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Ishii C, Nakano H, Higashiseto R, Ooki Y, Umemura M, Takahashi S, Takahashi Y. Nescient helix-loop-helix 1 (Nhlh1) is a novel activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) target gene in olfactory and vomeronasal sensory neurons in mice. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 396:85-94. [PMID: 38388750 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) is a transcription factor that belongs to the cAMP-response element-binding protein/ATF family and is essential for the differentiation and survival of sensory neurons in mouse olfactory organs. However, transcriptional target genes for ATF5 have yet to be identified. In the present study, chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ChIP-qPCR) experiments were performed to verify ATF5 target genes in the main olfactory epithelium and vomeronasal organ in the postnatal pups. ChIP-qPCR was conducted using hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged ATF5 knock-in olfactory organs. The results obtained demonstrated that ATF5-HA fusion proteins bound to the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-ATF response element (CARE) site in the enhancer region of nescient helix-loop-helix 1 (Nhlh1), a transcription factor expressed in differentiating olfactory and vomeronasal sensory neurons. Nhlh1 mRNA expression was downregulated in ATF5-deficient (ATF5-/-) olfactory organs. The LIM/homeobox protein transcription factor Lhx2 co-localized with ATF5 in the nuclei of olfactory and vomeronasal sensory neurons and bound to the homeodomain site proximal to the CARE site in the Nhlh1 gene. The CARE region of the Nhlh1 gene was enriched by the active enhancer marker, acetyl-histone H3 (Lys27). The present study identified Nhlh1 as a novel target gene for ATF5 in murine olfactory organs. ATF5 may upregulate Nhlh1 expression in concert with Lhx2, thereby promoting the differentiation of olfactory and vomeronasal sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Ishii
- Laboratory of Environmental Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Haruo Nakano
- Laboratory of Environmental Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
| | - Riko Higashiseto
- Laboratory of Environmental Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yusaku Ooki
- Laboratory of Environmental Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Mariko Umemura
- Laboratory of Environmental Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Shigeru Takahashi
- Laboratory of Environmental Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Laboratory of Environmental Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1, Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Li M, Zhang N, Huang Y, Pan CG, Dong Z, Lin Z, Li C, Jiang YX, Liang YQ. The effects of 17α-methyltestosterone on gonadal histology and gene expression along hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, germ cells, sex determination, and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Environ Toxicol 2024; 39:1494-1504. [PMID: 37994244 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
As a synthetic androgen, 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) is widely used in aquaculture to induce sex reversal and may pose a potential risk to aquatic organisms. This ecological risk has attracted the attention of many scholars, but it is not comprehensive enough. Thus, the adverse effects of MT on zebrafish (Danio rerio) were comprehensively evaluated from gonadal histology, as well as the mRNA expression levels of 47 genes related to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, germ cell differentiation, sex determination, and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Adult zebrafish with a female/male ratio of 5:7 were exposed to a solvent control (0.001% dimethyl sulfoxide) and three measured concentrations of MT (5, 51 and 583 ng/L) for 50 days. The results showed that MT had no significant histological effects on the ovaries of females, but the frequency of late-mature oocytes (LMO) showed a downward trend, indicating that MT could induce ovarian suppression to a certain extent. The transcriptional expression of activating transcription factor 4b1 (atf4b1), activating transcription factor 4b2 (atf4b2), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II delta 1 (camk2d1), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II delta 2 (camk2d2) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II inhibitor 2 (camk2n2) genes in the brain of females increased significantly at all treatment groups of MT, and the mRNA expression of forkhead box L2a (foxl2) and ovarian cytochrome P450 aromatase (cyp19a1a) genes in the ovaries were down-regulated by 5 and 583 ng/L group, which would translate into inhibition of oocyte development. As compared to females, MT had relatively little effects on the reproductive system of males, and only the transcriptional alterations of synaptonemal complex protein 3 (sycp3) and 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (cyp17) genes were observed in the testes, not enough to affect testicular histology. In addition, MT at all treatments strongly increased corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) transcript in the brain of females, as well as deiodinase 2 (dio2) transcript in the brain of males. The paired box protein 8 (pax8) gene was significantly decreased at 51 or 583 ng/L of MT in both female and male brains. The above results suggest that MT can pose potential adverse effects on the reproductive and thyroid endocrine system of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchun Li
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiting Huang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Gui Pan
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongdian Dong
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Lin
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyong Li
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xia Jiang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Liang
- Faculty of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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Cao M, Lai P, Liu X, Liu F, Qin Y, Tu P, Wang Y. ATF5 promotes malignant T cell survival through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1282996. [PMID: 38223508 PMCID: PMC10786347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1282996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by skin infiltration of malignant T cells. The biological overlap between malignant T cells and their normal counterparts has brought obstacles in identifying tumor-specific features and mechanisms, limiting current knowledge of CTCL pathogenesis. Transcriptional dysregulation leading to abnormal gene expression profiles contributes to the initiation, progression and drug resistance of cancer. Therefore, we aimed to identify tumor-specific transcription factor underlying CTCL pathology. Methods We analyzed and validated the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in malignant T cells based on single-cell sequencing data. Clinical relevance was evaluated based on progression-free survival and time to next treatment. To determine the functional importance, lentivirus-mediated gene knockdown was conducted in two CTCL cell lines Myla and H9. Cell survival was assessed by examining cell viability, colony-forming ability, in-vivo tumor growth in xenograft models, apoptosis rate and cell-cycle distribution. RNA sequencing was employed to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Results Activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) was overexpressed in malignant T cells and positively correlated with poor treatment responses in CTCL patients. Mechanistically, ATF5 promoted the survival of malignant T cells partially through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and imparted resistance to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis. Conclusions These findings revealed the tumor-specific overexpression of the transcription factor ATF5 with its underlying mechanisms in promoting tumor survival in CTCL, providing new insight into the understanding of CTCL's pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhou Cao
