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Hwang S, Lee NY, Nam E, Kim YK, Kim SW, Chang HH, Kim Y, Bae S, Jeong J, Shin JH, Jang G, Lee C, Kwon KT. Effect of Regdanvimab on Mortality in Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variants: A Propensity Score-Matched Cohort Study. Infect Dis Ther 2024; 13:1037-1050. [PMID: 38607524 PMCID: PMC11098974 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-024-00971-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Regdanvimab, a monoclonal antibody pharmaceutical, is the first Korean drug approved for treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We analyzed the therapeutic efficacy of regdanvimab in patients with the COVID-19 delta variant infection. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of patients hospitalized at two Korean tertiary COVID-19 hospitals with COVID-19 delta variant infection between May 26, 2021, and January 30, 2022. To analyze the therapeutic efficacy of regdanvimab, the patients were divided into regdanvimab and non-regdanvimab groups and were 1:1 propensity-score (PS)-matched on age, severity at admission, and COVID-19 vaccination history. RESULTS Of 492 patients, 262 (53.3%) and 230 (46.7%) were in the regdanvimab and non-regdanvimab groups, respectively. After PS matching the groups on age, severity at admission, and COVID-19 vaccination history, each group comprised 189 patients. The 30-day hospital mortality rates (0.0% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.030), proportions of patients with exacerbated conditions to severe/critical/died (9.5% vs. 16.4%, p = 0.047), proportions who received oxygen therapy because of pneumonia exacerbation (7.4% vs. 16.4%, p = 0.007), and proportions with a daily National Early Warning Score ≥ 5 from hospital day 2 were significantly lower in the regdanvimab group. CONCLUSIONS We showed that regdanvimab reduced the exacerbation rates of conditions and mortality in patients with the COVID-19 delta variant infection. Thus, it is recommended to streamline the drug approval system during epidemics of new variant viruses to improve the availability and usage of therapeutics for patients. To facilitate this, relevant institutional support is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoon Hwang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, 807, Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan Young Lee
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunkyung Nam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, 807, Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyung Kim
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Woo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ha Chang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjung Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyun Bae
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhwan Jeong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- KNU NGS Core Facility, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Guehwan Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 501, Jinju-daero, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Tae Kwon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Chilgok Hospital, 807, Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Zhang DQ, Ma QH, Yang MC, Belyakova YY, Yang ZF, Radulov PS, Chen RH, Yang LJ, Wei JY, Peng YT, Zheng WY, Yaremenko IA, Terent'ev AO, Coghi P, Wong VKW. Peroxide derivatives as SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors. Virus Res 2024; 340:199295. [PMID: 38081457 PMCID: PMC10733699 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Host cell invasion is mediated by the interaction of the viral spike protein (S) with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through the receptor-binding domain (RBD). In this work, bio-layer interferometry (BLI) was used to screen a series of fifty-two peroxides, including aminoperoxides and bridged 1,2,4 - trioxolanes (ozonides), with the aim of identifying small molecules that interfere with the RBD-ACE2 interaction. We found that two compounds, compound 21 and 29, exhibit the activity to inhibit RBD-ACE2. They are further demonstrated to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, as shown in pseudovirus assay and experiment with authentic SARS-CoV-2. A comprehensive in silico analysis was carried out to study the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, revealing that both compounds have good physicochemical properties as well as good bioavailability. Our results highlight the potential of small molecules targeting RBD inhibitors as potential therapeutic drugs for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Qi Zhang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Qin-Hai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Chu Yang
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yulia Yu Belyakova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Zi-Feng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter S Radulov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Rui-Hong Chen
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Li-Jun Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Yu-Tong Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Wu-Yan Zheng
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Ivan A Yaremenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technology and Biomedical Products, D .I . Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Paolo Coghi
- School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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3
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Combined Use of RT-qPCR and NGS for Identification and Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in Residual Clinical Laboratory Samples in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030593. [PMID: 36992302 PMCID: PMC10059866 DOI: 10.3390/v15030593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) with increased transmissibility and immune escape capabilities, such as Delta and Omicron, have triggered waves of new COVID-19 infections worldwide, and Omicron subvariants continue to represent a global health concern. Tracking the prevalence and dynamics of VOCs has clinical and epidemiological significance and is essential for modeling the progression and evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic. Next generation sequencing (NGS) is recognized as the gold standard for genomic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 variants, but it is labor and cost intensive and not amenable to rapid lineage identification. Here we describe a two-pronged approach for rapid, cost-effective surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs by combining reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and periodic NGS with the ARTIC sequencing method. Variant surveillance by RT-qPCR included the commercially available TaqPath COVID-19 Combo Kit to track S-gene target failure (SGTF) associated with the spike protein deletion H69-V70, as well as two internally designed and validated RT-qPCR assays targeting two N-terminal-domain (NTD) spike gene deletions, NTD156-7 and NTD25-7. The NTD156-7 RT-qPCR assay facilitated tracking of the Delta variant, while the NTD25-7 RT-qPCR assay was used for tracking Omicron variants, including the BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 lineages. In silico validation of the NTD156-7 and NTD25-7 primers and probes compared with publicly available SARS-CoV-2 genome databases showed low variability in regions corresponding to oligonucleotide binding sites. Similarly, in vitro validation with NGS-confirmed samples showed excellent correlation. RT-qPCR assays allow for near-real-time monitoring of circulating and emerging variants allowing for ongoing surveillance of variant dynamics in a local population. By performing periodic sequencing of variant surveillance by RT-qPCR methods, we were able to provide ongoing validation of the results obtained by RT-qPCR screening. Rapid SARS-CoV-2 variant identification and surveillance by this combined approach served to inform clinical decisions in a timely manner and permitted better utilization of sequencing resources.
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4
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Rouet R, Henry JY, Johansen MD, Sobti M, Balachandran H, Langley DB, Walker GJ, Lenthall H, Jackson J, Ubiparipovic S, Mazigi O, Schofield P, Burnett DL, Brown SHJ, Martinello M, Hudson B, Gilroy N, Post JJ, Kelleher A, Jäck HM, Goodnow CC, Turville SG, Rawlinson WD, Bull RA, Stewart AG, Hansbro PM, Christ D. Broadly neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies through epitope-based selection from convalescent patients. Nat Commun 2023; 14:687. [PMID: 36755042 PMCID: PMC9907207 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging variants of concern (VOCs) are threatening to limit the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies and vaccines currently used in clinical practice; broadly neutralizing antibodies and strategies for their identification are therefore urgently required. Here we demonstrate that broadly neutralizing antibodies can be isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of convalescent patients using SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domains carrying epitope-specific mutations. This is exemplified by two human antibodies, GAR05, binding to epitope class 1, and GAR12, binding to a new epitope class 6 (located between class 3 and 5). Both antibodies broadly neutralize VOCs, exceeding the potency of the clinical monoclonal sotrovimab (S309) by orders of magnitude. They also provide prophylactic and therapeutic in vivo protection of female hACE2 mice against viral challenge. Our results indicate that exposure to SARS-CoV-2 induces antibodies that maintain broad neutralization against emerging VOCs using two unique strategies: either by targeting the divergent class 1 epitope in a manner resistant to VOCs (ACE2 mimicry, as illustrated by GAR05 and mAbs P2C-1F11/S2K14); or alternatively, by targeting rare and highly conserved epitopes, such as the new class 6 epitope identified here (as illustrated by GAR12). Our results provide guidance for next generation monoclonal antibody development and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Rouet
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jake Y Henry
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matt D Johansen
- Center for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Meghna Sobti
- UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Harikrishnan Balachandran
- UNSW Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David B Langley
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregory J Walker
- UNSW Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen Lenthall
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer Jackson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephanie Ubiparipovic
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ohan Mazigi
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Schofield
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah L Burnett
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon H J Brown
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Marianne Martinello
- UNSW Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Anthony Kelleher
- UNSW Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart G Turville
- UNSW Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William D Rawlinson
- UNSW Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rowena A Bull
- UNSW Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,UNSW Sydney, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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5
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Focosi D, McConnell S, Casadevall A. The Omicron variant of concern: Diversification and convergent evolution in spike protein, and escape from anti-Spike monoclonal antibodies. Drug Resist Updat 2022; 65:100882. [PMID: 36260961 PMCID: PMC9528072 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2022.100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
WHO-defined SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) drive therapeutics and vaccine development. The Omicron VOC is dominating the arena since November 2021, but the number of its sublineages is growing in complexity. Omicron represent a galaxy with a myriad of stars that suddenly rise and expand before collapsing into apparent extinction when a more fit sublineage appears. This has already happened with BA.1, BA.2, and BA.4/5 and is happening with BA.2.75. We review here the current PANGO phylogeny, focusing on sublineages with Spike mutations, and show how frequently xxxxxxxx convergent evolution has occurred in these sublineages. We finally summarize how Omicron evolution has progressively defeated the anti-Spike monoclonal antibodies authorized so far, leaving clinicians to again fall back on COVID19 convalescent plasma from vaccinated donors as the only antibody-based therapy available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Scott McConnell
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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6
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Jacobsen H, Strengert M, Maaß H, Ynga Durand MA, Katzmarzyk M, Kessel B, Harries M, Rand U, Abassi L, Kim Y, Lüddecke T, Metzdorf K, Hernandez P, Ortmann J, Heise JK, Castell S, Gornyk D, Glöckner S, Melhorn V, Kemmling Y, Lange B, Dulovic A, Marsall P, Häring J, Junker D, Schneiderhan-Marra N, Hoffmann M, Pöhlmann S, Krause G, Cicin-Sain L. Diminished neutralization responses towards SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VoC after mRNA or vector-based COVID-19 vaccinations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19858. [PMID: 36400804 PMCID: PMC9673895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants accumulating immune escape mutations provide a significant risk to vaccine-induced protection against infection. The novel variant of concern (VoC) Omicron BA.1 and its sub-lineages have the largest number of amino acid alterations in its Spike protein to date. Thus, they may efficiently escape recognition by neutralizing antibodies, allowing breakthrough infections in convalescent and vaccinated individuals in particular in those who have only received a primary immunization scheme. We analyzed neutralization activity of sera from individuals after vaccination with all mRNA-, vector- or heterologous immunization schemes currently available in Europe by in vitro neutralization assay at peak response towards SARS-CoV-2 B.1, Omicron sub-lineages BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.3, BA.4/5, Beta and Delta pseudotypes and also provide longitudinal follow-up data from BNT162b2 vaccinees. All vaccines apart from Ad26.CoV2.S showed high levels of responder rates (96-100%) towards the SARS-CoV-2 B.1 isolate, and minor to moderate reductions in neutralizing Beta and Delta VoC pseudotypes. The novel Omicron variant and its sub-lineages had the biggest impact, both in terms of response rates and neutralization titers. Only mRNA-1273 showed a 100% response rate to Omicron BA.1 and induced the highest level of neutralizing antibody titers, followed by heterologous prime-boost approaches. Homologous BNT162b2 vaccination, vector-based AZD1222 and Ad26.CoV2.S performed less well with peak responder rates of 48%, 56% and 9%, respectively. However, Omicron responder rates in BNT162b2 recipients were maintained in our six month longitudinal follow-up indicating that individuals with cross-protection against Omicron maintain it over time. Overall, our data strongly argue for booster doses in individuals who were previously vaccinated with BNT162b2, or a vector-based primary immunization scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Jacobsen
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Monika Strengert
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Joint Venture of the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henrike Maaß
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Maeva Katzmarzyk
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Barbora Kessel
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manuela Harries
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulfert Rand
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Leila Abassi
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yeonsu Kim
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tatjana Lüddecke
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kristin Metzdorf
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Pilar Hernandez
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Julia Ortmann
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jana-Kristin Heise
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Castell
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniela Gornyk
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Glöckner
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Vanessa Melhorn
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Kemmling
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Berit Lange
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Alex Dulovic
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Marsall
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Julia Häring
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Junker
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Markus Hoffmann
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut Für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Leibniz-Institut Für Primatenforschung, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gérard Krause
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Joint Venture of the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
- Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CIIM), Joint Venture of Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Medical School Hannover, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.
