1
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Marchand G, Fliniaux I, Titran P, Takeda Uchimura Y, Bodart JF, Harduin Lepers A, Cailliau K, Marin M. Cadmium induces physiological and behavioral changes associated with 180 kDa NCAM lower expression and higher polysialic acid, in the African clawed Xenopus laevis tadpoles. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116119. [PMID: 38382347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals are released into the environment in increasing amounts from different natural and anthropogenic sources. Among them, cadmium contaminates aquatic habitats and represents a threat to Amphibians. To assess the risks of exposure to cadmium in the aquatic environment, we studied the survival rate of early tadpoles of Xenopus laevis under exposure to CdCl2 for 6 days in the concentration range between 0.15 and 150 µM of Cd2+. Tadpoles survived and reached stage 45 before feeding at all concentrations tested except 150 µM Cd2+, which significantly induced death. With an exposure of 15 µM Cd2+, tadpoles' mean body length decreased, heart rate increased, fastest swimming speed decreased, and distance traveled was greater compared to unexposed controls. Additionally, a witness of neuronal normal development, the neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM) expression, was decreased. Moreover, this cell-surface glycoprotein exhibited higher polysialylation, a post-translational modification capable to reduce cell adhesion properties and to affect organ development. Our study highlights the effects of Cd2+ on a series of parameters including morphology, physiology, and behavior. They emphasize the deregulation of molecular NCAM suggesting this effector is an interesting biomarker to detect cadmic toxicity in early tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Marchand
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Ingrid Fliniaux
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Pauline Titran
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Yoshiko Takeda Uchimura
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Jean-François Bodart
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Anne Harduin Lepers
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Katia Cailliau
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille F-59000, France
| | - Matthieu Marin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille F-59000, France.
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2
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Schilling S, Pradhan A, Heesch A, Helbig A, Blennow K, Koch C, Bertgen L, Koo EH, Brinkmalm G, Zetterberg H, Kins S, Eggert S. Differential effects of familial Alzheimer's disease-causing mutations on amyloid precursor protein (APP) trafficking, proteolytic conversion, and synaptogenic activity. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:87. [PMID: 37259128 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a key player in Alzheimer`s disease (AD) and the precursor of the Aβ peptide, which is generated by consecutive cleavages of β- and γ-secretases. Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) describes a hereditary subgroup of AD that represents a low percentage of AD cases with an early onset of the disease. Different APP FAD mutations are thought to have qualitatively different effects on its proteolytic conversion. However, few studies have explored the pathogenic and putative physiological differences in more detail. Here, we compared different FAD mutations, located at the β- (Swedish), α- (Flemish, Arctic, Iowa) or γ-secretase (Iberian) cleavage sites. We examined heterologous expression of APP WT and FAD mutants in non-neuronal cells and their impact on presynaptic differentiation in contacting axons of co-cultured neurons. To decipher the underlying molecular mechanism, we tested the subcellular localization, the endocytosis rate and the proteolytic processing in detail by immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry. Interestingly, we found that only the Iberian mutation showed altered synaptogenic function. Furthermore, the APP Iowa mutant shows significantly decreased α-secretase processing which is in line with our results that APP carrying the Iowa mutation was significantly increased in early endosomes. However, most interestingly, immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the amino acid substitutions of APP FAD mutants have a decisive impact on their processing reflected in altered Aβ profiles. Importantly, N-terminally truncated Aβ peptides starting at position 5 were detected preferentially for APP Flemish, Arctic, and Iowa mutants containing amino acid substitutions around the α-secretase cleavage site. The strongest change in the ratio of Aβ40/Aβ42 was observed for the Iberian mutation while APP Swedish showed a substantial increase in Aβ1-17 peptides. Together, our data indicate that familial AD mutations located at the α-, β-, and γ-secretase cleavage sites show considerable differences in the underlying pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schilling
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ajay Pradhan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Amelie Heesch
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andrea Helbig
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christian Koch
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Lea Bertgen
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Edward H Koo
- San Diego (UCSD), Department of Neuroscience, University of California, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0662, USA
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simone Eggert
- Department of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City-Campus, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.
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3
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Garrett EC, Bielawski AM, Ruchti E, Sherer LM, Waghmare I, Hess-Homeier D, McCabe BD, Stowers RS, Certel SJ. The matricellular protein Drosophila Cellular Communication Network Factor is required for synaptic transmission and female fertility. Genetics 2023; 223:iyac190. [PMID: 36602539 PMCID: PMC9991515 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the extracellular matrix, matricellular proteins are dynamically expressed nonstructural proteins that interact with cell surface receptors, growth factors, and proteases, as well as with structural matrix proteins. The cellular communication network factors family of matricellular proteins serve regulatory roles to regulate cell function and are defined by their conserved multimodular organization. Here, we characterize the expression and neuronal requirement for the Drosophila cellular communication network factor family member. Drosophila cellular communication network factor is expressed in the nervous system throughout development including in subsets of monoamine-expressing neurons. Drosophila cellular communication network factor-expressing abdominal ganglion neurons innervate the ovaries and uterus and the loss of Drosophila cellular communication network factor results in reduced female fertility. In addition, Drosophila cellular communication network factor accumulates at the synaptic cleft and is required for neurotransmission at the larval neuromuscular junction. Analyzing the function of the single Drosophila cellular communication network factor family member will enhance our potential to understand how the microenvironment impacts neurotransmitter release in distinct cellular contexts and in response to activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley M Bielawski
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Evelyne Ruchti
- Brain Mind Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lewis M Sherer
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Indrayani Waghmare
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Program in Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David Hess-Homeier
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Brian D McCabe
- Brain Mind Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Steven Stowers
- Department of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Sarah J Certel
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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4
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Moghimianavval H, Patel C, Mohapatra S, Hwang SW, Kayikcioglu T, Bashirzadeh Y, Liu AP, Ha T. Engineering Functional Membrane-Membrane Interfaces by InterSpy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2202104. [PMID: 35618485 PMCID: PMC9789529 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Engineering synthetic interfaces between membranes has potential applications in designing non-native cellular communication pathways and creating synthetic tissues. Here, InterSpy is introduced as a synthetic biology tool consisting of a heterodimeric protein engineered to form and maintain membrane-membrane interfaces between apposing synthetic as well as cell membranes through the SpyTag/SpyCatcher interaction. The inclusion of split fluorescent protein fragments in InterSpy allows tracking of the formation of a membrane-membrane interface and reconstitution of functional fluorescent protein in the space between apposing membranes. First, InterSpy is demonstrated by testing split protein designs using a mammalian cell-free expression (CFE) system. By utilizing co-translational helix insertion, cell-free synthesized InterSpy fragments are incorporated into the membrane of liposomes and supported lipid bilayers with the desired topology. Functional reconstitution of split fluorescent protein between the membranes is strictly dependent on SpyTag/SpyCatcher. Finally, InterSpy is demonstrated in mammalian cells by detecting fluorescence reconstitution of split protein at the membrane-membrane interface between two cells each expressing a component of InterSpy. InterSpy demonstrates the power of CFE systems in the functional reconstitution of synthetic membrane interfaces via proximity-inducing proteins. This technology may also prove useful where cell-cell contacts and communication are recreated in a controlled manner using minimal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Moghimianavval
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Chintan Patel
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sonisilpa Mohapatra
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sung-Won Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Tunc Kayikcioglu
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yashar Bashirzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Allen P. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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5
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Schlotterose L, Beldjilali-Labro M, Schneider G, Vardi O, Hattermann K, Even U, Shohami E, Haustein HD, Leichtmann-Bardoogo Y, Maoz BM. Traumatic Brain Injury in a Well: A Modular Three-Dimensional Printed Tool for Inducing Traumatic Brain Injury In vitro. Neurotrauma Rep 2023; 4:255-266. [PMID: 37095852 PMCID: PMC10122253 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2022.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem that affects millions of persons worldwide every year among all age groups, mainly young children, and elderly persons. It is the leading cause of death for children under the age of 16 and is highly correlated with a variety of neuronal disorders, such as epilepsy, and neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer's disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Over the past few decades, our comprehension of the molecular pathway of TBI has improved, yet despite being a major public health issue, there is currently no U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for TBI, and a gap remains between these advances and their application to the clinical treatment of TBI. One of the major hurdles for pushing TBI research forward is the accessibility of TBI models and tools. Most of the TBI models require costume-made, complex, and expensive equipment, which often requires special knowledge to operate. In this study, we present a modular, three-dimensional printed TBI induction device, which induces, by the pulse of a pressure shock, a TBI-like injury on any standard cell-culture tool. Moreover, we demonstrate that our device can be used on multiple systems and cell types and can induce repetitive TBIs, which is very common in clinical TBI. Further, we demonstrate that our platform can recapitulate the hallmarks of TBI, which include cell death, decrease in neuronal functionality, axonal swelling (for neurons), and increase permeability (for endothelium). In addition, in view of the continued discussion on the need, benefits, and ethics of the use of animals in scientific research, this in vitro, high-throughput platform will make TBI research more accessible to other labs that prefer to avoid the use of animals yet are interested in this field. We believe that this will enable us to push the field forward and facilitate/accelerate the availability of novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Schlotterose
- Institute of Anatomy, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Gaya Schneider
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofir Vardi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Uzi Even
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Esther Shohami
- Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Herman D. Haustein
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Ben M. Maoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Address correspondence to: Ben M. Maoz, PhD, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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6
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Beta-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein-Cleaving Enzyme Inhibition Partly Restores Sevoflurane-Induced Deficits on Synaptic Plasticity and Spine Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126637. [PMID: 35743082 PMCID: PMC9223703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence indicates that inhalative anesthetics enhance the β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP)-cleaving enzyme (BACE) activity, increase amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ1–42) aggregation, and modulate dendritic spine dynamics. However, the mechanisms of inhalative anesthetics on hippocampal dendritic spine plasticity and BACE-dependent APP processing remain unclear. In this study, hippocampal slices were incubated with equipotent isoflurane (iso), sevoflurane (sevo), or xenon (Xe) with/without pretreatment of the BACE inhibitor LY2886721 (LY). Thereafter, CA1 dendritic spine density, APP processing-related molecule expressions, nectin-3 levels, and long-term potentiation (LTP) were tested. The nectin-3 downregulation on LTP and dendritic spines were evaluated. Sevo treatment increased hippocampal mouse Aβ1–42 (mAβ1–42), abolished CA1-LTP, and decreased spine density and nectin-3 expressions in the CA1 region. Furthermore, CA1-nectin-3 knockdown blocked LTP and reduced spine density. Iso treatment decreased spine density and attenuated LTP. Although Xe blocked LTP, it did not affect spine density, mAβ1–42, or nectin-3. Finally, antagonizing BACE activity partly restored sevo-induced deficits. Taken together, our study suggests that sevo partly elevates BACE activity and interferes with synaptic remodeling, whereas iso mildly modulates synaptic changes in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. On the other hand, Xe does not alternate dendritic spine remodeling.
