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Zwirner S, Abu Rmilah AA, Klotz S, Pfaffenroth B, Kloevekorn P, Moschopoulou AA, Schuette S, Haag M, Selig R, Li K, Zhou W, Nelson E, Poso A, Chen H, Amiot B, Jia Y, Minshew A, Michalak G, Cui W, Rist E, Longerich T, Jung B, Felgendreff P, Trompak O, Premsrirut PK, Gries K, Muerdter TE, Heinkele G, Wuestefeld T, Shapiro D, Weissbach M, Koenigsrainer A, Sipos B, Ab E, Zacarias MO, Theisgen S, Gruenheit N, Biskup S, Schwab M, Albrecht W, Laufer S, Nyberg S, Zender L. First-in-class MKK4 inhibitors enhance liver regeneration and prevent liver failure. Cell 2024; 187:1666-1684.e26. [PMID: 38490194 PMCID: PMC11011246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Diminished hepatocyte regeneration is a key feature of acute and chronic liver diseases and after extended liver resections, resulting in the inability to maintain or restore a sufficient functional liver mass. Therapies to restore hepatocyte regeneration are lacking, making liver transplantation the only curative option for end-stage liver disease. Here, we report on the structure-based development and characterization (nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] spectroscopy) of first-in-class small molecule inhibitors of the dual-specificity kinase MKK4 (MKK4i). MKK4i increased liver regeneration upon hepatectomy in murine and porcine models, allowed for survival of pigs in a lethal 85% hepatectomy model, and showed antisteatotic and antifibrotic effects in liver disease mouse models. A first-in-human phase I trial (European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials [EudraCT] 2021-000193-28) with the clinical candidate HRX215 was conducted and revealed excellent safety and pharmacokinetics. Clinical trials to probe HRX215 for prevention/treatment of liver failure after extensive oncological liver resections or after transplantation of small grafts are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Zwirner
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; HepaRegeniX GmbH, Tübingen 72072, Germany
| | - Anan A Abu Rmilah
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sabrina Klotz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Bent Pfaffenroth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Philip Kloevekorn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Athina A Moschopoulou
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Svenja Schuette
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Mathias Haag
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart 70376, Germany
| | - Roland Selig
- HepaRegeniX GmbH, Tübingen 72072, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Kewei Li
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Erek Nelson
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Antti Poso
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland; iFIT Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Harvey Chen
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Bruce Amiot
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yao Jia
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Anna Minshew
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gregory Michalak
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Elke Rist
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Thomas Longerich
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Felgendreff
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Omelyan Trompak
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Gries
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Thomas E Muerdter
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart 70376, Germany
| | - Georg Heinkele
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart 70376, Germany
| | - Torsten Wuestefeld
- Laboratory for In Vivo Genetics & Gene Therapy, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University of Singapore, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | | | | | - Alfred Koenigsrainer
- iFIT Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of General-, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Bence Sipos
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Eiso Ab
- ZoBio B.V., Leiden 2333 CH, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart 70376, Germany; iFIT Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD(2)), Tübingen 72076, Germany.
| | - Scott Nyberg
- William J. von Liebig Center for Transplantation and Clinical Regeneration, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Lars Zender
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; iFIT Cluster of Excellence (EXC 2180) "Image-guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery & Development (TüCAD(2)), Tübingen 72076, Germany.
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Zhou W, Ryan A, Janosko CP, Shoger KE, Haugh JM, Gottschalk RA, Deiters A. Isoform-specific optical activation of kinase function reveals p38-ERK signaling crosstalk. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:765-773. [PMID: 37799579 PMCID: PMC10549237 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00157h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolution has diversified the mammalian proteome by the generation of protein isoforms that originate from identical genes, e.g., through alternative gene splicing or post-translational modifications, or very similar genes found in gene families. Protein isoforms can have either overlapping or unique functions and traditional chemical, biochemical, and genetic techniques are often limited in their ability to differentiate between isoforms due to their high similarity. This is particularly true in the context of highly dynamic cell signaling cascades, which often require acute spatiotemporal perturbation to assess mechanistic details. To that end, we describe a method for the selective perturbation of the individual protein isoforms of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38. The genetic installation of a photocaging group at a conserved active site lysine enables the precise light-controlled initiation of kinase signaling, followed by investigation of downstream events. Through optical control, we have identified a novel point of crosstalk between two major signaling cascades: the p38/MAPK pathway and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/MAPK pathway. Specifically, using the photoactivated p38 isoforms, we have found the p38γ and p38δ variants to be positive regulators of the ERK signaling cascade, while confirming the p38α and p38β variants as negative regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Amy Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Chasity P Janosko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Karsen E Shoger
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Jason M Haugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27606 USA
| | - Rachel A Gottschalk
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
- Center for Systems Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
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Ding L, Hao K, Sang L, Shen X, Zhang C, Fu D, Qi X. ATF2-driven osteogenic activity of enoxaparin sodium-loaded polymethylmethacrylate bone cement in femoral defect regeneration. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:646. [PMID: 37653390 PMCID: PMC10470168 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement loaded with enoxaparin sodium (PMMA@ES) has been increasingly highlighted to affect the bone repair of bone defects, but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We addressed this issue by identifying possible molecular mechanisms of PMMA@ES involved in femoral defect regeneration based on bioinformatics analysis and network pharmacology analysis. METHODS The upregulated genes affecting the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were selected through bioinformatics analysis, followed by intersection with the genes of ES-induced differentiation of BMSCs identified by network pharmacology analysis. PMMA@ES was constructed. Rat primary BMSCs were isolated and cultured in vitro in the proliferation medium (PM) and osteogenic medium (OM) to measure alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization of the extracellular matrix, and the expression of RUNX2 and OCN using gain- or loss-of-function experiments. A rat femoral bone defect model was constructed to detect the new bone formation in rats. RESULTS ATF2 may be a key gene in differentiating BMSCs into osteoblasts. In vitro cell assays showed that PMMA@ES promoted the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by increasing ALP activity, extracellular matrix mineralization, and RUNX2 and OCN expression in PM and OM. In addition, ATF2 activated the transcription of miR-335-5p to target ERK1/2 and downregulate the expression of ERK1/2. PMMA@ES induced femoral defect regeneration and the repair of femoral defects in rats by regulating the ATF2/miR-335-5p/ERK1/2 axis. CONCLUSION The evidence provided by our study highlighted the ATF2-mediated mechanism of PMMA@ES in the facilitation of the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and femoral defect regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luobin Ding
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139, Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangning Hao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139, Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Linchao Sang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, 050000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139, Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ce Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139, Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehao Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiangbei Qi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139, Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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Zuo H, Xiao Y, Han J, Lin Y, Tian C, Zhang S, Yuan G, Liu H, Chen Z. Phosphorylation of ATF2 promotes odontoblastic differentiation via intrinsic HAT activity. J Genet Genomics 2023:S1673-8527(23)00044-9. [PMID: 36809837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Mouse dental papilla cells (mDPCs) are cranial neural crest-derived dental mesenchymal cells that give rise to dentin-secreting odontoblasts after the bell stage during odontogenesis. The odontoblastic differentiation of mDPCs is spatiotemporally regulated by transcription factors (TFs). Our previous work revealed that chromatin accessibility was correlated with the occupation of the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) TF family during odontoblastic differentiation. However, the detailed mechanism by which TFs regulate the initiation of odontoblastic differentiation remains elusive. Here, we report that phosphorylation of ATF2 (p-ATF2) is particularly increased during odontoblastic differentiation in vivo and in vitro. ATAC-seq and p-ATF2 CUT&Tag experiments further demonstrate a high correlation between p-ATF2 localization and increased chromatin accessibility of regions near mineralization-related genes. Knockdown of Atf2 inhibits the odontoblastic differentiation of mDPCs, while overexpression of p-ATF2 promotes odontoblastic differentiation. ATAC-seq after overexpression of p-ATF2 reveals that p-ATF2 increases the chromatin accessibility of regions adjacent to genes associated with matrix mineralization. Furthermore, we find that p-ATF2 physically interacts with and promotes H2BK12 acetylation. Taken together, our findings reveal a mechanism that p-ATF2 promotes odontoblastic differentiation at initiation via remodeling chromatin accessibility and emphasize the role of the phosphoswitch model of TFs in cell fate transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyan Zuo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yao Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jiahao Han
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yuxiu Lin
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Cheng Tian
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Guohua Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Huan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Zhi Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedicine of Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Cariology and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Suppression of Lipid Accumulation in the Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes and Human Adipose Stem Cells into Adipocytes by TAK-715, a Specific Inhibitor of p38 MAPK. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020412. [PMID: 36836769 PMCID: PMC9965126 DOI: 10.3390/life13020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive preadipocyte differentiation is linked with obesity. Although previous studies have shown that p38 MAPK is associated with adipogenesis, the regulation of preadipocyte differentiation by TAK-715, an inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), remains unclear. Interestingly, TAK-715 at 10 μM vastly suppressed the accumulation of lipid and intracellular triglyceride (TG) content with no cytotoxicity during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. On mechanistic levels, TAK-715 significantly decreased the expressions of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and perilipin A. Similarly, the phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells was also reduced with TAK-715 treatment. Moreover, TAK-715 significantly blocked the phosphorylation of activating transcription factor-2 (ATF-2), a p38 MAPK downstream molecule, during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Of importance, TAK-715 also markedly impeded the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and suppressed lipid accumulation during the adipocyte differentiation of human adipose stem cells (hASCs). Concisely, this is the first report that TAK-715 (10 μM) has potent anti-adipogenic effects on the adipogenesis process of 3T3-L1 cells and hASCs through the regulation of the expression and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ, STAT-3, FAS, and perilipin A.