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Lai
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangjun Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Fengjie Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Qin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Tu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
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Shen Y, Zhao W, Bao Y, Zhu J, Jiao L, Duan X, Pan T, Monroig Ó, Zhou Q, Jin M. Molecular cloning and characterization of endoplasmic reticulum stress related genes grp78 and atf6α from black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) and their expressions in response to nutritional regulation. Fish Physiol Biochem 2023; 49:1115-1128. [PMID: 37855969 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 78 (grp78) and activating transcription factor 6α (atf6α) are considered vital endoplasmic reticulum (ER) molecular chaperones and ER stress (ERS) sensors, respectively. In the present study, the full cDNA sequences of these two ERS-related genes were first cloned and characterized from black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). The grp78 cDNA sequence is 2606 base pair (bp) encoding a protein of 654 amino acids (aa). The atf6α cDNA sequence is 2168 base pair (bp) encoding a protein of 645 aa. The predicted aa sequences of A. schlegelii grp78 and atf6α indicated that the proteins contain all the structural features, which were characteristic of the two genes in other species. Tissues transcript abundance analysis revealed that the mRNAs of grp78 and atf6α were expressed in all measured tissues, but the highest expression of these two genes was all recorded in the gill followed by liver/ brain. Moreover, in vivo experiment found that fish intake of a high lipid diet (HLD) can trigger ERS by activating grp78/Grp78 and atf6α/Atf6α. However, it can be alleviated by dietary betaine supplementation, similar results were also obtained by in vitro experiment using primary hepatocytes of A. schlegelii. These findings will be beneficial for us to evaluate the regulator effects of HLD supplemented with betaine on ERS at the molecular level, and thus provide some novel insights into the functions of betaine in marine fish fed with an HLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuedong Shen
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Wenli Zhao
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yangguang Bao
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Jiayun Zhu
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Lefei Jiao
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xuemei Duan
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Tingting Pan
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal (IATS), CSIC, Ribera de Cabanes, 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Qicun Zhou
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
| | - Min Jin
- Laboratory of Fish and Shellfish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China.
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Paerhati P, Liu J, Jin Z, Jakoš T, Zhu S, Qian L, Zhu J, Yuan Y. Advancements in Activating Transcription Factor 5 Function in Regulating Cell Stress and Survival. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137129. [PMID: 35806136 PMCID: PMC9266924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) belongs to the activating transcription factor/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein family of basic region leucine zipper transcription factors. ATF5 plays an important role in cell stress regulation and is involved in cell differentiation and survival, as well as centrosome maintenance and development. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that ATF5 plays an oncogenic role in cancer by regulating gene expressions involved in tumorigenesis and tumor survival. Recent studies have indicated that ATF5 may also modify the gene expressions involved in other diseases. This review explores in detail the regulation of ATF5 expression and signaling pathways and elucidates the role of ATF5 in cancer biology. Furthermore, an overview of putative therapeutic strategies that can be used for restoring aberrant ATF5 activity in different cancer types is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pameila Paerhati
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Pharmacy, Shanghai 200240, China; (P.P.); (J.L.); (Z.J.); (T.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jing Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Pharmacy, Shanghai 200240, China; (P.P.); (J.L.); (Z.J.); (T.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhedong Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Pharmacy, Shanghai 200240, China; (P.P.); (J.L.); (Z.J.); (T.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Tanja Jakoš
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Pharmacy, Shanghai 200240, China; (P.P.); (J.L.); (Z.J.); (T.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Shunyin Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (S.Z.); (L.Q.)
| | - Lan Qian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (S.Z.); (L.Q.)
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Pharmacy, Shanghai 200240, China; (P.P.); (J.L.); (Z.J.); (T.J.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yunsheng Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Pharmacy, Shanghai 200240, China; (P.P.); (J.L.); (Z.J.); (T.J.); (J.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Dhounchak S, Popp SK, Brown DJ, Laybutt DR, Biden TJ, Bornstein SR, Parish CR, Simeonovic CJ. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in beta cells provide a critical link between endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress and type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252607. [PMID: 34086738 PMCID: PMC8177513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) consist of a core protein with side chains of the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS). We have previously identified (i) the HSPGs syndecan-1 (SDC1), and collagen type XVIII (COL18) inside mouse and human islet beta cells, and (ii) a critical role for HS in beta cell survival and protection from reactive oxygen species (ROS). The objective of this study was to investigate whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to oxidative stress and type 2 diabetes (T2D) by depleting beta cell HSPGs/HS. A rapid loss of intra-islet/beta cell HSPGs, HS and heparanase (HPSE, an HS-degrading enzyme) accompanied upregulation of islet ER stress gene expression in both young T2D-prone db/db and Akita Ins2WT/C96Y mice. In MIN6 beta cells, HSPGs, HS and HPSE were reduced following treatment with pharmacological inducers of ER stress (thapsigargin or tunicamycin). Treatment of young db/db mice with Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a chemical protein folding chaperone that relieves ER stress, improved glycemic control and increased intra-islet HSPG/HS. In vitro, HS replacement with heparin (a highly sulfated HS analogue) significantly increased the survival of wild-type and db/db beta cells and restored their resistance to hydrogen peroxide-induced death. We conclude that ER stress inhibits the synthesis/maturation of HSPG core proteins which are essential for HS assembly, thereby exacerbating oxidative stress and promoting beta cell failure. Diminished intracellular HSPGs/HS represent a previously unrecognized critical link bridging ER stress, oxidative stress and beta cell failure in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Dhounchak
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Sarah K. Popp
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Debra J. Brown