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7
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Herman JD, Wang C, Burke JS, Zur Y, Compere H, Kang J, Macvicar R, Taylor S, Shin S, Frank I, Siegel D, Tebas P, Choi GH, Shaw PA, Yoon H, Pirofski LA, Julg BD, Bar KJ, Lauffenburger D, Alter G. Nucleocapsid-specific antibody function is associated with therapeutic benefits from COVID-19 convalescent plasma therapy. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100811. [PMID: 36351430 PMCID: PMC9595358 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CCP), a passive polyclonal antibody therapeutic agent, has had mixed clinical results. Although antibody neutralization is the predominant approach to benchmarking CCP efficacy, CCP may also influence the evolution of the endogenous antibody response. Using systems serology to comprehensively profile severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) functional antibodies of hospitalized people with COVID-19 enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of CCP (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04397757), we find that the clinical benefits of CCP are associated with a shift toward reduced inflammatory Spike (S) responses and enhanced nucleocapsid (N) humoral responses. We find that CCP has the greatest clinical benefit in participants with low pre-existing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody function and that CCP-induced immunomodulatory Fc glycan profiles and N immunodominant profiles persist for at least 2 months. We highlight a potential mechanism of action of CCP associated with durable immunomodulation, outline optimal patient characteristics for CCP treatment, and provide guidance for development of a different class of COVID-19 hyperinflammation-targeting antibody therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Herman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chuangqi Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Yonatan Zur
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jaewon Kang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan Macvicar
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sabian Taylor
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sally Shin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Don Siegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pablo Tebas
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Grace H Choi
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pamela A Shaw
- Biostatistics Unit, Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hyunah Yoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Liise-Anne Pirofski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Boris D Julg
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Douglas Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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8
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Chen Z, Zhang P, Matsuoka Y, Tsybovsky Y, West K, Santos C, Boyd LF, Nguyen H, Pomerenke A, Stephens T, Olia AS, Zhang B, De Giorgi V, Holbrook MR, Gross R, Postnikova E, Garza NL, Johnson RF, Margulies DH, Kwong PD, Alter HJ, Buchholz UJ, Lusso P, Farci P. Potent monoclonal antibodies neutralize Omicron sublineages and other SARS-CoV-2 variants. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111528. [PMID: 36302375 PMCID: PMC9554601 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants, which carry an unprecedented number of mutations, raise serious concerns due to the reduced efficacy of current vaccines and resistance to therapeutic antibodies. Here, we report the generation and characterization of two potent human monoclonal antibodies, NA8 and NE12, against the receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. NA8 interacts with a highly conserved region and has a breadth of neutralization with picomolar potency against the Beta variant and the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 sublineages and nanomolar potency against BA.2.12.1 and BA.4. Combination of NA8 and NE12 retains potent neutralizing activity against the major SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Cryo-EM analysis provides the structural basis for the broad and complementary neutralizing activity of these two antibodies. We confirm the in vivo protective and therapeutic efficacies of NA8 and NE12 in the hamster model. These results show that broad and potent human antibodies can overcome the continuous immune escape of evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochun Chen
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yumiko Matsuoka
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kamille West
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Celia Santos
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa F Boyd
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hanh Nguyen
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna Pomerenke
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tyler Stephens
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Adam S Olia
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Valeria De Giorgi
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robin Gross
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elena Postnikova
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nicole L Garza
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Reed F Johnson
- SARS-CoV-2 Virology Core, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David H Margulies
- Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Harvey J Alter
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, NIH Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrizia Farci
- Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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9
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Zhou H, Møhlenberg M, Thakor JC, Tuli HS, Wang P, Assaraf YG, Dhama K, Jiang S. Sensitivity to Vaccines, Therapeutic Antibodies, and Viral Entry Inhibitors and Advances To Counter the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0001422. [PMID: 35862736 PMCID: PMC9491202 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00014-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) keeps evolving and mutating into newer variants over time, which gain higher transmissibility, disease severity, and spread in communities at a faster rate, resulting in multiple waves of surge in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases. A highly mutated and transmissible SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has recently emerged, driving the extremely high peak of infections in almost all continents at an unprecedented speed and scale. The Omicron variant evades the protection rendered by vaccine-induced antibodies and natural infection, as well as overpowers the antibody-based immunotherapies, raising the concerns of current effectiveness of available vaccines and monoclonal antibody-based therapies. This review outlines the most recent advancements in studying the virology and biology of the Omicron variant, highlighting its increased resistance to current antibody-based therapeutics and its immune escape against vaccines. However, the Omicron variant is highly sensitive to viral fusion inhibitors targeting the HR1 motif in the spike protein, enzyme inhibitors, involving the endosomal fusion pathway, and ACE2-based entry inhibitors. Omicron variant-associated infectivity and entry mechanisms of Omicron variant are essentially distinct from previous characterized variants. Innate sensing and immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2 and T cell immunity to the virus provide new perspectives of vaccine and drug development. These findings are important for understanding SARS-CoV-2 viral biology and advances in developing vaccines, antibody-based therapies, and more effective strategies to mitigate the transmission of the Omicron variant or the next SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Michelle Møhlenberg
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Center for Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jigarji C. Thakor
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Pengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yehuda G. Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Focosi D, Casadevall A. A Critical Analysis of the Use of Cilgavimab plus Tixagevimab Monoclonal Antibody Cocktail (Evusheld™) for COVID-19 Prophylaxis and Treatment. Viruses 2022; 14:1999. [PMID: 36146805 PMCID: PMC9505619 DOI: 10.3390/v14091999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Evusheld® (tixagevimab + cilgavimab; AZD7442) was the first anti-Spike monoclonal antibody (mAb) cocktail designed not only for treatment but also with pre-exposure prophylaxis in mind. The immunoglobulins were engineered for prolonged half-life by modifying the Fc fragment, thus creating a long-acting antibody (LAAB). We review here preclinical development, baseline and treatment-emergent resistance, clinical efficacy from registration trials, and real-world post-marketing evidence. The combination was initially approved for pre-exposure prophylaxis at the time of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC wave based on a trial conducted in unvaccinated subjects when the Alpha VOC was dominant. Another trial also conducted at the time of the Alpha VOC wave proved efficacy as early treatment in unvaccinated patients and led to authorization at the time of the BA.4/5 VOC wave. Tixagevimab was ineffective against any Omicron sublineage, so cilgavimab has so far been the ingredient which has made a difference. Antibody monotherapy has a high risk of selecting for immune escape variants in immunocompromised patients with high viral loads, which nowadays represent the main therapeutic indication for antibody therapies. Among Omicron sublineages, cilgavimab was ineffective against BA.1, recovered efficacy against BA.2 and BA.2.12.1, but lost efficacy again against BA.4/BA.5 and BA.2.75. Our analysis indicated that Evusheld® has been used during the Omicron VOC phase without robust clinical data of efficacy against this variant and suggested that several regulatory decisions regarding its use lacked consistency. There is an urgent need for new randomized controlled trials in vaccinated, immunocompromised subjects, using COVID-19 convalescent plasma as a control arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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11
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Xu A, Hong B, Lou F, Wang S, Li W, Shafqat A, An X, Zhao Y, Song L, Tong Y, Fan H. Sub-lineages of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants: Characteristics and prevention. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e172. [PMID: 35992968 PMCID: PMC9380698 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the start of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) have emerged, accelerating the spread of the virus. Omicron was defined by the World Health Organization in November 2021 as the fifth "variant of concern" after Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta. In recent months, Omicron has become the main epidemic strain. Studies have shown that Omicron carries more mutations than Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and wild-type, facilitating immune escape and accelerating its transmission. This review focuses on the Omicron variant's origin, transmission, main biological features, subvariants, mutations, immune escape, vaccination, and detection methods. We also discuss the appropriate preventive and therapeutic measures that should be taken to address the new challenges posed by the Omicron variant. This review is valuable to guide the surveillance, prevention, and development of vaccines and other therapies for Omicron variants. It is desirable to develop a more efficient vaccine against the Omicron variant and take more effective measures to constrain the spread of the epidemic and promote public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailan Xu
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi UniversityJiamusiChina
| | - Bixia Hong
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Fuxing Lou
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Shuqi Wang
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Wenye Li
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Amna Shafqat
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoping An
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Yunwei Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi UniversityJiamusiChina
| | - Lihua Song
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Yigang Tong
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
| | - Huahao Fan
- College of Life Science and TechnologyBeijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijingChina
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12
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Dimeglio C, Herin F, Da-Silva I, Gernigon C, Porcheron M, Chapuy-Regaud S, Izopet J. Decreased Efficiency of Neutralizing Antibodies from Previously Infected or Vaccinated Individuals against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) SARS-CoV-2 Variant. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0270621. [PMID: 35867411 PMCID: PMC9430143 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02706-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neutralizing antibody response is a key component of adaptive immunity and a primary protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The increased transmissibility of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant and its capacity to cause more severe disease could be linked to a significant reduction in neutralizing antibodies generated during a previous infection or vaccination. We analyzed blood samples from 162 unvaccinated health care workers (HCWs) collected 1 to 3 months postinfection and from 263 vaccinated health care workers 1 month after the last injection. We have compared the neutralizing antibody titers obtained using two virus strains, B.1.160 and B.1.617.2 (Delta variant). Binding antibody concentrations were measured by an immunoassay. The median neutralizing antibody titer against the B.1.160 strain was 128 (interquartile range [IQR], 16 to 256) and 32 (IQR, 8 to 128) against the Delta variant. To obtain a neutralizing antibody titer of 32 or 64, a binding antibody concentration of 182 binding antibody units (BAU)/mL (IQR, 81 to 974) was required with the strain B.1.160, while a concentration of 2,595 BAU/mL (IQR, 1,176 to 5,353) was required with the Delta variant. Our data indicate that antibodies neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant 4 times less efficiently than they neutralize an earlier strain. Half of the HCWs had decreased protection from 94% to 76.8% or less for the same total antibody concentration. But neutralization might be correlated with other immune responses. The contributions of other responses, such as those of the T cell and B cell systems, to protection require further investigation. IMPORTANCE Recent studies showed that the neutralizing antibody titer is an important contributor to protection against SARS-CoV-2. With the emergence of new variants, the question arises of maintaining the neutralizing capacities of vaccines and/or of a past infection. We had protective data associated with total antibody concentrations and neutralizing antibody titers for a B.1.160 strain. We showed that to maintain the same levels of protection and, therefore, the same levels of neutralizing antibodies, a total antibody concentration 8.5 times greater is required with the Delta strain. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT04385108.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Dimeglio
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Virology Laboratory, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR1291 – CNRS UMR5051, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), Toulouse, France
| | - Fabrice Herin
- Occupational Diseases Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- UMR1295, unité mixte INSERM - Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in Population Health Unit (CERPOP), Toulouse, France
| | | | - Caroline Gernigon
- Occupational Diseases Department, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
- UMR1295, unité mixte INSERM - Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in Population Health Unit (CERPOP), Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Porcheron
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Virology Laboratory, Toulouse, France
| | - Sabine Chapuy-Regaud
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Virology Laboratory, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR1291 – CNRS UMR5051, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Virology Laboratory, Toulouse, France
- INSERM UMR1291 – CNRS UMR5051, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), Toulouse, France
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13
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Matrajt L, Brown ER, Cohen MS, Dimitrov D, Janes H. Could widespread use of antiviral treatment curb the COVID-19 pandemic? A modeling study. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:683. [PMID: 35945513 PMCID: PMC9361252 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07639-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the development of safe and effective vaccines, effective treatments for COVID-19 disease are still urgently needed. Several antiviral drugs have shown to be effective in reducing progression of COVID-19 disease. METHODS In the present work, we use an agent-based mathematical model to assess the potential population impact of the use of antiviral treatments in four countries with different demographic structure and current levels of vaccination coverage: Kenya, Mexico, United States (US) and Belgium. We analyzed antiviral effects on reducing hospitalization and death, and potential antiviral effects on reducing transmission. For each country, we varied daily treatment initiation rate (DTIR) and antiviral effect in reducing transmission (AVT). RESULTS Irrespective of location and AVT, widespread antiviral treatment of symptomatic adult infections (20% DTIR) prevented the majority of COVID-19 deaths, and recruiting 6% of all adult symptomatic infections daily reduced mortality by over 20% in all countries. Furthermore, our model projected that targeting antiviral treatment to the oldest age group (65 years old and older, DTIR of 20%) can prevent over 30% of deaths. Our results suggest that early antiviral treatment (as soon as possible after inception of infection) is needed to mitigate transmission, preventing 50% more infections compared to late treatment (started 3 to 5 days after symptoms onset). Our results highlight the synergistic effect of vaccination and antiviral treatment: as the vaccination rate increases, antivirals have a larger relative impact on population transmission. Finally, our model projects that even in highly vaccinated populations, adding antiviral treatment can be extremely helpful to mitigate COVID-19 deaths. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that antiviral treatments can become a strategic tool that, in combination with vaccination, can significantly reduce COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths and can help control SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Matrajt
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, USA
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Brown
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Myron S. Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Dobromir Dimitrov
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, USA
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Holly Janes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, USA
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
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14
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Rajpal VR, Sharma S, Kumar A, Chand S, Joshi L, Chandra A, Babbar S, Goel S, Raina SN, Shiran B. "Is Omicron mild"? Testing this narrative with the mutational landscape of its three lineages and response to existing vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3521-3539. [PMID: 35355267 PMCID: PMC9088584 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron with its lineages BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3 has triggered a fresh wave of Covid-19 infections. Though, Omicron has, so far, produced mild symptoms, its genome contains 60 mutations including 37 in the spike protein and 15 in the receptor-binding domain. Thirteen sites conserved in previous SARS-CoV-2 variants carry mutations in Omicron. Many mutations have shown evolution under positive selection. Omicron's giant mutational leap has raised concerns as there are signs of higher virus infectivity rate, pathogenesis, reinfection, and immune evasion. Preliminary studies have reported waning of immunity after two-dose primary vaccine regime, need for the boosters, folds reduction in vaccine effectiveness and neutralizing antibodies even after boosting and significant neutralization resistance with the therapeutic monoclonal, polyclonal, and convalescent antibodies against Omicron. The narrative that "Omicron is mild," therefore, needs time to be tested with a deeper, scientific dwelling into the facts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shashi Sharma
- Division of VirologyDefence Research and Development EstablishmentGwaliorMadhya PradeshIndia
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Department of BotanyVinoba Bhave UniversityHazaribagJharkhandIndia
| | - Shweta Chand
- Department of BotanyHansraj College, University of DelhiDelhiIndia
| | - Lata Joshi
- Department of BotanyHansraj College, University of DelhiDelhiIndia
| | - Atika Chandra
- Department of BotanyMaitreyi College, University of DelhiDelhiIndia
| | - Sadhna Babbar
- Department of BotanySwami Shraddhanand College, University of DelhiDelhiIndia
| | | | - Soom Nath Raina
- Department of BiotechnologyAmity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar PradeshNoidaUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Behrouz Shiran
- Department of Plant Breeding and BiotechnologyShahrekord UniversityShahrekordIran
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15
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Willett BJ, Grove J, MacLean OA, Wilkie C, De Lorenzo G, Furnon W, Cantoni D, Scott S, Logan N, Ashraf S, Manali M, Szemiel A, Cowton V, Vink E, Harvey WT, Davis C, Asamaphan P, Smollett K, Tong L, Orton R, Hughes J, Holland P, Silva V, Pascall DJ, Puxty K, da Silva Filipe A, Yebra G, Shaaban S, Holden MTG, Pinto RM, Gunson R, Templeton K, Murcia PR, Patel AH, Klenerman P, Dunachie S, Haughney J, Robertson DL, Palmarini M, Ray S, Thomson EC. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron is an immune escape variant with an altered cell entry pathway. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1161-1179. [PMID: 35798890 PMCID: PMC9352574 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 137.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines based on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 are a cornerstone of the public health response to COVID-19. The emergence of hypermutated, increasingly transmissible variants of concern (VOCs) threaten this strategy. Omicron (B.1.1.529), the fifth VOC to be described, harbours multiple amino acid mutations in spike, half of which lie within the receptor-binding domain. Here we demonstrate substantial evasion of neutralization by Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants in vitro using sera from individuals vaccinated with ChAdOx1, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. These data were mirrored by a substantial reduction in real-world vaccine effectiveness that was partially restored by booster vaccination. The Omicron variants BA.1 and BA.2 did not induce cell syncytia in vitro and favoured a TMPRSS2-independent endosomal entry pathway, these phenotypes mapping to distinct regions of the spike protein. Impaired cell fusion was determined by the receptor-binding domain, while endosomal entry mapped to the S2 domain. Such marked changes in antigenicity and replicative biology may underlie the rapid global spread and altered pathogenicity of the Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Joe Grove
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Oscar A MacLean
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Craig Wilkie
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Giuditta De Lorenzo
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wilhelm Furnon
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Diego Cantoni
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sam Scott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicola Logan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shirin Ashraf
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria Manali
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Agnieszka Szemiel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vanessa Cowton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elen Vink
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - William T Harvey
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chris Davis
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Patawee Asamaphan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Katherine Smollett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lily Tong
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard Orton
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joseph Hughes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - David J Pascall
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ana da Silva Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Matthew T G Holden
- Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, UK
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Rute Maria Pinto
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Pablo R Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Arvind H Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | - David L Robertson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Surajit Ray
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma C Thomson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde, Glasgow, UK.
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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16
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Du W, Hurdiss DL, Drabek D, Mykytyn AZ, Kaiser FK, González-Hernández M, Muñoz-Santos D, Lamers MM, van Haperen R, Li W, Drulyte I, Wang C, Sola I, Armando F, Beythien G, Ciurkiewicz M, Baumgärtner W, Guilfoyle K, Smits T, van der Lee J, van Kuppeveld FJM, van Amerongen G, Haagmans BL, Enjuanes L, Osterhaus ADME, Grosveld F, Bosch BJ. An ACE2-blocking antibody confers broad neutralization and protection against Omicron and other SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabp9312. [PMID: 35471062 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.17.480751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in the emergence of Omicron, which displays notable immune escape potential through mutations at key antigenic sites on the spike protein. Many of these mutations localize to the spike protein ACE2 receptor binding domain, annulling the neutralizing activity of therapeutic antibodies that were effective against other variants of concern (VOCs) earlier in the pandemic. Here, we identified a receptor-blocking human monoclonal antibody, 87G7, that retained potent in vitro neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants including the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron (BA.1/BA.2) VOCs. Using cryo-electron microscopy and site-directed mutagenesis experiments, we showed that 87G7 targets a patch of hydrophobic residues in the ACE2-binding site that are highly conserved in SARS-CoV-2 variants, explaining its broad neutralization capacity. 87G7 protected mice and hamsters prophylactically against challenge with all current SARS-CoV-2 VOCs and showed therapeutic activity against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in both animal models. Our findings demonstrate that 87G7 holds promise as a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for COVID-19 that is more resilient to SARS-CoV-2 antigenic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Du
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Daniel L Hurdiss
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dubravka Drabek
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna Z Mykytyn
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Franziska K Kaiser
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mariana González-Hernández
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Diego Muñoz-Santos
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology-Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rien van Haperen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wentao Li
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ieva Drulyte
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Materials and Structural Analysis, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Isabel Sola
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology-Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Armando
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg Beythien
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Tony Smits
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joline van der Lee
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology-Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Global Virus Network, Center of Excellence, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frank Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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17
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Junker D, Becker M, Wagner TR, Kaiser PD, Maier S, Grimm TM, Griesbaum J, Marsall P, Gruber J, Traenkle B, Heinzel C, Pinilla YT, Held J, Fendel R, Kreidenweiss A, Nelde A, Maringer Y, Schroeder S, Walz JS, Althaus K, Uzun G, Mikus M, Bakchoul T, Schenke-Layland K, Bunk S, Haeberle H, Göpel S, Bitzer M, Renk H, Remppis J, Engel C, Franz AR, Harries M, Kessel B, Lange B, Strengert M, Krause G, Zeck A, Rothbauer U, Dulovic A, Schneiderhan-Marra N. Antibody Binding and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Binding Inhibition Is Significantly Reduced for Both the BA.1 and BA.2 Omicron Variants. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 76:e240-e249. [PMID: 35717657 PMCID: PMC9384292 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid emergence of the Omicron variant and its large number of mutations led to its classification as a variant of concern (VOC) by the World Health Organization. Subsequently, Omicron evolved into distinct sublineages (eg, BA.1 and BA.2), which currently represent the majority of global infections. Initial studies of the neutralizing response toward BA.1 in convalescent and vaccinated individuals showed a substantial reduction. METHODS We assessed antibody (immunoglobulin G [IgG]) binding, ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) binding inhibition, and IgG binding dynamics for the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants compared to a panel of VOCs/variants of interest, in a large cohort (N = 352) of convalescent, vaccinated, and infected and subsequently vaccinated individuals. RESULTS While Omicron was capable of efficiently binding to ACE2, antibodies elicited by infection or immunization showed reduced binding capacities and ACE2 binding inhibition compared to wild type. Whereas BA.1 exhibited less IgG binding compared to BA.2, BA.2 showed reduced inhibition of ACE2 binding. Among vaccinated samples, antibody binding to Omicron only improved after administration of a third dose. CONCLUSIONS Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 can still efficiently bind to ACE2, while vaccine/infection-derived antibodies can bind to Omicron. The extent of the mutations within both variants prevents a strong inhibitory binding response. As a result, both Omicron variants are able to evade control by preexisting antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Philipp D Kaiser
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Maier
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Tanja M Grimm
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Johanna Griesbaum
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Marsall
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Jens Gruber
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Bjoern Traenkle
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Constanze Heinzel
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Yudi T Pinilla
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jana Held
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Fendel
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Andrea Kreidenweiss
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Annika Nelde
- Department of Peptide-Based Immunotherapy, University of Tuebingen and University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies,” University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Yacine Maringer
- Department of Peptide-Based Immunotherapy, University of Tuebingen and University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies,” University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Schroeder
- Department of Peptide-Based Immunotherapy, University of Tuebingen and University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Juliane S Walz
- Department of Peptide-Based Immunotherapy, University of Tuebingen and University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies,” University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Karina Althaus
- Center for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, Tuebingen, Germany,Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gunalp Uzun
- Center for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marco Mikus
- Center for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tamam Bakchoul
- Center for Clinical Transfusion Medicine, Tuebingen, Germany,Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany,Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Department for Medical Technologies and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stefanie Bunk
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Helene Haeberle
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Siri Göpel
- German Center for Infection Research, partner site Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Bitzer
- Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany,Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hanna Renk
- University Children’s Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Corinna Engel
- University Children’s Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany,Center for Pediatric Clinical Studies, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Axel R Franz
- University Children’s Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany,Center for Pediatric Clinical Studies, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Manuela Harries
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Barbora Kessel
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Berit Lange
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Monika Strengert
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany,TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture of Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerard Krause
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany,TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture of Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Zeck
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rothbauer
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany,Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alex Dulovic
- Correspondence: A. Dulovic, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, Reutlingen, 72770 Germany ()
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18
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Ordaya EE, Beam E, Yao JD, Razonable RR, Vergidis P. Characterization of early-onset SARS-CoV-2 infection in immunocompromised patients who received tixagevimab-cilgavimab prophylaxis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac283. [PMID: 35859990 PMCID: PMC9214166 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tixagevimab-cilgavimab is authorized for preexposure prophylaxis against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in immunocompromised hosts. Herein, we report the clinical characteristics of 8 patients who developed COVID-19 soon after receiving tixagevimab-cilgavimab. This study emphasizes the need to maintain additional measures to prevent COVID-19 during periods of high severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloy E. Ordaya
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elena Beam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joseph D. Yao
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Raymund R. Razonable
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Paschalis Vergidis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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19
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Fang Z, Peng L, Filler R, Suzuki K, McNamara A, Lin Q, Renauer PA, Yang L, Menasche B, Sanchez A, Ren P, Xiong Q, Strine M, Clark P, Lin C, Ko AI, Grubaugh ND, Wilen CB, Chen S. Omicron-specific mRNA vaccination alone and as a heterologous booster against SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3250. [PMID: 35668119 PMCID: PMC9169595 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30878-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 recently swept the globe and showed high level of immune evasion. Here, we generate an Omicron-specific lipid nanoparticle (LNP) mRNA vaccine candidate, and test its activity in animals, both alone and as a heterologous booster to WT mRNA vaccine. Our Omicron-specific LNP-mRNA vaccine elicits strong antibody response in vaccination-naïve mice. Mice that received two-dose WT LNP-mRNA show a > 40-fold reduction in neutralization potency against Omicron than WT two weeks post boost, which further reduce to background level after 3 months. The WT or Omicron LNP-mRNA booster increases the waning antibody response of WT LNP-mRNA vaccinated mice against Omicron by 40 fold at two weeks post injection. Interestingly, the heterologous Omicron booster elicits neutralizing titers 10-20 fold higher than the homologous WT booster against Omicron variant, with comparable titers against Delta variant. All three types of vaccination, including Omicron alone, WT booster and Omicron booster, elicit broad binding antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 WA-1, Beta, Delta variants and SARS-CoV. These data provide direct assessments of an Omicron-specific mRNA vaccination in vivo, both alone and as a heterologous booster to WT mRNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Fang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lei Peng
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Renata Filler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kazushi Suzuki
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew McNamara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qianqian Lin
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paul A Renauer
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Luojia Yang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bridget Menasche
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Angie Sanchez
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale College, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ping Ren
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qiancheng Xiong
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Madison Strine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paul Clark
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chenxiang Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Sidi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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20
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Sun M, Wu Z, Zhang J, Chen M, Lu Y, Yang C, Song Y. Spherical neutralizing aptamer suppresses SARS-CoV-2 Omicron escape. NANO TODAY 2022; 44:101499. [PMID: 35542182 PMCID: PMC9072213 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron has spread very quickly worldwide. Several studies have indicated that the Omicron variant causes a substantial evasion of the humoral immune response and the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Here we address this challenge by applying a spherical cocktail neutralizing aptamer-gold nanoparticle (SNAP) to block the interaction of Omicron receptor binding domain (RBD) and host Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2). With the synergetic blocking strategy based on multivalent multisite aptamer binding and steric hindrance by the size-matched gold scaffold, the SNAP conjugate tightly binds to Omicron RBD with a dissociation constant of 13.6 pM, almost completely blocking the infection of Omicron pseudovirus with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 35.9 pM. Overall, the SNAP strategy not only fills the gap of the humoral immune evasion caused by clustered mutations on Omicron, but also provides a clue for the development of new broad neutralizing reagents against future variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zijing Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mingying Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yao Lu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yanling Song
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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21
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Chonira V, Kwon YD, Gorman J, Case JB, Ku Z, Simeon R, Casner RG, Harris DR, Olia AS, Stephens T, Shapiro L, Boyd H, Tsybovsky Y, Krammer F, Diamond MS, Kwong PD, An Z, Chen Z. Potent and pan-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern by DARPins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.05.30.493765. [PMID: 35677079 PMCID: PMC9176645 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.30.493765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the engineering and selection of two synthetic proteins - FSR16m and FSR22 - for possible treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. FSR16m and FSR22 are trimeric proteins composed of DARPin SR16m or SR22 fused with a T4 foldon and exhibit broad spectrum neutralization of SARS-Cov-2 strains. The IC 50 values of FSR16m against authentic B.1.351, B.1.617.2 and BA.1.1 variants are 3.4 ng/mL, 2.2 ng/mL and 7.4 ng/mL, respectively, comparable to currently used therapeutic antibodies. Despite the use of the spike protein from a now historical wild-type virus for design, FSR16m and FSR22 both exhibit increased neutralization against newly-emerged variants of concern (39- to 296-fold) in pseudovirus assays. Cryo-EM structures revealed that these DARPins recognize a region of the receptor binding domain (RBD, residues 455-456, 486-489) overlapping a critical portion of the ACE2-binding surface. K18-hACE2 transgenic mice inoculated with a B.1.617.2 variant and receiving intranasally-administered FSR16m were protected as judged by less weight loss and 10-100-fold reductions in viral burden in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The strong and broad neutralization potency make FSR16m and FSR22 promising candidates for prevention and treatment of infection by current and potential future strains of SARS-CoV-2.
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22
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Sigler R, Chen V, Law N. Evolution of Clinical Care in COVID-Infected Solid Organ Transplant Recipients. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2022; 9:185-198. [PMID: 35669887 PMCID: PMC9154200 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-022-00368-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review In this review, we aim to summarize the evolution of care for the solid organ transplant recipient (SOTR) with COVID-19 disease, based on the current published guidelines and our center’s experience. Recent Findings Oral antiviral medications and monoclonal antibodies are now used with the goal to prevent severe disease. Immunomodulating drugs in addition to antivirals have been used in the treatment of severe COVID-19. Summary With the ongoing pandemic and unique challenges posed by the SOTR, understanding the risk and advancing management and treatment of COVID-19 infections are imperative to the successful care of a transplant recipient. There are many ongoing clinical trials being conducted in hopes of developing novel therapeutics towards COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sigler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, 9444 Medical Center Drive, MC 0879, La Jolla, CA 92093-0879 USA
| | - Victor Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Nancy Law
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, 9444 Medical Center Drive, MC 0879, La Jolla, CA 92093-0879 USA
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23
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Gerges D, Kapps S, Hernández-Carralero E, Freire R, Aiad M, Schmidt S, Winnicki W, Reiter T, Pajenda S, Schmidt A, Sunder-Plassmann G, Wagner L. Vaccination with BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Induces Cross-Reactive Anti-RBD IgG against SARS-CoV-2 Variants including Omicron. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061181. [PMID: 35746653 PMCID: PMC9231407 DOI: 10.3390/v14061181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) have caused a significant increase in infections worldwide. Despite high vaccination rates in industrialized countries, the fourth VOC, Omicron, has outpaced the Delta variant and is causing breakthrough infections in individuals with two booster vaccinations. While the magnitude of morbidity and lethality is lower in Omicron, the infection rate and global spread are rapid. Using a specific IgG multipanel-ELISA with the spike protein’s receptor-binding domain (RBD) from recombinant Alpha, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron variants, sera from health-care workers from the Medical University of Vienna were tested pre-pandemic and post-vaccination (BNT162b2; ChAdOx1 nCoV-19). The cohort was continuously monitored by SARS-CoV-2 testing and commercial nucleocapsid IgG ELISA. RBD IgG ELISA showed significantly lower reactivity against the Omicron-RBD compared to the Alpha variant in all individuals (p < 0.001). IgG levels were independent of sex, but were significantly higher in BNT162b2 recipients <45 years of age for Alpha, Gamma, and Delta (p < 0.001; p = 0.040; p = 0.004, respectively). Pre-pandemic cross-reactive anti-Omicron IgG was detected in 31 individuals and was increased 8.78-fold after vaccination, regardless of vaccine type. The low anti-RBD Omicron IgG level could explain the breakthrough infections and their presence could also contribute to a milder COVID-19 course by cross-reactivity and broadening the adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gerges
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Sebastian Kapps
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Esperanza Hernández-Carralero
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario de Canarias-FIISC, 38320 La Laguna, Spain; (E.H.-C.); (R.F.)
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomedicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigacion, Hospital Universitario de Canarias-FIISC, 38320 La Laguna, Spain; (E.H.-C.); (R.F.)
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomedicas, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Spain
- Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, 35450 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Monika Aiad
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Sophie Schmidt
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Wolfgang Winnicki
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Thomas Reiter
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Sahra Pajenda
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Alice Schmidt
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Gere Sunder-Plassmann
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
| | - Ludwig Wagner
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (D.G.); (S.K.); (M.A.); (S.S.); (W.W.); (T.R.); (S.P.); (A.S.); (G.S.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-14040043910
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24
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Gallian P, Amroun A, Laperche S, Le Cam S, Brisbarre N, Malard L, Nurtop E, Isnard C, Richard P, Morel P, Tiberghien P, de Lamballerie X. Reduced neutralizing antibody potency of COVID-19 convalescent vaccinated plasma against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant. Vox Sang 2022; 117:971-975. [PMID: 35577569 PMCID: PMC9347889 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective The SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron variant displays increased infectiveness as well as mutations resulting in reduced neutralizing activity of antibodies acquired after vaccination or infection involving earlier strains. To assess the ability of vaccinated COVID‐19 convalescent plasma (CCP‐V) collected before November 2021 to seroneutralize Omicron, we compared neutralizing antibody (nAb) titres of 63 samples against Omicron and earlier B.1 (D614G) strains. Methods and Findings Relationship between anti‐Omicron titres and IgG anti‐S1 levels (binding arbitrary unit: BAU/ml) was studied. Although correlated, anti‐Omicron titres were significantly lower than anti‐B.1 titres (median = 80 [10–1280] vs. 1280 [160–10,240], p < 0.0001). Omicron nAb titres and IgG anti‐S1 levels were correlated (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = 0.67). Anti‐S1 IgG threshold at 7000 BAU/ml may allow to discard CCP‐V without anti‐Omicron activity (nAb titre <40). Conversely, only those with highest titres (≥160) had systematically anti‐S1 IgG levels >7000 BAU/ml. Conclusion A fraction of CCP‐V collected before November 2021 retains anti‐Omicron seroneutralizing activity that may be selected by quantitative anti‐IgG assays, but such assays do not easily allow the identification of ‘high‐titre’ CCP‐V. However, collecting plasma from vaccinated donors recently infected with Omicron may be the best option to provide optimal CCP‐V for immunocompromised patients infected with this variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gallian
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine Saint Denis, France.,Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Abdennour Amroun
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Syria Laperche
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine Saint Denis, France.,Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Le Cam
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine Saint Denis, France
| | - Nadège Brisbarre
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207), Marseille, France.,Etablissement français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur et Corse, Marseille, France
| | - Lucile Malard
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine Saint Denis, France
| | - Elif Nurtop
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Christine Isnard
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207), Marseille, France.,Etablissement français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur et Corse, Marseille, France
| | - Pascale Richard
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine Saint Denis, France
| | - Pascal Morel
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine Saint Denis, France.,UMR RIGHT 1098, Inserm, Etablissement Français du Sang, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Pierre Tiberghien
- Etablissement Français du Sang, La Plaine Saint Denis, France.,UMR RIGHT 1098, Inserm, Etablissement Français du Sang, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
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25
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Liu J, Mao Q, Wu X, He Q, Bian L, Bai Y, Wang Z, Wang Q, Zhang J, Liang Z, Xu M. Considerations for the Feasibility of Neutralizing Antibodies as a Surrogate Endpoint for COVID-19 Vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:814365. [PMID: 35572565 PMCID: PMC9092276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.814365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To effectively control and prevent the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), suitable vaccines have been researched and developed rapidly. Currently, 31 COVID-19 vaccines have been approved for emergency use or authorized for conditional marketing, with more than 9.3 billion doses of vaccines being administered globally. However, the continuous emergence of variants with high transmissibility and an ability to escape the immune responses elicited by vaccines poses severe challenges to the effectiveness of approved vaccines. Hundreds of new COVID-19 vaccines based on different technology platforms are in need of a quick evaluation for their efficiencies. Selection and enrollment of a suitable sample of population for conducting these clinical trials is often challenging because the pandemic so widespread and also due to large scale vaccination. To overcome these hurdles, methods of evaluation of vaccine efficiency based on establishment of surrogate endpoints could expedite the further research and development of vaccines. In this review, we have summarized the studies on neutralizing antibody responses and effectiveness of the various COVID-19 vaccines. Using this data we have analyzed the feasibility of establishing surrogate endpoints for evaluating the efficacy of vaccines based on neutralizing antibody titers. The considerations discussed here open up new avenues for devising novel approaches and strategies for the research and develop as well as application of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Qunying Mao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Qian He
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Lianlian Bian
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Bai
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | | | - Qian Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Xu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Beijing, China
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26
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Du W, Hurdiss DL, Drabek D, Mykytyn AZ, Kaiser FK, González-Hernández M, Muñoz-Santos D, Lamers MM, van Haperen R, Li W, Drulyte I, Wang C, Sola I, Armando F, Beythien G, Ciurkiewicz M, Baumgärtner W, Guilfoyle K, Smits T, van der Lee J, van Kuppeveld FJM, van Amerongen G, Haagmans BL, Enjuanes L, Osterhaus ADME, Grosveld F, Bosch BJ. An ACE2-blocking antibody confers broad neutralization and protection against Omicron and other SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabp9312. [PMID: 35471062 PMCID: PMC9097884 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abp9312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in the emergence of Omicron, which displays striking immune escape potential through mutations at key antigenic sites on the spike protein. Many of these mutations localize to the spike protein ACE2 receptor-binding domain, annulling the neutralizing activity of therapeutic antibodies that were effective against other Variants of Concern (VOCs) earlier in the pandemic. Here, we identified a receptor-blocking human monoclonal antibody, 87G7, that retained potent in vitro neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants including the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron (BA.1/BA.2) VOCs. Using cryo-electron microscopy and site-directed mutagenesis experiments, we showed that 87G7 targets a patch of hydrophobic residues in the ACE2-binding site that are highly conserved in SARS-CoV-2 variants, explaining its broad neutralization capacity. 87G7 protected mice and/or hamsters prophylactically against challenge with all current SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, and showed therapeutic activity against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in both animal models. Our findings demonstrate that 87G7 holds promise as a prophylactic or therapeutic agent for COVID-19 that is more resilient to SARS-CoV-2 antigenic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Du
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel L Hurdiss
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dubravka Drabek
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Z Mykytyn
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Franziska K Kaiser
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mariana González-Hernández
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Diego Muñoz-Santos
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology-Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rien van Haperen
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wentao Li
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ieva Drulyte
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Materials and Structural Analysis, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Isabel Sola
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology-Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Armando
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg Beythien
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Tony Smits
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joline van der Lee
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology-Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.,Global Virus Network, Center of Excellence
| | - Frank Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Berend-Jan Bosch
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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27
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Chekol Abebe E, Tiruneh G/Medhin M, Behaile T/Mariam A, Asmamaw Dejenie T, Mengie Ayele T, Tadele Admasu F, Tilahun Muche Z, Asmare Adela G. Mutational Pattern, Impacts and Potential Preventive Strategies of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Variant Infection. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:1871-1887. [PMID: 35450114 PMCID: PMC9017707 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s360103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of COVID 19, the authentic SARS-CoV-2 has evolved into a range of novel variants that are of more global concern. In late November 2021, the Omicron (lineage B.1.1.529) variant was identified as a new variant and considered as the fifth variant of concern. Omicron harbors a genetic profile that is exceedingly unusual, with a huge number of mutations. Above thirty mutations are localized in the S protein, while some are found in other structural and non-structural proteins. Half of the mutations in the S protein are in the RBD, which is a major target of antibodies, showing that Omicron mutations may affect antibody binding affinity to the S protein. The Omicron variant has been found to result in immune escape, therapeutic or vaccine escape, as well as increased transmissibility and reinfection risk, explaining its rapid international spread that sparks a global alarm even more serious than the previously reported variants. Omicron has the capability to bypass at least some of the multi-faceted immune responses induced by prior infection or vaccination. It is shown to extensively escape neutralizing antibodies while evading cell mediated immune defense to a lesser extent. The efficacy of COVID 19 vaccines against Omicron variant is decreased with primary vaccination, showing that the vaccine is less efficient in preventing Omicron infections. However, after receiving a booster vaccine dose, the immunological response to Omicron significantly improved and hold promising results. Despite the mild nature of the disease in most vaccinated people, the rapid spread of Omicron, as well as the increased risk of re-infection, poses yet another major public health concern. Therefore, effort should be devoted to maintaining the existing COVID 19 preventive measures as well as developing new vaccination strategies in order to control the fast dissemination of Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endeshaw Chekol Abebe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Markeshaw Tiruneh G/Medhin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Awgichew Behaile T/Mariam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Asmamaw Dejenie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Teklie Mengie Ayele
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Fitalew Tadele Admasu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Tilahun Muche
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Asmare Adela
- Department of Reproductive Health and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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28
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Matrajt L, Brown ER, Cohen MS, Dimitrov D, Janes H. Could widespread use of antiviral treatment curb the COVID-19 pandemic? A modeling study. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2021.11.10.21266139. [PMID: 34790985 PMCID: PMC8597888 DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.10.21266139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the development of safe and effective vaccines, effective treatments for COVID-19 disease are still desperately needed. Recently, two antiviral drugs have shown to be effective in reducing hospitalizations in clinical trials. In the present work, we use an agent-based mathematical model to assess the potential population impact of the use of antiviral treatments in four countries, corresponding to four current levels of vaccination coverage: Kenya, Mexico, United States (US) and Belgium, with 1.5, 38, 57 and 74% of their populations vaccinated. For each location, we varied antiviral coverage and antiviral effect in reducing viral load (25, 50, 75 or 100% reduction). Irrespective of location, widespread antiviral treatment of symptomatic infections (≥50% coverage) is expected to prevent the majority of COVID-19 deaths. Furthermore, even treating 20% of adult symptomatic infections, is expected to reduce mortality by a third in all countries, irrespective of the assumed treatment efficacy in reducing viral load. Our results suggest that early antiviral treatment is needed to mitigate transmission, with early treatment (within two days of symptoms) preventing 50% more infections compared to late treatment (started on days 3 to 5 after developing symptoms). Our results highlight the synergistic effect of vaccination and antiviral treatment: as vaccination rate increased, antiviral treatment had a bigger impact on overall transmission. These results suggest that antiviral treatments can become a strategic tool that, in combination with vaccination, can significantly control SASRS-CoV-2 transmission and reduce COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Matrajt
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Brown
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Myron S. Cohen
- Institute of Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dobromir Dimitrov
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Holly Janes
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Jung C, Kmiec D, Koepke L, Zech F, Jacob T, Sparrer KMJ, Kirchhoff F. Omicron: What Makes the Latest SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern So Concerning? J Virol 2022; 96:e0207721. [PMID: 35225672 PMCID: PMC8941872 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02077-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging strains of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, that show increased transmission fitness and/or immune evasion are classified as "variants of concern" (VOCs). Recently, a SARS-CoV-2 variant first identified in November 2021 in South Africa has been recognized as a fifth VOC, termed "Omicron." What makes this VOC so alarming is the high number of changes, especially in the viral Spike protein, and accumulating evidence for increased transmission efficiency and escape from neutralizing antibodies. In an amazingly short time, the Omicron VOC has outcompeted the previously dominating Delta VOC. However, it seems that the Omicron VOC is overall less pathogenic than other SARS-CoV-2 VOCs. Here, we provide an overview of the mutations in the Omicron genome and the resulting changes in viral proteins compared to other SARS-CoV-2 strains and discuss their potential functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jung
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dorota Kmiec
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lennart Koepke
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabian Zech
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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Touret F, Baronti C, Bouzidi HS, de Lamballerie X. In vitro evaluation of therapeutic antibodies against a SARS-CoV-2 Omicron B.1.1.529 isolate. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4683. [PMID: 35304531 PMCID: PMC8931583 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and rapid spread of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, which has more than 30 substitutions in the spike glycoprotein, compromises the efficacy of currently available vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. Using a clinical strain of the Omicron variant, we analyzed the neutralizing power of eight currently used monoclonal antibodies compared to the ancestral B.1 BavPat1 D614G strain. We observed that six of these antibodies have lost their ability to neutralize the Omicron variant. Of the antibodies still having neutralizing activity, Sotrovimab/Vir-7831 shows the smallest reduction in activity, with a factor change of 3.1. Cilgavimab/AZD1061 alone shows a reduction in efficacy of 15.8, resulting in a significant loss of activity for the Evusheld cocktail (42.6-fold reduction) in which the other antibody, Tixagevimab, does not retain significant activity against Omicron. Our results suggest that the clinical efficacy of the initially proposed doses should be rapidly evaluated and the possible need to modify doses or propose combination therapies should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Touret
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France.
| | - Cécile Baronti
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Hawa Sophia Bouzidi
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille University-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
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31
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Abstract
Preexisting immunity to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was nonexistent in humans, which coupled with high transmission rates of certain SARS-CoV-2 variants and limited vaccine uptake or availability, has collectively resulted in an ongoing global pandemic. The identification and establishment of one or multiple correlates of protection (CoP) against infectious pathogens is challenging, but beneficial from both the patient care and public health perspectives. Multiple studies have shown that neutralizing antibodies, whether generated following SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination, or a combination of both (i.e., hybrid immunity), as well as adaptive cellular immune responses, serve as CoPs for COVID-19. However, the diverse number and type of serologic assays, alongside the lack of cross-assay standardization and emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants with immune evasive characteristics, have collectively posed challenges to determining a robust CoP ‘threshold’ and for the routine utilization of these assays to document ‘immunity,’ as is commonly done for other vaccine preventable diseases. Here, we discuss what CoPs are, review our current understanding of infection-induced, vaccine-elicited and hybrid immunity to COVID-19 and summarize the current and potential future utility of SARS-CoV-2 serologic testing.
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32
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Schulz SR, Hoffmann M, Roth E, Pracht K, Burnett DL, Mazigi O, Schuh W, Manger B, Mielenz D, Goodnow CC, Christ D, Pöhlmann S, Jäck H. Augmented Neutralization of SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron Variant by Boost Vaccination and Monoclonal Antibodies. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:970-977. [PMID: 35253229 PMCID: PMC9087419 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Effective vaccines and monoclonal antibodies have been developed against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). However, the appearance of virus variants with higher transmissibility and pathogenicity is a major concern because of their potential to escape vaccines and clinically approved SARS‐CoV‐2‐ antibodies. Here, we use flow cytometry‐based binding and pseudotyped SARS‐CoV‐2 neutralization assays to determine the efficacy of boost immunization and therapeutic antibodies to neutralize the dominant Omicron variant. We provide compelling evidence that the third vaccination with BNT162b2 increases the amount of neutralizing serum antibodies against Delta and Omicron variants, albeit to a lower degree when compared to the parental Wuhan strain. Therefore, a third vaccination is warranted to increase titers of protective serum antibodies, especially in the case of the Omicron variant. We also found that most clinically approved and otherwise potent therapeutic antibodies against the Delta variant failed to recognize and neutralize the Omicron variant. In contrast, some antibodies under preclinical development potentially neutralized the Omicron variant. Our studies also support using a flow cytometry‐based antibody binding assay to rapidly monitor therapeutic candidates and serum titers against emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian R. Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology Department of Internal Medicine 3 Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐Zentrum Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit German Primate Center ‐ Leibniz Institute for Primate Research Faculty of Biology and Psychology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Edith Roth
- Division of Molecular Immunology Department of Internal Medicine 3 Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐Zentrum Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Katharina Pracht
- Division of Molecular Immunology Department of Internal Medicine 3 Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐Zentrum Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Deborah L. Burnett
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia
| | - Ohan Mazigi
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology Department of Internal Medicine 3 Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐Zentrum Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Bernhard Manger
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 University Hospital Erlangen Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology Department of Internal Medicine 3 Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐Zentrum Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Christopher C. Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Cellular Genomics Futures Institute UNSW Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney New South Wales Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit German Primate Center ‐ Leibniz Institute for Primate Research Faculty of Biology and Psychology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Hans‐Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology Department of Internal Medicine 3 Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐Zentrum Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
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33
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Ham RE, Smothers AR, Che R, Sell KJ, Peng CA, Dean D. Identifying SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern through saliva-based RT-qPCR by targeting recurrent mutation sites.. [PMID: 35262087 PMCID: PMC8902870 DOI: 10.1101/2022.03.02.22271785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) continue to pose a public health threat which necessitates a real-time monitoring strategy to compliment whole genome sequencing. Thus, we investigated the efficacy of competitive probe RT-qPCR assays for six mutation sites identified in SARS-CoV-2 VOCs and, after validating the assays with synthetic RNA, performed these assays on positive saliva samples. When compared with whole genome sequence results, the SΔ69-70 and ORF1aΔ3675-3677 assays demonstrated 93.60% and 68.00% accuracy, respectively. The SNP assays (K417T, E484K, E484Q, L452R) demonstrated 99.20%, 96.40%, 99.60%, and 96.80% accuracies, respectively. Lastly, we screened 345 positive saliva samples from December 7-22, 2021 using Omicron-specific mutation assays and were able to quickly identify rapid spread of Omicron in Upstate South Carolina. Our workflow demonstrates a novel approach for low-cost, real-time population screening of VOCs.ImportanceSARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and their many sublineages can be characterized by mutations present within their genetic sequences. These mutations can provide selective advantages such as increased transmissibility and antibody evasion, which influences public health recommendations such as mask mandates, quarantine requirements, and treatment regimens. Our real-time RT-qPCR workflow allows for strain identification of SARS-CoV-2 positive saliva samples by targeting common mutation sites shared between VOCs and detecting single nucleotides present at the targeted location. This differential diagnostic system can quickly and effectively identify a wide array of SARS-CoV-2 strains, which can provide more informed public health surveillance strategies in the future.
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Rayati Damavandi A, Dowran R, Al Sharif S, Kashanchi F, Jafari R. Molecular variants of SARS-CoV-2: antigenic properties and current vaccine efficacy. Med Microbiol Immunol 2022; 211:79-103. [PMID: 35235048 PMCID: PMC8889515 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-022-00729-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An ongoing pandemic of newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 has puzzled many scientists and health care policymakers around the globe. The appearance of the virus was accompanied by several distinct antigenic changes, specifically spike protein which is a key element for host cell entry of virus and major target of currently developing vaccines. Some of these mutations enable the virus to attach to receptors more firmly and easily. Moreover, a growing number of trials are demonstrating higher transmissibility and, in some of them, potentially more serious forms of illness related to novel variants. Some of these lineages, especially the Beta variant of concern, were reported to diminish the neutralizing activity of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies present in both convalescent and vaccine sera. This could imply that these independently emerged variants could make antiviral strategies prone to serious threats. The rapid changes in the mutational profile of new clades, especially escape mutations, suggest the convergent evolution of the virus due to immune pressure. Nevertheless, great international efforts have been dedicated to producing efficacious vaccines with cutting-edge technologies. Despite the partial decrease in vaccines efficacy against worrisome clades, most current vaccines are still effective at preventing mild to severe forms of disease and hospital admission or death due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we summarize existing evidence about newly emerged variants of SARS-CoV-2 and, notably, how well vaccines work against targeting new variants and modifications of highly flexible mRNA vaccines that might be required in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirmasoud Rayati Damavandi
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Exceptional Talents Development Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Dowran
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Exceptional Talents Development Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarah Al Sharif
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Reza Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. .,Hematology, Immune Cell Therapy, and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Abstract
Sotrovimab (Xevudy®) is a recombinant human monoclonal antibody targeted against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. It is being developed by Vir Biotechnology in collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Sotrovimab received its first emergency use authorization in May 2021 for the treatment of COVID-19 in the USA, with interim, emergency or conditional authorizations subsequently granted in several other countries. In December 2021, sotrovimab received its first full approval in the EU for use in adolescents (aged ≥ 12 years and weighing ≥ 40 kg) and adults with COVID-19 who do not require oxygen supplementation and who are at high risk of progressing to severe COVID-19. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of sotrovimab leading to this first approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-A Heo
- Springer Nature, Private Bag 65901, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0754, New Zealand.