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Wang L, Wang J, Guo H, Wang Y, Xu B, Guo X, Wang C. Activating transcription factor 2 (AccATF2) regulates tolerance to oxidative stress in Apis cerana cerana. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 186:105179. [PMID: 35973768 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2), a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, plays a crucial role in immune and DNA damage response in mammals. However, the function of ATF2 in insects remains unknown. Here, we isolated the ATF2 gene from Apis cerana cerana (AccATF2) and found that AccATF2 was a main regulator of the honeybee response to oxidative stress. Our results showed that AccATF2 was highly expressed in the head, thorax and integument. AccATF2 was expressed throughout the development period of honeybees, and the highest AccATF2 transcript level was noted in brown-eyed pupae, indicating its indispensable roles in honeybee survival. Antioxidant function analysis showed that AccATF2 expression was markedly induced in response to oxidative stress caused by various environmental stresses. AccATF2 overexpression substantially enhanced the tolerance to oxidative stress of Escherichia coli cells compared with control cells. AccATF2 knockdown significantly increased the production of malondialdehyde (MDA), the transcription of antioxidant genes and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in honeybees, suggesting that AccATF2 knockdown resulted in oxidative damage to honeybees. Moreover, AccATF2 knockdown decreased honeybee resistance to oxidative stress caused by high temperature. Overall, AccATF2 plays an important role in maintaining redox homeostasis and protecting honeybees from oxidative stress caused by various environmental stimuli. Our discoveries add to a growing understanding of how honeybees cope with various adverse environmental conditions to ensure their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Huijuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Baohua Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China
| | - Xingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China.
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, PR China.
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John E, Singh KB, Oliver RP, Tan K. Transcription factor control of virulence in phytopathogenic fungi. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:858-881. [PMID: 33973705 PMCID: PMC8232033 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant-pathogenic fungi are a significant threat to economic and food security worldwide. Novel protection strategies are required and therefore it is critical we understand the mechanisms by which these pathogens cause disease. Virulence factors and pathogenicity genes have been identified, but in many cases their roles remain elusive. It is becoming increasingly clear that gene regulation is vital to enable plant infection and transcription factors play an essential role. Efforts to determine their regulatory functions in plant-pathogenic fungi have expanded since the annotation of fungal genomes revealed the ubiquity of transcription factors from a broad range of families. This review establishes the significance of transcription factors as regulatory elements in plant-pathogenic fungi and provides a systematic overview of those that have been functionally characterized. Detailed analysis is provided on regulators from well-characterized families controlling various aspects of fungal metabolism, development, stress tolerance, and the production of virulence factors such as effectors and secondary metabolites. This covers conserved transcription factors with either specialized or nonspecialized roles, as well as recently identified regulators targeting key virulence pathways. Fundamental knowledge of transcription factor regulation in plant-pathogenic fungi provides avenues to identify novel virulence factors and improve our understanding of the regulatory networks linked to pathogen evolution, while transcription factors can themselves be specifically targeted for disease control. Areas requiring further insight regarding the molecular mechanisms and/or specific classes of transcription factors are identified, and direction for future investigation is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan John
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Karam B. Singh
- Agriculture and FoodCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationFloreatWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Richard P. Oliver
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Kar‐Chun Tan
- Centre for Crop and Disease ManagementCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
- School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityBentleyWestern AustraliaAustralia
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Gao R, Wang L, Bei Y, Wu X, Wang J, Zhou Q, Tao L, Das S, Li X, Xiao J. Long Noncoding RNA Cardiac Physiological Hypertrophy-Associated Regulator Induces Cardiac Physiological Hypertrophy and Promotes Functional Recovery After Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Circulation 2021; 144:303-317. [PMID: 34015936 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.050446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of exercise training in the cardiovascular system have been well accepted; however, the underlying mechanism remains to be explored. Here, we report the initial functional characterization of an exercise-induced cardiac physiological hypertrophy-associated novel long noncoding RNA (lncRNA). METHODS Using lncRNA microarray profiling, we identified lncRNAs in contributing the modulation of exercise-induced cardiac growth that we termed cardiac physiological hypertrophy-associated regulator (CPhar). Mice with adeno-associated virus serotype 9 driving CPhar overexpression and knockdown were used in in vivo experiments. Swim training was used to induce physiological cardiac hypertrophy in mice, and ischemia reperfusion injury surgery was conducted to investigate the protective effects of CPhar in mice. To investigate the mechanisms of CPhar's function, we performed various analyses including quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, histology, cardiac function (by echocardiography), functional rescue experiments, mass spectrometry, in vitro RNA transcription, RNA pulldown, RNA immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, luciferase reporter assay, and coimmunoprecipitation assays. RESULTS We screened the lncRNAs in contributing the modulation of exercise-induced cardiac growth through lncRNA microarray profiling and found that CPhar was increased with exercise and was necessary for exercise-induced physiological cardiac growth. The gain and loss of function of CPhar regulated the expression of proliferation markers, hypertrophy, and apoptosis in cultured neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. Overexpression of CPhar prevented myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury and cardiac dysfunction in vivo. We identified DDX17 (DEAD-Box Helicase 17) as a binding partner of CPhar in regulating CPhar downstream factor ATF7 (activating transcription factor 7) by sequestering C/EBPβ (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta). CONCLUSIONS Our study of this lncRNA CPhar provides new insights into the regulation of exercise-induced cardiac physiological growth, demonstrating the cardioprotective role of CPhar in the heart, and expanding our mechanistic understanding of lncRNA function, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China (R.G., X.W., X.L.)
| | - Lijun Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (L.W., Y.B., J.W., Q.Z., J.X.), Shanghai University, China.,Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science (L.W., Y.B., J.W., Q.Z., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
| | - Yihua Bei
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (L.W., Y.B., J.W., Q.Z., J.X.), Shanghai University, China.,Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science (L.W., Y.B., J.W., Q.Z., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China (R.G., X.W., X.L.)
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (L.W., Y.B., J.W., Q.Z., J.X.), Shanghai University, China.,Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science (L.W., Y.B., J.W., Q.Z., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
| | - Qiulian Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (L.W., Y.B., J.W., Q.Z., J.X.), Shanghai University, China.,Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science (L.W., Y.B., J.W., Q.Z., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
| | - Lichan Tao
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China (L.T.)
| | - Saumya Das
- Cardiovascular Division of the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (S.D.)
| | - Xinli Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, China (R.G., X.W., X.L.)
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine (L.W., Y.B., J.W., Q.Z., J.X.), Shanghai University, China.,Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science (L.W., Y.B., J.W., Q.Z., J.X.), Shanghai University, China
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9
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Creb5 establishes the competence for Prg4 expression in articular cartilage. Commun Biol 2021; 4:332. [PMID: 33712729 PMCID: PMC7955038 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of cells comprising the superficial zone of articular cartilage is their expression of lubricin, encoded by the Prg4 gene, that lubricates the joint and protects against the development of arthritis. Here, we identify Creb5 as a transcription factor that is specifically expressed in superficial zone articular chondrocytes and is required for TGF-β and EGFR signaling to induce Prg4 expression. Notably, forced expression of Creb5 in chondrocytes derived from the deep zone of the articular cartilage confers the competence for TGF-β and EGFR signals to induce Prg4 expression. Chromatin-IP and ATAC-Seq analyses have revealed that Creb5 directly binds to two Prg4 promoter-proximal regulatory elements, that display an open chromatin conformation specifically in superficial zone articular chondrocytes; and which work in combination with a more distal regulatory element to drive induction of Prg4 by TGF-β. Our results indicate that Creb5 is a critical regulator of Prg4/lubricin expression in the articular cartilage.