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - D. Ross Laybutt
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent’s Clinical School, The University of NSW (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Trevor J. Biden
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent’s Clinical School, The University of NSW (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stefan R. Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christopher R. Parish
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Charmaine J. Simeonovic
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The liver is a major metabolic organ that regulates the whole-body metabolic homeostasis and controls hepatocyte proliferation and growth. The ATF/CREB family of transcription factors integrates nutritional and growth signals to the regulation of metabolism and cell growth in the liver, and deregulated ATF/CREB family signaling is implicated in the progression of type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cancer. This article focuses on the roles of the ATF/CREB family in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and cell growth and its importance in liver physiology. We also highlight how the disrupted ATF/CREB network contributes to human diseases and discuss the perspectives of therapeutically targeting ATF/CREB members in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoyuan Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Zhang S, Chen JJ. Requirement of activating transcription factor 5 for murine fetal liver erythropoiesis. Br J Haematol 2020; 188:582-585. [PMID: 31524288 PMCID: PMC10463772 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) is necessary for the development of various tissues, particularly under stress. Dysfunctions of ATF5 have been shown to be involved in many diseases. The exact function of ATF5 is tissue-specific, and its role in erythropoiesis is still unknown. We here employed the loss of function strategy to investigate the role of ATF5 in murine erythropoiesis. We found that knockdown of Atf5 impaired the proliferation of fetal liver erythroid progenitors. Furthermore, erythroid differentiation was inhibited by ATF5 deficiency. Our study suggests that ATF5 may be a potential therapeutic target for treating blood diseases with ineffective erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Zhang
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jane-Jane Chen
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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9
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Meijer BJ, Giugliano FP, Baan B, van der Meer JHM, Meisner S, van Roest M, Koelink PJ, de Boer RJ, Jones N, Breitwieser W, van der Wel NN, Wildenberg ME, van den Brink GR, Heijmans J, Muncan V. ATF2 and ATF7 Are Critical Mediators of Intestinal Epithelial Repair. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 10:23-42. [PMID: 31958521 PMCID: PMC7210476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Activation factor-1 transcription factor family members activating transcription factors 2 and 7 (ATF2 and ATF7) have highly redundant functions owing to highly homologous DNA binding sites. Their role in intestinal epithelial homeostasis and repair is unknown. Here, we assessed the role of these proteins in these conditions in an intestine-specific mouse model. METHODS We performed in vivo and ex vivo experiments using Villin-CreERT2Atf2fl/flAtf7ko/ko mice. We investigated the effects of intestinal epithelium-specific deletion of the Atf2 DNA binding region in Atf7-/- mice on cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and epithelial barrier function under homeostatic conditions. Subsequently, we exposed mice to 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 7 days and 12 Gy whole-body irradiation and assessed the response to epithelial damage. RESULTS Activating phosphorylation of ATF2 and ATF7 was detected mainly in the crypts of the small intestine and the lower crypt region of the colonic epithelium. Under homeostatic conditions, no major phenotypic changes were detectable in the intestine of ATF mutant mice. However, on DSS exposure or whole-body irradiation, the intestinal epithelium showed a clearly impaired regenerative response. Mutant mice developed severe ulceration and inflammation associated with increased epithelial apoptosis on DSS exposure and were less able to regenerate colonic crypts on irradiation. In vitro, organoids derived from double-mutant epithelium had a growth disadvantage compared with wild-type organoids, impaired wound healing capacity in scratch assay, and increased sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-α-induced damage. CONCLUSIONS ATF2 and ATF7 are dispensable for epithelial homeostasis, but are required to maintain epithelial regenerative capacity and protect against cell death during intestinal epithelial damage and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeus J Meijer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Francesca P Giugliano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Baan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan H M van der Meer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Meisner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon van Roest
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim J Koelink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben J de Boer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nic Jones
- Department of Cell Regulation, Cancer Research United Kingdom Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Breitwieser
- Department of Cell Regulation, Cancer Research United Kingdom Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole N van der Wel
- Department of Medical Biology, Electron Microscopy Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs R van den Brink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Associate Group, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jarom Heijmans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Wang YT, Lim Y, McCall MN, Huang KT, Haynes CM, Nehrke K, Brookes PS. Cardioprotection by the mitochondrial unfolded protein response requires ATF5. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H472-H478. [PMID: 31274354 PMCID: PMC6732477 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00244.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is a cytoprotective signaling pathway triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction. UPRmt activation upregulates chaperones, proteases, antioxidants, and glycolysis at the gene level to restore proteostasis and cell energetics. Activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) is a proposed mediator of the mammalian UPRmt. Herein, we hypothesized pharmacological UPRmt activation may protect against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in an ATF5-dependent manner. Accordingly, in vivo administration of the UPRmt inducers oligomycin or doxycycline 6 h before ex vivo I/R injury (perfused heart) was cardioprotective in wild-type but not global Atf5-/- mice. Acute ex vivo UPRmt activation was not cardioprotective, and loss of ATF5 did not impact baseline I/R injury without UPRmt induction. In vivo UPRmt induction significantly upregulated many known UPRmt-linked genes (cardiac quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis), and RNA-Seq revealed an UPRmt-induced ATF5-dependent gene set, which may contribute to cardioprotection. This is the first in vivo proof of a role for ATF5 in the mammalian UPRmt and the first demonstration that UPRmt is a cardioprotective drug target.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cardioprotection can be induced by drugs that activate the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). UPRmt protection is dependent on activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5). This is the first in vivo evidence for a role of ATF5 in the mammalian UPRmt.
