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Lei J, Wang Y, Song Y, Peng C, Wu Z, Xiong Y, He F, Luo T, Fang Y, Xu Y, Huang W, Hu J, Yang S, Li Q, Ma L. A novel nonsense mutation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene causing glucocorticoid resistance with infertility. Endocrine 2025:10.1007/s12020-025-04280-1. [PMID: 40413280 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-025-04280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2025] [Accepted: 05/07/2025] [Indexed: 05/27/2025]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chrousos syndrome is a rare disease mainly caused by inactivated mutations in the NR3C1 gene, which encodes the human glucocorticoid receptor (GR). We reported a male patient of Chrousos syndrome, who had a novel nonsense mutation (c.1839T > A, p. Tyr613Ter) in NR3C1 and presented with oligospermic and infertility but without other typical clinical manifestation. The aim of this study is to explore the molecular mechanisms that cause the unique clinical manifestations in this patient. METHODS Mutant plasmids were transfected to HEK293T and HeLa cells to evaluate glucocorticoid sensitivity and GR expression. Proteomic and further cellular experiments were used to illustrate the mechanism of GR expression change induced by mutation. RESULTS The mutation causes the deletion of the ligand-binding region of the GR (GR Y613*). Compared with GR wild type (GR WT), GR Y613* had a decreased affinity with dexamethasone, reduced nuclear translocation and decreased transactivation of the glucocorticoid response gene mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. GR Y613* caused decreased protein but unchanged gene expression. E3 ligase STUB1 was identified to regulate ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of GR Y613*. Compared with other human tissues and cell types, expression of STUB1 in testis and Sertoli cells was low. CONCLUSIONS GR Y613* causes reduced sensitivity to glucocorticoids. STUB1 promotes ubiquitination and degradation of GR Y613*. Low expression of STUB1 in human testis compared with other tissue might cause accumulation of GR Y613*, as a potential explanation of the infertility of Chrousos syndrome.
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Grants
- 2022YFC2505300, sub-project: 2022YFC2505301, 2022YFC2505302, 2022YFC2505306 National key research " development plan of China, major project of prevention and treatment for common diseases
- 2022YFC2505300, sub-project: 2022YFC2505301, 2022YFC2505302, 2022YFC2505306 National key research " development plan of China, major project of prevention and treatment for common diseases
- 2022YFC2505300, sub-project: 2022YFC2505301, 2022YFC2505302, 2022YFC2505306 National key research " development plan of China, major project of prevention and treatment for common diseases
- 2024WSJK109 Medical research project of the Chongqing Health Commission
- U21A20355, 82170825, 82270878 The National Natural Science Foundation of China
- U21A20355, 82170825, 82270878 The National Natural Science Foundation of China
- U21A20355, 82170825, 82270878 The National Natural Science Foundation of China
- KJQN202200403 Science and technology research project of Chongqing Education Commission
- 2022ZDXM003 Joint Medical Research Project of Chongqing Science and Technology Commission " Chongqing Health and Family Planning Commission
- CSTB2023NSCQ-JQX0028, YXQN202402 Chongqing Outstanding Youth Science Fund project
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyun Lei
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan-Chongqing Joint Key Laboratory of Metabolic Vascular Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan-Chongqing Joint Key Laboratory of Metabolic Vascular Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan-Chongqing Joint Key Laboratory of Metabolic Vascular Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan-Chongqing Joint Key Laboratory of Metabolic Vascular Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhipeng Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan-Chongqing Joint Key Laboratory of Metabolic Vascular Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunjie Xiong
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan-Chongqing Joint Key Laboratory of Metabolic Vascular Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Furong He
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan-Chongqing Joint Key Laboratory of Metabolic Vascular Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan-Chongqing Joint Key Laboratory of Metabolic Vascular Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Tongnan District People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sichuan-Chongqing Joint Key Laboratory of Metabolic Vascular Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sichuan-Chongqing Joint Key Laboratory of Metabolic Vascular Diseases, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinbo Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan-Chongqing Joint Key Laboratory of Metabolic Vascular Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shumin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan-Chongqing Joint Key Laboratory of Metabolic Vascular Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan-Chongqing Joint Key Laboratory of Metabolic Vascular Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Linqiang Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Sichuan-Chongqing Joint Key Laboratory of Metabolic Vascular Diseases, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Major Metabolic Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Agrawal R, Sengupta S. p53 regulates DREAM complex-mediated repression in a p21-independent manner. EMBO J 2025; 44:2279-2297. [PMID: 40038454 PMCID: PMC12000331 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-025-00402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 01/18/2025] [Accepted: 02/10/2025] [Indexed: 03/06/2025] Open
Abstract
The DREAM repressor complex regulates genes involved in the cell cycle and DNA repair, vital for maintaining genome stability. Although it mediates p53-driven repression through the canonical p53-p21-Rb axis, the potential for p53 to directly regulate DREAM targets independently of its transcriptional activity has not been explored. Here, we demonstrate that in asynchronously growing cells, p53 loss leads to greater de-repression of DREAM targets compared to p21 loss alone. Both wild-type and transactivation-deficient p53 mutants are capable of repressing DREAM targets, suggesting a transactivation-independent "non-canonical" repression mechanism. These p53 variants bind p130/p107, irrespective of their phosphorylation status, while cancer-associated p53 mutants disrupt DREAM complex function by sequestering E2F4. Re-ChIP analysis shows co-recruitment of p53 and E2F4 to known and newly identified DREAM target promoters, indicating direct repression of these targets by p53. These findings reveal a novel, transactivation-independent mechanism of p53-mediated repression, expanding our understanding of p53's tumor-suppressive functions and suggesting DREAM complex targeting as potential future avenues in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Agrawal
- Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council-National Institute of Immunology (BRIC-NII), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sagar Sengupta
- Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council-National Institute of Immunology (BRIC-NII), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council-National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (BRIC-NIBMG), PO: NSS, Kalyani, 741251, India.
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3
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Bhandari S, Kyrrestad I, Simón-Santamaría J, Li R, Szafranska KJ, Dumitriu G, Sánchez Romano J, Smedsrød B, Sørensen KK. Mouse liver sinusoidal endothelial cell responses to the glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1377136. [PMID: 39439887 PMCID: PMC11494038 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1377136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) which make up the fenestrated wall of the hepatic sinusoids, are active scavenger cells involved in blood waste clearance and liver immune functions. Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid commonly used in the clinic and as cell culture supplement. However, the response is dependent on tissue, cell type, and cell state. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dexamethasone on primary mouse LSECs (C57BL/6J); their viability (live-dead, LDH release, caspase 3/7 assays), morphology (scanning electron microscopy), release of inflammatory markers (ELISA), and scavenging functions (endocytosis assays), and associated biological processes and pathways. We have characterized and catalogued the proteome of LSECs cultured for 1, 10, or 48 h to elucidate time-dependent and dexamethasone-specific cell responses. More than 6,000 protein IDs were quantified using tandem mass tag technology and advanced mass spectrometry (synchronous precursor selection multi-notch MS3). Enrichment analysis showed a culture-induced upregulation of stress and inflammatory markers, and a significant shift in cell metabolism already at 10 h, with enhancement of glycolysis and concomitant repression of oxidative phosphorylation. At 48 h, changes in metabolic pathways were more pronounced with dexamethasone compared to time-matched controls. Dexamethasone repressed the activation of inflammatory pathways (IFN-gamma response, TNF-alpha signaling via NF-kB, Cell adhesion molecules), and culture-induced release of interleukin-6, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1, and improved cell viability partly through inhibition of apoptosis. The mouse LSECs did not proliferate in culture. Dexamethasone treated cells showed upregulation of xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase (Xdh), and the transcription regulator Foxo1. The drug further delayed but did not block the culture-induced loss of LSEC fenestration. The LSEC capacity for endocytosis was significantly reduced at 48 h, independent of dexamethasone, which correlated with diminished expression of several scavenger receptors and C-type lectins and altered expression of proteins in the endocytic machinery. The glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) was suppressed by dexamethasone at 48 h, suggesting limited effect of the drug in prolonged LSEC culture. Conclusion: The study presents a detailed overview of biological processes and pathways affected by dexamethasone in mouse LSECs in vitro.
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Da Costa L, Mohandas N, David-NGuyen L, Platon J, Marie I, O'Donohue MF, Leblanc T, Gleizes PE. Diamond-Blackfan anemia, the archetype of ribosomopathy: How distinct is it from the other constitutional ribosomopathies? Blood Cells Mol Dis 2024:102838. [PMID: 38413287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2024.102838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) was the first ribosomopathy described in humans. DBA is a congenital hypoplastic anemia, characterized by macrocytic aregenerative anemia, manifesting by differentiation blockage between the BFU-e/CFU-e developmental erythroid progenitor stages. In 50 % of the DBA cases, various malformations are noted. Strikingly, for a hematological disease with a relative erythroid tropism, DBA is due to ribosomal haploinsufficiency in 24 different ribosomal protein (RP) genes. A few other genes have been described in DBA-like disorders, but they do not fit into the classical DBA phenotype (Sankaran et al., 2012; van Dooijeweert et al., 2022; Toki et al., 2018; Kim et al., 2017 [1-4]). Haploinsufficiency in a RP gene leads to defective ribosomal RNA (rRNA) maturation, which is a hallmark of DBA. However, the mechanistic understandings of the erythroid tropism defect in DBA are still to be fully defined. Erythroid defect in DBA has been recently been linked in a non-exclusive manner to a number of mechanisms that include: 1) a defect in translation, in particular for the GATA1 erythroid gene; 2) a deficit of HSP70, the GATA1 chaperone, and 3) free heme toxicity. In addition, p53 activation in response to ribosomal stress is involved in DBA pathophysiology. The DBA phenotype may thus result from the combined contributions of various actors, which may explain the heterogenous phenotypes observed in DBA patients, even within the same family.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Da Costa
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique (Hematology Diagnostic Lab), AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; University of Paris Saclay, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; University of Paris Cité, F-75010 Paris, France; University of Picardie Jules Verne, F-80000 Amiens, France; Inserm U1170, IGR, F-94805 Villejuif/HEMATIM UR4666, F-80000 Amiens, France; Laboratory of Excellence for Red Cells, LABEX GR-Ex, F-75015 Paris, France.
| | | | - Ludivine David-NGuyen
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique (Hematology Diagnostic Lab), AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jessica Platon
- Inserm U1170, IGR, F-94805 Villejuif/HEMATIM UR4666, F-80000 Amiens, France
| | - Isabelle Marie
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique (Hematology Diagnostic Lab), AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marie Françoise O'Donohue
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Thierry Leblanc
- Service d'immuno-hématologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Robert-Debré, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Gleizes
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Wang C, Fu H, Yang J, Liu L, Zhang F, Yang C, Li H, Chen J, Li Q, Wang X, Ye Y, Sheng N, Guo Y, Dai J, Xu G, Liu X, Wang J. PFO5DoDA disrupts hepatic homeostasis primarily through glucocorticoid signaling inhibition. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130831. [PMID: 36696776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a worldwide health concern due to their potential bioaccumulation and toxicity in humans. A variety of perfluoroether carboxylic acids (PFECAs) have been developed as next-generation replacements of legacy PFASs. However, information regarding their possible environmental and human health risks is limited. In the present study, we explored the effects of PFECAs on mice based on long-term exposure to environmentally relevant doses of perfluoro-3,5,7,9,11-pentaoxadodecanoic acid (PFO5DoDA). Results showed that PFECAs exposure suppressed many cellular stress signals and resulted in hepatomegaly. PFO5DoDA acted as an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) in vitro and modulated PPAR-dependent gene expression in the liver. Importantly, PFECAs had an inhibitory effect on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which may contribute to the extensive suppression of stress signals. Of note, the GR suppression induced by PFECAs was not reported by legacy perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). PFO5DoDA-induced changes in both GR and PPAR signals remodeled hepatic metabolic profiles, including decreased fatty acids and amino acids and increased β-oxidation. Mechanistically, PFO5DoDA inhibited GR transactivation by degradation of GR proteins. Our results emphasize the potential risk of PFECAs to human health, which were introduced to ease concerns regarding legacy PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Huayu Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jun Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Fenghong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Chunyu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Hongyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiamiao Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yaorui Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Nan Sheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Health Impact Assessment of Emerging Contaminants, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Jianshe Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China.
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Shibayama Y, Alkhoury C, Nemazanyy I, F Henneman N, Cagnard N, Girard M, Atsumi T, Panasyuk G. Class 3 phosphoinositide 3-kinase promotes hepatic glucocorticoid receptor stability and transcriptional activity. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 235:e13793. [PMID: 35094500 PMCID: PMC9539506 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aim Lipid kinase class 3 phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) and nuclear receptor transcription factor glucocorticoid receptor (GR) play essential physiological roles in metabolic adaptation to fasting by activating lysosomal degradation by autophagy and metabolic gene expression, yet their functional interaction is unknown. The requirement of class 3 PI3K for GR function was investigated in liver tissue. Methods Inactivation of class 3 PI3K was achieved through deletion of its essential regulatory subunit Vps15, by expressing Cre‐recombinase in the livers of Vps15f/f mice. The response to both 24‐h fasting and synthetic GR ligand, dexamethasone (DEX) was evaluated in control and mutant mice. Liver tissue was analysed by immunoblot, RT‐qPCR, and LC‐MS. Results Vps15 mutant mice show decreased transcript levels of GR targets, coupled with lower nuclear levels of total and phosphorylated on Ser211, GR protein. Acute DEX treatment and 24‐h fasting both failed to re‐activate expression of GR targets in the livers of Vps15 mutant mice to the levels observed in controls. Decreased levels of endogenous GR ligand corticosterone and lower expression of 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β‐HSD1), a metabolic enzyme that controls corticosterone availability, were found in the livers of Vps15 mutants. Hepatic Vps15 depletion resulted in the activation of nuclear Akt1 signalling, which was paralleled by increased polyubiquitination of GR. Conclusion In the liver, class 3 PI3K is required for corticosterone metabolism and GR transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Shibayama
- Institut Necker‐Enfants Malades (INEM) Paris France
- INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253 Paris France
- Université de Paris Paris France
- Department of Rheumatology Endocrinology and Nephrology Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Chantal Alkhoury
- Institut Necker‐Enfants Malades (INEM) Paris France
- INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253 Paris France
- Université de Paris Paris France
| | - Ivan Nemazanyy
- Platform for Metabolic Analyses Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker INSERM US24/CNRS UAR 3633 Paris France
| | - Nathaniel F Henneman
- Institut Necker‐Enfants Malades (INEM) Paris France
- INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253 Paris France
- Université de Paris Paris France
| | - Nicolas Cagnard
- Bio‐Informatique Platform Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker INSERM US24/CNRS UAR 3633 Paris France
| | - Muriel Girard
- Institut Necker‐Enfants Malades (INEM) Paris France
- INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253 Paris France
- Université de Paris Paris France
- Pediatric Hepatology Unit Hôpital Necker‐Enfants Malades Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris Paris France
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Department of Rheumatology Endocrinology and Nephrology Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine Hokkaido University Sapporo Japan
| | - Ganna Panasyuk
- Institut Necker‐Enfants Malades (INEM) Paris France
- INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253 Paris France
- Université de Paris Paris France
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Goswami DG, Mishra N, Kant R, Agarwal C, Ammar DA, Petrash JM, Tewari-Singh N, Agarwal R. Effect of dexamethasone treatment at variable therapeutic windows in reversing nitrogen mustard-induced corneal injuries in rabbit ocular in vivo model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 437:115904. [PMID: 35108561 PMCID: PMC8849585 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen mustard (NM) is an analogue of the potent vesicating agent sulfur mustard, with well-established ocular injury models in rabbit eyes to study vesicant-induced ocular toxicity. The effects of NM-exposure to eyes may include irritation, redness, inflammation, fibrosis, epithelial degradation, blurred vision, partial/complete blindness, which may be temporary or permanent, depending on the route, duration, and dosage of exposure. Effective countermeasures against vesicant exposure are presently not available and are warranted in case of any terrorist activity or accidental leakage from stockpiles. Herein, our focus was to evaluate whether dexamethasone (DEX), an FDA approved potent corticosteroid with documented anti-inflammatory activities, could be an effective treatment modality. Accordingly, utilizing NM-induced corneal injuries in rabbit ocular in vivo model, we examined and compared the efficacy of DEX treatments when administration was started at early (2 h), intermediate (4 h), and late (6 h) therapeutic windows of intervention after NM-exposure and administered every 8 h thereafter. The effects of NM-exposure and DEX treatments were evaluated on clinical (corneal opacity, ulceration, and neovascularization), biological (epithelial thickness, epithelial-stromal separation, blood vessels density, and inflammatory cell and keratocyte counts) and molecular (COX-2 and VEGF expression) parameters, at day 1, 3, 7 and 14. Results indicated that DEX treatment markedly and effectively reversed the NM-induced injury markers in rabbit corneas. Early administration of DEX at 2 h was found to be most effective in reversing NM-induced corneal injuries, followed by DEX 4 h and DEX 6 h administration initiation, indicating that DEX has best efficacy at the early therapeutic window in our study model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh G. Goswami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rama Kant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David A. Ammar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - J. Mark Petrash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Neera Tewari-Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
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Spies LML, Verhoog NJD, Louw A. Acquired Glucocorticoid Resistance Due to Homologous Glucocorticoid Receptor Downregulation: A Modern Look at an Age-Old Problem. Cells 2021; 10:2529. [PMID: 34685511 PMCID: PMC8533966 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 70 years, the unique anti-inflammatory properties of glucocorticoids (GCs), which mediate their effects via the ligand-activated transcription factor, the glucocorticoid receptor alpha (GRα), have allowed for the use of these steroid hormones in the treatment of various autoimmune and inflammatory-linked diseases. However, aside from the onset of severe side-effects, chronic GC therapy often leads to the ligand-mediated downregulation of the GRα which, in turn, leads to a decrease in GC sensitivity, and effectively, the development of acquired GC resistance. Although the ligand-mediated downregulation of GRα is well documented, the precise factors which influence this process are not well understood and, thus, the development of an acquired GC resistance presents an ever-increasing challenge to the pharmaceutical industry. Recently, however, studies have correlated the dimerization status of the GRα with its ligand-mediated downregulation. Therefore, the current review will be discussing the major role-players in the homologous downregulation of the GRα pool, with a specific focus on previously reported GC-mediated reductions in GRα mRNA and protein levels, the molecular mechanisms through which the GRα functional pool is maintained and the possible impact of receptor conformation on GC-mediated GRα downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ann Louw
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Van de Byl Street, Stellenbosch 7200, South Africa; (L.-M.L.S.); (N.J.D.V.)
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9
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Wang B, Xin N, Qian X, Zhai L, Miao Z, Yang Y, Li S, Sun M, Xu X, Li XJ. Ahi1 regulates the nuclear translocation of glucocorticoid receptor to modulate stress response. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:188. [PMID: 33782379 PMCID: PMC8007735 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress activates the nuclear translocation of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) to trigger gene expression. Abnormal GR levels can alter the stress responses in animals and therapeutic effects of antidepressants. Here, we reported that stress-mediated nuclear translocation of GR reduced Ahi1 in the stressed cells and mouse brains. Ahi1 interacts with GR to stabilize each other in the cytoplasm. Importantly, Ahi1 deficiency promotes the degradation of GR in the cytoplasm and reduced the nuclear translocation of GR in response to stress. Genetic depletion of Ahi1 in mice caused hyposensitivity to antidepressants under the stress condition. These findings suggest that AHI1 is an important regulator of GR level and may serve as a therapeutic target for stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- grid.429222.d0000 0004 1798 0228Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215006 Suzhou, China ,grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Ning Xin
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China ,grid.413389.4Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 221000 Xuzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Xuanchen Qian
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Lijing Zhai
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Miao
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, 215123 Suzhou, China
| | - Yong Yang
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, 215008 Suzhou, China
| | - Shihua Li
- grid.258164.c0000 0004 1790 3548Guangdong Key Laboratory of non-human primate models, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, 510632 Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China.
| | - Xingshun Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China. .,Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 215006, Suzhou, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of non-human primate models, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, 510632, Guangzhou, China.
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10
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Olivas-Aguirre M, Torres-López L, Pottosin I, Dobrovinskaya O. Overcoming Glucocorticoid Resistance in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Repurposed Drugs Can Improve the Protocol. Front Oncol 2021; 11:617937. [PMID: 33777761 PMCID: PMC7991804 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.617937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a central component of multi-drug treatment protocols against T and B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which are used intensively during the remission induction to rapidly eliminate the leukemic blasts. The primary response to GCs predicts the overall response to treatment and clinical outcome. In this review, we have critically analyzed the available data on the effects of GCs on sensitive and resistant leukemic cells, in order to reveal the mechanisms of GC resistance and how these mechanisms may determine a poor outcome in ALL. Apart of the GC resistance, associated with a decreased expression of receptors to GCs, there are several additional mechanisms, triggered by alterations of different signaling pathways, which cause the metabolic reprogramming, with an enhanced level of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, apoptosis resistance, and multidrug resistance. Due to all this, the GC-resistant ALL show a poor sensitivity to conventional chemotherapeutic protocols. We propose pharmacological strategies that can trigger alternative intracellular pathways to revert or overcome GC resistance. Specifically, we focused our search on drugs, which are already approved for treatment of other diseases and demonstrated anti-ALL effects in experimental pre-clinical models. Among them are some “truly” re-purposed drugs, which have different targets in ALL as compared to other diseases: cannabidiol, which targets mitochondria and causes the mitochondrial permeability transition-driven necrosis, tamoxifen, which induces autophagy and cell death, and reverts GC resistance through the mechanisms independent of nuclear estrogen receptors (“off-target effects”), antibiotic tigecycline, which inhibits mitochondrial respiration, causing energy crisis and cell death, and some anthelmintic drugs. Additionally, we have listed compounds that show a classical mechanism of action in ALL but are not used still in treatment protocols: the BH3 mimetic venetoclax, which inhibits the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, the hypomethylating agent 5-azacytidine, which restores the expression of the pro-apoptotic BIM, and compounds targeting the PI3K-Akt-mTOR axis. Accordingly, these drugs may be considered for the inclusion into chemotherapeutic protocols for GC-resistant ALL treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Olivas-Aguirre
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Ionic Transport Regulation, University Center for Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Liliana Torres-López
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Ionic Transport Regulation, University Center for Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Igor Pottosin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Ionic Transport Regulation, University Center for Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Oxana Dobrovinskaya
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Ionic Transport Regulation, University Center for Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
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11
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De Anna JS, Castro JM, Darraz LA, Elías FD, Cárcamo JG, Luquet CM. Exposure to hydrocarbons and chlorpyrifos alters the expression of nuclear receptors and antioxidant, detoxifying, and immune response proteins in the liver of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111394. [PMID: 33031985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of oil and gas production together with the fruit production in nearby areas of North Patagonia, Argentina, suggests aquatic pollution scenarios which include permanent oil pollution combined with short events of pesticides application. It has been reported that oil hydrocarbons activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and that the insecticide Chlorpyrifos (CPF) interacts with these effects. Thus, it is interesting to investigate whether hydrocarbons and insecticides, applied by separate or combined, can affect fish health and reproductive signaling by acting on different nuclear receptors' regulatory pathways. To study this kind of interactions, we exposed juvenile rainbow trout to water accommodated fraction (WAF) of crude oil (62 μg L-1 TPH) for 48 h and subsequently exposed the livers ex vivo to the insecticide Chlorpyrifos (CPF) (20 µg L-1) for 1 h. We analyzed the mRNA expression of nuclear receptors and proteins involved in detoxifying, antioxidant, immune and apoptosis responses by qRT-PCR. We also performed histopathological analysis. WAF induced the expression of the androgen (AR) and the Liver X receptor (LXR) by 8- and 3-fold, respectively. AR induction was reversed by subsequent exposure to CPF. The progesterone receptor (PR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) were increased 2-fold and 3-fold by WAF respectively, while estrogen and mineralocorticoid receptors were not affected. GR was also induced by CPF with an additive effect in the WAF-CPF treatment. The antioxidant genes, gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), superoxide dismutase (SOD1) were induced by WAF (2-3-fold). WAF upregulated the ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily C Member 2 (ABCC2, MRP2) (4-fold) and downregulated alkaline phosphatase. WAF also induced the inflammatory interleukins (IL) IL-8, and IL-6 and the anti-inflammatory IL-10, while CPF induced the inflammatory tumor necrosis factor (-α) and IL-6, and activated the intrinsic apoptotic pathway through the induction of caspases 3 and 9. Both, WAF and CPF downregulated the expression of the extrinsic apoptosis initiator caspase 8 and the inflammatory caspase 1. In conclusion, WAF hydrocarbons alter O. mykiss endocrine regulation by inducing AR, PR and GR. The subsequent exposure to CPF reverses AR, suggesting a complex interaction of different pollutants in contaminated environments, WAF hydrocarbons alter liver metabolism by inducing the expression of LXR, GR, antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, and both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and causing mild hepatic steatosis. CPF activates inflammatory and stress responses associated with the induction of inflammatory cytokines together with apoptosis initiator and executioner caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta S De Anna
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, Subsede INIBIOMA-CEAN (CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Juan M Castro
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, Subsede INIBIOMA-CEAN (CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Luis Arias Darraz
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Federico D Elías
- Centro Atómico Bariloche e Instituto Balseiro, CNEA, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Juan G Cárcamo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Chile
| | - Carlos M Luquet
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, Subsede INIBIOMA-CEAN (CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina.
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12
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Patt M, Gysi J, Faresse N, Cidlowski JA, Odermatt A. Protein phosphatase 1 alpha enhances glucocorticoid receptor activity by a mechanism involving phosphorylation of serine-211. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110873. [PMID: 32585168 PMCID: PMC7606615 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
By acting as a ligand-dependent transcription factor the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mediates the actions of glucocorticoids and regulates many physiological processes. An impaired regulation of glucocorticoid action has been associated with numerous disorders. Thus, the elucidation of underlying signaling pathways is essential to understand mechanisms of disrupted glucocorticoid function and contribution to diseases. This study found increased GR transcriptional activity upon overexpression of protein phosphatase 1 alpha (PP1α) in HEK-293 cells and decreased expression levels of GR-responsive genes following PP1α knockdown in the endogenous A549 cell model. Mechanistic investigations revealed reduced phosphorylation of GR-Ser211 following PP1α silencing and provided a first indication for an involvement of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). Thus, the present study identified PP1α as a novel post-translational activator of GR signaling, suggesting that disruption of PP1α function could lead to impaired glucocorticoid action and thereby contribute to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Patt
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Joël Gysi
- Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - John A Cidlowski
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 64, 4055, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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13
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Escoter-Torres L, Caratti G, Mechtidou A, Tuckermann J, Uhlenhaut NH, Vettorazzi S. Fighting the Fire: Mechanisms of Inflammatory Gene Regulation by the Glucocorticoid Receptor. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1859. [PMID: 31440248 PMCID: PMC6693390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For many decades, glucocorticoids have been widely used as the gold standard treatment for inflammatory conditions. Unfortunately, their clinical use is limited by severe adverse effects such as insulin resistance, cardiometabolic diseases, muscle and skin atrophies, osteoporosis, and depression. Glucocorticoids exert their effects by binding to the Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR), a ligand-activated transcription factor which both positively, and negatively regulates gene expression. Extensive research during the past several years has uncovered novel mechanisms by which the GR activates and represses its target genes. Genome-wide studies and mouse models have provided valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms of inflammatory gene regulation by GR. This review focusses on newly identified target genes and GR co-regulators that are important for its anti-inflammatory effects in innate immune cells, as well as mutations within the GR itself that shed light on its transcriptional activity. This research progress will hopefully serve as the basis for the development of safer immune suppressants with reduced side effect profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Escoter-Torres
- Molecular Endocrinology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC, Munich, Germany
| | - Giorgio Caratti
- Department of Biology, Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Aikaterini Mechtidou
- Molecular Endocrinology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Tuckermann
- Department of Biology, Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nina Henriette Uhlenhaut
- Molecular Endocrinology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC, Munich, Germany.,Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Vettorazzi
- Department of Biology, Institute for Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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14
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Louw A. GR Dimerization and the Impact of GR Dimerization on GR Protein Stability and Half-Life. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1693. [PMID: 31379877 PMCID: PMC6653659 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacologically, glucocorticoids, which mediate their effects via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), are a most effective therapy for inflammatory diseases despite the fact that chronic use causes side-effects and acquired GC resistance. The design of drugs with fewer side-effects and less potential for the development of resistance is therefore considered crucial for improved therapy. Dimerization of the GR is an integral step in glucocorticoid signaling and has been identified as a possible molecular site to target for drug development of anti-inflammatory drugs with an improved therapeutic index. Most of the current understanding regarding the role of GR dimerization in GC signaling derives for dimerization deficient mutants, although the role of ligands biased toward monomerization has also been described. Even though designing for loss of dimerization has mostly been applied for reduction of side-effect profile, designing for loss of dimerization may also be a fruitful strategy for the development of GC drugs with less potential to develop GC resistance. GC-induced resistance affects up to 30% of users and is due to a reduction in the GR functional pool. Several molecular mechanisms of GC-mediated reductions in GR pool have been described, one of which is the autologous down-regulation of GR density by the ubiquitin-proteasome-system (UPS). Loss of GR dimerization prevents autologous down-regulation of the receptor through modulation of interactions with components of the UPS and post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation, which prime the GR for degradation. Rational design of conformationally biased ligands that select for a monomeric GR conformation, which increases GC sensitivity through improving GR protein stability and increasing half-life, may be a productive avenue to explore. However, potential drawbacks to this approach should be considered as well as the advantages and disadvantages in chronic vs. acute treatment regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Louw
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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15
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Zager RA, Johnson ACM. Acute kidney injury induces dramatic p21 upregulation via a novel, glucocorticoid-activated, pathway. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 316:F674-F681. [PMID: 30698046 PMCID: PMC6483029 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00571.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin kinase inhibitor p21 is acutely upregulated during acute kidney injury (AKI) and exerts cytoprotective effects. A proposed mechanism is oxidant stress-induced activation of p53, the dominant p21 transcription factor. Glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis induces profound renal oxidant stress. Hence, we studied this AKI model to determine whether p53 activation corresponds with p21 gene induction and/or whether alternative mechanism(s) might be involved. CD-1 mice were subjected to glycerol-induced AKI. After 4 or 18 h, plasma, urinary, and renal cortical p21 protein and mRNA levels were assessed. Renal p53 activation was gauged by measurement of both total and activated (Ser15-phosphorylated) p53 and p53 mRNA levels. Glycerol evoked acute, progressive increases in renal cortical p21 mRNA and protein levels. Corresponding plasma (~25-fold) and urinary (~75-fold) p21 elevations were also observed. Renal cortical ratio of total to phosphorylated (Ser15) p53 rose three- to fourfold. However, the p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α failed to block glycerol-induced p21 gene induction, suggesting that an alternative p21 activator might also be at play. To this end, it was established that glycerol-induced AKI 1) dramatically increased plasma (~5-fold) and urinary (~75-fold) cortisol levels, 2) the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone blocked glycerol-induced p21 mRNA and protein accumulation, and 3) dexamethasone or cortisol injections markedly increased p21 protein and mRNA in both normal and glycerol-treated mice, although no discernible p53 protein or mRNA increases were observed. We conclude that AKI-induced "systemic stress" markedly increases plasma and urinary cortisol, which can then activate renal p21 gene expression, at least in part, via a glucocorticoid receptor-dependent signaling pathway. Discernible renal cortical p53 increases are not required for this dexamethasone-mediated p21 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Zager
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington
- University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Ali C M Johnson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center , Seattle, Washington
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16
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Lorén V, Garcia-Jaraquemada A, Naves JE, Carmona X, Mañosa M, Aransay AM, Lavin JL, Sánchez I, Cabré E, Manyé J, Domènech E. ANP32E, a Protein Involved in Steroid-Refractoriness in Ulcerative Colitis, Identified by a Systems Biology Approach. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13:351-361. [PMID: 30329026 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Steroid-refractoriness is a common and unpredictable phenomenon in ulcerative colitis [UC], but there are no conclusive studies on the molecular functions involved. We aimed to assess the mechanism of action related to steroid failure by integrating transcriptomic data from UC patients, and updated molecular data on UC and glucocorticoids. METHODS MicroRNA [miRNA] and mRNA expression were evaluated by sequencing and microarrays, respectively, from rectal biopsies of patients with moderately-to-severe active UC, obtained before and on the third day of steroid treatment. The differential results were integrated into the mathematical models generated by a systems biology approach. RESULTS This computational approach identified 18 proteins that stand out either by being associated with the mechanism of action or by providing a means to classify the patients according to steroid response. Their biological functions have been linked to inflammation, glucocorticoid-induced transcription and angiogenesis. All the selected proteins except ANP32E [a chaperone which has been linked to the exchange of H2A.z histone and promotes glucocorticoid receptor-induced transcription] had previously been related to UC and/or glucocorticoid-induced biological actions. Western blot and immunofluorescence assays confirmed the implication of this chaperone in steroid failure in patients with active UC. CONCLUSIONS A systems biology approach allowed us to identify a comprehensive mechanism of action of steroid-refractoriness, highlighting the key role of steroid-induced transcription and the potential implication of ANP32E in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lorén
- IBD Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Garcia-Jaraquemada
- IBD Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J E Naves
- IBD Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - X Carmona
- IBD Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - M Mañosa
- IBD Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain.,Gastroenterology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A M Aransay
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain.,Genome Analysis Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - J L Lavin
- Genome Analysis Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - I Sánchez
- Functional Biology and Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Functional and Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - E Cabré
- IBD Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain.,Gastroenterology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Manyé
- IBD Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Domènech
- IBD Research Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain.,Gastroenterology Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
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17
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Wang S, Ekoue DN, Raj GV, Kittler R. Targeting the turnover of oncoproteins as a new avenue for therapeutics development in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 438:86-96. [PMID: 30217566 PMCID: PMC6186492 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The current therapeutic armamentarium for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) includes second-generation agents such as the Androgen Receptor (AR) inhibitor enzalutamide and the androgen synthesis inhibitor abiraterone acetate, immunotherapies like sipuleucel-T, chemotherapies including docetaxel and cabazitaxel and the radiopharmaceutical radium 223 dichloride. However, relapse of CRPC resistant to these therapeutic modalities occur rapidly. The mechanisms of resistance to these treatments are complex, including specific mutations or alternative splicing of oncogenic proteins. An alternative approach to treating CRPC may be to target the turnover of these molecular drivers of CRPC. In this review, the mechanisms by which protein stability of several oncoproteins such as AR, ERG, GR, CYP17A1 and MYC, will be discussed, as well as how these findings could be translated into novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Dede N Ekoue
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ralf Kittler
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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18
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Wilkinson L, Verhoog NJD, Louw A. Disease- and treatment-associated acquired glucocorticoid resistance. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:R328-R349. [PMID: 30352419 PMCID: PMC6280593 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of resistance to glucocorticoids (GCs) in therapeutic regimens poses a major threat. Generally, GC resistance is congenital or acquired over time as a result of disease progression, prolonged GC treatment or, in some cases, both. Essentially, disruptions in the function and/or pool of the glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα) underlie this resistance. Many studies have detailed how alterations in GRα function lead to diminished GC sensitivity; however, the current review highlights the wealth of data concerning reductions in the GRα pool, mediated by disease-associated and treatment-associated effects, which contribute to a significant decrease in GC sensitivity. Additionally, the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in driving reductions in the GRα pool is discussed. After highlighting the importance of maintaining the level of the GRα pool to combat GC resistance, we present current strategies and argue that future strategies to prevent GC resistance should involve biased ligands with a predisposition for reduced GR dimerization, a strategy originally proposed as the SEMOGRAM-SEDIGRAM concept to reduce the side-effect profile of GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Legh Wilkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Ann Louw
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Correspondence should be addressed to A Louw:
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19
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Novel role for receptor dimerization in post-translational processing and turnover of the GRα. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14266. [PMID: 30250038 PMCID: PMC6155283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), acting via the glucocorticoid receptor (GRα), remain the mainstay therapeutic choice for the treatment of inflammation. However, chronic GC use, aside from generating undesirable side-effects, results in GRα down-regulation, often coupled to a decrease in GC-responsiveness, which may culminate in acquired GC resistance. The current study presents evidence for a novel role of the dimerization state of the GRα in mediating GC-mediated GRα turnover. Through comparing the effects of dimerization promoting GCs on down-regulation of a transfected human wild type GRα (hGRwt) or a dimerization deficient GRα mutant (hGRdim), we established that a loss of receptor dimerization restricts GRα turnover, which was supported by the use of the dimerization abrogating Compound A (CpdA), in cells containing endogenous GRα. Moreover, we showed that the dimerization state of the GRα influenced the post-translational processing of the receptor, specifically hyper-phosphorylation at Ser404, which influenced the interaction of GRα with the E3 ligase, FBXW7α, thus hampering receptor turnover via the proteasome. Lastly, the restorative effects of CpdA on the GRα pool, in the presence of Dex, were demonstrated in a combinatorial treatment protocol. These results expand our understanding of factors that contribute to GC-resistance and may be exploited clinically.
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Fischer A, Ziogas A, Anton-Culver H. Negative Valence Life Events Promote Breast Cancer Development. Clin Breast Cancer 2017; 18:e521-e528. [PMID: 29170032 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of stress on breast cancer risk remains unknown. The goal of the present study was to determine the effect of stress in the form of salient positive and negative valence life events (LEs) on primary invasive breast cancer risk. We hypothesized that salient negative LEs would increase breast cancer risk and salient positive LEs would attenuate this increased risk. PATIENTS AND METHODS We used a case-control design with 664 cases identified through the Cancer Surveillance Program of Orange County and 203 population-based controls. Participants completed a risk factor questionnaire, which included a LE section. Fourteen salient LEs of positive or negative valence were used to quantify stress exposure. A baseline model was constructed, and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using multivariate unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS Negative LEs were associated with increased breast cancer risk. The OR for ≥ 4 negative LEs showed a 2.81-fold increase in breast cancer risk (OR, 2.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.47-5.36). A significant dose-response relationship between lifetime negative valence LEs and breast cancer risk was found. Previous personal illness increased breast cancer risk by 3.6-fold (OR, 3.60; 95% CI, 2.50-5.20). In contrast, abortion was associated with a 45% decrease in breast cancer risk (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.34-0.89). Salient positive LEs did not have a significant effect on breast cancer risk. However, they seemed to buffer the adverse effect of salient negative LEs on breast cancer risk. CONCLUSION The findings from the present study support the role of salient negative LEs in promoting breast cancer development, with a possible buffering effect of salient positive LEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Fischer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA
| | - Argyrios Ziogas
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA.
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Li J, Wang Y, Rao X, Wang Y, Feng W, Liang H, Liu Y. Roles of alternative splicing in modulating transcriptional regulation. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:89. [PMID: 28984199 PMCID: PMC5629561 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The ability of a transcription factor to regulate its targets is modulated by a variety of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Alternative splicing can modulate gene function by adding or removing certain protein domains, and therefore affect the activity of protein. Reverse engineering of gene regulatory networks using gene expression profiles has proven valuable in dissecting the logical relationships among multiple proteins during the transcriptional regulation. However, it is unclear whether alternative splicing of certain proteins affects the activity of other transcription factors. Results In order to investigate the roles of alternative splicing during transcriptional regulation, we constructed a statistical model to infer whether the alternative splicing events of modulator proteins can affect the ability of key transcription factors in regulating the expression levels of their transcriptional targets. We tested our strategy in KIRC (Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma) using the RNA-seq data downloaded from TCGA (the Cancer Genomic Atlas). We identified 828of modulation relationships between the splicing levels of modulator proteins and activity levels of transcription factors. For instance, we found that the activity levels of GR (glucocorticoid receptor) protein, a key transcription factor in kidney, can be influenced by the splicing status of multiple proteins, including TP53, MDM2 (mouse double minute 2 homolog), RBM14 (RNA-binding protein 14) and SLK (STE20 like kinase). The influenced GR-targets are enriched by key cancer-related pathways, including p53 signaling pathway, TR/RXR activation, CAR/RXR activation, G1/S checkpoint regulation pathway, and G2/M DNA damage checkpoint regulation pathway. Conclusions Our analysis suggests, for the first time, that exon inclusion levels of certain regulatory proteins can affect the activities of many transcription factors. Such analysis can potentially unravel a novel mechanism of how splicing variation influences the cellular function and provide important insights for how dysregulation of splicing outcome can lead to various diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-017-0465-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China.,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Xi Rao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Weixing Feng
- College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Hong Liang
- College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China.
| | - Yunlong Liu
- College of Automation, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China. .,Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Center for Medical Genomics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Nagarajan S, Vohra T, Loffing J, Faresse N. Protein Phosphatase 1α enhances renal aldosterone signaling via mineralocorticoid receptor stabilization. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 450:74-82. [PMID: 28454724 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) by aldosterone controls several physiological parameters including blood pressure, inflammation or metabolism. We previously showed that MR turnover constitutes a crucial regulatory step in the responses of renal epithelial cells to aldosterone. Here, we identified Protein Phosphatase 1 alpha (PP1α), as a novel cytoplasmic binding partner of MR that promotes the receptor activity. The RT-PCR expression mapping of PP1α reveals a high expression in the kidney, particularly in the distal part of the nephron. At the molecular level, we demonstrate that PP1α inhibits the ubiquitin ligase Mdm2 by dephosphorylation, preventing its interaction with MR. This results in the accumulation of the receptor due to reduction of its proteasomal degradation and consequently a greater aldosterone-induced Na+ uptake by renal cells. Thus, our findings describe an original mechanism involving a phosphatase in the regulation of aldosterone signaling and provide new and important insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the MR turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunmugam Nagarajan
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; National Center of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", Switzerland
| | - Twinkle Vohra
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Loffing
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; National Center of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", Switzerland
| | - Nourdine Faresse
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; National Center of Competence in Research "Kidney.CH", Switzerland.
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Shaashua L, Shabat-Simon M, Haldar R, Matzner P, Zmora O, Shabtai M, Sharon E, Allweis T, Barshack I, Hayman L, Arevalo J, Ma J, Horowitz M, Cole S, Ben-Eliyahu S. Perioperative COX-2 and β-Adrenergic Blockade Improves Metastatic Biomarkers in Breast Cancer Patients in a Phase-II Randomized Trial. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:4651-4661. [PMID: 28490464 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Translational studies suggest that excess perioperative release of catecholamines and prostaglandins may facilitate metastasis and reduce disease-free survival. This trial tested the combined perioperative blockade of these pathways in breast cancer patients.Experimental Design: In a randomized placebo-controlled biomarker trial, 38 early-stage breast cancer patients received 11 days of perioperative treatment with a β-adrenergic antagonist (propranolol) and a COX-2 inhibitor (etodolac), beginning 5 days before surgery. Excised tumors and sequential blood samples were assessed for prometastatic biomarkers.Results: Drugs were well tolerated with adverse event rates comparable with placebo. Transcriptome profiling of the primary tumor tested a priori hypotheses and indicated that drug treatment significantly (i) decreased epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, (ii) reduced activity of prometastatic/proinflammatory transcription factors (GATA-1, GATA-2, early-growth-response-3/EGR3, signal transducer and activator of transcription-3/STAT-3), and (iii) decreased tumor-infiltrating monocytes while increasing tumor-infiltrating B cells. Drug treatment also significantly abrogated presurgical increases in serum IL6 and C-reactive protein levels, abrogated perioperative declines in stimulated IL12 and IFNγ production, abrogated postoperative mobilization of CD16- "classical" monocytes, and enhanced expression of CD11a on circulating natural killer cells.Conclusions: Perioperative inhibition of COX-2 and β-adrenergic signaling provides a safe and effective strategy for inhibiting multiple cellular and molecular pathways related to metastasis and disease recurrence in early-stage breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 23(16); 4651-61. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Shaashua
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maytal Shabat-Simon
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rita Haldar
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Pini Matzner
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Oded Zmora
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Moshe Shabtai
- Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eran Sharon
- Department of Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Tanir Allweis
- Department of Surgery, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Iris Barshack
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Lucile Hayman
- Department of Pathology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Jesusa Arevalo
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeffrey Ma
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Maya Horowitz
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Steven Cole
- Departments of Medicine and Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shamgar Ben-Eliyahu
- Sagol School of Neuroscience and School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Shao J, Zeng S, Zhou B, Xu H, Bian Y, Xu Y. Angiogenic factor with G patch and FHA domains 1 (Aggf1) promotes hepatic steatosis in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:134-140. [PMID: 27865839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased uptake of nutrients coupled with reduced activity leads to the development of a host of metabolic disorders in humans. In the present study we examined the role of angiogenic factor with G patch and FHA domains 1 (Aggf1) in the pathogenesis of steatosis, characterized by accumulation of lipids in the liver and consequently hepatic insulin resistance. We report here that Aggf1 expression was up-regulated in the liver in both genetically predisposed and diet-induced mouse model of steatosis. Aggf1 expression was also stimulated by free fatty acids in primary hepatocytes. Over-expression of Aggf1 in mice promoted steatosis. On the contrary, Aggf1 depletion ameliorated steatosis in mice. Mechanistically, Aggf1 activated the expression of gluconeogenesis gene and skewed the insulin signaling pathway to induce insulin resistance. Taken together, our data suggest that Aggf1 plays a role in steatosis in vivo and as such may be a new target in the development of therapeutics solutions against steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng Zeng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bisheng Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Huihui Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaoyao Bian
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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The Interactome of the Glucocorticoid Receptor and Its Influence on the Actions of Glucocorticoids in Combatting Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:495-522. [PMID: 27169854 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00064-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have been widely used for decades as a first-line treatment for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, their use is often hampered by the onset of adverse effects or resistance. GCs mediate their effects via binding to glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a transcription factor belonging to the family of nuclear receptors. An important aspect of GR's actions, including its anti-inflammatory capacity, involves its interactions with various proteins, such as transcription factors, cofactors, and modifying enzymes, which codetermine receptor functionality. In this review, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of GR that positively or negatively affect its anti-inflammatory properties, along with mechanistic insights, if known. Emphasis is placed on the interactions that affect its anti-inflammatory effects in the presence of inflammatory and microbial diseases.
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26
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Helzer KT, Hooper C, Miyamoto S, Alarid ET. Ubiquitylation of nuclear receptors: new linkages and therapeutic implications. J Mol Endocrinol 2015; 54:R151-67. [PMID: 25943391 PMCID: PMC4457637 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily is a group of transcriptional regulators that control multiple aspects of both physiology and pathology and are broadly recognized as viable therapeutic targets. While receptor-modulating drugs have been successful in many cases, the discovery of new drug targets is still an active area of research, because resistance to NR-targeting therapies remains a significant clinical challenge. Many successful targeted therapies have harnessed the control of receptor activity by targeting events within the NR signaling pathway. In this review, we explore the role of NR ubiquitylation and discuss how the expanding roles of ubiquitin could be leveraged to identify additional entry points to control receptor function for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Helzer
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartment of Oncology, 6151 Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Christopher Hooper
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartment of Oncology, 6151 Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartment of Oncology, 6151 Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Elaine T Alarid
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer ResearchDepartment of Oncology, 6151 Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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Nenoi M, Wang B, Vares G. In vivo radioadaptive response: a review of studies relevant to radiation-induced cancer risk. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 34:272-83. [PMID: 24925363 PMCID: PMC4442823 DOI: 10.1177/0960327114537537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Radioadaptive response (RAR) describes phenomena where small conditioning doses of ionizing radiation (IR) reduce detrimental effects of subsequent higher IR doses. Current radiation protection regulations do not include RAR because of the large variability in expression among individuals and uncertainties of the mechanism. However, RAR should be regarded as an indispensable factor for estimation and control of individual IR sensitivity. In this article, RAR studies relevant to individual cancer risk are reviewed. Using various stains of mice, carcinogenic RAR has been demonstrated. Consistently much in vivo evidence for RAR with end points of DNA and chromosome damage is reported. Most in vivo RAR studies revealed efficient induction of RAR by chronic or repeated low-dose priming irradiation. Chronic IR-induced RAR was observed also in human individuals after environmental, occupational, and nuclear accident radiation exposure. These observations may be associated with an intrinsically distinct feature of in vivo experimental systems that mainly consist of nonproliferating mature cells. Alternatively, induction of RAR by gap junction-mediated bystander effects suggests that multicellular systems comprising densely communicating cells may be capable of responding to long-lasting low-dose-rate priming irradiation. Regulation by endocrine factors is also a plausible mechanism for RAR at an individual level. Emerging evidence suggests that glucocorticoids, known as stress hormones, participate in in vivo RAR induction following long-term low-dose-rate exposure to IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nenoi
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - B Wang
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - G Vares