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10
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Cui A, Ding D, Li Y. Regulation of Hepatic Metabolism and Cell Growth by the ATF/CREB Family of Transcription Factors. Diabetes 2021; 70:653-664. [PMID: 33608424 PMCID: PMC7897342 DOI: 10.2337/dbi20-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a major metabolic organ that regulates the whole-body metabolic homeostasis and controls hepatocyte proliferation and growth. The ATF/CREB family of transcription factors integrates nutritional and growth signals to the regulation of metabolism and cell growth in the liver, and deregulated ATF/CREB family signaling is implicated in the progression of type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cancer. This article focuses on the roles of the ATF/CREB family in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and cell growth and its importance in liver physiology. We also highlight how the disrupted ATF/CREB network contributes to human diseases and discuss the perspectives of therapeutically targeting ATF/CREB members in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoyuan Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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11
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Varshney A, Chahal G, Santos L, Stolper J, Hallab JC, Nim HT, Nikolov M, Yip A, Ramialison M. Human Cardiac Transcription Factor Networks. SYSTEMS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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12
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Hosseinzadeh A, Kamrava SK, Moore BCJ, Reiter RJ, Ghaznavi H, Kamali M, Mehrzadi S. Molecular Aspects of Melatonin Treatment in Tinnitus: A Review. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1112-1128. [PMID: 30892162 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190319162147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tinnitus is a hearing disorder characterized by the perception of sound without external acoustic stimuli, which is caused by damage to the auditory system in response to excessive levels of noise, ototoxic agents and aging. Neural plasticity, oxidative/nitrosative stress and apoptosis play important roles in the pathogenesis of tinnitus. The expression of neural plasticity related to excessive glutamatergic neurotransmission leads to generation of abnormal sound in one's ears or head. Furthermore, hyperactivation and over-expression of NMDA receptors in response to excessive release of glutamate contribute to the calcium overload in the primary auditory neurons and subsequent cytotoxicity. Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species are endogenously produced by different type of cochlear cells under pathological conditions, which cause direct damage to the intracellular components and apoptotic cell death. Cochlear hair-cell death contributes to the progressive deafferentation of auditory neurons, which consequently leads to the aberrant activity in several parts of the auditory pathway. Therefore, targeting neural plasticity, oxidative/nitrosative stress, apoptosis and autophagy may ameliorate tinnitus. Melatonin is an endogenously produced indoleamine synchronizing circadian and circannual rhythms. Based on laboratory studies indicating the protective effect of melatonin against cochlear damage induced by acoustic trauma and ototoxic agents, and also clinical studies reporting the ability of melatonin to minimize the severity of tinnitus, melatonin is suggested to be a treatment option for the patient with tinnitus. Herein, we describe the ameliorative effect of melatonin on tinnitus, focusing on neural plasticity, oxidative/nitrosative stress, apoptotsis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Kamran Kamrava
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center, Hazrate Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Brian C J Moore
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Habib Ghaznavi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Kamali
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Huebner K, Procházka J, Monteiro AC, Mahadevan V, Schneider-Stock R. The activating transcription factor 2: an influencer of cancer progression. Mutagenesis 2020; 34:375-389. [PMID: 31799611 PMCID: PMC6923166 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gez041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the continuous increase in survival rates for many cancer entities, colorectal cancer (CRC) and pancreatic cancer are predicted to be ranked among the top 3 cancer-related deaths in the European Union by 2025. Especially, fighting metastasis still constitutes an obstacle to be overcome in CRC and pancreatic cancer. As described by Fearon and Vogelstein, the development of CRC is based on sequential mutations leading to the activation of proto-oncogenes and the inactivation of tumour suppressor genes. In pancreatic cancer, genetic alterations also attribute to tumour development and progression. Recent findings have identified new potentially important transcription factors in CRC, among those the activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2). ATF2 is a basic leucine zipper protein and is involved in physiological and developmental processes, as well as in tumorigenesis. The mutation burden of ATF2 in CRC and pancreatic cancer is rather negligible; however, previous studies in other tumours indicated that ATF2 expression level and subcellular localisation impact tumour progression and patient prognosis. In a tissue- and stimulus-dependent manner, ATF2 is activated by upstream kinases, dimerises and induces target gene expression. Dependent on its dimerisation partner, ATF2 homodimers or heterodimers bind to cAMP-response elements or activator protein 1 consensus motifs. Pioneering work has been performed in melanoma in which the dual role of ATF2 is best understood. Even though there is increasing interest in ATF2 recently, only little is known about its involvement in CRC and pancreatic cancer. In this review, we summarise the current understanding of the underestimated ‘cancer gene chameleon’ ATF2 in apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and microRNA regulation and highlight its functions in CRC and pancreatic cancer. We further provide a novel ATF2 3D structure with key phosphorylation sites and an updated overview of all so-far available mouse models to study ATF2 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Huebner
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Procházka
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ana C Monteiro
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vijayalakshmi Mahadevan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bangalore, India
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Experimental Tumorpathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Du Y, Lu S, Ge J, Long D, Wen C, Tan S, Chen L, Zhou W. ROCK2 disturbs MKP1 expression to promote invasion and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:884-896. [PMID: 32266097 PMCID: PMC7136912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual-specificity phosphatase-1 (DUSP1/MKP1) plays a key role in controlling various physiological and pathological phenomena, including tumor metastasis and invasion. However, the role of MKP1 in tumorigenesis is controversial. We showed that the expression of MKP1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is significantly downregulated, and MKP1 is an independent predictor of poor prognosis. In in vitro and in vivo studies, we showed that MKP1 significantly inhibits the invasion and metastasis of HCC cells. Additionally, we found that low MKP1 expression is associated with the expression of ROCK2, which plays an important role in HCC. Our data suggest that MKP1 is crucial for ROCK2-mediated metastasis and invasion. Interestingly, we demonstrated that ROCK2 has opposite effects on protein and mRNA levels of MKP1, as it decreases the expression at the protein level and increases the expression at the mRNA level. We also identified the mechanism responsible for this incongruency; ROCK2 activates ERK1/2-ATF2 signaling, which leads to the increased mRNA expression of MKP1. At the same time, ROCK2 promotes the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of MKP1 by activating ERK1/2, therefore promoting the metastasis of HCC. In conclusion, our data provide new evidence for the biological and clinical significance of MKP1 as a potential biomarker. We demonstrate that ROCK2 disturbs the protein and mRNA expression of MKP1 in human HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Du
- Department of Medical, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang UniversityNanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Oncology, Jiangxi Provincial Cancer HospitalNanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jin Ge
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Dazhi Long
- Department of Urology, Ji’an Centre People’s HospitalJi’an, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Chongyu Wen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shengxing Tan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial Cancer HospitalNanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Leifeng Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial Cancer HospitalNanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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15
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16
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Meijer BJ, Giugliano FP, Baan B, van der Meer JHM, Meisner S, van Roest M, Koelink PJ, de Boer RJ, Jones N, Breitwieser W, van der Wel NN, Wildenberg ME, van den Brink GR, Heijmans J, Muncan V. ATF2 and ATF7 Are Critical Mediators of Intestinal Epithelial Repair. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:23-42. [PMID: 31958521 PMCID: PMC7210476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Activation factor-1 transcription factor family members activating transcription factors 2 and 7 (ATF2 and ATF7) have highly redundant functions owing to highly homologous DNA binding sites. Their role in intestinal epithelial homeostasis and repair is unknown. Here, we assessed the role of these proteins in these conditions in an intestine-specific mouse model. METHODS We performed in vivo and ex vivo experiments using Villin-CreERT2Atf2fl/flAtf7ko/ko mice. We investigated the effects of intestinal epithelium-specific deletion of the Atf2 DNA binding region in Atf7-/- mice on cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and epithelial barrier function under homeostatic conditions. Subsequently, we exposed mice to 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days and 12 Gy whole-body irradiation and assessed the response to epithelial damage. RESULTS Activating phosphorylation of ATF2 and ATF7 was detected mainly in the crypts of the small intestine and the lower crypt region of the colonic epithelium. Under homeostatic conditions, no major phenotypic changes were detectable in the intestine of ATF mutant mice. However, on DSS exposure or whole-body irradiation, the intestinal epithelium showed a clearly impaired regenerative response. Mutant mice developed severe ulceration and inflammation associated with increased epithelial apoptosis on DSS exposure and were less able to regenerate colonic crypts on irradiation. In vitro, organoids derived from double-mutant epithelium had a growth disadvantage compared with wild-type organoids, impaired wound healing capacity in scratch assay, and increased sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-α-induced damage. CONCLUSIONS ATF2 and ATF7 are dispensable for epithelial homeostasis, but are required to maintain epithelial regenerative capacity and protect against cell death during intestinal epithelial damage and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeus J Meijer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Francesca P Giugliano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Baan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan H M van der Meer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Meisner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon van Roest
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim J Koelink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben J de Boer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nic Jones
- Department of Cell Regulation, Cancer Research United Kingdom Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Breitwieser
- Department of Cell Regulation, Cancer Research United Kingdom Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole N van der Wel
- Department of Medical Biology, Electron Microscopy Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs R van den Brink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Associate Group, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jarom Heijmans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Yu JX, Craig AJ, Duffy ME, Villacorta-Martin C, Miguela V, Ruiz de Galarreta M, Scopton AP, Silber L, Maldonado AY, Rialdi A, Guccione E, Lujambio A, Villanueva A, Dar AC. Phenotype-Based Screens with Conformation-Specific Inhibitors Reveal p38 Gamma and Delta as Targets for HCC Polypharmacology. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1506-1519. [PMID: 31213506 PMCID: PMC7017390 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The approved kinase inhibitors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are not matched to specific mutations within tumors. This has presented a daunting challenge; without a clear target or mechanism, no straightforward path has existed to guide the development of improved therapies for HCC. Here, we combine phenotypic screens with a class of conformation-specific kinase inhibitors termed type II to identify a multikinase inhibitor, AD80, with antitumoral activity across a variety of HCC preclinical models, including mouse xenografts. Mass spectrometry profiling found a number of kinases as putative targets for AD80, including several receptor and cytoplasmic protein kinases. Among these, we found p38 gamma and delta as direct targets of AD80. Notably, a closely related analog of AD80 lacking p38δ/γ activity, but retaining several other off-target kinases, lost significant activity in several HCC models. Moreover, forced and sustained MKK6 → p38→ATF2 signaling led to a significant reduction of AD80 activity within HCC cell lines. Together with HCC survival data in The Cancer Genome Atlas and RNA-seq analysis, we suggest p38 delta and gamma as therapeutic targets in HCC and an "AD80 inhibition signature" as identifying those patients with best clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xin Yu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Amanda J Craig
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Mary E Duffy
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Carlos Villacorta-Martin
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Verónica Miguela
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Precision Immunology Institute at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Marina Ruiz de Galarreta
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Precision Immunology Institute at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alexander P Scopton
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Lisa Silber
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Andres Y Maldonado
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Alexander Rialdi
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Amaia Lujambio
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Precision Immunology Institute at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Augusto Villanueva
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
- Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Arvin C Dar
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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18
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Song F, Wei M, Wang J, Liu Y, Guo M, Li X, Luo J, Zhou J, Wang M, Guo D, Chen L, Sun G. Hepatitis B virus-regulated growth of liver cancer cells occurs through the microRNA-340-5p-activating transcription factor 7-heat shock protein A member 1B axis. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:1633-1643. [PMID: 30891870 PMCID: PMC6501011 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer with poor prognosis. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the leading causes of HCC, but the precise mechanisms by which this infection promotes cancer development are not fully understood. Recently, miR‐340‐5p, a microRNA (miRNA) that has been identified as a cancer suppressor gene, was found to inhibit the migration and invasion of liver cancer cells. However, the effect of miR‐340‐5p on cell proliferation and apoptosis in HBV‐associated HCC remains unknown. In our study, we show that miR‐340‐5p plays an important role during HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma development. Specifically, this miRNA directly binds to the mRNA encoding activating transcription factor 7 (ATF7), a protein that both promotes cell proliferation and suppresses apoptosis through its interaction with heat shock protein A member 1B (HSPA1B). We further found that miR‐340‐5p is downregulated by HBV, which enhances ATF7 expression, leading to enhanced cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. Notably, ATF7 is upregulated in HCC tissue, suggesting that HBV may target miR‐340‐5p in vivo to promote ATF7/HSPA1B‐mediated proliferation and apoptosis and regulate liver cancer progression. This work helps to elucidate the complex interactions between HBV and host miRNAs and further suggests that miR‐340‐5p may represent a promising candidate for the development of improved therapeutic strategies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingcong Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingxiong Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junying Zhou
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Deyin Guo
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Lang Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guihong Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan, China
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19
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Hu Z, Tie Y, Lv G, Zhu J, Fu H, Zheng X. Transcriptional activation of miR-320a by ATF2, ELK1 and YY1 induces cancer cell apoptosis under ionizing radiation conditions. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:1691-1702. [PMID: 30066913 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) play important roles in numerous cellular processes, including development, proliferation, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. It has been reported that miRNA expression is induced by ionizing radiation (IR) in cancer cells. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In this study, endogenous miR‑320a and its primary precursor (pri‑miR‑320a) were assayed by reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR). Luciferase activities were measured using a dual‑luciferase reporter assay system. Western blot analysis was used to determine the protein expressions of upstream and downstream genes of miR‑320a. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by Annexin V apoptosis assay and cell proliferation was measured using the trypan blue exclusion method. The results revealed that miR‑320a expression increased linearly with the IR dose and treatment duration. Three transcription factors, activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2), ETS transcription factor (ELK1) and YY1 transcription factor (YY1), were activated by p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) and mitogen‑activated protein kinase 8 (JNK) and by upregulated miR‑320a expression under IR conditions. In addition, it was identified that X‑linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) was an miR‑320a target gene during the IR response. By targeting XIAP, miR‑320a induced apoptosis and inhibited the proliferation of the cancer cells. On the whole, the results of this study demonstrated that miRNA‑320a, regulated by the p38 MAPK/JNK pathway, enhanced the radiosensitivity of cancer cells by inhibiting XIAP and this may thus prove to be a potential therapeutic approach with which to overcome radioresistance in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Yi Tie
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Guixiang Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Hanjiang Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
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20
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Fang J, Ye Z, Gu F, Yan M, Lin Q, Lin J, Wang Z, Xu Y, Wang Y. DUSP1 enhances the chemoresistance of gallbladder cancer via the modulation of the p38 pathway and DNA damage/repair system. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:1869-1875. [PMID: 30008878 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CDDP) is a commonly used drug for gallbladder cancer (GBC) chemotherapy. However, resistance to CDDP treatment results in relapse. Therefore, there is a need for the development of more effective treatment strategies to overcome chemoresistance. Dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) was reported to be involved in the resistance of a number of chemotherapeutic agents and was revealed to be highly expressed in CDDP-resistant GBC cells and CDDP-treated tumor types compared with normal cells or tissues in the present study. DUSP1 was revealed to inhibit the cytotoxicity of CDDP in two GBC cell lines, SGC996 and GBC-SD. P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases may be involved in the mechanism of chemoresistance. Furthermore, the number of DNA double-strand breaks in SGC996 OE cells was reduced compared with SGC996 vector cells indicating DUSP1 may attenuate the chemotherapeutic efficiency. Due to its potency against CDDP treatment, DUSP1 may be a promising target to overcome chemoresistance in GBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Feiying Gu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Maohui Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Qingren Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Juan Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Zhun Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Yaping Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Yuezhen Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Province Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
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21
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Leedale J, Sharkey KJ, Colley HE, Norton ÁM, Peeney D, Mason CL, Sathish JG, Murdoch C, Sharma P, Webb SD. A Combined In Vitro/In Silico Approach to Identifying Off-Target Receptor Toxicity. iScience 2018; 4:84-96. [PMID: 30240756 PMCID: PMC6147237 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many xenobiotics can bind to off-target receptors and cause toxicity via the dysregulation of downstream transcription factors. Identification of subsequent off-target toxicity in these chemicals has often required extensive chemical testing in animal models. An alternative, integrated in vitro/in silico approach for predicting toxic off-target functional responses is presented to refine in vitro receptor identification and reduce the burden on in vivo testing. As part of the methodology, mathematical modeling is used to mechanistically describe processes that regulate transcriptional activity following receptor-ligand binding informed by transcription factor signaling assays. Critical reactions in the signaling cascade are identified to highlight potential perturbation points in the biochemical network that can guide and optimize additional in vitro testing. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model provides information on the timing and localization of different levels of receptor activation informing whole-body toxic potential resulting from off-target binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Leedale
- EPSRC Liverpool Centre for Mathematics in Healthcare, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZL, UK.
| | - Kieran J Sharkey
- EPSRC Liverpool Centre for Mathematics in Healthcare, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZL, UK
| | - Helen E Colley
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Áine M Norton
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - David Peeney
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Chantelle L Mason
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Jean G Sathish
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK; Immuno and Molecular Toxicology, Drug Safety Evaluation, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Craig Murdoch
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK
| | - Parveen Sharma
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
| | - Steven D Webb
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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22
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Shang N, Bank T, Ding X, Breslin P, Li J, Shi B, Qiu W. Caspase-3 suppresses diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocyte death, compensatory proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis through inhibiting p38 activation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:558. [PMID: 29752472 PMCID: PMC5948202 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is critical to understand the molecular mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis in order to prevent or treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The development of HCC is commonly associated with hepatocyte death and compensatory proliferation. However, the role of Caspase-3, a key apoptotic executor, in hepatocarcinogenesis is unknown. In this study, we used Caspase-3-deficient mice to examine the role of Caspase-3 in hepatocarcinogenesis in a chemical (diethylnitrosamine, DEN)-induced HCC model. We found that Caspase-3 deficiency significantly increased DEN-induced HCC. Unexpectedly, Caspase-3 deficiency increased apoptosis induced by DEN and the subsequent compensatory proliferation. Intriguingly, we discovered that Caspase-3 deficiency increased the activation of p38 with and without DEN treatment. Moreover, we demonstrated that TNFα and IL1α stimulated increased activation of p38 in Caspase-3 KO hepatocytes compared with wild-type hepatocytes. Finally, we found that inhibition of p38 by SB202190 abrogated enhanced hepatocyte death, compensatory proliferation and HCC induced by DEN in Caspase-3-deficient mice. Overall, our data suggest that Caspase-3 inhibits chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by suppressing p38 activation and hepatocyte death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Shang
- Department of Surgery and Oncology Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Thomas Bank
- Department of Surgery and Oncology Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Xianzhong Ding
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Peter Breslin
- Department of Surgery and Oncology Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.,Department of Molecular/Cellular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Baomin Shi
- Department of General Surgery Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, Shanghai, PR, 200065, China.
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Surgery and Oncology Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, 2160 South 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA. .,Department of General Surgery Tongji Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, Shanghai, PR, 200065, China.
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23
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Shang H, Sun L, Braun T, Si Q, Tong J. Revealing the action mechanisms of dexamethasone on the birth weight of infant using RNA-sequencing data of trophoblast cells. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e9653. [PMID: 29369181 PMCID: PMC5794365 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DEX) could induce low birth weight of infant, and low birth weight has close associations with glucocorticoid levels, insulin resistance, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome in adulthood. This study was designed to reveal the action mechanisms of DEX on the birth weight of infant.Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), trophoblast cells of human placenta were identified and the optimum treatment time of DEX were determined. Trophoblast cells were treated by DEX (DEX group) or ethanol (control group) (each group had 3 samples), and then were performed with RNA-sequencing. Afterward, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by R package, and their potential functions were successively enriched using DAVID database and Enrichr method. Followed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using Cytoscape software. Using Enrichr method and TargetScan software, the transcription factors (TFs) and micorRNAs (miRNAs) targeted the DEGs separately were predicted. Based on MsigDB database, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed.There were 391 DEGs screened from the DEX group. Upregulated SRR and potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 4 (KCNJ4) and downregulated GALNT1 separately were enriched in PDZ (an acronym of PSD-95, Dlg, and ZO-1) domain binding and Mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis. In the PPI network, CDK2 and CDK4 had higher degrees. TFs ATF2 and E2F4 and miRNA miR-16 were predicted for the DEGs. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that SRR and KCNJ4 were significantly upregulated.These genes might affect the roles of DEX in the birth weight of infant, and might be promising therapeutic targets for reducing the side effects of DEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Shang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liping Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Thorsten Braun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charite Medical University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qi Si
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jinyi Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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24
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Mobley RJ, Abell AN. Controlling Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition through Acetylation of Histone H2BK5. JOURNAL OF NATURE AND SCIENCE 2017; 3:e432. [PMID: 28936481 PMCID: PMC5604895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale epigenetic changes take place when epithelial cells with cell-cell adhesion and apical-basal polarity transition into invasive, individual, mesenchymal cells through a process known as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Importantly, cancers with stem cell properties disseminate and form distant metastases by reactivating the developmental EMT program. Recent studies have demonstrated that the epigenetic histone modification, H2BK5 acetylation (H2BK5Ac), is important in the regulation of EMT. For example, in trophoblast stem (TS) cells, H2BK5Ac promotes the expression of genes important to the maintenance of an epithelial phenotype. This finding led to the discovery that TS cells and stem-like claudin-low breast cancer cells share similar H2BK5Ac-regulated gene expression, linking developmental and cancer cell EMT. An improved understanding of the role of H2BK5Ac in developmental EMT and stemness will further our understanding of epigenetics in EMT-related pathologies. Here, we examine the binders and regulators of H2BK5Ac and discuss the roles of H2BK5Ac in stemness and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Mobley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Amy N. Abell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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25
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Thamodaran V, Bruce AW. p38 (Mapk14/11) occupies a regulatory node governing entry into primitive endoderm differentiation during preimplantation mouse embryo development. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160190. [PMID: 27605380 PMCID: PMC5043583 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During mouse preimplantation embryo development, the classically described second cell-fate decision involves the specification and segregation, in blastocyst inner cell mass (ICM), of primitive endoderm (PrE) from pluripotent epiblast (EPI). The active role of fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signalling during PrE differentiation, particularly in the context of Erk1/2 pathway activation, is well described. However, we report that p38 family mitogen-activated protein kinases (namely p38α/Mapk14 and p38β/Mapk11; referred to as p38-Mapk14/11) also participate in PrE formation. Specifically, functional p38-Mapk14/11 are required, during early-blastocyst maturation, to assist uncommitted ICM cells, expressing both EPI and earlier PrE markers, to fully commit to PrE differentiation. Moreover, functional activation of p38-Mapk14/11 is, as reported for Erk1/2, under the control of Fgf-receptor signalling, plus active Tak1 kinase (involved in non-canonical bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp)-receptor-mediated PrE differentiation). However, we demonstrate that the critical window of p38-Mapk14/11 activation precedes the E3.75 timepoint (defined by the initiation of the classical ‘salt and pepper’ expression pattern of mutually exclusive EPI and PrE markers), whereas appropriate lineage maturation is still achievable when Erk1/2 activity (via Mek1/2 inhibition) is limited to a period after E3.75. We propose that active p38-Mapk14/11 act as enablers, and Erk1/2 as drivers, of PrE differentiation during ICM lineage specification and segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanth Thamodaran
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genetics (LDB&G), Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander W Bruce
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genetics (LDB&G), Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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26
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Corre I, Paris F, Huot J. The p38 pathway, a major pleiotropic cascade that transduces stress and metastatic signals in endothelial cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:55684-55714. [PMID: 28903453 PMCID: PMC5589692 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
By gating the traffic of molecules and cells across the vessel wall, endothelial cells play a central role in regulating cardiovascular functions and systemic homeostasis and in modulating pathophysiological processes such as inflammation and immunity. Accordingly, the loss of endothelial cell integrity is associated with pathological disorders that include atherosclerosis and cancer. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are major signaling pathways that regulate several functions of endothelial cells in response to exogenous and endogenous stimuli including growth factors, stress and cytokines. The p38 MAPK family contains four isoforms p38α, p38β, p38γ and p38δ that are encoded by four different genes. They are all widely expressed although to different levels in almost all human tissues. p38α/MAPK14, that is ubiquitously expressed is the prototype member of the family and is referred here as p38. It regulates the production of inflammatory mediators, and controls cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and survival. Its activation in endothelial cells leads to actin remodeling, angiogenesis, DNA damage response and thereby has major impact on cardiovascular homeostasis, and on cancer progression. In this manuscript, we review the biology of p38 in regulating endothelial functions especially in response to oxidative stress and during the metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Corre
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - François Paris
- CRCINA, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Huot
- Le Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval et le Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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27
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Watson G, Ronai ZA, Lau E. ATF2, a paradigm of the multifaceted regulation of transcription factors in biology and disease. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:347-357. [PMID: 28212892 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Stringent transcriptional regulation is crucial for normal cellular biology and organismal development. Perturbations in the proper regulation of transcription factors can result in numerous pathologies, including cancer. Thus, understanding how transcription factors are regulated and how they are dysregulated in disease states is key to the therapeutic targeting of these factors and/or the pathways that they regulate. Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) has been studied in a number of developmental and pathological conditions. Recent findings have shed light on the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational regulatory mechanisms that influence ATF2 function, and thus, the transcriptional programs coordinated by ATF2. Given our current knowledge of its multiple levels of regulation and function, ATF2 represents a paradigm for the mechanistic complexity that can regulate transcription factor function. Thus, increasing our understanding of the regulation and function of ATF2 will provide insights into fundamental regulatory mechanisms that influence how cells integrate extracellular and intracellular signals into a genomic response through transcription factors. Characterization of ATF2 dysfunction in the context of pathological conditions, particularly in cancer biology and response to therapy, will be important in understanding how pathways controlled by ATF2 or other transcription factors might be therapeutically exploited. In this review, we provide an overview of the currently known upstream regulators and downstream targets of ATF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Watson
- Department of Tumor Biology and Program in Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, 3109601, Israel
| | - Eric Lau
- Department of Tumor Biology and Program in Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
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28
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Saad AF, Diken ZM, Kechichian TB, Clark SM, Olson GL, Saade GR, Costantine MM. Pravastatin Effects on Placental Prosurvival Molecular Pathways in a Mouse Model of Preeclampsia. Reprod Sci 2016; 23:1593-1599. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719116648218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F. Saad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Zaid M. Diken
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Talar B. Kechichian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shannon M. Clark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gayle L. Olson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - George R. Saade
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Maged M. Costantine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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29
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A Transcriptionally Inactive ATF2 Variant Drives Melanomagenesis. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1884-92. [PMID: 27210757 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most lethal cutaneous malignancies, characterized by chemoresistance and a striking propensity to metastasize. The transcription factor ATF2 elicits oncogenic activities in melanoma, and its inhibition attenuates melanoma development. Here, we show that expression of a transcriptionally inactive form of Atf2 (Atf2(Δ8,9)) promotes development of melanoma in mouse models. Atf2(Δ8,9)-driven tumors show enhanced pigmentation, immune infiltration, and metastatic propensity. Similar to mouse Atf2(Δ8,9), we have identified a transcriptionally inactive human ATF2 splice variant 5 (ATF2(SV5)) that enhances the growth and migration capacity of cultured melanoma cells and immortalized melanocytes. ATF2(SV5) expression is elevated in human melanoma specimens and is associated with poor prognosis. These findings point to an oncogenic function for ATF2 in melanoma development that appears to be independent of its transcriptional activity.
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30
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Holck S, Bonde J, Pedersen H, Petersen AA, Chaube A, Nielsen HJ, Larsson LI. Localization of active, dually phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 in colorectal cancer with or without activating BRAF and KRAS mutations. Hum Pathol 2016; 54:37-46. [PMID: 27036313 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancers (CRC) often show activating mutations of the KRAS or BRAF genes, which stimulate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, thus increasing cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. However, immunohistochemical results on ERK activation in such tumors differ greatly. Recently, using a highly optimized immunohistochemical method, we obtained evidence that high levels of ERK activation in rectal adenocarcinomas were associated with resistance to radiochemotherapy. In order to determine whether KRAS and/or BRAF mutations correlate to immunohistochemically detectable increases in phosphorylation of ERK (pERK), we stained biopsies from 36 CRC patients with activating mutations in the BRAF gene (BRAFV600E: BRAF(m)), the KRAS gene (KRAS(m)) or in neither (BRAF/KRAS(n)) with this optimized method. Staining was scored in blind-coded specimens by two observers. Staining of stromal cells was used as a positive control. BRAF(m) or KRAS(m) tumors did not show higher staining scores than BRAF/KRAS(n) tumors. Although BRAFV600E staining occurred in over 90% of cancer cells in all 9 BRAF(m) tumors, 3 only showed staining for pERK in less than 10% of cancer cell nuclei. The same applied to 4 of the 14 KRAS(m) tumors. A phophorylation-insensitive antibody demonstrated that lack of pERK staining did not reflect defect expression of ERK1/2 protein. Thus, increased staining for pERK does not correlate to BRAF or KRAS mutations even with a highly optimized procedure. Further studies are required to determine whether this reflects differences in expression of counterregulatory molecules, including ERK phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Holck
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Jesper Bonde
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Helle Pedersen
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Anja Alex Petersen
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Amita Chaube
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørgen Nielsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Lars-Inge Larsson
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark; Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, DK -2650, Hvidovre, Denmark.
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31
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Abstract
Smac mimetics (SMs), a class of drugs that can promote tumor cell death, represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Lalaoui et al. (2016) report that SM efficacy can be potently increased by inhibition of the p38α MAPK/MK2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nomeda Girnius
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Roger J Davis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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Rauch AK, Rosskothen-Kuhl N, Illing RB. Counter-regulation of the AP-1 monomers pATF2 and Fos: Molecular readjustment of brainstem neurons in hearing and deaf adult rats after electrical intracochlear stimulation. Neuroscience 2016; 313:184-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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APOL1 kidney disease risk variants cause cytotoxicity by depleting cellular potassium and inducing stress-activated protein kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:830-7. [PMID: 26699492 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522913113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Two specific genetic variants of the apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene are responsible for the high rate of kidney disease in people of recent African ancestry. Expression in cultured cells of these APOL1 risk variants, commonly referred to as G1 and G2, results in significant cytotoxicity. The underlying mechanism of this cytotoxicity is poorly understood. We hypothesized that this cytotoxicity is mediated by APOL1 risk variant-induced dysregulation of intracellular signaling relevant for cell survival. To test this hypothesis, we conditionally expressed WT human APOL1 (G0), the APOL1 G1 variant, or the APOL1 G2 variant in human embryonic kidney cells (T-REx-293) using a tetracycline-mediated (Tet-On) system. We found that expression of either G1 or G2 APOL1 variants increased apparent cell swelling and cell death compared with G0-expressing cells. These manifestations of cytotoxicity were preceded by G1 or G2 APOL1-induced net efflux of intracellular potassium as measured by X-ray fluorescence, resulting in the activation of stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), p38 MAPK, and JNK. Prevention of net K(+) efflux inhibited activation of these SAPKs by APOL1 G1 or G2. Furthermore, inhibition of SAPK signaling and inhibition of net K(+) efflux abrogated cytotoxicity associated with expression of APOL1 risk variants. These findings in cell culture raise the possibility that nephrotoxicity of APOL1 risk variants may be mediated by APOL1 risk variant-induced net loss of intracellular K(+) and subsequent induction of stress-activated protein kinase pathways.
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Yokota T, Wang Y. p38 MAP kinases in the heart. Gene 2015; 575:369-376. [PMID: 26390817 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
p38 kinases are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) with established contribution to a wide range of signaling pathways and different biological processes. The prototypic p38 MAPK, p38α was originally identified as an essential signaling kinase for inflammatory cytokine production Extensive studies have now revealed that p38s have critical roles in many different tissues far beyond immune regulation and inflammatory responses. In this review, we will focus on the structure and molecular biology of p38s, and their specific roles in heart, especially regarding myocyte proliferation, apoptosis, and hypertrophic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Yokota
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yibin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Grimm SL, Ward RD, Obr AE, Franco HL, Fernandez-Valdivia R, Kim JS, Roberts JM, Jeong JW, DeMayo FJ, Lydon JP, Edwards DP, Weigel NL. A role for site-specific phosphorylation of mouse progesterone receptor at serine 191 in vivo. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 28:2025-37. [PMID: 25333515 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone receptors (PRs) are phosphorylated on multiple sites, and a variety of roles for phosphorylation have been suggested by cell-based studies. Previous studies using PR-null mice have shown that PR plays an important role in female fertility, regulation of uterine growth, the uterine decidualization response, and proliferation as well as ductal side-branching and alveologenesis in the mammary gland. To study the role of PR phosphorylation in vivo, a mouse was engineered with homozygous replacement of PR with a PR serine-to-alanine mutation at amino acid 191. No overt phenotypes were observed in the mammary glands or uteri of PR S191A treated with progesterone (P4). In contrast, although PR S191A mice were fertile, litters were 19% smaller than wild type and the estrous cycle was lengthened slightly. Moreover, P4-dependent gene regulation in primary mammary epithelial cells (MECs) was altered in a gene-selective manner. MECs derived from wild type and PR S191A mice were grown in a three-dimensional culture. Both formed acinar structures that were morphologically similar, and proliferation was stimulated equally by P4. However, P4 induction of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and calcitonin was selectively reduced in S191A cultures. These differences were confirmed in freshly isolated MECs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that the binding of S191A PR to some of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand enhancers and a calcitonin enhancer was substantially reduced. Thus, the elimination of a single phosphorylation site is sufficient to modulate PR activity in vivo. PR contains many phosphorylation sites, and the coordinate regulation of multiple sites is a potential mechanism for selective modulation of PR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Grimm
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology (S.L.G., R.D.W., A.E.O., H.L.F., R.F.-V., J.-S.K., J.M.R., J.-W.J., F.J.D., J.P.L., D.P.E., N.L.W.) and Pathology and Immunology (D.P.E.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Neuromodulatory effect of Gαs- or Gαq-coupled G-protein-coupled receptor on NMDA receptor selectively activates the NMDA receptor/Ca2+/calcineurin/cAMP response element-binding protein-regulated transcriptional coactivator 1 pathway to effectively induce brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in neurons. J Neurosci 2015; 35:5606-24. [PMID: 25855176 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3650-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although coordinated molecular signaling through excitatory and modulatory neurotransmissions is critical for the induction of immediate early genes (IEGs), which lead to effective changes in synaptic plasticity, the intracellular mechanisms responsible remain obscure. Here we measured the expression of IEGs and used bioluminescence imaging to visualize the expression of Bdnf when GPCRs, major neuromodulator receptors, were stimulated. Stimulation of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-specific receptor (PAC1), a Gαs/q-protein-coupled GPCR, with PACAP selectively activated the calcineurin (CN) pathway that is controlled by calcium signals evoked via NMDAR. This signaling pathway then induced the expression of Bdnf and CN-dependent IEGs through the nuclear translocation of CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator 1 (CRTC1). Intracerebroventricular injection of PACAP and intraperitoneal administration of MK801 in mice demonstrated that functional interactions between PAC1 and NMDAR induced the expression of Bdnf in the brain. Coactivation of NMDAR and PAC1 synergistically induced the expression of Bdnf attributable to selective activation of the CN pathway. This CN pathway-controlled expression of Bdnf was also induced by stimulating other Gαs- or Gαq-coupled GPCRs, such as dopamine D1, adrenaline β, CRF, and neurotensin receptors, either with their cognate agonists or by direct stimulation of the protein kinase A (PKA)/PKC pathway with chemical activators. Thus, the GPCR-induced expression of IEGs in coordination with NMDAR might occur via the selective activation of the CN/CRTC1/CREB pathway under simultaneous excitatory and modulatory synaptic transmissions in neurons if either the Gαs/adenylate cyclase/PKA or Gαq/PLC/PKC-mediated pathway is activated.
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Senft D, Sorolla A, Dewing A, Claps G, Lau E, Walker GJ, Ronai ZA. ATF2 alters melanocyte response and macrophage recruitment in UV-irradiated neonatal mouse skin. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2015; 28:481-4. [PMID: 25963442 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Senft
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anabel Sorolla
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Antimone Dewing
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Giuseppina Claps
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric Lau
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Graeme J Walker
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, Australia
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Zhang J, Pan C, Xu T, Niu Z, Ma C, Xu C. Interleukin 18 augments growth ability via NF-κB and p38/ATF2 pathways by targeting cyclin B1, cyclin B2, cyclin A2, and Bcl-2 in BRL-3A rat liver cells. Gene 2015; 563:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation of human ATF7 at Thr-51 and Thr-53 promotes cell-cycle progression into M phase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116048. [PMID: 25545367 PMCID: PMC4278844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) and its homolog ATF7 are phosphorylated at Thr-69/Thr-71 and at Thr-51/Thr-53, respectively, by stress-activated MAPKs regulating their transcriptional functions in G1 and S phases. However, little is known about the role of ATF2 and ATF7 in G2/M phase. Here, we show that Cdk1-cyclin B1 phosphorylates ATF2 at Thr-69/Thr-71 and ATF7 at Thr-51/Thr-53 from early prophase to anaphase in the absence of any stress stimulation. Knockdown of ATF2 or ATF7 decreases the rate of cell proliferation and the number of cells in M-phase. In particular, the knockdown of ATF7 severely inhibits cell proliferation and G2/M progression. The inducible expression of a mitotically nonphosphorylatable version of ATF7 inhibits G2/M progression despite the presence of endogenous ATF7. We also show that mitotic phosphorylation of ATF7 promotes the activation of Aurora kinases, which are key enzymes for early mitotic events. These results suggest that the Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation of ATF7 facilitates G2/M progression, at least in part, by enabling Aurora signaling.
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Gozdecka M, Lyons S, Kondo S, Taylor J, Li Y, Walczynski J, Thiel G, Breitwieser W, Jones N. JNK suppresses tumor formation via a gene-expression program mediated by ATF2. Cell Rep 2014; 9:1361-74. [PMID: 25456131 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
JNK and p38 phosphorylate a diverse set of substrates and, consequently, can act in a context-dependent manner to either promote or inhibit tumor growth. Elucidating the functions of specific substrates of JNK and p38 is therefore critical for our understanding of these kinases in cancer. ATF2 is a phosphorylation-dependent transcription factor and substrate of both JNK and p38. Here, we show ATF2 suppresses tumor formation in an orthotopic model of liver cancer and cellular transformation in vitro. Furthermore, we find that suppression of tumorigenesis by JNK requires ATF2. We identify a transcriptional program activated by JNK via ATF2 and provide examples of JNK- and ATF2-dependent genes that block cellular transformation. Significantly, we also show that ATF2-dependent gene expression is frequently downregulated in human cancers, indicating that amelioration of JNK-ATF2-mediated suppression may be a common event during tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Gozdecka
- Department of Cell Regulation, CRUK Manchester Institute, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK; Haematological Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Stephen Lyons
- Department of Cell Regulation, CRUK Manchester Institute, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Saki Kondo
- Department of Cell Regulation, CRUK Manchester Institute, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Janet Taylor
- Central Manchester NHS Trust and University of Manchester, the Nowgen Centre, 29 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9WU, UK; Applied Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, CRUK Manchester Institute, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Yaoyong Li
- Applied Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, CRUK Manchester Institute, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Jacek Walczynski
- Department of Cell Regulation, CRUK Manchester Institute, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Gerald Thiel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland Medical Center, Building 44, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Breitwieser
- Department of Cell Regulation, CRUK Manchester Institute, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Nic Jones
- Department of Cell Regulation, CRUK Manchester Institute, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
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Kim YC, Gonzalez-Nieves R, Cutler ML. Rsu1 contributes to cell adhesion and spreading in MCF10A cells via effects on P38 map kinase signaling. Cell Adh Migr 2014; 9:227-32. [PMID: 25482629 PMCID: PMC4594256 DOI: 10.4161/19336918.2014.972775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ILK, PINCH, Parvin (IPP) complex regulates adhesion and migration via binding of ILK to β1 integrin and α−parvin thus linking focal adhesions to actin cytoskeleton. ILK also binds the adaptor protein PINCH which connects signaling proteins including Rsu1 to the complex. A recent study of Rsu1 and PINCH1 in non-transformed MCF10A human mammary epithelial cells revealed that the siRNA-mediated depletion of either Rsu1 or PINCH1 decreased the number of focal adhesions (FAs) and altered the distribution and localization of FA proteins. This correlated with reduced adhesion, failure to spread or migrate in response to EGF and a loss of actin stress fibers and caveolae. The depletion of Rsu1 caused significant reduction in PINCH1 implying that Rsu1 may function in part by regulating levels of PINCH1. However, Rsu1, but not PINCH1, was required for EGF-induced activation of p38 Map kinase and ATF2 phosphorylation, suggesting a Rsu1 function independent from the IPP complex. Reconstitution of Rsu1-depleted cells with a Rsu1 mutant (N92D) that does not bind to PINCH1 failed to restore FAs or migration but did promote IPP-independent spreading and constitutive as well as EGF-induced p38 activation. In this commentary we discuss p38 activity in adhesion and how Rsu1 expression may be linked to Map kinase kinase (MKK) activation and detachment-induced stress kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chul Kim
- a Department of Pathology; F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine ; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences ; Bethesda , MD USA
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42
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Cayla M, Rachidi N, Leclercq O, Schmidt-Arras D, Rosenqvist H, Wiese M, Späth GF. Transgenic analysis of the Leishmania MAP kinase MPK10 reveals an auto-inhibitory mechanism crucial for stage-regulated activity and parasite viability. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004347. [PMID: 25232945 PMCID: PMC4169501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan pathogens of the genus Leishmania have evolved unique signaling mechanisms that can sense changes in the host environment and trigger adaptive stage differentiation essential for host cell infection. The signaling mechanisms underlying parasite development remain largely elusive even though Leishmania mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been linked previously to environmentally induced differentiation and virulence. Here, we unravel highly unusual regulatory mechanisms for Leishmania MAP kinase 10 (MPK10). Using a transgenic approach, we demonstrate that MPK10 is stage-specifically regulated, as its kinase activity increases during the promastigote to amastigote conversion. However, unlike canonical MAPKs that are activated by dual phosphorylation of the regulatory TxY motif in the activation loop, MPK10 activation is independent from the phosphorylation of the tyrosine residue, which is largely constitutive. Removal of the last 46 amino acids resulted in significantly enhanced MPK10 activity both for the recombinant and transgenic protein, revealing that MPK10 is regulated by an auto-inhibitory mechanism. Over-expression of this hyperactive mutant in transgenic parasites led to a dominant negative effect causing massive cell death during amastigote differentiation, demonstrating the essential nature of MPK10 auto-inhibition for parasite viability. Moreover, phosphoproteomics analyses identified a novel regulatory phospho-serine residue in the C-terminal auto-inhibitory domain at position 395 that could be implicated in kinase regulation. Finally, we uncovered a feedback loop that limits MPK10 activity through dephosphorylation of the tyrosine residue of the TxY motif. Together our data reveal novel aspects of protein kinase regulation in Leishmania, and propose MPK10 as a potential signal sensor of the mammalian host environment, whose intrinsic pre-activated conformation is regulated by auto-inhibition. Leishmaniasis is an important human disease caused by Leishmania parasites. A crucial aspect of Leishmania infectivity is its capacity to sense different environments and adapt for survival inside insect vector and vertebrate host by stage differentiation. This process is triggered by environmental changes encountered in these organisms, including temperature and pH shifts, which usually are sensed and transduced by signaling cascades including protein kinases and their substrates. In this study, we analyzed the regulation of the Leishmania mitogen-activated protein kinase MPK10 using protein purified from transgenic parasites and combining site-directed mutagenesis and activity tests. We demonstrate that this kinase is activated during parasite differentiation and regulated by an atypical mechanism involving auto-inhibition, which is essential for parasite viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Cayla
- Institut Pasteur and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 2581, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
| | - Najma Rachidi
- Institut Pasteur and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 2581, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Leclercq
- Institut Pasteur and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 2581, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
| | - Dirk Schmidt-Arras
- Institut Pasteur and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 2581, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
| | - Heidi Rosenqvist
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
- Protein Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Wiese
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Gerald F. Späth
- Institut Pasteur and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 2581, Unité de Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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MicroRNA-451 regulates activating transcription factor 2 expression and inhibits liver cancer cell migration. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1021-8. [PMID: 24968707 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) can function as oncogenes or as tumor suppressor genes depending on the tissue type or target. Therefore, clarification of the specific roles of miRNAs is vital for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. In the present study, miR-451 was found to be downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues when compared to that in adjacent tissues. Functional analysis showed that, in vitro, miR-451 inhibited the migration of hepatoma cell lines HepG2 and SK-Hep-1. Further investigation of the molecular mechanisms identified activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) as a target of miR-451. miR-451 inhibited ATF2 expression by binding to the 3'UTR. An in vivo assay revealed a significant negative correlation between miR-451 and ATF2 in liver cancer tissues. According to previous findings reported in the literature, the opposing functions of ATF2 are related to its subcellular localization. In the nucleus, ATF2 displays oncogenic activities in melanoma. In the present study, ATF2 exhibited a higher expression level in the nucleus in tumoral tissues of HCC as detected by immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, in this study, we identified a potential target of miR-451, ATF2, and revealed a novel role of miR-451 in the inhibition of the migratory ability of hepatoma cell lines.
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The regulatory role of activating transcription factor 2 in inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:950472. [PMID: 25049453 PMCID: PMC4090481 DOI: 10.1155/2014/950472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins and is widely distributed in tissues including the liver, lung, spleen, and kidney. Like c-Jun and c-Fos, ATF2 responds to stress-related stimuli and may thereby influence cell proliferation, inflammation, apoptosis, oncogenesis, neurological development and function, and skeletal remodeling. Recent studies clarify the regulatory role of ATF2 in inflammation and describe potential inhibitors of this protein. In this paper, we summarize the properties and functions of ATF2 and explore potential applications of ATF2 inhibitors as tools for research and for the development of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Haeusgen W, Tueffers L, Herdegen T, Waetzig V. Map2k4δ — Identification and functional characterization of a novel Map2k4 splice variant. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:875-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Mamrosh JL, Lee JM, Wagner M, Stambrook PJ, Whitby RJ, Sifers RN, Wu SP, Tsai MJ, Demayo FJ, Moore DD. Nuclear receptor LRH-1/NR5A2 is required and targetable for liver endoplasmic reticulum stress resolution. eLife 2014; 3:e01694. [PMID: 24737860 PMCID: PMC3987120 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress results in toxicity that contributes to multiple human disorders. We report a stress resolution pathway initiated by the nuclear receptor LRH-1 that is independent of known unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways. Like mice lacking primary UPR components, hepatic Lrh-1-null mice cannot resolve ER stress, despite a functional UPR. In response to ER stress, LRH-1 induces expression of the kinase Plk3, which phosphorylates and activates the transcription factor ATF2. Plk3-null mice also cannot resolve ER stress, and restoring Plk3 expression in Lrh-1-null cells rescues ER stress resolution. Reduced or heightened ATF2 activity also sensitizes or desensitizes cells to ER stress, respectively. LRH-1 agonist treatment increases ER stress resistance and decreases cell death. We conclude that LRH-1 initiates a novel pathway of ER stress resolution that is independent of the UPR, yet equivalently required. Targeting LRH-1 may be beneficial in human disorders associated with chronic ER stress. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01694.001 A protein can only work properly if it has been folded into the correct shape. However, it is estimated that about one third of new proteins have the wrong shape. This is a major challenge for cells because misfolded proteins are often toxic, and cause many neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders. In eukaryotic cells, most protein folding takes place inside a part of the cell called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). If an incorrectly folded protein is detected, it is prevented from leaving the ER until it is refolded correctly, or destroyed. If too many proteins are misfolded, a process called the unfolded protein response helps the cell to cope with this ‘ER stress’ by expanding the ER and producing more of the molecules that assist protein folding. If this does not relieve the ER stress, the cell self-destructs. Neighboring cells then have to increase protein production to compensate for what would have been produced by the dead cell, thereby increasing the chance that they will also experience ER stress. Activation of a protein called LRH-1 (short for liver receptor homolog-1) that is produced in the liver, pancreas and intestine can relieve the symptoms of the various metabolic diseases that are associated with chronic ER stress, including type II diabetes and fatty liver disease. However, researchers have been puzzled by the fact that although LRH-1 performs many different roles, its molecular structure provides few clues as to how it can do this. Mamrosh et al. now confirm the speculated link between LRH-1 and ER stress relief in mice. LRH-1 triggers a previously unknown pathway that can relieve ER stress and is completely independent of the unfolded protein response. Targeting LRH-1 with certain chemical compounds alters its activity, suggesting that drug treatments could be developed to relieve ER stress. As similar targets for drugs have not been found in the unfolded protein response, the discovery of the LRH-1 pathway could lead to new approaches to the treatment of the diseases that result from ER stress. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01694.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Mamrosh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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Regulation of Gγ-globin gene by ATF2 and its associated proteins through the cAMP-response element. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78253. [PMID: 24223142 PMCID: PMC3819381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The upstream Gγ-globin cAMP-response element (G-CRE) plays an important role in regulating Gγ-globin expression through binding of ATF2 and its DNA-binding partners defined in this study. ATF2 knockdown resulted in a significant reduction of γ-globin expression accompanied by decreased ATF2 binding to the G-CRE. By contrast, stable ATF2 expression in K562 cells increased γ-globin transcription which was reduced by ATF2 knockdown. Moreover, a similar effect of ATF2 on γ-globin expression was observed in primary erythroid progenitors. To understand the role of ATF2 in γ-globin expression, chromatographically purified G-CRE/ATF2-interacting proteins were subjected to mass spectrometry analysis; major binding partners included CREB1, cJun, Brg1, and histone deacetylases among others. Immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated interaction of these proteins with ATF2 and in vivo GCRE binding in CD34+ cells undergoing erythroid differentiation which was correlated with γ-globin expression during development. These results suggest synergism between developmental stage-specific recruitments of the ATF2 protein complex and expression of γ-globin during erythropoiesis. Microarray studies in K562 cells support ATF2 plays diverse roles in hematopoiesis and chromatin remodeling.
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Tormos AM, Taléns-Visconti R, Nebreda AR, Sastre J. p38 MAPK: a dual role in hepatocyte proliferation through reactive oxygen species. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:905-16. [PMID: 23906070 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.821200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
p38 MAPKs are important mediators of signal transduction that respond to a wide range of extracellular stressors such as UV radiation, osmotic shock, hypoxia, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress. The most abundant family member is p38α, which helps to couple cell proliferation and growth in response to certain damaging stimuli. In fact, increased proliferation and impaired differentiation are hallmarks of p38α-deficient cells. It has been reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in cytokine-induced p38α activation. Under physiological conditions, p38α can function as a mediator of ROS signaling and either activate or suppress cell cycle progression depending on the activation stimulus. The interplay between cell proliferation, p38 MAPK activation, and ROS production plays an important role in hepatocytes. In fact, low levels of ROS seem to be needed to activate several signaling pathways in response to hepatectomy and to orchestrate liver regeneration. p38 MAPK works as a sensor of oxidative stress and cells that have developed mechanisms to uncouple p38 MAPK activation from oxidative stress are more likely to become tumorigenic. So far, p38α influences the redox balance, determining cell survival, terminal differentiation, proliferation, and senescence. Further studies would be necessary in order to clarify the precise role of p38 MAPK signaling as a redox therapeutical target.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Tormos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
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Gonzalez-Nieves R, Desantis AI, Cutler ML. Rsu1 contributes to regulation of cell adhesion and spreading by PINCH1-dependent and - independent mechanisms. J Cell Commun Signal 2013; 7:279-93. [PMID: 23765260 PMCID: PMC3889256 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-013-0207-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion and migration are complex processes that require integrin activation, the formation and dissolution of focal adhesion (FAs), and linkage of actin cytoskeleton to the FAs. The IPP (ILK, PINCH, Parvin) complex regulates FA formation via binding of the adaptor protein ILK to β1 integrin, PINCH and parvin. The signaling protein Rsu1 is linked to the complex via binding PINCH1. The role of Rsu1 and PINCH1 in adhesion and migration was examined in non-transformed mammary epithelial cells. Confocal microscopy revealed that the depletion of either Rsu1 or PINCH1 by siRNA in MCF10A cells decreased the number of focal adhesions and altered the distribution and localization of β1 integrin, vinculin, talin and paxillin without affecting the levels of FA protein expression. This correlated with reduced adhesion, failure to spread or migrate in response to EGF and a loss of actin stress fibers and caveolae. In addition, constitutive phosphorylation of actin regulatory proteins occurred in the absence of PINCH1. The depletion of Rsu1 caused significant reduction in PINCH1 implying that Rsu1 may function by regulating levels of PINCH1. However, while both Rsu1- or PINCH1-depleted cells retained the ability to activate adhesion signaling in response to EGF stimulation, only Rsu1 was required for EGF-induced p38 Map Kinase phosphorylation and ATF2 activation, suggesting an Rsu1 function independent from the IPP complex. Reconstitution of Rsu1-depleted cells with an Rsu1 mutant that does not bind to PINCH1 failed to restore FAs or migration but did promote spreading and constitutive p38 activation. These data show that Rsu1-PINCH1 association with ILK and the IPP complex is required for regulation of adhesion and migration but that Rsu1 has a critical role in linking integrin-induced adhesion to activation of p38 Map kinase signaling and cell spreading. Moreover, it suggests that Rsu1 may regulate p38 signaling from the IPP complex affecting other functions including survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyda Gonzalez-Nieves
- Department of Pathology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
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Phospholipase D1 has a pivotal role in interleukin-1β-driven chronic autoimmune arthritis through regulation of NF-κB, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, and FoxO3a. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:2760-72. [PMID: 23689131 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01519-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a potent proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokine playing an important role in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the signaling network of IL-1β in synoviocytes from RA patients is still poorly understood. Here, we show for the first time that phospholipase D1 (PLD1), but not PLD2, is selectively upregulated in IL-1β-stimulated synoviocytes, as well as synovium, from RA patients. IL-1β enhanced the binding of NF-κB and ATF-2 to the PLD1 promoter, thereby enhancing PLD1 expression. PLD1 inhibition abolished the IL-1β-induced expression of proinflammatory mediators and angiogenic factors by suppressing the binding of NF-κB or hypoxia-inducible factor 1α to the promoter of its target genes, as well as IL-1β-induced proliferation or migration. However, suppression of PLD1 activity promoted cell cycle arrest via transactivation of FoxO3a. Furthermore, PLD1 inhibitor significantly suppressed joint inflammation and destruction in IL-1 receptor antagonist-deficient (IL-1Ra(-/-)) mice, a model of spontaneous arthritis. Taken together, these results suggest that the abnormal upregulation of PLD1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of IL-1β-induced chronic arthritis and that a selective PLD1 inhibitor might provide a potential therapeutic molecule for the treatment of chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorders.
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