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factors/deficiency
- Activating Transcription Factors/genetics
- Activating Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Doxycycline/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Isolated Heart Preparation
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria, Heart/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Heart/genetics
- Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Heart/pathology
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/genetics
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/metabolism
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/pathology
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Oligomycins/pharmacology
- Unfolded Protein Response/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves T Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- Deaprtment of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Yunki Lim
- Deaprtment of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Matthew N McCall
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Kai-Ting Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Cole M Haynes
- Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Keith Nehrke
- Deaprtment of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Paul S Brookes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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11
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Hu X, Miao J, Zhang M, Wang X, Wang Z, Han J, Tong D, Huang C. miRNA-103a-3p Promotes Human Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation by Targeting and Suppressing ATF7 in vitro. Mol Cells 2018; 41:390-400. [PMID: 29754469 PMCID: PMC5974616 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have revealed that miR-103a-3p contributes to tumor growth in several human cancers, and high miR-103a-3p expression is associated with poor prognosis in advanced gastric cancer (GC) patients. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis has shown that miR-103a-3p is upregulated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) stomach cancer cohort. These results suggest that miR-103a-3p may function as an oncogene in GC. The present study aimed to investigate the role of miR-103a-3p in human GC. miR-103a-3p expression levels were increased in 33 clinical GC specimens compared with adjacent nontumor stomach tissues. Gain- and loss-of-function studies were performed to identify the correlation between miR-103a-3p and tumorigenesis in human GC. Inhibiting miR-103a-3p suppressed GC cell proliferation and blocked the S-G2/M transition in MKN-45/SGC-7901 cells, whereas miR-103a-3p overexpression improved GC cell proliferation and promoted the S-G2/M transition in vitro. Bioinformatics and dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed that ATF7 is a direct target of miR-103a-3p. Analysis of the TCGA stomach cancer cohort further revealed that miR-103a-3p expression was inversely correlated with ATF7 expression. Notably, silencing ATF7 showed similar cellular and molecular effects as miR-103a-3p overexpression, namely, increased GC cell proliferation, improved CDK2 expression and decreased P27 expression. ATF7 overexpression eliminated the effects of miR-103a-3p expression. These findings indicate that miR-103a-3p promotes the proliferation of GC cell by targeting and suppressing ATF7 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi,
China
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi,
China
| | - Jiyu Miao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, College of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi,
China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yanan University, Yan’an, Shaanxi,
China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, College of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi,
China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, College of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi,
China
| | - Jia Han
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, College of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi,
China
| | - Dongdong Tong
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, College of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi,
China
| | - Chen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi,
China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, College of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi,
China
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12
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Hall JA, McElwee MK, Freedman JH. Identification of ATF-7 and the insulin signaling pathway in the regulation of metallothionein in C. elegans suggests roles in aging and reactive oxygen species. PLoS One 2017. [PMID: 28632756 PMCID: PMC5478092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that aging results from the lifelong accumulation of intracellular damage via reactions with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Metallothioneins are conserved cysteine-rich proteins that function as efficient ROS scavengers and may affect longevity. To better understand mechanisms controlling metallothionein expression, the regulatory factors and pathways that controlled cadmium-inducible transcription of the C. elegans metallothionein gene, mtl-1, were identified. The transcription factor ATF-7 was identified in both ethylmethanesulfonate mutagenesis and candidate gene screens. PMK-1 and members of the insulin signaling pathway, PDK-1 and AKT-1/2, were also identified as mtl-1 regulators. Genetic and previous results support a model for the regulation of cadmium-inducible mtl-1 transcription based on the derepression of the constitutively active transcription factor ELT-2. In addition, knockdown of the mammalian homologs of PDK1 and ATF7 in HEK293 cells resulted in changes in metallothionein expression, suggesting that this pathway was evolutionarily conserved. The insulin signaling pathway is known to influence the aging process; however, various factors responsible for affecting the aging phenotype are unknown. Identification of portions of the insulin signaling pathway as regulators of metallothionein expression supports the hypothesis that longevity is affected by the expression of this efficient ROS scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Hall
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Matthew K. McElwee
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jonathan H. Freedman
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Pharmacology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
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13
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Liu Y, Maekawa T, Yoshida K, Furuse T, Kaneda H, Wakana S, Ishii S. ATF7 ablation prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:696-702. [PMID: 27498002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The activating transcription factor (ATF)2 family of transcription factors regulates a variety of metabolic processes, including adipogenesis and adaptive thermogenesis. ATF7 is a member of the ATF2 family, and mediates epigenetic changes induced by environmental stresses, such as social isolation and pathogen infection. However, the metabolic role of ATF7 remains unknown. The aim of the present study is to examine the role of ATF7 in metabolism using ATF7-dificeint mice. Atf7(-/-) mice exhibited lower body weight and resisted diet-induced obesity. Serum triglycerides, resistin, and adipose tissue mass were all significantly lower in ATF7-deficient mice. Fasting glucose levels and glucose tolerance were unaltered, but systemic insulin sensitivity was increased, by ablation of ATF7. Indirect calorimetry revealed that oxygen consumption by Atf7(-/-) mice was comparable to that of wild-type littermates on a standard chow diet, but increased energy expenditure was observed in Atf7(-/-) mice on a high-fat diet. Hence, ATF7 ablation may impair the development and function of adipose tissue and result in elevated energy expenditure in response to high-fat-feeding obesity and insulin resistance, indicating that ATF7 is a potential therapeutic target for diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics and Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Toshio Maekawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Tamio Furuse
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, RIKEN BRC, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideki Kaneda