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7
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Vicidomini R, Serpe M. Local BMP signaling: A sensor for synaptic activity that balances synapse growth and function. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 150:211-254. [PMID: 35817503 PMCID: PMC11102767 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Synapse development is coordinated by intercellular communication between the pre- and postsynaptic compartments, and by neuronal activity itself. In flies as in vertebrates, neuronal activity induces input-specific changes in the synaptic strength so that the entire circuit maintains stable function in the face of many challenges, including changes in synapse number and strength. But how do neurons sense synapse activity? In several studies carried out using the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ), we demonstrated that local BMP signaling provides an exquisite sensor for synapse activity. Here we review the main features of this exquisite sensor and discuss its functioning beyond monitoring the synapse activity but rather as a key controller that operates in coordination with other BMP signaling pathways to balance synapse growth, maturation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Vicidomini
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mihaela Serpe
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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8
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Li N, Chen S, Xu NJ, Sun S, Chen JJ, Liu XD. Scaffold Protein Lnx1 Stabilizes EphB Receptor Kinases for Synaptogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:861873. [PMID: 35531068 PMCID: PMC9070102 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.861873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Postsynaptic structure assembly and remodeling are crucial for functional synapse formation during the establishment of neural circuits. However, how the specific scaffold proteins regulate this process during the development of the postnatal period is poorly understood. In this study, we find that the deficiency of ligand of Numb protein X 1 (Lnx1) leads to abnormal development of dendritic spines to impair functional synaptic formation. We further demonstrate that loss of Lnx1 promotes the internalization of EphB receptors from the cell surface. Constitutively active EphB2 intracellular signaling rescues synaptogenesis in Lnx1 mutant mice. Our data thus reveal a molecular mechanism whereby the Lnx1-EphB complex controls postsynaptic structure for synapse maturation during the adolescent period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Chen
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan-Jie Xu
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Suya Sun
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Jin Chen
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Dong Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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9
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Ilic K, Mlinac-Jerkovic K, Sedmak G, Rosenzweig I, Kalanj-Bognar S. Neuroplastin in human cognition: review of literature and future perspectives. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:394. [PMID: 34282131 PMCID: PMC8289873 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic glycoprotein neuroplastin is involved in synaptic plasticity and complex molecular events underlying learning and memory. Studies in mice and rats suggest that neuroplastin is essential for cognition, as it is needed for long-term potentiation and associative memory formation. Recently, it was found that some of the effects of neuroplastin are related to regulation of calcium homeostasis through interactions with plasma membrane calcium ATPases. Neuroplastin is increasingly seen as a key factor in complex brain functions, but studies in humans remain scarce. Here we summarize present knowledge about neuroplastin in human tissues and argue its genetic association with cortical thickness, intelligence, schizophrenia, and autism; specific immunolocalization depicting hippocampal trisynaptic pathway; potential role in tissue compensatory response in neurodegeneration; and high, almost housekeeping, level of spatio-temporal gene expression in the human brain. We also propose that neuroplastin acts as a housekeeper of neuroplasticity, and that it may be considered as an important novel cognition-related molecule in humans. Several promising directions for future investigations are suggested, which may complete our understanding of neuroplastin actions in molecular basis of human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Ilic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Mlinac-Jerkovic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Sedmak
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Rosenzweig
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London (KCL), Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Svjetlana Kalanj-Bognar
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata12, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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10
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Zhang S, Saunders T. Mechanical processes underlying precise and robust cell matching. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:75-84. [PMID: 34130903 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the development of complicated multicellular organisms, the robust formation of specific cell-cell connections (cell matching) is required for the generation of precise tissue structures. Mismatches or misconnections can lead to various diseases. Diverse mechanical cues, including differential adhesion and temporally varying cell contractility, are involved in regulating the process of cell-cell recognition and contact formation. Cells often start the process of cell matching through contact via filopodia protrusions, mediated by specific adhesion interactions at the cell surface. These adhesion interactions give rise to differential mechanical signals that can be further perceived by the cells. In conjunction with contractions generated by the actomyosin networks within the cells, this differentially coded adhesion information can be translated to reposition and sort cells. Here, we review the role of these different cell matching components and suggest how these mechanical factors cooperate with each other to facilitate specificity in cell-cell contact formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Zhang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Timothy Saunders
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
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11
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DePew AT, Mosca TJ. Conservation and Innovation: Versatile Roles for LRP4 in Nervous System Development. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:9. [PMID: 33799485 PMCID: PMC8006230 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As the nervous system develops, connections between neurons must form to enable efficient communication. This complex process of synaptic development requires the coordination of a series of intricate mechanisms between partner neurons to ensure pre- and postsynaptic differentiation. Many of these mechanisms employ transsynaptic signaling via essential secreted factors and cell surface receptors to promote each step of synaptic development. One such cell surface receptor, LRP4, has emerged as a synaptic organizer, playing a critical role in conveying extracellular signals to initiate diverse intracellular events during development. To date, LRP4 is largely known for its role in development of the mammalian neuromuscular junction, where it functions as a receptor for the synaptogenic signal Agrin to regulate synapse development. Recently however, LRP4 has emerged as a synapse organizer in the brain, where new functions for the protein continue to arise, adding further complexity to its already versatile roles. Additional findings indicate that LRP4 plays a role in disorders of the nervous system, including myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease, demonstrating the need for further study to understand disease etiology. This review will highlight our current knowledge of how LRP4 functions in the nervous system, focusing on the diverse developmental roles and different modes this essential cell surface protein uses to ensure the formation of robust synaptic connections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy J. Mosca
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;
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12
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Chou VT, Johnson SA, Van Vactor D. Synapse development and maturation at the drosophila neuromuscular junction. Neural Dev 2020; 15:11. [PMID: 32741370 PMCID: PMC7397595 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-020-00147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are the sites of neuron-to-neuron communication and form the basis of the neural circuits that underlie all animal cognition and behavior. Chemical synapses are specialized asymmetric junctions between a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic target that form through a series of diverse cellular and subcellular events under the control of complex signaling networks. Once established, the synapse facilitates neurotransmission by mediating the organization and fusion of synaptic vesicles and must also retain the ability to undergo plastic changes. In recent years, synaptic genes have been implicated in a wide array of neurodevelopmental disorders; the individual and societal burdens imposed by these disorders, as well as the lack of effective therapies, motivates continued work on fundamental synapse biology. The properties and functions of the nervous system are remarkably conserved across animal phyla, and many insights into the synapses of the vertebrate central nervous system have been derived from studies of invertebrate models. A prominent model synapse is the Drosophila melanogaster larval neuromuscular junction, which bears striking similarities to the glutamatergic synapses of the vertebrate brain and spine; further advantages include the simplicity and experimental versatility of the fly, as well as its century-long history as a model organism. Here, we survey findings on the major events in synaptogenesis, including target specification, morphogenesis, and the assembly and maturation of synaptic specializations, with a emphasis on work conducted at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian T Chou
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Seth A Johnson
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - David Van Vactor
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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13
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Wang K, Zhao XH, Liu J, Zhang R, Li JP. Nervous system and gastric cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1873:188313. [PMID: 31647986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.188313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system has been recently shown to exert impact on gastric cancer directly and indirectly. Gastric cancer cells invade nerve fibers to induce outgrowth and branching of neural cells, and nerve fibers in turn infiltrate into tumor microenvironment to promote progression of gastric cancer. Additionally, the neuro-immune interaction also plays an important role in gastric cancer development. The interplay of nerves and gastric cancer is mediated by many nervous system-associated factors, which can not only be synthesized and released by both cancer cells and nerve terminals, but also participate in regulation of many aspects of gastric cancer such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis and recurrence. Furthermore, clinical researches indicate that some of these factors are significant diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers for gastric cancer. Herein, we reviewed recent advances and future prospects of the interaction between nervous system and gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin-Hui Zhao
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Ji-Peng Li
- State key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, China; Department of Experimental Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032 Xi'an, China.