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
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28
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Varricchio L, Migliaccio AR. The role of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) polymorphisms in human erythropoiesis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BLOOD RESEARCH 2014; 4:53-72. [PMID: 25755906 PMCID: PMC4348794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are endogenous steroid hormones that regulate several biological functions including proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in numerous cell types in response to stress. Synthetic glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone (Dex) are used to treat a variety of diseases ranging from allergy to depression. Glucocorticoids exert their effects by passively entering into cells and binding to a specific Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) present in the cytoplasm. Once activated by its ligand, GR may elicit cytoplasmic (mainly suppression of p53), and nuclear (regulation of transcription of GR responsive genes), responses. Human GR is highly polymorphic and may encode > 260 different isoforms. This polymorphism is emerging as the leading cause for the variability of phenotype and response to glucocorticoid therapy observed in human populations. Studies in mice and clinical observations indicate that GR controls also the response to erythroid stress. This knowledge has been exploited in-vivo by using synthetic GR agonists for treatment of the erythropoietin-refractory congenic Diamond Blackfan Anemia and in-vitro to develop culture conditions that may theoretically generate red cells in numbers sufficient for transfusion. However, the effect exerted by GR polymorphism on the variability of the phenotype of genetic and acquired erythroid disorders observed in the human population is still poorly appreciated. This review will summarize current knowledge on the biological activity of GR and of its polymorphism in non-hematopoietic diseases and discuss the implications of these observations for erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Varricchio
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anna Rita Migliaccio
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of MedicineNew York, NY 10029, USA
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita’ Viale Regina Elena 299Italy
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Vandevyver S, Dejager L, Libert C. Comprehensive overview of the structure and regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:671-93. [PMID: 24937701 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are among the most prescribed drugs worldwide for the treatment of numerous immune and inflammatory disorders. They exert their actions by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. There are several GR isoforms resulting from alternative RNA splicing and translation initiation of the GR transcript. Additionally, these isoforms are all subject to several transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modifications, all of which affect the protein's stability and/or function. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge on the distinct GR isoforms and the processes that generate them. We also review the importance of all known transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modifications, including the regulation of GR by microRNAs. Moreover, we discuss the crucial role of the putative GR-bound DNA sequence as an allosteric ligand influencing GR structure and activity. Finally, we describe how the differential composition and distinct regulation at multiple levels of different GR species could account for the wide and diverse effects of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Vandevyver
- Inflammation Research Center (S.V., L.D., C.L.), Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, B9052 Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (S.V., L.D., C.L.), Ghent University, B9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Chinenov Y, Gupte R, Rogatsky I. Nuclear receptors in inflammation control: repression by GR and beyond. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 380:55-64. [PMID: 23623868 PMCID: PMC3787948 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a protective response of organisms to pathogens, irritation or injury. Primary inflammatory sensors activate an array of signaling pathways that ultimately converge upon a few transcription factors such as AP1, NFκB and STATs that in turn stimulate expression of inflammatory genes to ultimately eradicate infection and repair the damage. A disturbed balance between activation and inhibition of inflammatory pathways can set the stage for chronic inflammation which is increasingly recognized as a key pathogenic component of autoimmune, metabolic, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a large family of transcription factors many of which are known for their potent anti-inflammatory actions. Activated by small lipophilic ligands, NRs interact with a wide range of transcription factors, cofactors and chromatin-modifying enzymes, assembling numerous cell- and tissue-specific DNA-protein transcriptional regulatory complexes with diverse activities. Here we discuss established and emerging roles and mechanisms by which NRs and, in particular, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) repress genes encoding cytokines, chemokines and other pro-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurii Chinenov
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021
| | - Rebecca Gupte
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
| | - Inez Rogatsky
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021
- Corresponding author: , Tel: 1 212-606-1462, Fax: 1 212-774-2560
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Dexamethasone in the presence of desipramine enhances MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling possibly via its interference with β-arrestin. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 121:289-98. [PMID: 24132698 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressant medication is the standard treatment for major depression disorder (MDD). However, the response to these treatments is often incomplete and many patients remain refractory. In the present study, we show that the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonist dexamethasone (DEX) increased MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling in the presence of the noradrenergic antidepressant, desipramine (DMI), while no such effect was induced by DEX or DMI alone in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. This enhancement was dependent on the activation of both α(2) adrenergic receptors (AR) and GR. The timing of MAPK/ERK1/2 activation as well as DEX-induced reduction in membranous α(2) AR suggests the involvement of a β-arrestin-dependent mechanism. In line with the latter, DEX increased cytosolic and decreased membranous levels of β-arrestin. Concomitantly, DEX induced a time-dependent increase in cytosolic α(2) AR-β-arrestin interaction and a decrease in β-arrestin interaction with Mdm2 E3 ubiquitin ligase. All of these effects of DEX were prevented by the GR antagonist RU486. Our data suggest an additional intracellular role for DEX, in which activation of GR interferes with the trafficking and degradation of β-arrestin-α2c-AR complex. We suggest that such an interaction in the presence of DMI can enhance MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling, a key player in neural plasticity and neurogenesis processes, which is impaired in MDD, while stimulated by antidepressants.
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Montero-Meléndez T, Llor X, García-Planella E, Perretti M, Suárez A. Identification of novel predictor classifiers for inflammatory bowel disease by gene expression profiling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76235. [PMID: 24155895 PMCID: PMC3796518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Improvement of patient quality of life is the ultimate goal of biomedical research, particularly when dealing with complex, chronic and debilitating conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This is largely dependent on receiving an accurate and rapid diagnose, an effective treatment and in the prediction and prevention of side effects and complications. The low sensitivity and specificity of current markers burden their general use in the clinical practice. New biomarkers with accurate predictive ability are needed to achieve a personalized approach that take the inter-individual differences into consideration. Methods We performed a high throughput approach using microarray gene expression profiling of colon pinch biopsies from IBD patients to identify predictive transcriptional signatures associated with intestinal inflammation, differential diagnosis (Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis), response to glucocorticoids (resistance and dependence) or prognosis (need for surgery). Class prediction was performed with self-validating Prophet software package. Results Transcriptional profiling divided patients in two subgroups that associated with degree of inflammation. Class predictors were identified with predictive accuracy ranging from 67 to 100%. The expression accuracy was confirmed by real time-PCR quantification. Functional analysis of the predictor genes showed that they play a role in immune responses to bacteria (PTN, OLFM4 and LILRA2), autophagy and endocytocis processes (ATG16L1, DNAJC6, VPS26B, RABGEF1, ITSN1 and TMEM127) and glucocorticoid receptor degradation (STS and MMD2). Conclusions We conclude that using analytical algorithms for class prediction discovery can be useful to uncover gene expression profiles and identify classifier genes with potential stratification utility of IBD patients, a major step towards personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Montero-Meléndez
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xavier Llor
- Digestive Diseases and Nutrition Section, Department of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States of America
| | | | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Suárez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Armilla, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Gupta S, De S, Srivastava V, Hussain M, Kumari J, Muniyappa K, Sengupta S. RECQL4 and p53 potentiate the activity of polymerase γ and maintain the integrity of the human mitochondrial genome. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:34-45. [PMID: 24067899 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Germline mutations in RECQL4 and p53 lead to cancer predisposition syndromes, Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) and Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), respectively. RECQL4 is essential for the transport of p53 to the mitochondria under unstressed conditions. Here, we show that both RECQL4 and p53 interact with mitochondrial polymerase (PolγA/B2) and regulate its binding to the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (D-loop). Both RECQL4 and p53 bind to the exonuclease and polymerase domains of PolγA. Kinetic constants for interactions between PolγA-RECQL4, PolγA-p53 and PolγB-p53 indicate that RECQL4 and p53 are accessory factors for PolγA-PolγB and PolγA-DNA interactions. RECQL4 enhances the binding of PolγA to DNA, thereby potentiating the exonuclease and polymerization activities of PolγA/B2. To investigate whether lack of RECQL4 and p53 results in increased mitochondrial genome instability, resequencing of the entire mitochondrial genome was undertaken from multiple RTS and LFS patient fibroblasts. We found multiple somatic mutations and polymorphisms in both RTS and LFS patient cells. A significant number of mutations and polymorphisms were common between RTS and LFS patients. These changes are associated with either aging and/or cancer, thereby indicating that the phenotypes associated with these syndromes may be due to deregulation of mitochondrial genome stability caused by the lack of RECQL4 and p53. SUMMARY The biochemical mechanisms by which RECQL4 and p53 affect mtDNA replication have been elucidated. Resequencing of RTS and LFS patients' mitochondrial genome reveals common mutations indicating similar mechanisms of regulation by RECQL4 and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Gupta
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India and
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Zhao Y, Wang MY, Hao K, Chen XQ, Du JZ. CRHR1 mediates p53 transcription induced by high altitude hypoxia through ERK 1/2 signaling in rat hepatic cells. Peptides 2013; 44:8-14. [PMID: 23538210 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that hypoxia activates corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and the expression of its type-1 receptor (CRHR1) and induces disorders of the brain-endocrine-immune network. p53 is activated by hypoxia and involved in tumorigenesis and apoptosis. Whether CRHR1 regulates p53 transactivation to further influence apoptotic genes remains unclear. Here, we showed that hypoxia at a simulated altitude of 5km or 7km for 8 and 24h increased p53 protein and mRNA, and reduced apoptotic bax and IGFBP3 gene expression while upregulating the cell-arrest gene p21 for 8h in rat liver cells. The upregulation of p53 mRNA and downregulation of bax mRNA induced by hypoxia were blocked by pretreatment with the specific CRHR1 antagonist CP-154,526, but the downregulation of IGFBP3 and upregulation of p21 mRNA were not. Furthermore, CRH stimulated p53 mRNA via the ERK 1/2 pathway in the BRL-3A cell line and this was blocked by the ERK 1/2 antagonist U0126. These data provide novel evidence that the CRHR1-triggered ERK 1/2 pathway is involved in the activation of p53 and suppression of the apoptotic bax gene by hypoxia in rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Division of Neurobiology and Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Qin JJ, Nag S, Voruganti S, Wang W, Zhang R. Natural product MDM2 inhibitors: anticancer activity and mechanisms of action. Curr Med Chem 2013; 19:5705-25. [PMID: 22830335 DOI: 10.2174/092986712803988910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mdm2 oncogene has recently been suggested to be a valuable target for cancer therapy and prevention. Overexpression of mdm2 is often seen in various human cancers and correlates with high-grade, late-stage, and more treatment-resistant tumors. The MDM2-p53 auto-regulatory loop has been extensively investigated and is an attractive cancer target, which indeed has been the main focus of anti-MDM2 drug discovery. Much effort has been expended in the development of small molecule MDM2 antagonists targeting the MDM2-p53 interaction, and a few of these have advanced into clinical trials. However, MDM2 exerts its oncogenic activity through both p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Recently, there is an increasing interest in identifying natural MDM2 inhibitors; some of them have been shown to decrease MDM2 expression and activity in vitro and in vivo. These identified natural MDM2 inhibitors include a plethora of diverse chemical frameworks, ranging from flavonoids, steroids, and sesquiterpenes to alkaloids. In addition to a brief review of synthetic MDM2 inhibitors, this review focuses on natural product MDM2 inhibitors, summarizing their biological activities in vitro and in vivo and the underlying molecular mechanisms of action, targeting MDM2 itself, regulators of MDM2, and/or the MDM2-p53 interaction. These MDM2 inhibitors can be used alone or in combination with conventional treatments, improving the prospects for cancer therapy and prevention. Their complex and unique molecular architectures may provide a stimulus for developing synthetic analogs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-J Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Meng Z, Bao X, Zhang M, Wei S, Chang W, Li J, Chen L, Nyomba BLG. Alteration of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and glucocorticoid receptor by ethanol in rat liver and mouse hepatoma cells. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:218102. [PMID: 23819126 PMCID: PMC3683472 DOI: 10.1155/2013/218102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is a potential risk factor of type 2 diabetes, but its underlying mechanism is unclear. To explore this issue, Wistar rats and mouse hepatoma cells (Hepa 1-6) were exposed to ethanol, 8 g·kg(-1) ·d(-1) for 3 months and 100 mM for 48 h, respectively. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests in vivo were performed, and protein levels of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in liver and Hepa 1-6 cells were measured. Alterations of key enzymes of gluconeogenesis phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6 phosphatase (G6Pase), as well as glycogen synthase kinase 3a (GSK3 α ), were also examined. The results revealed that glucose levels were increased, and insulin sensitivity was impaired accompanied with liver injury in rats exposed to ethanol compared with controls. The 11β-HSD1, GR, PEPCK, G6Pase, and GSK3 α proteins were increased in the liver of rats treated with ethanol compared with controls. Ethanol-exposed Hepa 1-6 cells also showed higher expression of 11β-HSD1, GR, PEPCK, G6Pase, and GSK3 α proteins than control cells. After treatment of Hepa 1-6 cells exposed to ethanol with the GR inhibitor RU486, the expression of 11β-HSD1 and GR was significantly decreased. At the same time the increases in PEPCK, G6Pase, and GSK3 α levels induced by ethanol in Hepa 1-6 cells were also attenuated by RU486. The results indicate that ethanol causes glucose intolerance by increasing hepatic expression of 11β-HSD1 and GR, which leads to increased expression of gluconeogenic and glycogenolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojie Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Norman Bethune Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Xueying Bao
- The 208th Hospital of the Chinese People's Liberation Amry, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Norman Bethune Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Shengnan Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Norman Bethune Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Wenguang Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Norman Bethune Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Norman Bethune Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
- *Jing Li:
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Norman Bethune Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - B. L. Grégoire Nyomba
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E3P4
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Puzianowska-Kuznicka M, Pawlik-Pachucka E, Owczarz M, Budzińska M, Polosak J. Small-molecule hormones: molecular mechanisms of action. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:601246. [PMID: 23533406 PMCID: PMC3603355 DOI: 10.1155/2013/601246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-molecule hormones play crucial roles in the development and in the maintenance of an adult mammalian organism. On the molecular level, they regulate a plethora of biological pathways. Part of their actions depends on their transcription-regulating properties, exerted by highly specific nuclear receptors which are hormone-dependent transcription factors. Nuclear hormone receptors interact with coactivators, corepressors, basal transcription factors, and other transcription factors in order to modulate the activity of target genes in a manner that is dependent on tissue, age and developmental and pathophysiological states. The biological effect of this mechanism becomes apparent not earlier than 30-60 minutes after hormonal stimulus. In addition, small-molecule hormones modify the function of the cell by a number of nongenomic mechanisms, involving interaction with proteins localized in the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, as well as with proteins localized in other cellular membranes and in nonnuclear cellular compartments. The identity of such proteins is still under investigation; however, it seems that extranuclear fractions of nuclear hormone receptors commonly serve this function. A direct interaction of small-molecule hormones with membrane phospholipids and with mRNA is also postulated. In these mechanisms, the reaction to hormonal stimulus appears within seconds or minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, 61/63 Kleczewska Street, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland
- *Monika Puzianowska-Kuznicka:
| | - Eliza Pawlik-Pachucka
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, 61/63 Kleczewska Street, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Owczarz
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, 61/63 Kleczewska Street, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Budzińska
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Center of Postgraduate Education, 61/63 Kleczewska Street, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Polosak
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Aziz MH, Shen H, Maki CG. Glucocorticoid receptor activation inhibits p53-induced apoptosis of MCF10Amyc cells via induction of protein kinase Cε. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29825-36. [PMID: 22773829 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.393256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that can promote apoptosis or survival in a cell-specific manner. Activated GR has been reported to inhibit apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cells by increasing pro-survival gene expression. In this study, activated GR inhibited p53-dependent apoptosis in MCF10A cells and human mammary epithelial cells that overexpress the MYC oncogene. Specifically, GR agonists hydrocortisone or dexamethasone inhibited p53-dependent apoptosis induced by cisplatin, ionizing radiation, or the MDM2 antagonist Nutlin-3. In contrast, the GR antagonist RU486 sensitized the cells to apoptosis by these agents. Apoptosis inhibition was associated with maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential, diminished caspase-3 and -7 activation, and increased expression at both the mRNA and protein level of the anti-apoptotic PKC family member PKCε. Knockdown of PKCε via siRNA targeting reversed the protective effect of dexamethasone and restored apoptosis sensitivity. These data provide evidence that activated GR can inhibit p53-dependent apoptosis through induction of the anti-apoptotic factor PKCε.
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Li H, Qian W, Weng X, Wu Z, Li H, Zhuang Q, Feng B, Bian Y. Glucocorticoid receptor and sequential P53 activation by dexamethasone mediates apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37030. [PMID: 22719835 PMCID: PMC3375272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids play a pivotal role in the proliferation of osteoblasts, but the underlying mechanism has not been successfully elucidated. In this report, we have investigated the molecular mechanism which elucidates the inhibitory effects of dexamethasone on murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. It was found that the inhibitory effects were largely attributed to apoptosis and G1 phase arrest. Both the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were dependent on glucocorticoid receptor (GR), as they were abolished by GR blocker RU486 pre-treatment and GR interference. G1 phase arrest and apoptosis were accompanied with a p53-dependent up-regulation of p21 and pro-apoptotic genes NOXA and PUMA. We also proved that dexamethasone can’t induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest when p53 was inhibited by p53 RNA interference. These data demonstrate that proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cell was significantly and directly inhibited by dexamethasone treatment via aberrant GR activation and subsequently P53 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwei Qian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xisheng Weng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Zhihong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huihua Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qianyu Zhuang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Bian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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De S, Kumari J, Mudgal R, Modi P, Gupta S, Futami K, Goto H, Lindor NM, Furuichi Y, Mohanty D, Sengupta S. RECQL4 is essential for the transport of p53 to mitochondria in normal human cells in the absence of exogenous stress. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2509-22. [PMID: 22357944 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in RECQL4 helicase are associated with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS). A subset of RTS patients is predisposed to cancer and is sensitive to DNA damaging agents. The enhanced sensitivity of cells from RTS patients correlates with the accumulation of transcriptionally active nuclear p53. We found that in untreated normal human cells these two nuclear proteins, p53 and RECQL4, instead colocalize in the mitochondrial nucleoids. RECQL4 accumulates in mitochondria in all phases of the cell cycle except S phase and physically interacts with p53 only in the absence of DNA damage. p53-RECQL4 binding leads to the masking of the nuclear localization signal of p53. The N-terminal 84 amino acids of RECQL4 contain a mitochondrial localization signal, which causes the localization of RECQL4-p53 complex to the mitochondria. RECQL4-p53 interaction is disrupted after stress, allowing p53 translocation to the nucleus. In untreated normal cells RECQL4 optimizes de novo replication of mtDNA, which is consequently decreased in fibroblasts from RTS patients. Wild-type RECQL4-complemented RTS cells show relocalization of both RECQL4 and p53 to the mitochondria, loss of p53 activation, restoration of de novo mtDNA replication and resistance to different types of DNA damage. In cells expressing Δ84 RECQL4, which cannot translocate to mitochondria, all the above functions are compromised. The recruitment of p53 to the sites of de novo mtDNA replication is also regulated by RECQL4. Thus these findings elucidate the mechanism by which p53 is regulated by RECQL4 in unstressed normal cells and also delineates the mitochondrial functions of the helicase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth De
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Jung YS, Qian Y, Chen X. DNA polymerase eta is targeted by Mdm2 for polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation in response to ultraviolet irradiation. DNA Repair (Amst) 2011; 11:177-84. [PMID: 22056306 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerase eta (PolH), the product of the xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XPV) gene and a Y-family DNA polymerase, plays a pivotal role in translesion DNA synthesis. Loss of PolH leads to early onset of malignant skin cancer in XPV patients and increases UV-induced carcinogenesis. Thus, the pathways by which PolH expression and activity are controlled may be explored as a strategy to prevent UV-induced cancer. In this study, we found that Mdm2, a RING finger E3 ligase, promotes PolH degradation. Specifically, we showed that knockdown of Mdm2 increases PolH expression in both p53-proficient and -deficient cells. In addition, we showed that UV-induced PolH degradation is attenuated by Mdm2 knockdown. In contrast, ectopically expression of Mdm2 decreases PolH expression, which can be abrogated by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Moreover, we showed that Mdm2 physically associates with PolH and promotes PolH polyubiquitination in vivo and in vitro. Finally, we showed that knockdown of Mdm2 increases the formation of PolH replication foci and decreases the sensitivity of cells to UV-induced lesions in a PolH-dependent manner. Taken together, we uncovered that Mdm2 serves as an E3 ligase for PolH polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation in cells under the basal condition and in response to UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sam Jung
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Tumor suppressor protein (p)53, is a regulator of NF-kappaB repression by the glucocorticoid receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:17117-22. [PMID: 21949408 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1114420108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids can inhibit inflammation by abrogating the activity of NF-κB, a family of transcription factors that regulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines. To understand the molecular mechanism of repression of NF-κB activity by glucocorticoids, we performed a high-throughput siRNA oligo screen to identify novel genes involved in this process. Here, we report that loss of p53, a tumor suppressor protein, impaired repression of NF-κB target gene transcription by glucocorticoids. Additionally, loss of p53 also impaired transcription of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) target genes, whereas upstream NF-κB and glucocorticoid receptor signaling cascades remained intact. We further demonstrate that p53 loss severely impaired glucocorticoid rescue of death in a mouse model of LPS shock. Our findings unveil a new role for p53 in the repression of NF-κB by glucocorticoids and suggest important implications for treatment of the proinflammatory microenvironments found in tumors with aberrant p53 activity.
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Vilasco M, Communal L, Mourra N, Courtin A, Forgez P, Gompel A. Glucocorticoid receptor and breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 130:1-10. [PMID: 21818591 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Stress enhances glucocorticoid (GC) synthesis, which alters inflammation and immune responses, as well as cellular proliferation and apoptosis in a number of tissues. Increasingly, stress has been associated with cancer progression, and in particular in breast cancer. Consequently, an operational glucocorticoid receptor system in breast tissue influences breast cancer development. In this review, we summarize the data on the GC/GR system in normal and tumoral breast tissue. We also review the molecular mechanisms by which GCs control apoptosis and proliferation in breast cancer models and how GCs alter the chemotherapy of breast cancer treatment when used in combination. Finally, we discuss the participation of GR in breast tumorigenesis under hormone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Vilasco
- INSERM-UPMC, UMRS 938, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 184 rue du Faubourg Saint Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
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44
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Davies L, Paraskevopoulou E, Sadeq M, Symeou C, Pantelidou C, Demonacos C, Krstic-Demonacos M. Regulation of glucocorticoid receptor activity by a stress responsive transcriptional cofactor. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 25:58-71. [PMID: 21147850 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is modulated by posttranslational modifications, protein stability, and cofactor recruitment. In this report, we investigated the role of the stress-responsive activator of p300/tetratricopeptide repeat domain 5 (TTC5), in the regulation of the GR. TTC5 is a member of the TTC family of proteins and has previously been shown to participate in the cellular response to DNA damage and heat shock. Here, we demonstrate that TTC5 is an important cofactor for the nuclear hormone receptors GR and estrogen receptor. GR and TTC5 interact through multiple tetratricopeptide repeat and LXXLL motifs. TTC5 stabilizes GR and increases its half-life, through a proteasome-dependent process and by inhibiting the actions of the ubiquitin ligase murine double minute 2. Cellular stress, including DNA damage, proteasome inhibition, and heat shock, modulates the interaction pattern of GR/TTC5, thereby altering GR stability and transcriptional activity. Furthermore, GR transcriptional activity is regulated by TTC5 in both a positive and negative fashion under DNA damage conditions in a target gene-specific way. In this report we provide evidence supporting the notion that TTC5 is a novel cofactor regulating GR function in a stress-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Davies
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, England, United Kingdom
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Wallace AD, Cao Y, Chandramouleeswaran S, Cidlowski JA. Lysine 419 targets human glucocorticoid receptor for proteasomal degradation. Steroids 2010; 75:1016-23. [PMID: 20619282 PMCID: PMC2926287 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are members of a highly conserved family of ligand dependent transcription factors which following hormone binding undergo homologous down-regulation reducing the levels of receptor protein. This decline in human GR (hGR) is due in part to a decrease in protein receptor stability that may limit cellular responsiveness to ligand. To examine the role of the proteasome protein degradation pathway in steroid-dependent hGR responsiveness, we utilized the proteasomal inhibitors MG-132, beta-lactone, and epoxomicin. HeLa cells and COS cells were treated with proteasome inhibitors in the presence of the GR agonist dexamethasone (Dex), or were pretreated with proteasomal inhibitor and then Dex. Dexamethasone induced glucocorticoid responsive reporter activity significantly over untreated controls, whereas cells treated with proteasomal inhibitors and Dex together showed 2-3-fold increase in activity. Protein sequence analysis of the hGR protein identified several candidate protein degradation motifs including a PEST element. Mutagenesis of this element at lysine 419 was done and mutant K419A hGR failed to undergo ligand dependent down-regulation. Mutant K419A hGR displayed 2-3-fold greater glucocorticoid responsive reporter activity in the presence of Dex than wild type hGR. These differences in transcriptional activity were not due to altered subcellular localization, since when the mutant K419A hGR was fused with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) it was found to move in and out of the nucleus similarly to wild type hGR. Together these results suggest that the proteasome and the identified PEST degradation motif limit steroid-dependent human glucocorticoid receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Wallace
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Campus Box 7633, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7633, USA.
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Geng CD, Vedeckis WV. Use of recombinant cell-permeable small peptides to modulate glucocorticoid sensitivity of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Biochemistry 2010; 49:8892-901. [PMID: 20831260 DOI: 10.1021/bi1007723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones induce apoptosis in T-cell and pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. Steroid-mediated apoptosis requires a threshold level of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) protein, and increasing the intracellular GR levels in ALL cells would augment their hormone sensitivity. A protein transduction domain (PTD) approach was used to accomplish this. We produced an HIV Tat PTD domain fusion protein (Tat-GR(554-777)) that potentially competes for the degradation of GR protein by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and should thus increase its intracellular levels by "stabilizing" the GR. We also designed a fusion peptide for the c-Myb DNA binding domain, Tat-c-Myb DBD, since the biological function of this peptide as a dominant negative inhibitor of the c-Myb protein was already known. Purified, bacterially expressed Tat-c-Myb DBD and Tat-GR(554-777) exhibited highly efficient transduction into cultured ALL cell lines including 697 (pre-B-ALL) and CEM-C7 (T-ALL) cells. As expected, the transduced Tat-c-Myb DBD peptide inhibited steroid-mediated stimulation of a GR promoter-luciferase reporter gene. Significantly, transduced Tat-GR(554-777) effectively increased intracellular GR levels in the GC-resistant T-ALL cell line, CEM-C1, and in the pre-B-ALL 697 cell line. Furthermore, transduction of Tat-GR(554-777) rendered GC-resistant CEM-C1 cells sensitive to steroid killing and further sensitized 697 cells to steroid. The use of Tat-fusion peptide transduction may eventually lead to innovative therapeutic modalities to improve the clinical response of patients suffering from T-cell and pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by increasing steroid responsiveness and perhaps converting steroid-resistant leukemia to a hormone-responsive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-dong Geng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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47
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Rogalska J. Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in hippocampus: their impact on neurons survival and behavioral impairment after neonatal brain injury. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2010; 82:391-419. [PMID: 20472149 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(10)82020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) exert multiple effects within the central nervous system via mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) activation. MR expression is associated with a neuroprotective phenotype, whereas GR activation is implicated in the induction of an endangered neural phenotype and the opposite actions are most evident in hippocampus, where these receptors are predominantly present. Hippocampus has an overall inhibitory influence on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and it has been suggested that efficient learning and adequate stress response depend on the appropriate functioning of the axis brought by coordinated activation of MR and GR in this region. There is a growing body of evidence that perinatal asphyxia causes irreversible damage to the brain leading to neurons loss in regions vulnerable to oxygen shortage especially in hippocampus. In the present review, some aspects of recently acquired insight in the role of GC receptors in promoting neuronal death and survival after hippocampal injury are discussed. Since the unbalance of MR and GR in hippocampus creates a condition of disturbed neuroendocrine regulation their potential impact on behavioral impairment will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Rogalska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, N. Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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48
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p53 Promotes proteasome-dependent degradation of oncogenic protein HBx by transcription of MDM2. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:2935-40. [PMID: 19842060 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9855-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is closely involved in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Tumor suppressor p53 was reported to induce HBx degradation and repress its oncogenic function recently, but the molecular mechanism is unknown. In this study, we attempted to identify the underlying mechanism. We found that overexpression of p53 protein reduces the level of HBx protein and shortens its half-life, however, in MDM2 knock out cells, p53 has no effects on degradation of HBx, meanwhile, overexpression of MDM2 in absence of p53 can accelerate turnover of HBx protein. These indicate that p53-mediated HBx degradation is MDM2-dependent. MDM2 interacts with HBx in vitro and in vivo but does not promote its ubiquitination. In consistent with the results above, HCC tissue samples with wild-type p53 hardly detect HBx protein, whereas, HBx always accumulate in the tissues with mutant p53. Our data provide a possible mechanism on how p53 regulate HBx stability and also a new clue for the study of p53 mutation and HCC development.
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49
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Enhancement of ligand-dependent down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor by lipopolysaccharide. Life Sci 2009; 85:578-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Rayburn ER, Ezell SJ, Zhang R. Recent advances in validating MDM2 as a cancer target. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2009; 9:882-903. [PMID: 19538162 PMCID: PMC6728151 DOI: 10.2174/187152009789124628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The MDM2 oncogene is overexpressed in various human cancers. Its expression correlates with the phenotypes of high-grade, late-stage, and more resistant tumors. The auto-regulatory loop between MDM2 and the tumor suppressor p53 has long been considered the epitome of a rational target for cancer therapy. As such, many novel agents have been generated to interfere with the interaction of the two proteins, which results in the activation of p53. Among these agents are several small molecule inhibitors synthesized based upon the crystal structures of the MDM2-p53 complex. With use of high-throughput screening, several specific and effective agents for inhibition of the protein-protein interaction were discovered. Recent investigations, however, have demonstrated that many proteins regulate the MDM2-p53 interaction, and that MDM2 may have p53-independent oncogenic functions. In order for novel MDM2 inhibitors to be translated to the clinic, it is necessary to obtain a better understanding of the regulation of MDM2 and of the MDM2-p53 interaction. In particular, the implications of various interactions between certain regulator(s) and MDM2/p53 under different circumstances need to be elucidated to determine which pathway(s) represent the best targets for therapy. Targeting both MDM2 itself and regulators of MDM2 and the MDM2-p53 interaction, or use of MDM2 inhibitors in combination with conventional treatments, may improve prospects for tumor eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Rayburn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Scharri J. Ezell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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