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, RIKEN BRC, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Wakana
- Technology and Development Team for Mouse Phenotype Analysis, RIKEN BRC, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ishii
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, RIKEN Tsukuba Institute, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics and Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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14
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Chen YG, Yue HT, Zhang ZZ, Yuan FH, Bi HT, Yuan K, Weng SP, He JG, Chen YH. Identification and characterization of a mitochondrial unfolded protein response transcription factor ATFS-1 in Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2016; 54:144-152. [PMID: 26481519 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A mitochondrial specific stress response termed mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR(mt)) is activated in responding to disturbance of protein homeostasis in mitochondria. The activating transcription factor associated with stress-1 (designated as ATFS-1) is the key regulator of UPR(mt). To investigating the roles of ATFS-1 (LvATFS-1) in Litopenaeus vannamei mitochondrial stress remission and immunity, it's full length cDNA was cloned. The open reading frame of LvATFS-1 was 1, 557 bp in length, deducing to a 268 amino acids protein. LvATFS-1 was highly expressed in muscle, hemocytes and eyestalk. Subcellular location assays showed that N-terminal of LvATFS-1 contained a mitochondrial targeting sequence, which could directed the fused EGFP located to mitochondria. And the C-terminal of LvATFS-1, which had a nuclear localization signal, expressed in nucleus. The in vitro experiments verified that LvATFS-1 could reduced the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). And results of real-time RT-PCR indicated that LvATFS-1 might scavenge excess ROS via ROS-eliminating genes regulation. Reporter gene assays showed that LvATFS-1 could upregulated the expression of the antimicrobial peptide genes in Drosophila Schneider 2 cells. Results of real-time RT-PCR showed that Vibrio alginolyticus or white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection induced the expression of LvATFS-1. And knocked-down LvATFS-1 by RNAi resulted in a higher cumulative mortality of L. vannamei upon V. alginolyticus or WSSV infection. These results suggested that LvATFS-1 not only rolled in mitochondrial specific stress responding, but also important for L. vannamei immunologic defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Gui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering in Guangdong Province, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Hai-Tao Yue
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Ze-Zhi Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Feng-Hua Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Hai-Tao Bi
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Kai Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Shao-Ping Weng
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Jian-Guo He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering in Guangdong Province, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Yi-Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering in Guangdong Province, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China.
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15
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Perdigão P, Gaj T, Santa-Marta M, Barbas CF, Goncalves J. Reactivation of Latent HIV-1 Expression by Engineered TALE Transcription Factors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150037. [PMID: 26933881 PMCID: PMC4774903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of replication-competent HIV-1 -which resides mainly in resting CD4+ T cells--is a major hurdle to its eradication. While pharmacological approaches have been useful for inducing the expression of this latent population of virus, they have been unable to purge HIV-1 from all its reservoirs. Additionally, many of these strategies have been associated with adverse effects, underscoring the need for alternative approaches capable of reactivating viral expression. Here we show that engineered transcriptional modulators based on customizable transcription activator-like effector (TALE) proteins can induce gene expression from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat promoter, and that combinations of TALE transcription factors can synergistically reactivate latent viral expression in cell line models of HIV-1 latency. We further show that complementing TALE transcription factors with Vorinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, enhances HIV-1 expression in latency models. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that TALE transcription factors are a potentially effective alternative to current pharmacological routes for reactivating latent virus and that combining synthetic transcriptional activators with histone deacetylase inhibitors could lead to the development of improved therapies for latent HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Perdigão
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed ULisboa), Faculdadede Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Departments of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Gaj
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Departments of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Mariana Santa-Marta
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed ULisboa), Faculdadede Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos F. Barbas
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Departments of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Joao Goncalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed ULisboa), Faculdadede Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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16
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Yuan S, Qu L, Shou C. N-Terminal Polypeptide of Annexin A2 Decreases Infection of Mycoplasma hyorhinis to Gastric Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147776. [PMID: 26812398 PMCID: PMC4727897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma infection in human and its contamination in cell cultures are worldwide problems. The drugs currently available for preventing or treating mycoplasma infection suffer from low sensitivity, strong resistance and high toxicity. Our previous work showed that Mycoplasma hyorhinis (M. hyorhinis) infection was mediated by the interaction between p37 of M. hyorhinis and Annexin A2 (ANXA2) of host cells, however the translational value of this mechanism was unknown. Herein, we synthesized the N-terminal of ANXA2 polypeptide (A2PP) and found that A2PP could decrease the infection of M. hyorhinis to gastric cancer cells and block M. hyorhinis infection-induced cell migration. Furthermore, we found that A2PP could reduce M. hyorhinis contamination of passage cells. Moreover, compared with the commercial antibiotics commonly used in cell culture to prevent M. hyorhinis infection, A2PP demonstrated a more effectiveness but a low toxicity on cell growth. Thus, our study for the first time revealed A2PP’s potential for the treatment and prevention of M. hyorhinis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Like Qu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chengchao Shou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Ishihara
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Hisashi Haga
- Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Research Center for Cooperative Projects, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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18