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14
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Weber T, Stephan R, Moreno E, Pielage J. The Ankyrin Repeat Domain Controls Presynaptic Localization of Drosophila Ankyrin2 and Is Essential for Synaptic Stability. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:148. [PMID: 31475145 PMCID: PMC6703079 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural integrity of synaptic connections critically depends on the interaction between synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and the underlying actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. This interaction is mediated by giant Ankyrins, that act as specialized adaptors to establish and maintain axonal and synaptic compartments. In Drosophila, two giant isoforms of Ankyrin2 (Ank2) control synapse stability and organization at the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Both Ank2-L and Ank2-XL are highly abundant in motoneuron axons and within the presynaptic terminal, where they control synaptic CAMs distribution and organization of microtubules. Here, we address the role of the conserved N-terminal ankyrin repeat domain (ARD) for subcellular localization and function of these giant Ankyrins in vivo. We used a P[acman] based rescue approach to generate deletions of ARD subdomains, that contain putative binding sites of interacting transmembrane proteins. We show that specific subdomains control synaptic but not axonal localization of Ank2-L. These domains contain binding sites to L1-family member CAMs, and we demonstrate that these regions are necessary for the organization of synaptic CAMs and for the control of synaptic stability. In contrast, presynaptic Ank2-XL localization only partially depends on the ARD but strictly requires the presynaptic presence of Ank2-L demonstrating a critical co-dependence of the two isoforms at the NMJ. Ank2-XL dependent control of microtubule organization correlates with presynaptic abundance of the protein and is thus only partially affected by ARD deletions. Together, our data provides novel insights into the synaptic targeting of giant Ankyrins with relevance for the control of synaptic plasticity and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Weber
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Raiko Stephan
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliza Moreno
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Pielage
- Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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15
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Mohandas N, Loke YJ, Hopkins S, Mackenzie L, Bennett C, Berkovic SF, Vadlamudi L, Craig JM. Evidence for type-specific DNA methylation patterns in epilepsy: a discordant monozygotic twin approach. Epigenomics 2019; 11:951-968. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. We performed epigenetic analyses between and within 15 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs discordant for focal or generalized epilepsy. Methods: DNA methylation analysis was performed using Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC arrays, in blood and buccal samples. Results: Differentially methylated regions between epilepsy types associated with PM20D1 and GFPT2 genes in both tissues. Within MZ discordant twin pairs, differentially methylated regions associated with OTX1 and ARID5B genes for generalized epilepsy and TTC39C and DLX5 genes for focal epilepsy. Conclusion: This is the first epigenome-wide association study, utilizing the discordant MZ co-twin model, to deepen our understanding of the neurobiology of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namitha Mohandas
- Environmental & Genetic Epidemiology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yuk Jing Loke
- Environmental & Genetic Epidemiology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie Hopkins
- Environmental & Genetic Epidemiology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lisa Mackenzie
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carmen Bennett
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Samuel F Berkovic
- Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lata Vadlamudi
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
- Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Craig
- Environmental & Genetic Epidemiology Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Molecular & Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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16
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Dong J, Pan YB, Wu XR, He LN, Liu XD, Feng DF, Xu TL, Sun S, Xu NJ. A neuronal molecular switch through cell-cell contact that regulates quiescent neural stem cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav4416. [PMID: 30820459 PMCID: PMC6392779 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav4416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The quiescence of radial neural stem cells (rNSCs) in adult brain is regulated by environmental stimuli. However, little is known about how the neurogenic niche couples the external signal to regulate activation and transition of quiescent rNSCs. Here, we reveal that long-term excitation of hippocampal dentate granule cells (GCs) upon voluntary running leads to activation of adult rNSCs in the subgranular zone and thereby generation of newborn neurons. Unexpectedly, the role of these excited GC neurons in NSCs depends on direct GC-rNSC interaction in the local niche, which is through down-regulated ephrin-B3, a GC membrane-bound ligand, and attenuated transcellular EphB2 kinase-dependent signaling in the adjacent rNSCs. Furthermore, constitutively active EphB2 kinase sustains the quiescence of rNSCs during running. These findings thus elucidate the physiological significance of GC excitability on adult rNSCs under external environments and indicate a key-lock switch regulation via cell-cell contact for functional transition of rNSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Dong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yuan-Bo Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xin-Rong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Li-Na He
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xian-Dong Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Dong-Fu Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tian-Le Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Suya Sun
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Rui-jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Nan-Jie Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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17
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DePew AT, Aimino MA, Mosca TJ. The Tenets of Teneurin: Conserved Mechanisms Regulate Diverse Developmental Processes in the Drosophila Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:27. [PMID: 30760977 PMCID: PMC6363694 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To successfully integrate a neuron into a circuit, a myriad of developmental events must occur correctly and in the correct order. Neurons must be born and grow out toward a destination, responding to guidance cues to direct their path. Once arrived, each neuron must segregate to the correct sub-region before sorting through a milieu of incorrect partners to identify the correct partner with which they can connect. Finally, the neuron must make a synaptic connection with their correct partner; a connection that needs to be broadly maintained throughout the life of the animal while remaining responsive to modes of plasticity and pruning. Though many intricate molecular mechanisms have been discovered to regulate each step, recent work showed that a single family of proteins, the Teneurins, regulates a host of these developmental steps in Drosophila – an example of biological adaptive reuse. Teneurins first influence axon guidance during early development. Once neurons arrive in their target regions, Teneurins enable partner matching and synapse formation in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Despite these diverse processes and systems, the Teneurins use conserved mechanisms to achieve these goals, as defined by three tenets: (1) transsynaptic interactions with each other, (2) membrane stabilization via an interaction with and regulation of the cytoskeleton, and (3) a role for presynaptic Ten-a in regulating synaptic function. These processes are further distinguished by (1) the nature of the transsynaptic interaction – homophilic interactions (between the same Teneurins) to engage partner matching and heterophilic interactions (between different Teneurins) to enable synaptic connectivity and the proper apposition of pre- and postsynaptic sites and (2) the location of cytoskeletal regulation (presynaptic cytoskeletal regulation in the CNS and postsynaptic regulation of the cytoskeleton at the NMJ). Thus, both the roles and the mechanisms governing them are conserved across processes and synapses. Here, we will highlight the contributions of Drosophila synaptic biology to our understanding of the Teneurins, discuss the mechanistic conservation that allows the Teneurins to achieve common neurodevelopmental goals, and present new data in support of these points. Finally, we will posit the next steps for understanding how this remarkably versatile family of proteins functions to control multiple distinct events in the creation of a nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison T DePew
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael A Aimino
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Timothy J Mosca
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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18
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Schaffer TB, Smith JE, Cook EK, Phan T, Margolis SS. PKCε Inhibits Neuronal Dendritic Spine Development through Dual Phosphorylation of Ephexin5. Cell Rep 2018; 25:2470-2483.e8. [PMID: 30485813 PMCID: PMC6371982 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent mechanisms promote synaptic function in the mature brain. However, the roles of PKC signaling during synapse development remain largely unknown. Investigating each brain-enriched PKC isoform in early neuronal development, we show that PKCε acutely and specifically reduces the number of dendritic spines, sites of eventual synapse formation on developing dendrites. This PKCε-mediated spine suppression is temporally restricted to immature neurons and mediated through the phosphorylation and activation of Ephexin5, a RhoA guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and inhibitor of hippocampal synapse formation. Our data suggest that PKCε acts as an early developmental inhibitor of dendritic spine formation, in contrast to its emerging pro-synaptic roles in mature brain function. Moreover, we identify a substrate of PKCε, Ephexin5, whose early-elevated expression in developing neurons may in part explain the mechanism by which PKCε plays seemingly opposing roles that depend on neuronal maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Schaffer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jaclyn E Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Emily K Cook
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thao Phan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Seth S Margolis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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19
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Liu XD, Zhu XN, Halford MM, Xu TL, Henkemeyer M, Xu NJ. Retrograde regulation of mossy fiber axon targeting and terminal maturation via postsynaptic Lnx1. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4007-4024. [PMID: 30185604 PMCID: PMC6219728 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201803105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse formation relies on the coordination of dynamic pre- and postsynaptic structures during brain development. Liu et al. reveal that presynaptic terminal maturation of mossy fiber axons is retrogradely regulated by postsynaptic scaffold protein Lnx1 via stabilizing EphB receptor kinases. Neuronal connections are initiated by axon targeting to form synapses. However, how the maturation of axon terminals is modulated through interacting with postsynaptic elements remains elusive. In this study, we find that ligand of Numb protein X 1 (Lnx1), a postsynaptic PDZ protein expressed in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons, is essential for mossy fiber (MF) axon targeting during the postnatal period. Lnx1 deletion causes defective synaptic arrangement that leads to aberrant presynaptic terminals. We further identify EphB receptors as novel Lnx1-binding proteins to form a multiprotein complex that is stabilized on the CA3 neuron membrane through preventing proteasome activity. EphB1 and EphB2 are independently required to transduce distinct signals controlling MF pruning and targeting for precise DG-CA3 synapse formation. Furthermore, constitutively active EphB2 kinase rescues structure of the wired MF terminals in Lnx1 mutant mice. Our data thus define a retrograde trans-synaptic regulation required for integration of post- and presynaptic structure that participates in building hippocampal neural circuits during the adolescence period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Dong Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Na Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael M Halford
- Department of Neuroscience, Kent Waldrep Center for Basic Research on Nerve Growth and Regeneration, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Tian-Le Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mark Henkemeyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Kent Waldrep Center for Basic Research on Nerve Growth and Regeneration, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Nan-Jie Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai China