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36
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Fang Z, Peng L, Filler R, Suzuki K, McNamara A, Lin Q, Renauer PA, Yang L, Menasche B, Sanchez A, Ren P, Xiong Q, Strine M, Clark P, Lin C, Ko AI, Grubaugh ND, Wilen CB, Chen S. Omicron-specific mRNA vaccination alone and as a heterologous booster against SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.02.14.480449. [PMID: 35194606 PMCID: PMC8863141 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.14.480449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has high transmissibility and recently swept the globe. Due to the extensive number of mutations, this variant has high level of immune evasion, which drastically reduced the efficacy of existing antibodies and vaccines. Thus, it is important to test an Omicron-specific vaccine, evaluate its immune response against Omicron and other variants, and compare its immunogenicity as boosters with existing vaccine designed against the reference wildtype virus (WT). Here, we generated an Omicron-specific lipid nanoparticle (LNP) mRNA vaccine candidate, and tested its activity in animals, both alone and as a heterologous booster to existing WT mRNA vaccine. Our Omicron-specific LNP-mRNA vaccine elicited strong and specific antibody response in vaccination-naive mice. Mice that received two-dose WT LNP-mRNA, the one mimicking the commonly used Pfizer/Moderna mRNA vaccine, showed a >40-fold reduction in neutralization potency against Omicron variant than that against WT two weeks post second dose, which further reduced to background level >3 months post second dose. As a booster shot for two-dose WT mRNA vaccinated mice, a single dose of either a homologous booster with WT LNP-mRNA or a heterologous booster with Omicron LNP-mRNA restored the waning antibody response against Omicron, with over 40-fold increase at two weeks post injection as compared to right before booster. Interestingly, the heterologous Omicron LNP-mRNA booster elicited neutralizing titers 10-20 fold higher than the homologous WT booster against the Omicron variant, with comparable titers against the Delta variant. All three types of vaccination, including Omicron mRNA alone, WT mRNA homologous booster, and Omicron heterologous booster, elicited broad binding antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 WA-1, Beta, and Delta variants, as well as other Betacoronavirus species such as SARS-CoV, but not Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). These data provided direct proof-of-concept assessments of an Omicron-specific mRNA vaccination in vivo, both alone and as a heterologous booster to the existing widely-used WT mRNA vaccine form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Fang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lei Peng
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Renata Filler
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kazushi Suzuki
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew McNamara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qianqian Lin
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paul A. Renauer
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Luojia Yang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Bridget Menasche
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Angie Sanchez
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Yale College, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ping Ren
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qiancheng Xiong
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Madison Strine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paul Clark
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chenxiang Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nathan D. Grubaugh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Craig B. Wilen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sidi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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38
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Bell S, Campbell J, Lambourg E, Watters C, O'Neil M, Almond A, Buck K, Carr E, Clark L, Cousland Z, Findlay M, Joss N, Metcalfe W, Petrie M, Spalding E, Traynor J, Sanu V, Thomson P, Methven S, Mark P. The Impact of Vaccination on Incidence and Outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients with Kidney Failure in Scotland. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:677-686. [PMID: 35110363 PMCID: PMC8970454 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with kidney failure requiring kidney replacement therapy (KRT) are at high risk of complications and death following SARS-CoV-2 infection with variable antibody responses to vaccination reported. We investigated the effects of COVID-19 vaccination on incidence of infection, hospitalization and death of COVID-19 infection. Methods: Study design was an observational data linkage cohort study. Multiple healthcare datasets were linked to ascertain all SARS-CoV-2 testing, vaccination, hospitalization, and mortality data for all patients treated with KRT in Scotland, from the start of the pandemic over a period of 20 months. Descriptive statistics, survival analyses, and vaccine effectiveness were calculated. Results: As of 19th September 2021, 93% (n=5281) of the established KRT population in Scotland had received two doses of an approved SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Over the study period, there were 814 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection (15.1% of the KRT population). Vaccine effectiveness against infection and hospitalization was 33% (95% CI 0-52) and 38% (95% CI 0-57) respectively. 9.2% of fully vaccinated individuals died within 28 days of a SARS-CoV-2 positive PCR test (7% dialysis patients and 10% kidney transplant recipients). This compares to <0.1% of the vaccinated Scottish population being admitted to hospital or dying death due to COVID19 during that period. Conclusions: These data demonstrate a primary vaccine course of two doses has limited impact on COVID-19 infection and its complications in patients treated with KRT. Adjunctive strategies to reduce risk of both COVID-19 infection and its complications in this population are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Bell
- S Bell, Division of Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee School of Medicine, Dundee, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jacqueline Campbell
- J Campbell, The Scottish Renal Registry, Scottish Health Audits, Public Health Scotland Glasgow Office, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Emilie Lambourg
- E Lambourg, Division of Population Health and Genomics, University of Dundee School of Medicine, Dundee, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Chrissie Watters
- C Watters, The Scottish Renal Registry, Scottish Health Audits, Public Health Scotland Glasgow Office, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Martin O'Neil
- M O'Neil, The Scottish Renal Registry, Scottish Health Audits, Public Health Scotland Glasgow Office, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Alison Almond
- A Almond, Renal Unit, Mountainhall Treatment Centre, Dumfries, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Katharine Buck
- K Buck, Renal Unit, Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Edward Carr
- E Carr, Cell Biology of Infection Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Laura Clark
- L Clark, Department of Renal Medicine, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Zoe Cousland
- Z Cousland, Renal Unit, Monklands Hospital, Airdrie, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Mark Findlay
- M Findlay, Glasgow Renal & Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Nicola Joss
- N Joss, Renal Unit, Raigmore Hospital, Inverness, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Wendy Metcalfe
- W Metcalfe, Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Michaela Petrie
- M Petrie, Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Elaine Spalding
- E Spalding, Renal Unit, University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jamie Traynor
- J Traynor, Glasgow Renal & Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Vinod Sanu
- V Sanu, Renal Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Peter Thomson
- P Thomson, Glasgow Renal & Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Shona Methven
- S Methven, Department of Renal Medicine, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Patrick Mark
- P Mark, Glasgow Renal & Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Campus, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Antibody titers and breakthrough infections with Omicron SARS-CoV-2. J Infect 2022; 84:e13-e15. [PMID: 35123960 PMCID: PMC8812090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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40
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Broadly neutralizing antibodies overcome SARS-CoV-2 Omicron antigenic shift. Nature 2022; 602:664-670. [PMID: 35016195 PMCID: PMC9531318 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 346.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant encodes 37 amino acid substitutions in the spike protein, 15 of which are in the receptor-binding domain (RBD), thereby raising concerns about the effectiveness of available vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics. Here we show that the Omicron RBD binds to human ACE2 with enhanced affinity, relative to the Wuhan-Hu-1 RBD, and binds to mouse ACE2. Marked reductions in neutralizing activity were observed against Omicron compared to the ancestral pseudovirus in plasma from convalescent individuals and from individuals who had been vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, but this loss was less pronounced after a third dose of vaccine. Most monoclonal antibodies that are directed against the receptor-binding motif lost in vitro neutralizing activity against Omicron, with only 3 out of 29 monoclonal antibodies retaining unaltered potency, including the ACE2-mimicking S2K146 antibody1. Furthermore, a fraction of broadly neutralizing sarbecovirus monoclonal antibodies neutralized Omicron through recognition of antigenic sites outside the receptor-binding motif, including sotrovimab2, S2X2593 and S2H974. The magnitude of Omicron-mediated immune evasion marks a major antigenic shift in SARS-CoV-2. Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that recognize RBD epitopes that are conserved among SARS-CoV-2 variants and other sarbecoviruses may prove key to controlling the ongoing pandemic and future zoonotic spillovers.
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Planas D, Saunders N, Maes P, Guivel-Benhassine F, Planchais C, Buchrieser J, Bolland WH, Porrot F, Staropoli I, Lemoine F, Péré H, Veyer D, Puech J, Rodary J, Baele G, Dellicour S, Raymenants J, Gorissen S, Geenen C, Vanmechelen B, Wawina-Bokalanga T, Martí-Carreras J, Cuypers L, Sève A, Hocqueloux L, Prazuck T, Rey F, Simon-Loriere E, Bruel T, Mouquet H, André E, Schwartz O. Considerable escape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron to antibody neutralization. Nature 2021; 602:671-675. [PMID: 35016199 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 923] [Impact Index Per Article: 307.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant was first identified in November 2021 in Botswana and South Africa1-3. It has since then spread to many countries and is expected to rapidly become dominant worldwide. The lineage is characterized by the presence of about 32 mutations in the spike, located mostly in the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the receptor binding domain (RBD), which may enhance viral fitness and allow antibody evasion. Here, we isolated an infectious Omicron virus in Belgium, from a traveller returning from Egypt. We examined its sensitivity to 9 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) clinically approved or in development4, and to antibodies present in 115 sera from COVID-19 vaccine recipients or convalescent individuals. Omicron was totally or partially resistant to neutralization by all mAbs tested. Sera from Pfizer or AstraZeneca vaccine recipients, sampled 5 months after complete vaccination, barely inhibited Omicron. Sera from COVID-19 convalescent patients collected 6 or 12 months post symptoms displayed low or no neutralizing activity against Omicron. Administration of a booster Pfizer dose as well as vaccination of previously infected individuals generated an anti-Omicron neutralizing response, with titers 6 to 23 fold lower against Omicron than against Delta. Thus, Omicron escapes most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and to a large extent vaccine-elicited antibodies. Omicron remains however neutralized by antibodies generated by a booster vaccine dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Planas
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Nell Saunders
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, École doctorale BioSPC 562, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Cyril Planchais
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM U1222, Humoral Immunology Laboratory, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - William-Henry Bolland
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, École doctorale BioSPC 562, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Porrot
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Lemoine
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS USR 3756, Hub de Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Péré
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, 75015, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordelier, INSERM, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), 75006, Paris, France
| | - David Veyer
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, 75015, Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche des Cordelier, INSERM, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), 75006, Paris, France
| | - Julien Puech
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Julien Rodary
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Guy Baele
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simon Dellicour
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium.,Université Libre de Bruxelles, Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Joren Raymenants
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory Clinical Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gorissen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory Clinical Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caspar Geenen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory Clinical Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Vanmechelen
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tony Wawina-Bokalanga
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joan Martí-Carreras
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lize Cuypers
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aymeric Sève
- CHR d'Orléans, service de maladies infectieuses, Orléans, France
| | | | - Thierry Prazuck
- CHR d'Orléans, service de maladies infectieuses, Orléans, France
| | - Félix Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Structural Virology Unit, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Etienne Simon-Loriere
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, G5 Evolutionary genomics of RNA viruses, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015, Paris, France. .,Vaccine Research Institute, 94000, Créteil, France.
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM U1222, Humoral Immunology Laboratory, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Emmanuel André
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory Clinical Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium. .,University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Reference Centre for Respiratory Pathogens, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015, Paris, France. .,Vaccine Research Institute, 94000, Créteil, France.
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