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Block DHS, Twumasi-Boateng K, Kang HS, Carlisle JA, Hanganu A, Lai TYJ, Shapira M. The Developmental Intestinal Regulator ELT-2 Controls p38-Dependent Immune Responses in Adult C. elegans. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005265. [PMID: 26016853 PMCID: PMC4446034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GATA transcription factors play critical roles in cellular differentiation and development. However, their roles in mature tissues are less understood. In C. elegans larvae, the transcription factor ELT-2 regulates terminal differentiation of the intestine. It is also expressed in the adult intestine, where it was suggested to maintain intestinal structure and function, and where it was additionally shown to contribute to infection resistance. To study the function of elt-2 in adults we characterized elt-2-dependent gene expression following its knock-down specifically in adults. Microarray analysis identified two ELT-2-regulated gene subsets: one, enriched for hydrolytic enzymes, pointed at regulation of constitutive digestive functions as a dominant role of adult elt-2; the second was enriched for immune genes that are induced in response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Focusing on the latter, we used genetic analyses coupled to survival assays and quantitative RT-PCR to interrogate the mechanism(s) through which elt-2 contributes to immunity. We show that elt-2 controls p38-dependent gene induction, cooperating with two p38-activated transcription factors, ATF-7 and SKN-1. This demonstrates a mechanism through which the constitutively nuclear elt-2 can impact induced responses, and play a dominant role in C. elegans immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena H. S. Block
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kwame Twumasi-Boateng
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hae Sung Kang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jolie A. Carlisle
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Alexandru Hanganu
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Ty Yu-Jen Lai
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Shapira
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Graduate Group in Microbiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Li XY, Yue HT, Zhang ZZ, Bi HT, Chen YG, Weng SP, Chan S, He JG, Chen YH. An activating transcription factor of Litopenaeus vannamei involved in WSSV genes Wsv059 and Wsv166 regulation. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2014; 41:147-155. [PMID: 25172110 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Members of activating transcription factor/cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate response element binding protein (ATF/CREB) family are induced by various stress signals and function as effector molecules. Consequently, cellular changes occur in response to discrete sets of instructions. In this work, we found an ATF transcription factor in Litopenaeus vannamei designated as LvATFβ. The full-length cDNA of LvATFβ was 1388 bp long with an open reading frame of 939 bp that encoded a putative 313 amino acid protein. The protein contained a basic region-leucine zipper (bZip) domain that was a common feature among ATF/CREB transcription factors. LvATFβ was highly expressed in intestines, gills, and heart. LvATFβ expression was dramatically upregulated by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. Pull-down assay revealed that LvATFβ had strong affinity to promoters of WSSV genes, namely, wsv059 and wsv166. Dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that LvATFβ could upregulate the expression of wsv059 and wsv166. Knocked down LvATFβ resulted in decreased expression of wsv059 and wsv166 in WSSV-challenged L. vannamei. Knocked down expression of wsv059 and wsv166 by RNA interference inhibited the replication and reduce the mortality of L. vannamei during WSSV challenge inoculation. The copy numbers of WSSV in wsv059 and wsv166 knocked down group were significant lower than in the control. These results suggested that LvATFβ may be involved in WSSV replication by regulating the expression of wsv059 and wsv166.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Hai-Tao Yue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Ze-Zhi Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Hai-Tao Bi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yong-Gui Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Shao-Ping Weng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Siuming Chan
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Jian-Guo He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
| | - Yi-Hong Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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Nimmanee P, Woo PCY, Vanittanakom P, Youngchim S, Vanittanakom N. Functional analysis of atfA gene to stress response in pathogenic thermal dimorphic fungus Penicillium marneffei. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111200. [PMID: 25365258 PMCID: PMC4218842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium marneffei, the pathogenic thermal dimorphic fungus is a causative agent of a fatal systemic disease, penicilliosis marneffei, in immunocompromised patients especially HIV patients. For growth and survival, this fungus has to adapt to environmental stresses outside and inside host cells and this adaptation requires stress signaling pathways and regulation of gene expression under various kinds of stresses. In this report, P. marneffei activating transcription factor (atfA) gene encoding bZip-type transcription factor was characterized. To determine functions of this gene, atfA isogenic mutant strain was constructed using the modified split marker recombination method. The phenotypes and susceptibility to varieties of stresses including osmotic, oxidative, heat, UV, cell wall and cell membrane stresses of the mutant strain were compared with the wild type and the atfA complemented strains. Results demonstrated that the mRNA expression level of P. marneffei atfA gene increased under heat stress at 42°C. The atfA mutant was more sensitive to sodium dodecyl sulphate, amphotericin B and tert-butyl hydroperoxide than the wild type and complemented strains but not hydrogen peroxide, menadione, NaCl, sorbitol, calcofluor white, itraconazole, UV stresses and heat stress at 39°C. In addition, recovery of atfA mutant conidia after mouse and human macrophage infections was significantly decreased compared to those of wild type and complemented strains. These results indicated that the atfA gene was required by P. marneffei under specific stress conditions and might be necessary for fighting against host immune cells during the initiation of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panjaphorn Nimmanee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Patrick C. Y. Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Research Centre of Infection and Immunology and Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Sirida Youngchim
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nongnuch Vanittanakom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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21
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Siersbæk R, Baek S, Rabiee A, Nielsen R, Traynor S, Clark N, Sandelin A, Jensen ON, Sung MH, Hager GL, Mandrup S. Molecular architecture of transcription factor hotspots in early adipogenesis. Cell Rep 2014; 7:1434-1442. [PMID: 24857666 PMCID: PMC6360525 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors have recently been shown to colocalize in hotspot regions of the genome, which are further clustered into super-enhancers. However, the detailed molecular organization of transcription factors at hotspot regions is poorly defined. Here, we have used digital genomic footprinting to precisely define factor localization at a genome-wide level during the early phase of 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation, which allows us to obtain detailed molecular insight into how transcription factors target hotspots. We demonstrate the formation of ATF-C/EBP heterodimers at a composite motif on chromatin, and we suggest that this may be a general mechanism for integrating external signals on chromatin. Furthermore, we find evidence of extensive recruitment of transcription factors to hotspots through alternative mechanisms not involving their known motifs and demonstrate that these alternative binding events are functionally important for hotspot formation and activity. Taken together, these findings provide a framework for understanding transcription factor cooperativity in hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Siersbæk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Songjoon Baek
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Atefeh Rabiee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ronni Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sofie Traynor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Clark