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20
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Krzisch M, Fülling C, Jabinet L, Armida J, Gebara E, Cassé F, Habbas S, Volterra A, Hornung JP, Toni N. Synaptic Adhesion Molecules Regulate the Integration of New Granule Neurons in the Postnatal Mouse Hippocampus and their Impact on Spatial Memory. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4048-4059. [PMID: 27473321 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis induces network remodeling and may participate to mechanisms of learning. In turn, the maturation and survival of newborn neurons is regulated by their activity. Here, we tested the effect of a cell-autonomous overexpression of synaptic adhesion molecules on the maturation and survival of neurons born postnatally and on hippocampal-dependent memory performances. Families of adhesion molecules are known to induce pre- and post-synaptic assembly. Using viral targeting, we overexpressed three different synaptic adhesion molecules, SynCAM1, Neuroligin-1B and Neuroligin-2A in newborn neurons in the dentate gyrus of 7- to 9-week-old mice. We found that SynCAM1 increased the morphological maturation of dendritic spines and mossy fiber terminals while Neuroligin-1B increased spine density. In contrast, Neuroligin-2A increased both spine density and size as well as GABAergic innervation and resulted in a drastic increase of neuronal survival. Surprisingly, despite increased neurogenesis, mice overexpressing Neuroligin-2A in new neurons showed decreased memory performances in a Morris water maze task. These results indicate that the cell-autonomous overexpression of synaptic adhesion molecules can enhance different aspects of synapse formation on new neurons and increase their survival. Furthermore, they suggest that the mechanisms by which new neurons integrate in the postnatal hippocampus conditions their functional implication in learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Krzisch
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 9, rue du Bugnon, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Fülling
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 9, rue du Bugnon, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Jabinet
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 9, rue du Bugnon, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan Armida
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 9, rue du Bugnon, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elias Gebara
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 9, rue du Bugnon, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Cassé
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 9, rue du Bugnon, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Samia Habbas
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 9, rue du Bugnon, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Volterra
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 9, rue du Bugnon, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Hornung
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 9, rue du Bugnon, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Toni
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, 9, rue du Bugnon, Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Ribeiro LF, Verpoort B, de Wit J. Trafficking mechanisms of synaptogenic cell adhesion molecules. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 91:34-47. [PMID: 29631018 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly every aspect of neuronal function, from wiring to information processing, critically depends on the highly polarized architecture of neurons. Establishing and maintaining the distinct molecular composition of axonal and dendritic compartments requires precise control over the trafficking of the proteins that make up these cellular domains. Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), membrane proteins with a critical role in the formation, differentiation and plasticity of synapses, require targeting to the correct pre- or postsynaptic compartment for proper functioning of neural circuits. However, the mechanisms that control the polarized trafficking, synaptic targeting, and synaptic abundance of CAMs are poorly understood. Here, we summarize current knowledge about the sequential trafficking events along the secretory pathway that control the polarized surface distribution of synaptic CAMs, and discuss how their synaptic targeting and abundance is additionally influenced by post-secretory determinants. The identification of trafficking-impairing mutations in CAMs associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders underscores the importance of correct protein trafficking for normal brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F Ribeiro
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ben Verpoort
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris de Wit
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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22
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Tu R, Qian J, Rui M, Tao N, Sun M, Zhuang Y, Lv H, Han J, Li M, Xie W. Proteolytic cleavage is required for functional neuroligin 2 maturation and trafficking in Drosophila. J Mol Cell Biol 2018; 9:231-242. [PMID: 28498949 PMCID: PMC5907836 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroligins (Nlgs) are transmembrane cell adhesion molecules playing essential roles in synapse development and function. Genetic mutations in neuroligin genes have been linked with some neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. These mutated Nlgs are mostly retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the mechanisms underlying normal Nlg maturation and trafficking have remained largely unknown. Here, we found that Drosophila neuroligin 2 (DNlg2) undergoes proteolytic cleavage in the ER in a variety of Drosophila tissues throughout developmental stages. A region encompassing Y642-T698 is required for this process. The immature non-cleavable DNlg2 is retained in the ER and non-functional. The C-terminal fragment of DNlg2 instead of the full-length or non-cleavable DNlg2 is able to rescue neuromuscular junction defects and GluRIIB reduction induced by dnlg2 deletion. Intriguingly, the autism-associated R598C mutation in DNlg2 leads to similar marked defects in DNlg2 proteolytic process and ER export, revealing a potential role of the improper Nlg cleavage in autism pathogenesis. Collectively, our findings uncover a specific mechanism that controls DNlg2 maturation and trafficking via proteolytic cleavage in the ER, suggesting that the perturbed proteolytic cleavage of Nlgs likely contributes to autism disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjun Tu
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jinjun Qian
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Menglong Rui
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Nana Tao
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Mingkuan Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Huihui Lv
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Junhai Han
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China.,The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Moyi Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China.,The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Institute of Life Sciences, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China.,The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Southeast University, 2 SiPaiLou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
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23
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Saied-Santiago K, Bülow HE. Diverse roles for glycosaminoglycans in neural patterning. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:54-74. [PMID: 28736980 PMCID: PMC5866094 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system coordinates the functions of most multicellular organisms and their response to the surrounding environment. Its development involves concerted cellular interactions, including migration, axon guidance, and synapse formation. These processes depend on the molecular constituents and structure of the extracellular matrices (ECM). An essential component of ECMs are proteoglycans, i.e., proteins containing unbranched glycan chains known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). A defining characteristic of GAGs is their enormous molecular diversity, created by extensive modifications of the glycans during their biosynthesis. GAGs are widely expressed, and their loss can lead to catastrophic neuronal defects. Despite their importance, we are just beginning to understand the function and mechanisms of GAGs in neuronal development. In this review, we discuss recent evidence suggesting GAGs have specific roles in neuronal patterning and synaptogenesis. We examine the function played by the complex modifications present on GAG glycans and their roles in regulating different aspects of neuronal patterning. Moreover, the review considers the function of proteoglycan core proteins in these processes, stressing their likely role as co-receptors of different signaling pathways in a redundant and context-dependent manner. We conclude by discussing challenges and future directions toward a better understanding of these fascinating molecules during neuronal development. Developmental Dynamics 247:54-74, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannes E. Bülow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
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24
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Won SY, Kim CY, Kim D, Ko J, Um JW, Lee SB, Buck M, Kim E, Heo WD, Lee JO, Kim HM. LAR-RPTP Clustering Is Modulated by Competitive Binding between Synaptic Adhesion Partners and Heparan Sulfate. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:327. [PMID: 29081732 PMCID: PMC5645493 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The leukocyte common antigen-related receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (LAR-RPTPs) are cellular receptors of heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans that direct axonal growth and neuronal regeneration. LAR-RPTPs are also synaptic adhesion molecules that form trans-synaptic adhesion complexes by binding to various postsynaptic adhesion ligands, such as Slit- and Trk-like family of proteins (Slitrks), IL-1 receptor accessory protein-like 1 (IL1RAPL1), interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) and neurotrophin receptor tyrosine kinase C (TrkC), to regulate synaptogenesis. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the human LAR-RPTP/IL1RAPL1 complex and found that lateral interactions between neighboring LAR-RPTP/IL1RAPL1 complexes in crystal lattices are critical for the higher-order assembly and synaptogenic activity of these complexes. Moreover, we found that LAR-RPTP binding to the postsynaptic adhesion ligands, Slitrk3, IL1RAPL1 and IL-1RAcP, but not TrkC, induces reciprocal higher-order clustering of trans-synaptic adhesion complexes. Although LAR-RPTP clustering was induced by either HS or postsynaptic adhesion ligands, the dominant binding of HS to the LAR-RPTP was capable of dismantling pre-established LAR-RPTP-mediated trans-synaptic adhesion complexes. These findings collectively suggest that LAR-RPTP clustering for synaptogenesis is modulated by a complex synapse-organizing protein network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Youn Won
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Cha Yeon Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Doyoun Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jaewon Ko
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ji Won Um
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sung Bae Lee
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Matthias Buck
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea,Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Won Do Heo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea,Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea,*Correspondence: Ho Min Kim Jie-Oh Lee Won Do Heo
| | - Jie-Oh Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea,*Correspondence: Ho Min Kim Jie-Oh Lee Won Do Heo
| | - Ho Min Kim
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, South Korea,Graduate School of Medical Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea,*Correspondence: Ho Min Kim Jie-Oh Lee Won Do Heo
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25
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Li MY, Miao WY, Wu QZ, He SJ, Yan G, Yang Y, Liu JJ, Taketo MM, Yu X. A Critical Role of Presynaptic Cadherin/Catenin/p140Cap Complexes in Stabilizing Spines and Functional Synapses in the Neocortex. Neuron 2017. [PMID: 28641114 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of functional synapses requires coordinated assembly of presynaptic transmitter release machinery and postsynaptic trafficking of functional receptors and scaffolds. Here, we demonstrate a critical role of presynaptic cadherin/catenin cell adhesion complexes in stabilizing functional synapses and spines in the developing neocortex. Importantly, presynaptic expression of stabilized β-catenin in either layer (L) 4 excitatory neurons or L2/3 pyramidal neurons significantly upregulated excitatory synaptic transmission and dendritic spine density in L2/3 pyramidal neurons, while its sparse postsynaptic expression in L2/3 neurons had no such effects. In addition, presynaptic β-catenin expression enhanced release probability of glutamatergic synapses. Newly identified β-catenin-interacting protein p140Cap is required in the presynaptic locus for mediating these effects. Together, our results demonstrate that cadherin/catenin complexes stabilize functional synapses and spines through anterograde signaling in the neocortex and provide important molecular evidence for a driving role of presynaptic components in spinogenesis in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yin Li
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wan-Ying Miao
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiu-Zi Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shun-Ji He
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guoquan Yan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanrui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jia-Jia Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - M Mark Taketo
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoé-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Xiang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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26
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Sun Z, Li M, Li Z, Hill MA, Meininger GA. N-Cadherin, a novel and rapidly remodelling site involved in vasoregulation of small cerebral arteries. J Physiol 2017; 595:1987-2000. [PMID: 28008617 DOI: 10.1113/jp272995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS N-cadherin formed punctate adherens junctions (AJ) along the borders between vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the pressurized rat superior cerebellar artery. The formation of N-cadherin AJs in the vessel wall depends on the intraluminal pressure and was responsive to treatment with phenylephrine (PE) (10-5 m) and ACh (10-5 m). N-cadherin-coated beads were able to induce clustering of N-cadherin-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) on the plasma membrane of isolated VSMCs, whereas treatment with PE (10-5 m) or sodium nitroprusside (10-5 m) induced a significant increase or decrease in the N-cadherin-EGFP clustering, respectively. Application of pulling force (∼1 nN) to the N-cadherin-coated beads via an atomic force microscope induced a localized mechanical response from the VSMCs that opposed the pulling. ABSTRACT N-cadherin is the major cell-cell adhesion molecule in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We tested the hypothesis that N-cadherin is part of a novel mechanosensory mechanism in VSMCs and plays an active role in both the arteriolar myogenic response and during changes in vascular tone induced by vasomotor agonists. Intact and pressurized rat superior cerebellar arteries were labelled for confocal immunofluorescence imaging. N-cadherin formed punctate adherens junctions (AJ) along the borders between VSMCs. When the lumen pressure was raised from 50 to 90 mmHg, both the density and the average size of N-cadherin AJs increased significantly. Similarly, arteriolar constriction with phenylephrine (PE) (10-5 m) induced a significant increase of N-cadherin AJ density at 50 mmHg, whereas vasodilatation induced by ACh (10-5 m) was accompanied by a significant decrease in density and size of N-cadherin AJs. An atomic force microscope (AFM) was employed to further examine the mechano-responsive properties of N-cadherin adhesion sites in isolated VSMCs. AFM probes with an attached N-cadherin-coated microbead (5 μm) induced a progressive clustering of N-cadherin-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) on the VSMC surface. Application of pulling force (∼1 nN) to the N-cadherin-coated-beads with the AFM induced a localized mechanical response from the VSMCs that opposed the pulling. Treatment with PE (10-5 m) or sodium nitroprusside (10-5 m) induced a significant increase or decrease of the N-cadherin-EGFP clustering, respectively. These observations provide compelling evidence that N-cadherin AJs are sensitive to pressure and vasomotor agonists in VSMCs and support a functional role of N-cadherin AJs in vasomotor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Min Li
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michael A Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Gerald A Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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27
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Vanaveski T, Singh K, Narvik J, Eskla KL, Visnapuu T, Heinla I, Jayaram M, Innos J, Lilleväli K, Philips MA, Vasar E. Promoter-Specific Expression and Genomic Structure of IgLON Family Genes in Mouse. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:38. [PMID: 28210208 PMCID: PMC5288359 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
IgLON family is composed of five genes: Lsamp, Ntm, Opcml, Negr1, and Iglon5; encoding for five highly homologous neural adhesion proteins that regulate neurite outgrowth and synapse formation. In the current study we performed in silico analysis revealing that Ntm and Opcml display similar genomic structure as previously reported for Lsamp, characterized by two alternative promotors 1a and 1b. Negr1 and Iglon5 transcripts have uniform 5′ region, suggesting single promoter. Iglon5, the recently characterized family member, shares high level of conservation and structural qualities characteristic to IgLON family such as N-terminal signal peptide, three Ig domains, and GPI anchor binding site. By using custom 5′-isoform-specific TaqMan gene-expression assay, we demonstrated heterogeneous expression of IgLON transcripts in different areas of mouse brain and several-fold lower expression in selected tissues outside central nervous system. As an example, the expression of IgLON transcripts in urogenital and reproductive system is in line with repeated reports of urogenital tumors accompanied by mutations in IgLON genes. Considering the high levels of intra-family homology shared by IgLONs, we investigated potential compensatory effects at the level of IgLON isoforms in the brains of mice deficient of one or two family members. We found that the lack of IgLONs is not compensated by a systematic quantitative increase of the other family members. On the contrary, the expression of Ntm 1a transcript and NEGR1 protein was significantly reduced in the frontal cortex of Lsamp-deficient mice suggesting that the expression patterns within IgLON family are balanced coherently. The actions of individual IgLONs, however, can be antagonistic as demonstrated by differential expression of Syp in deletion mutants of IgLONs. In conclusion, we show that the genomic twin-promoter structure has impact on both anatomical distribution and intra-family interactions of IgLON family members. Remarkable variety in the activity levels of 1a and 1b promoters both in the brain and in other tissues, suggests complex functional regulation of IgLONs by alternative signal peptides driven by 1a and 1b promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taavi Vanaveski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katyayani Singh
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jane Narvik
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kattri-Liis Eskla
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Visnapuu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of TartuTartu, Estonia; Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Indrek Heinla
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mohan Jayaram
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jürgen Innos
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kersti Lilleväli
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mari-Anne Philips
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia
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28
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Schreiner D, Savas JN, Herzog E, Brose N, de Wit J. Synapse biology in the 'circuit-age'-paths toward molecular connectomics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 42:102-110. [PMID: 28033531 PMCID: PMC5316339 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The neural connectome is a critical determinant of brain function. Circuits of precisely wired neurons, and the features of transmission at the synapses connecting them, are thought to dictate information processing in the brain. While recent technological advances now allow to define the anatomical and functional neural connectome at unprecedented resolution, the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that establish the precise patterns of connectivity and the functional characteristics of synapses has remained challenging. Here, we describe the power and limitations of genetic approaches in the analysis of mechanisms that control synaptic connectivity and function, and discuss how recent methodological developments in proteomics might be used to elucidate the molecular synaptic connectome that is at the basis of the neural connectome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Schreiner
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstraße 50-70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jeffrey N Savas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Etienne Herzog
- Univ. Bordeaux, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nils Brose
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joris de Wit
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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29
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Schulte C, Ripamonti M, Maffioli E, Cappelluti MA, Nonnis S, Puricelli L, Lamanna J, Piazzoni C, Podestà A, Lenardi C, Tedeschi G, Malgaroli A, Milani P. Scale Invariant Disordered Nanotopography Promotes Hippocampal Neuron Development and Maturation with Involvement of Mechanotransductive Pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:267. [PMID: 27917111 PMCID: PMC5114288 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of biomaterials which promote neuronal maturation up to the generation of integrated neural circuits is fundamental for modern neuroscience. The development of neural circuits arises from complex maturative processes regulated by poorly understood signaling events, often guided by the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here we report that nanostructured zirconia surfaces, produced by supersonic cluster beam deposition of zirconia nanoparticles and characterized by ECM-like nanotopographical features, can direct the maturation of neural networks. Hippocampal neurons cultured on such cluster-assembled surfaces displayed enhanced differentiation paralleled by functional changes. The latter was demonstrated by single-cell electrophysiology showing earlier action potential generation and increased spontaneous postsynaptic currents compared to the neurons grown on the featureless unnaturally flat standard control surfaces. Label-free shotgun proteomics broadly confirmed the functional changes and suggests furthermore a vast impact of the neuron/nanotopography interaction on mechanotransductive machinery components, known to control physiological in vivo ECM-regulated axon guidance and synaptic plasticity. Our results indicate a potential of cluster-assembled zirconia nanotopography exploitable for the creation of efficient neural tissue interfaces and cell culture devices promoting neurogenic events, but also for unveiling mechanotransductive aspects of neuronal development and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schulte
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturate, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy; Fondazione FilareteMilan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Ripamonti
- Neurobiology of Learning Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Maffioli
- Fondazione FilareteMilan, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Martino A Cappelluti
- Fondazione FilareteMilan, Italy; SEMM - European School of Molecular MedicineMilan, Italy
| | - Simona Nonnis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Puricelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturate, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Jacopo Lamanna
- Neurobiology of Learning Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Piazzoni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturate, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Podestà
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturate, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Lenardi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturate, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Tedeschi
- Fondazione FilareteMilan, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - Antonio Malgaroli
- Neurobiology of Learning Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturate, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
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30
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Frei JA, Stoeckli ET. SynCAMs - From axon guidance to neurodevelopmental disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 81:41-48. [PMID: 27594578 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cell adhesion molecules are located at synapses but only few of them can be considered synaptic cell adhesion molecules in the strict sense. Besides the Neurexins and Neuroligins, the LRRTMs (leucine rich repeat transmembrane proteins) and the SynCAMs/CADMs can induce synapse formation when expressed in non-neuronal cells and therefore are true synaptic cell adhesion molecules. SynCAMs (synaptic cell adhesion molecules) are a subfamily of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules. As suggested by their name, they were first identified as cell adhesion molecules at the synapse which were sufficient to trigger synapse formation. They also contribute to myelination by mediating axon-glia cell contacts. More recently, their role in earlier stages of neural circuit formation was demonstrated, as they also guide axons both in the peripheral and in the central nervous system. Mutations in SynCAM genes were found in patients diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. The diverse functions of SynCAMs during development suggest that neurodevelopmental disorders are not only due to defects in synaptic plasticity. Rather, early steps of neural circuit formation are likely to contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine A Frei
- Hussman Institute for Autism, 801 W Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 20201, United States
| | - Esther T Stoeckli
- Dept of Molecular Life Sciences and Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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31
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Harden N, Wang SJH, Krieger C. Making the connection – shared molecular machinery and evolutionary links underlie the formation and plasticity of occluding junctions and synapses. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3067-76. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.186627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The pleated septate junction (pSJ), an ancient structure for cell–cell contact in invertebrate epithelia, has protein components that are found in three more-recent junctional structures, the neuronal synapse, the paranodal region of the myelinated axon and the vertebrate epithelial tight junction. These more-recent structures appear to have evolved through alterations of the ancestral septate junction. During its formation in the developing animal, the pSJ exhibits plasticity, although the final structure is extremely robust. Similar to the immature pSJ, the synapse and tight junctions both exhibit plasticity, and we consider evidence that this plasticity comes at least in part from the interaction of members of the immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecule superfamily with highly regulated membrane-associated guanylate kinases. This plasticity regulation probably arose in order to modulate the ancestral pSJ and is maintained in the derived structures; we suggest that it would be beneficial when studying plasticity of one of these structures to consider the literature on the others. Finally, looking beyond the junctions, we highlight parallels between epithelial and synaptic membranes, which both show a polarized distribution of many of the same proteins – evidence that determinants of apicobasal polarity in epithelia also participate in patterning of the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Harden
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Simon Ji Hau Wang
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Charles Krieger
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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de Freitas GB, Gonçalves RA, Gralle M. Functional test of PCDHB11, the most human-specific neuronal surface protein. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:75. [PMID: 27068704 PMCID: PMC4828864 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brain-expressed proteins that have undergone functional change during human evolution may contribute to human cognitive capacities, and may also leave us vulnerable to specifically human diseases, such as schizophrenia, autism or Alzheimer’s disease. In order to search systematically for those proteins that have changed the most during human evolution and that might contribute to brain function and pathology, all proteins with orthologs in chimpanzee, orangutan and rhesus macaque and annotated as being expressed on the surface of cells in the human central nervous system were ordered by the number of human-specific amino acid differences that are fixed in modern populations. Results PCDHB11, a beta-protocadherin homologous to murine cell adhesion proteins, stood out with 12 substitutions and maintained its lead after normalizing for protein size and applying weights for amino acid exchange probabilities. Human PCDHB11 was found to cause homophilic cell adhesion, but at lower levels than shown for other clustered protocadherins. Homophilic adhesion caused by a PCDHB11 with reversion of human-specific changes was as low as for modern human PCDHB11; while neither human nor reverted PCDHB11 adhered to controls, they did adhere to each other. A loss of function in PCDHB11 is unlikely because intra-human variability did not increase relative to the other human beta-protocadherins. Conclusions The brain-expressed protein with the highest number of human-specific substitutions is PCDHB11. In spite of its fast evolution and low intra-human variability, cell-based tests on the only proposed function for PCDHB11 did not indicate a functional change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Braga de Freitas
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Araújo Gonçalves
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Matthias Gralle
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Savas JN, Ribeiro LF, Wierda KD, Wright R, DeNardo-Wilke LA, Rice HC, Chamma I, Wang YZ, Zemla R, Lavallée-Adam M, Vennekens KM, O'Sullivan ML, Antonios JK, Hall EA, Thoumine O, Attie AD, Yates JR, Ghosh A, de Wit J. The Sorting Receptor SorCS1 Regulates Trafficking of Neurexin and AMPA Receptors. Neuron 2015; 87:764-80. [PMID: 26291160 PMCID: PMC4692362 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The formation, function, and plasticity of synapses require dynamic changes in synaptic receptor composition. Here, we identify the sorting receptor SorCS1 as a key regulator of synaptic receptor trafficking. Four independent proteomic analyses identify the synaptic adhesion molecule neurexin and the AMPA glutamate receptor (AMPAR) as major proteins sorted by SorCS1. SorCS1 localizes to early and recycling endosomes and regulates neurexin and AMPAR surface trafficking. Surface proteome analysis of SorCS1-deficient neurons shows decreased surface levels of these, and additional, receptors. Quantitative in vivo analysis of SorCS1-knockout synaptic proteomes identifies SorCS1 as a global trafficking regulator and reveals decreased levels of receptors regulating adhesion and neurotransmission, including neurexins and AMPARs. Consequently, glutamatergic transmission at SorCS1-deficient synapses is reduced due to impaired AMPAR surface expression. SORCS1 mutations have been associated with autism and Alzheimer disease, suggesting that perturbed receptor trafficking contributes to synaptic-composition and -function defects underlying synaptopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Savas
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Luís F Ribeiro
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Keimpe D Wierda
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Wright
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Laura A DeNardo-Wilke
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Heather C Rice
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Chamma
- UMR 5297, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Yi-Zhi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Roland Zemla
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Mathieu Lavallée-Adam
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kristel M Vennekens
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew L O'Sullivan
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joseph K Antonios
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Hall
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Olivier Thoumine
- UMR 5297, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Alan D Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Anirvan Ghosh
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Neuroscience Discovery, F. Hoffman-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joris de Wit
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Coordinated Spine Pruning and Maturation Mediated by Inter-Spine Competition for Cadherin/Catenin Complexes. Cell 2015; 162:808-22. [PMID: 26255771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic spines are postsynaptic compartments of excitatory synapses that undergo dynamic changes during development, including rapid spinogenesis in early postnatal life and significant pruning during adolescence. Spine pruning defects have been implicated in developmental neurological disorders such as autism, yet much remains to be uncovered regarding its molecular mechanism. Here, we show that spine pruning and maturation in the mouse somatosensory cortex are coordinated via the cadherin/catenin cell adhesion complex and bidrectionally regulated by sensory experience. We further demonstrate that locally enhancing cadherin/catenin-dependent adhesion or photo-stimulating a contacting channelrhodopsin-expressing axon stabilized the manipulated spine and eliminated its neighbors, an effect requiring cadherin/catenin-dependent adhesion. Importantly, we show that differential cadherin/catenin-dependent adhesion between neighboring spines biased spine fate in vivo. These results suggest that activity-induced inter-spine competition for β-catenin provides specificity for concurrent spine maturation and elimination and thus is critical for the molecular control of spine pruning during neural circuit refinement.
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Zhao G, Wu Y, Du L, Li W, Xiong Y, Yao A, Wang Q, Zhang YQ. Drosophila S6 Kinase like inhibits neuromuscular junction growth by downregulating the BMP receptor thickveins. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004984. [PMID: 25748449 PMCID: PMC4351882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic connections must be precisely controlled to ensure proper neural circuit formation. In Drosophila melanogaster, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) promotes growth of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) by binding and activating the BMP ligand receptors wishful thinking (Wit) and thickveins (Tkv) expressed in motor neurons. We report here that an evolutionally conserved, previously uncharacterized member of the S6 kinase (S6K) family S6K like (S6KL) acts as a negative regulator of BMP signaling. S6KL null mutants were viable and fertile but exhibited more satellite boutons, fewer and larger synaptic vesicles, larger spontaneous miniature excitatory junctional potential (mEJP) amplitudes, and reduced synaptic endocytosis at the NMJ terminals. Reducing the gene dose by half of tkv in S6KL mutant background reversed the NMJ overgrowth phenotype. The NMJ phenotypes of S6KL mutants were accompanied by an elevated level of Tkv protein and phosphorylated Mad, an effector of the BMP signaling pathway, in the nervous system. In addition, Tkv physically interacted with S6KL in cultured S2 cells. Furthermore, knockdown of S6KL enhanced Tkv expression, while S6KL overexpression downregulated Tkv in cultured S2 cells. This latter effect was blocked by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Our results together demonstrate for the first time that S6KL regulates synaptic development and function by facilitating proteasomal degradation of the BMP receptor Tkv. Bi-directional signaling between neurons and their target cells is critical for synapse formation, growth, and plasticity, as well as for neuronal survival. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) acts as a retrograde signal promoting synaptic growth at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ), but little is known about proteins that regulate BMP signaling by controlling BMP release, receptor expression, and signal transduction. We report here that a previously uncharacterized and evolutionally conserved member of the S6 kinase (S6K) family S6K like (S6KL) inhibits BMP signaling by interacting with and promoting proteasome-mediated degradation of the BMP receptor Thickveins (Tkv). In S6KL mutants, there was an elevated level of Tkv protein, together with overgrown NMJs characterized by excess satellite boutons. Reducing the gene dose of tkv by half in S6KL null background restored normal NMJ morphology, suggesting that S6KL normally serves to suppress Tkv-mediated BMP signaling. Biochemically, S6KL interacted with Tkv. Overexpression of S6KL down-regulated Tkv and this effect was inhibited by blocking the proteasomal degradation pathway. Collectively, our data demonstrate that S6KL regulates NMJ synapse development by promoting the proteasomal degradation of Tkv. Thus, we have identified a novel negative regulator of BMP signaling in the Drosophila nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Yingga Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Beijing, China
- College of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Aiyu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Qifu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Q. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Kumar A, Gupta T, Berzsenyi S, Giangrande A. N-cadherin negatively regulates collective Drosophila glial migration via actin cytoskeleton remodeling. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:900-12. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.157974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is an essential and highly regulated process. During development, glia and neurons migrate over long distances, in most cases collectively, to reach their final destination and build the sophisticated architecture of the nervous system, the most complex tissue of the body. Collective migration is highly stereotyped and efficient, defects in the process leading to severe human diseases that include mental retardation. This dynamic process entails extensive cell communication and coordination, hence the real challenge is to analyze it in the whole organism and at cellular resolution. We here investigate the impact of the N-cadherin adhesion molecule on collective glial migration using the Drosophila developing wing and cell-type specific manipulation of gene expression. We show that N-cadherin timely accumulates in glial cells and that its levels affect migration efficiency. N-cadherin works as a molecular brake in a dosage dependent manner by negatively controlling actin nucleation and cytoskeleton remodeling through α/β catenins. This is the first in vivo evidence for N-cadherin negatively and cell autonomously controlling collective migration.
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Önel SF, Rust MB, Jacob R, Renkawitz-Pohl R. Tethering membrane fusion: common and different players in myoblasts and at the synapse. J Neurogenet 2014; 28:302-15. [PMID: 24957080 PMCID: PMC4245166 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2014.936014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila Membrane fusion is essential for the communication of membrane-defined compartments, development of multicellular organisms and tissue homeostasis. Although membrane fusion has been studied extensively, still little is known about the molecular mechanisms. Especially the intercellular fusion of cells during development and tissue homeostasis is poorly understood. Somatic muscle formation in Drosophila depends on the intercellular fusion of myoblasts. In this process, myoblasts recognize each other and adhere, thereby triggering a protein machinery that leads to electron-dense plaques, vesicles and F-actin formation at apposing membranes. Two models of how local membrane stress is achieved to induce the merging of the myoblast membranes have been proposed: the electron-dense vesicles transport and release a fusogen and F-actin bends the plasma membrane. In this review, we highlight cell-adhesion molecules and intracellular proteins known to be involved in myoblast fusion. The cell-adhesion proteins also mediate the recognition and adhesion of other cell types, such as neurons that communicate with each other via special intercellular junctions, termed chemical synapses. At these synapses, neurotransmitters are released through the intracellular fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane. As the targeting of electron-dense vesicles in myoblasts shares some similarities with the targeting of synaptic vesicle fusion, we compare molecules required for synaptic vesicle fusion to recently identified molecules involved in myoblast fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Filiz Önel
- Developmental Biology, Philipps University of Marburg , 35043 Marburg , Germany
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38
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Blunk AD, Akbergenova Y, Cho RW, Lee J, Walldorf U, Xu K, Zhong G, Zhuang X, Littleton JT. Postsynaptic actin regulates active zone spacing and glutamate receptor apposition at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 61:241-54. [PMID: 25066865 PMCID: PMC4134997 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic communication requires precise alignment of presynaptic active zones with postsynaptic receptors to enable rapid and efficient neurotransmitter release. How transsynaptic signaling between connected partners organizes this synaptic apparatus is poorly understood. To further define the mechanisms that mediate synapse assembly, we carried out a chemical mutagenesis screen in Drosophila to identify mutants defective in the alignment of active zones with postsynaptic glutamate receptor fields at the larval neuromuscular junction. From this screen we identified a mutation in Actin 57B that disrupted synaptic morphology and presynaptic active zone organization. Actin 57B, one of six actin genes in Drosophila, is expressed within the postsynaptic bodywall musculature. The isolated allele, act(E84K), harbors a point mutation in a highly conserved glutamate residue in subdomain 1 that binds members of the Calponin Homology protein family, including spectrin. Homozygous act(E84K) mutants show impaired alignment and spacing of presynaptic active zones, as well as defects in apposition of active zones to postsynaptic glutamate receptor fields. act(E84K) mutants have disrupted postsynaptic actin networks surrounding presynaptic boutons, with the formation of aberrant actin swirls previously observed following disruption of postsynaptic spectrin. Consistent with a disruption of the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton, spectrin, adducin and the PSD-95 homolog Discs-Large are all mislocalized in act(E84K) mutants. Genetic interactions between act(E84K) and neurexin mutants suggest that the postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton may function together with the Neurexin-Neuroligin transsynaptic signaling complex to mediate normal synapse development and presynaptic active zone organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline D Blunk
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Yulia Akbergenova
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Richard W Cho
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Jihye Lee
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; The Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Uwe Walldorf
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Saarland, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Ke Xu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Guisheng Zhong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Xiaowei Zhuang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - J Troy Littleton
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
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Yang X, Hou D, Jiang W, Zhang C. Intercellular protein-protein interactions at synapses. Protein Cell 2014; 5:420-44. [PMID: 24756565 PMCID: PMC4026422 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses are asymmetric intercellular junctions through which neurons send nerve impulses to communicate with other neurons or excitable cells. The appropriate formation of synapses, both spatially and temporally, is essential for brain function and depends on the intercellular protein-protein interactions of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) at synaptic clefts. The CAM proteins link pre- and post-synaptic sites, and play essential roles in promoting synapse formation and maturation, maintaining synapse number and type, accumulating neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels, controlling neuronal differentiation, and even regulating synaptic plasticity directly. Alteration of the interactions of CAMs leads to structural and functional impairments, which results in many neurological disorders, such as autism, Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the functions of CAMs during development and in the mature neural system, as well as in the pathogenesis of some neurological disorders. Here, we review the function of the major classes of CAMs, and how dysfunction of CAMs relates to several neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074 China
| | - Dongmei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074 China
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science, Laboratory of Membrane Ion Channels and Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074 China
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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Sun Z, Parrish AR, Hill MA, Meininger GA. N-cadherin, A Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell-Cell Adhesion Molecule: Function and Signaling for Vasomotor Control. Microcirculation 2014; 21:208-18. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Alan R. Parrish
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Michael A. Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
| | - Gerald A. Meininger
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology; University of Missouri; Columbia Missouri USA
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41
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Pokutta S, Choi HJ, Ahlsen G, Hansen SD, Weis WI. Structural and thermodynamic characterization of cadherin·β-catenin·α-catenin complex formation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:13589-601. [PMID: 24692547 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.554709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical cadherin·β-catenin·α-catenin complex mediates homophilic cell-cell adhesion and mechanically couples the actin cytoskeletons of adjacent cells. Although α-catenin binds to β-catenin and to F-actin, β-catenin significantly weakens the affinity of α-catenin for F-actin. Moreover, α-catenin self-associates into homodimers that block β-catenin binding. We investigated quantitatively and structurally αE- and αN-catenin dimer formation, their interaction with β-catenin and the cadherin·β-catenin complex, and the effect of the α-catenin actin-binding domain on β-catenin association. The two α-catenin variants differ in their self-association properties: at physiological temperatures, αE-catenin homodimerizes 10× more weakly than does αN-catenin but is kinetically trapped in its oligomeric state. Both αE- and αN-catenin bind to β-catenin with a Kd of 20 nM, and this affinity is increased by an order of magnitude when cadherin is bound to β-catenin. We describe the crystal structure of a complex representing the full β-catenin·αN-catenin interface. A three-dimensional model of the cadherin·β-catenin·α-catenin complex based on these new structural data suggests mechanisms for the enhanced stability of the ternary complex. The C-terminal actin-binding domain of α-catenin has no influence on the interactions with β-catenin, arguing against models in which β-catenin weakens actin binding by stabilizing inhibitory intramolecular interactions between the actin-binding domain and the rest of α-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Pokutta
- From the Departments of Structural Biology and Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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Muntané G, Horvath JE, Hof PR, Ely JJ, Hopkins WD, Raghanti MA, Lewandowski AH, Wray GA, Sherwood CC. Analysis of synaptic gene expression in the neocortex of primates reveals evolutionary changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 25:1596-607. [PMID: 24408959 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Increased relative brain size characterizes the evolution of primates, suggesting that enhanced cognition plays an important part in the behavioral adaptations of this mammalian order. In addition to changes in brain anatomy, cognition can also be regulated by molecular changes that alter synaptic function, but little is known about modifications of synapses in primate brain evolution. The aim of the current study was to investigate the expression patterns and evolution of 20 synaptic genes from the prefrontal cortex of 12 primate species. The genes investigated included glutamate receptors, scaffolding proteins, synaptic vesicle components, as well as factors involved in synaptic vesicle release and structural components of the nervous system. Our analyses revealed that there have been significant changes during primate brain evolution in the components of the glutamatergic signaling pathway in terms of gene expression, protein expression, and promoter sequence changes. These results could entail functional modifications in the regulation of specific genes related to processes underlying learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Muntané
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Julie E Horvath
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Nature Research Center, Raleigh, NC 27601, USA Department of Biology, NC Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 New York Consortium for Primate Evolution, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - John J Ely
- Alamogordo Primate Facility, Holloman Air Force Base, NM 88330, USA
| | - William D Hopkins
- Neuroscience Institute and Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA
| | - Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | | | - Gregory A Wray
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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Visual circuit assembly requires fine tuning of the novel Ig transmembrane protein Borderless. J Neurosci 2013; 33:17413-21. [PMID: 24174674 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1878-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment of synaptic connections in the neuropils of the developing nervous system requires the coordination of specific neurite-neurite interactions (i.e., axon-axon, dendrite-dendrite and axon-dendrite interactions). The molecular mechanisms underlying coordination of neurite-neurite interactions for circuit assembly are incompletely understood. In this report, we identify a novel Ig superfamily transmembrane protein that we named Borderless (Bdl), as a novel regulator of neurite-neurite interactions in Drosophila. Bdl induces homotypic cell-cell adhesion in vitro and mediates neurite-neurite interactions in the developing visual system. Bdl interacts physically and genetically with the Ig transmembrane protein Turtle, a key regulator of axonal tiling. Our results also show that the receptor tyrosine phosphatase leukocyte common antigen-related protein (LAR) negatively regulates Bdl to control synaptic-layer selection. We propose that precise regulation of Bdl action coordinates neurite-neurite interactions for circuit formation in Drosophila.
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Brain tumor regulates neuromuscular synapse growth and endocytosis in Drosophila by suppressing mad expression. J Neurosci 2013; 33:12352-63. [PMID: 23884941 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0386-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise regulation of synaptic growth is critical for the proper formation and plasticity of functional neural circuits. Identification and characterization of factors that regulate synaptic growth and function have been under intensive investigation. Here we report that brain tumor (brat), which was identified as a translational repressor in multiple biological processes, plays a crucial role at Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synapses. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that brat mutants exhibited synaptic overgrowth characterized by excess satellite boutons at NMJ terminals, whereas electron microscopy revealed increased synaptic vesicle size but reduced density at active zones compared with wild-types. Spontaneous miniature excitatory junctional potential amplitudes were larger and evoked quantal content was lower at brat mutant NMJs. In agreement with the morphological and physiological phenotypes, loss of Brat resulted in reduced FM1-43 uptake at the NMJ terminals, indicating that brat regulates synaptic endocytosis. Genetic analysis revealed that the actions of Brat at synapses are mediated through mothers against decapentaplegic (Mad), the signal transduction effector of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway. Furthermore, biochemical analyses showed upregulated levels of Mad protein but normal mRNA levels in the larval brains of brat mutants, suggesting that Brat suppresses Mad translation. Consistently, knockdown of brat by RNA interference in Drosophila S2 cells also increased Mad protein level. These results together reveal an important and previously unidentified role for Brat in synaptic development and endocytosis mediated by suppression of BMP signaling.
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Park K, Biederer T. Neuronal adhesion and synapse organization in recovery after brain injury. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2013; 8:555-567. [PMID: 24489481 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Few specific therapeutic targets exist to manage brain injury, despite the prevalence of stroke or traumatic brain injury. With traumatic brain injury, characteristic neuronal changes include axonal swelling and degeneration, and the loss of synapses, the sites of communication between neurons. This is followed by axonal sprouting and alterations in synaptic markers in recovery. The resulting changes in neuronal connectivity are likely to contribute to the effects of traumatic brain injury on cognitive functions and the underlying mechanisms may represent points of therapeutic intervention. In agreement, animal studies implicate adhesion and signaling molecules that organize synapses as molecular players in neuronal recovery. In this article, the authors focus on the role of cell surface interactions in the recovery after brain injury in humans and animals. The authors review cellular and synaptic alterations that occur with injury and how changes in cell adhesion, protein expression and modification may be involved in recovery. The changes in neuronal surface interactions as potential targets and their possible value for the development of therapeutics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas Biederer
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA ; Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration & Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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The cell biology of synaptic specificity during development. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2013; 23:1018-26. [PMID: 23932598 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Proper circuit connectivity is critical for nervous system function. Connectivity derives from the interaction of two interdependent modules: synaptic specificity and synaptic assembly. Specificity involves both targeting of neurons to specific laminar regions and the formation of synapses onto defined subcellular areas. In this review, we focus discussion on recently elucidated molecular mechanisms that control synaptic specificity and link them to synapse assembly. We use these molecular pathways to underscore fundamental cell biological concepts that underpin, and help explain, the rules governing synaptic specificity.
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Corena-McLeod M, Walss-Bass C, Oliveros A, Gordillo Villegas A, Ceballos C, Charlesworth CM, Madden B, Linser PJ, Van Ekeris L, Smith K, Richelson E. New model of action for mood stabilizers: phosphoproteome from rat pre-frontal cortex synaptoneurosomal preparations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52147. [PMID: 23690912 PMCID: PMC3653908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial short and long-range movements are necessary to generate the energy needed for synaptic signaling and plasticity. Therefore, an effective mechanism to transport and anchor mitochondria to pre- and post-synaptic terminals is as important as functional mitochondria in neuronal firing. Mitochondrial movement range is regulated by phosphorylation of cytoskeletal and motor proteins in addition to changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Movement direction is regulated by serotonin and dopamine levels. However, data on mitochondrial movement defects and their involvement in defective signaling and neuroplasticity in relationship with mood disorders is scarce. We have previously reported the effects of lithium, valproate and a new antipsychotic, paliperidone on protein expression levels at the synaptic level. Hypothesis Mitochondrial function defects have recently been implicated in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We postulate that mood stabilizer treatment has a profound effect on mitochondrial function, synaptic plasticity, mitochondrial migration and direction of movement. Methods Synaptoneurosomal preparations from rat pre-frontal cortex were obtained after 28 daily intraperitoneal injections of lithium, valproate and paliperidone. Phosphorylated proteins were identified using 2D-DIGE and nano LC-ESI tandem mass spectrometry. Results Lithium, valproate and paliperidone had a substantial and common effect on the phosphorylation state of specific actin, tubulin and myosin isoforms as well as other proteins associated with neurofilaments. Furthermore, different subunits from complex III and V of the electron transfer chain were heavily phosphorylated by treatment with these drugs indicating selective phosphorylation. Conclusions Mood stabilizers have an effect on mitochondrial function, mitochondrial movement and the direction of this movement. The implications of these findings will contribute to novel insights regarding clinical treatment and the mode of action of these drugs.
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Nectin-3 links CRHR1 signaling to stress-induced memory deficits and spine loss. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:706-13. [DOI: 10.1038/nn.3395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhao L, Wang D, Wang Q, Rodal AA, Zhang YQ. Drosophila cyfip regulates synaptic development and endocytosis by suppressing filamentous actin assembly. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003450. [PMID: 23593037 PMCID: PMC3616907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of synapses and the proper construction of neural circuits depend on signaling pathways that regulate cytoskeletal structure and dynamics. After the mutual recognition of a growing axon and its target, multiple signaling pathways are activated that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics to determine the morphology and strength of the connection. By analyzing Drosophila mutations in the cytoplasmic FMRP interacting protein Cyfip, we demonstrate that this component of the WAVE complex inhibits the assembly of filamentous actin (F-actin) and thereby regulates key aspects of synaptogenesis. Cyfip regulates the distribution of F-actin filaments in presynaptic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) terminals. At cyfip mutant NMJs, F-actin assembly was accelerated, resulting in shorter NMJs, more numerous satellite boutons, and reduced quantal content. Increased synaptic vesicle size and failure to maintain excitatory junctional potential amplitudes under high-frequency stimulation in cyfip mutants indicated an endocytic defect. cyfip mutants exhibited upregulated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, a major growth-promoting pathway known to be attenuated by endocytosis at the Drosophila NMJ. We propose that Cyfip regulates synapse development and endocytosis by inhibiting actin assembly. Synapses are specialized junctions at which neurons communicate with target cells. To establish properly wired neuronal circuits, synapses must grow in size and strength with a high degree of accuracy. The actin cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in the formation and function of synapses, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model for studying synaptic development and function. By analyzing Drosophila mutants of the cytoplasmic FMRP interacting protein Cyfip, we establish that this protein inhibits the assembly of filamentous actin (F-actin). At cyfip mutant NMJ synapses, F-actin assembly was accelerated and NMJ terminals were shorter and grew supernumerary buds. Furthermore, neurotransmission was not sustained under high-frequency stimulation. These changes could be caused by defects in synaptic endocytosis, which would compromise the endocytic attenuation of signaling pathways such as the NMJ growth-promoting bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. Indeed, BMP signaling was upregulated in cyfip mutants. We propose that Cyfip regulates synaptic development and function by inhibiting F-actin assembly, which in turn downregulates BMP signaling via endocytosis. This study establishes a novel role for Cyfip-mediated regulation of the actin cytoskeleton at the Drosophila NMJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Giza JI, Jung Y, Jeffrey RA, Neugebauer NM, Picciotto MR, Biederer T. The synaptic adhesion molecule SynCAM 1 contributes to cocaine effects on synapse structure and psychostimulant behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:628-38. [PMID: 23169347 PMCID: PMC3572459 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse have acute and persistent effects on synapse structure and addiction-related behaviors. Trans-synaptic interactions can control synapse development, and synaptic cell adhesion molecule (SynCAM) proteins (also named nectin-like molecules) are immunoglobulin adhesion proteins that span the synaptic cleft and induce excitatory synapses. Our studies now reveal that the loss of SynCAM 1 in knockout (KO) mice reduces excitatory synapse number in nucleus accumbens (NAc). SynCAM 1 additionally contributes to the structural remodeling of NAc synapses in response to the psychostimulant cocaine. Specifically, we find that cocaine administration increases the density of stubby spines on medium spiny neurons in NAc, and that maintaining this increase requires SynCAM 1. Furthermore, mushroom-type spines on these neurons are structurally more plastic when SynCAM 1 is absent, and challenging drug-withdrawn mice with cocaine shortens these spines in SynCAM 1 KO mice. These effects are correlated with changes on the behavioral level, where SynCAM 1 contributes to the psychostimulant effects of cocaine as measured after acute and repeated administration, and in drug-withdrawn mice. Together, our results provide evidence that the loss of a synapse-organizing adhesion molecule can modulate cocaine effects on spine structures in NAc and increases vulnerability to the behavioral actions of cocaine. SynCAM-dependent pathways may therefore represent novel points of therapeutic intervention after exposure to drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna I Giza
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yonwoo Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University Medical School, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachel A Jeffrey
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nichole M Neugebauer
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University Medical School, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marina R Picciotto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University Medical School, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas Biederer
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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