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Quarleri J, Delpino MV, Galvan V. Anticipating the future of the COVID-19 pandemic: insights into the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variant JN.1 and its projected impact on older adults. GeroScience 2024; 46:2879-2883. [PMID: 38198026 PMCID: PMC11009205 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Quarleri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Paraguay 2155, Piso 11, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Paraguay 2155, Piso 11, C1121ABG, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Veronica Galvan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Center for Geroscience and Healthy Brain Aging, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- US Department of Veterans Affairs, Oklahoma City VA Health Care System, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Chakraborty C, Bhattacharya M. FLip mutations (L455F + F456L) in newly emerging VOI, JN.1: Its antibody and immune escape. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112146. [PMID: 38677090 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, one of the biggest challenges was the continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2 through various mutations. This has resulted in the emergence of several variants and subvariants. The escape mutations are reported as significant mutations in several variants and subvariants responsible for immune, antibody, and nAb escape. It has been reported that FLip mutations (L455F and F456L) in the spike RBD are responsible for immune evasion and antibody escape. Recently, WHO has included a new SARS-CoV-2 VOI, JN.1 lineage, a descendent of BA.2.86. The variant is reported from more than 41 countries, including France, the USA, Canada, the UK, Singapore, Sweden, and India. It contains FLip mutations in the spike protein in RBD (L455F and F456L). The risk assessment of the variant by WHO shows it has increased transmission, immune escape, and antibody escape due to the mutations. The article illustrated that FLip mutations in RBD (L455F and F456L) are responsible for augmented transmission and immune and antibody escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700126, India.
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore 756020, Odisha, India
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Wang X, Zhang M, Wei K, Li C, Yang J, Jiang S, Zhao C, Zhao X, Qiao R, Cui Y, Chen Y, Li J, Cai G, Liu C, Yu J, Zhang W, Xie F, Wang P, Zhang Y. Longitudinal Analysis of Humoral and Cellular Immune Response up to 6 Months after SARS-CoV-2 BA.5/BF.7/XBB Breakthrough Infection and BA.5/BF.7-XBB Reinfection. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:464. [PMID: 38793715 PMCID: PMC11125724 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid mutation of SARS-CoV-2 has led to multiple rounds of large-scale breakthrough infection and reinfection worldwide. However, the dynamic changes of humoral and cellular immunity responses to several subvariants after infection remain unclear. In our study, a 6-month longitudinal immune response evaluation was conducted on 118 sera and 50 PBMC samples from 49 healthy individuals who experienced BA.5/BF.7/XBB breakthrough infection or BA.5/BF.7-XBB reinfection. By studying antibody response, memory B cell, and IFN-γ secreting CD4+/CD8+ T cell response to several SARS-CoV-2 variants, we observed that each component of immune response exhibited distinct kinetics. Either BA.5/BF.7/XBB breakthrough infection or BA.5/BF.7-XBB reinfection induces relatively high level of binding and neutralizing antibody titers against Omicron subvariants at an early time point, which rapidly decreases over time. Most of the individuals at 6 months post-breakthrough infection completely lost their neutralizing activities against BQ.1.1, CH.1.1, BA.2.86, JN.1 and XBB subvariants. Individuals with BA.5/BF.7-XBB reinfection exhibit immune imprinting shifting and recall pre-existing BA.5/BF.7 neutralization antibodies. In the BA.5 breakthrough infection group, the frequency of BA.5 and XBB.1.16-RBD specific memory B cells, resting memory B cells, and intermediate memory B cells gradually increased over time. On the other hand, the frequency of IFN-γ secreting CD4+/CD8+ T cells induced by WT/BA.5/XBB.1.16 spike trimer remains stable over time. Overall, our research indicates that individuals with breakthrough infection have rapidly declining antibody levels but have a relatively stable cellular immunity that can provide some degree of protection from future exposure to new antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wang
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China; (X.W.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Q.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (S.J.)
- Nanjing Research Center for Infectious Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing 210001, China
| | - Kaifeng Wei
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine·College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Chen Li
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China; (X.W.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Q.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jinghui Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (S.J.)
- Nanjing Research Center for Infectious Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing 210001, China
| | - Shujun Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (S.J.)
- Nanjing Research Center for Infectious Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing 210001, China
| | - Chaoyue Zhao
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China; (X.W.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Q.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China; (X.W.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Q.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Rui Qiao
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China; (X.W.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Q.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yuchen Cui
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China; (X.W.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Q.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yanjia Chen
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China; (X.W.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Q.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jiayan Li
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China; (X.W.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Q.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Guonan Cai
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China; (X.W.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Q.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Changyi Liu
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China; (X.W.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Q.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jizhen Yu
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China; (X.W.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Q.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China;
| | - Faren Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (S.J.)
- Nanjing Research Center for Infectious Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing 210001, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China; (X.W.); (C.L.); (C.Z.); (X.Z.); (R.Q.); (Y.C.); (Y.C.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yanliang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (M.Z.); (J.Y.); (S.J.)
- Nanjing Research Center for Infectious Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing 210001, China
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Ou G, Yang Y, Zhang S, Niu S, Cai Q, Liu Y, Lu H. Evolving immune evasion and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2: The emergence of JN.1 variant and its global impact. Drug Discov Ther 2024; 18:67-70. [PMID: 38382991 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2024.01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants constitutes a significant impediment to the public health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has designated the SARS-CoV-2 variant JN.1, which has evolved from its progenitor BA.2.86, as a Variant of Interest (VOI) in light of its enhanced immune evasion and transmissibility. The proliferating dissemination of JN.1 globally accentuates its competitive superiority and the potential to instigate fresh surges of infection, notably among cohorts previously infected by antecedent variants. Notably, prevailing evidence does not corroborate an increase in pathogenicity associated with JN.1, and antiviral agents retain their antiviral activity against both BA.2.86 and JN.1. The sustained effectiveness of antiviral agents offers a beacon of hope. Nonetheless, the variant's adeptness at eluding the immunoprotective effects conferred by extant vaccines highlights the imperative for the development of more effective vaccines and therapeutic approaches. Overall, the distinct evolutionary trajectories of BA.2.86 and JN.1 underscore the necessity for ongoing surveillance and scholarly inquiry to elucidate their implications for the pandemic's evolution, which requires the international communities to foster collaboration through the sharing of data, exchange of insights, and collective scientific endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyong Ou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- National Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- National Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengjie Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- National Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyu Niu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- National Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingxian Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- National Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- National Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, State Key Discipline of Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- National Clinical Research Center for infectious disease, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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5
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Focosi D, Casadevall A, Franchini M, Maggi F. Sotrovimab: A Review of Its Efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Viruses 2024; 16:217. [PMID: 38399991 PMCID: PMC10891757 DOI: 10.3390/v16020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the anti-Spike monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), the S-309 derivative sotrovimab was the most successful in having the longest temporal window of clinical use, showing a high degree of resiliency to SARS-CoV-2 evolution interrupted only by the appearance of the BA.2.86* variant of interest (VOI). This success undoubtedly reflects rational selection to target a highly conserved epitope in coronavirus Spike proteins. We review here the efficacy of sotrovimab against different SARS-CoV-2 variants in outpatients and inpatients, discussing both randomized controlled trials and real-world evidence. Although it could not be anticipated at the time of its development and introduction, sotrovimab's use in immunocompromised individuals who harbor large populations of variant viruses created the conditions for its eventual demise, as antibody selection and viral evolution led to its eventual withdrawal due to inefficacy against later variant lineages. Despite this, based on observational and real-world data, some authorities have continued to promote the use of sotrovimab, but the lack of binding to newer variants strongly argues for the futility of continued use. The story of sotrovimab highlights the power of modern biomedical science to generate novel therapeutics while also providing a cautionary tale for the need to devise strategies to minimize the emergence of resistance to antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Focosi
- North-Western Tuscany Blood Bank, Pisa University Hospital, via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Massimo Franchini
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hematology, Carlo Poma Hospital, 46100 Mantua, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Maggi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy;
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Bolland W, Michel V, Planas D, Hubert M, Staropoli I, Guivel-Benhassine F, Porrot F, N'Debi M, Rodriguez C, Fourati S, Prot M, Planchais C, Hocqueloux L, Simon-Lorière E, Mouquet H, Prazuck T, Pawlotsky JM, Bruel T, Schwartz O, Buchrieser J. High fusion and cytopathy of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.640.1. J Virol 2024; 98:e0135123. [PMID: 38088562 PMCID: PMC10805008 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01351-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants with undetermined properties have emerged intermittently throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Some variants possess unique phenotypes and mutations which allow further characterization of viral evolution and Spike functions. Around 1,100 cases of the B.1.640.1 variant were reported in Africa and Europe between 2021 and 2022, before the expansion of Omicron. Here, we analyzed the biological properties of a B.1.640.1 isolate and its Spike. Compared to the ancestral Spike, B.1.640.1 carried 14 amino acid substitutions and deletions. B.1.640.1 escaped binding by some anti-N-terminal domain and anti-receptor-binding domain monoclonal antibodies, and neutralization by sera from convalescent and vaccinated individuals. In cell lines, infection generated large syncytia and a high cytopathic effect. In primary airway cells, B.1.640.1 replicated less than Omicron BA.1 and triggered more syncytia and cell death than other variants. The B.1.640.1 Spike was highly fusogenic when expressed alone. This was mediated by two poorly characterized and infrequent mutations located in the Spike S2 domain, T859N and D936H. Altogether, our results highlight the cytopathy of a hyper-fusogenic SARS-CoV-2 variant, supplanted upon the emergence of Omicron BA.1. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT04750720.)IMPORTANCEOur results highlight the plasticity of SARS-CoV-2 Spike to generate highly fusogenic and cytopathic strains with the causative mutations being uncharacterized in previous variants. We describe mechanisms regulating the formation of syncytia and the subsequent consequences in a primary culture model, which are poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bolland
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Michel
- Pathogenesis of Vascular Infections Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Planas
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Mathieu Hubert
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Staropoli
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | | | - Françoise Porrot
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
| | - Mélissa N'Debi
- Department of Virology, Hôpital Henri Mondor (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - Christophe Rodriguez
- Department of Virology, Hôpital Henri Mondor (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - Slim Fourati
- Department of Virology, Hôpital Henri Mondor (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - Matthieu Prot
- Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Humoral Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | | | - Etienne Simon-Lorière
- Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Humoral Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
- Department of Virology, Hôpital Henri Mondor (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Paris, France
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