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology & Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Albin Sandelin
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology & Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ole N Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Myong-Hee Sung
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gordon L Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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22
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Dalton RP, Lyons DB, Lomvardas S. Co-opting the unfolded protein response to elicit olfactory receptor feedback. Cell 2013; 155:321-32. [PMID: 24120133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory receptor (OR) expression requires the transcriptional activation of 1 out of 1,000s of OR alleles and a feedback signal that preserves this transcriptional choice. The mechanism by which olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) detect ORs to signal to the nucleus remains elusive. Here, we show that OR proteins generate this feedback by activating the unfolded protein response (UPR). OR expression induces Perk-mediated phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eif2α causing selective translation of activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5). ATF5 induces the transcription of adenylyl cyclase 3 (Adcy3), which relieves the UPR. Our data provide a role for the UPR in defining neuronal identity and cell fate commitment and support a two-step model for the feedback signal: (1) OR protein, as a stress stimulus, alters the translational landscape of the OSN and induces Adcy3 expression; (2), Adcy3 relieves that stress, restores global translation, and makes OR choice permanent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Dalton
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Kato H, Kira S, Kawamukai M. The transcription factors Atf1 and Pcr1 are essential for transcriptional induction of the extracellular maltase Agl1 in fission yeast. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80572. [PMID: 24224056 PMCID: PMC3818258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe secretes the extracellular maltase Agl1, which hydrolyzes maltose into glucose, thereby utilizing maltose as a carbon source. Whether other maltases contribute to efficient utilization of maltose and how Agl1 expression is regulated in response to switching of carbon sources are unknown. In this study, we show that three other possible maltases and the maltose transporter Sut1 are not required for efficient utilization of maltose. Transcription of agl1 was induced when the carbon source was changed from glucose to maltose. This was dependent on Atf1 and Pcr1, which are highly conserved transcription factors that regulate stress-responsive genes in various stress conditions. Atf1 and Pcr1 generally bind the TGACGT motif as a heterodimer. The agl1 gene lacks the exact motif, but has many degenerate TGACGT motifs in its promoter and coding region. When the carbon source was switched from glucose to maltose, Atf1 and Pcr1 associated with the promoters and coding regions of agl1, fbp1, and gpx1, indicating that the Atf1-Pcr1 heteromer binds a variety of regions in its target genes to induce their transcription. In addition, the association of Mediator with these genes was dependent on Atf1 and Pcr1. These data indicate that Atf1 and Pcr1 induce the transcription of agl1, which allows efficient utilization of extracellular maltose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kato
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kira
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawamukai
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan
- * E-mail:
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24
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Krasikova A, Fukagawa T, Zlotina A. High-resolution mapping and transcriptional activity analysis of chicken centromere sequences on giant lampbrush chromosomes. Chromosome Res 2013; 20:995-1008. [PMID: 23143648 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-012-9321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exploration into morphofunctional organisation of centromere DNA sequences is important for understanding the mechanisms of kinetochore specification and assembly. In-depth epigenetic analysis of DNA fragments associated with centromeric nucleosome proteins has demonstrated unique features of centromere organisation in chicken karyotype: there are both mature centromeres, which comprise chromosome-specific homogeneous arrays of tandem repeats, and recently evolved primitive centromeres, which consist of non-tandemly organised DNA sequences. In this work, we describe the arrangement and transcriptional activity of chicken centromere repeats for Cen1, Cen2, Cen3, Cen4, Cen7, Cen8, and Cen11 and non-repetitive centromere sequences of chromosomes 5, 27, and Z using highly elongated lampbrush chromosomes, which are characteristic of the diplotene stage of oogenesis. The degree of chromatin packaging and fine spatial organisations of tandemly repetitive and non-tandemly repetitive centromeric sequences significantly differ at the lampbrush stage. Using DNA/RNA FISH, we have demonstrated that during the lampbrush stage, DNA sequences are transcribed within the centromere regions of chromosomes that lack centromere-specific tandem repeats. In contrast, chromosome-specific centromeric repeats Cen1, Cen2, Cen3, Cen4, Cen7, Cen8, and Cen11 do not demonstrate any transcriptional activity during the lampbrush stage. In addition, we found that CNM repeat cluster localises adjacent to non-repetitive centromeric sequences in chicken microchromosome 27 indicating that centromere region in this chromosome is repeat-rich. Cross-species FISH allowed localisation of the sequences homologous to centromeric DNA of chicken chromosomes 5 and 27 in centromere regions of quail orthologous chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Krasikova
- Saint-Petersburg State University, Oranienbaumskoie sch. 2, Stary Peterhof, Saint-Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
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25
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Hong SY, Roze LV, Linz JE. Oxidative stress-related transcription factors in the regulation of secondary metabolism. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:683-702. [PMID: 23598564 PMCID: PMC3705287 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5040683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is extensive and unequivocal evidence that secondary metabolism in filamentous fungi and plants is associated with oxidative stress. In support of this idea, transcription factors related to oxidative stress response in yeast, plants, and fungi have been shown to participate in controlling secondary metabolism. Aflatoxin biosynthesis, one model of secondary metabolism, has been demonstrated to be triggered and intensified by reactive oxygen species buildup. An oxidative stress-related bZIP transcription factor AtfB is a key player in coordinate expression of antioxidant genes and genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Recent findings from our laboratory provide strong support for a regulatory network comprised of at least four transcription factors that bind in a highly coordinated and timely manner to promoters of the target genes and regulate their expression. In this review, we will focus on transcription factors involved in co-regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis with oxidative stress response in aspergilli, and we will discuss the relationship of known oxidative stress-associated transcription factors and secondary metabolism in other organisms. We will also talk about transcription factors that are involved in oxidative stress response, but have not yet been demonstrated to be affiliated with secondary metabolism. The data support the notion that secondary metabolism provides a secondary line of defense in cellular response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yong Hong
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; E-Mails: (S.-Y.H.); (L.V.R.)
| | - Ludmila V. Roze
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; E-Mails: (S.-Y.H.); (L.V.R.)
| | - John E. Linz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; E-Mails: (S.-Y.H.); (L.V.R.)
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-517-355-8474; Fax: +1-517-353-8963
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26
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Ma Z, Que H, Ni Y, Huang H, Liu Y, Liu T, Li X, Sun Q, Liu S. Cloning and characterization of SCIRR69: a novel transcriptional factor belonging to the CREB/ATF family. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7665-72. [PMID: 22535319 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1601-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The complete cDNA sequence of a novel gene, SCIRR69 (spinal cord injury and regeneration related no. 69 gene), was obtained by RACE technique. It codes for a protein of 521 amino acid residues homologous to human CREB3l2 (also known as BBF2H7) and mouse CREB3l2. The protein contains a basic DNA binding and leucine zipper dimerization (B-ZIP) motif and a hydrophobic region representing a putative transmembrane domain, similar to the structure of other CREB/ATF transcription factors. Monoclonal antibody against SCIRR69 was developed and could recognize the SCIRR69 protein in both native and denatured forms. Constructing of SCIRR69 fusion proteins with the GAL4 DNA-binding domain disclosed that SCIRR69 functioned as a transcriptional activator and its N-terminal 60 amino acids accounted for the activation ability. SCIRR69 resides in the cytoplasm of primary neurons, whereas neuron damage by incision led to the cleavage and translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. These results suggest that SCIRR69 is activated by proteolytic cleavage at the transmembrane domain in response to neuron damage and its amino-terminal cytoplasmic domain translocates into the nucleus to activate the transcription of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlian Ma
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China
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27
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Patel N, Klassert TE, Greco SJ, Patel SA, Munoz JL, Reddy BY, Bryan M, Campbell N, Kokorina N, Sabaawy HE, Rameshwar P. Developmental regulation of TAC1 in peptidergic-induced human mesenchymal stem cells: implication for spinal cord injury in zebrafish. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:308-20. [PMID: 21671725 PMCID: PMC3258436 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are easy to expand, are relatively safe, and can be transplanted in allogeneic recipients as off-the-shelf cells. MSCs can be induced to form functional peptidergic neurons and express the neurotransmitter gene, TAC1. Expression of TAC1 requires that the repressor gene, RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), is decreased. This study investigated the molecular pathway in TAC1 induction as MSCs differentiated into neurons and then applied the findings in a model of spinal cord injury (SCI) in zebrafish. We studied the developmental roles of the 2 cAMP response element (CRE) sites: CRE1 and CRE2. Activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding site overlaps with CRE2 (CRE2/AP-1). Reporter gene studies with the 5' regulatory region of TAC1 containing wild-type or mutant CRE sites and, parallel studies with ectopically expressed inhibitor of cAMP proteins (inducible cAMP early repressor) indicated that CRE1 and CRE2/AP-1 are activated at days 6 and 12, respectively. Studies with protein kinase-A (PKA) and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitors in the reporter gene studies, chromatin immunoprecipation assay, and ectopic expression of REST indicated the following pathways: Decrease of REST activated upstream c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). In turn, JNK activated ATF-2 and AP-1 for interaction with CRE1 and CRE2/AP-1, respectively. To apply the finding to SCI, we transplanted 6-day-induced MSCs in transgenic HB9-GFP zebrafish larvae with SCI, in the presence or absence of JNK inhibitors. Imaging and functional studies showed significant improvement in the fish. The repair mechanism involved the activation of JNK. The findings have long-term implications for SCI repair with MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitixa Patel
- UMDNJ–New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Tilman E. Klassert
- Instituto de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública, Universito of La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Neil Campbell
- UMDNJ–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Natalia Kokorina
- UMDNJ–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Hatem E. Sabaawy
- UMDNJ–Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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Diring J, Camuzeaux B, Donzeau M, Vigneron M, Rosa-Calatrava M, Kedinger C, Chatton B. A cytoplasmic negative regulator isoform of ATF7 impairs ATF7 and ATF2 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23351. [PMID: 21858082 PMCID: PMC3156760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing and post-translational modifications are processes that give rise to the complexity of the proteome. The nuclear ATF7 and ATF2 (activating transcription factor) are structurally homologous leucine zipper transcription factors encoded by distinct genes. Stress and growth factors activate ATF2 and ATF7 mainly via sequential phosphorylation of two conserved threonine residues in their activation domain. Distinct protein kinases, among which mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), phosphorylate ATF2 and ATF7 first on Thr71/Thr53 and next on Thr69/Thr51 residues respectively, resulting in transcriptional activation. Here, we identify and characterize a cytoplasmic alternatively spliced isoform of ATF7. This variant, named ATF7-4, inhibits both ATF2 and ATF7 transcriptional activities by impairing the first phosphorylation event on Thr71/Thr53 residues. ATF7-4 indeed sequesters the Thr53-phosphorylating kinase in the cytoplasm. Upon stimulus-induced phosphorylation, ATF7-4 is poly-ubiquitinated and degraded, enabling the release of the kinase and ATF7/ATF2 activation. Our data therefore conclusively establish that ATF7-4 is an important cytoplasmic negative regulator of ATF7 and ATF2 transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Diring
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Barbara Camuzeaux
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Mariel Donzeau
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Marc Vigneron
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Pathologie Humaine VirPath, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Claude Kedinger
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Illkirch, France
| | - Bruno Chatton
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242 Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, BP10413, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail:
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29
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Eshaghi M, