclean Building, Oxon OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Libor Grubhoffer
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia and Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - John K Fazakerley
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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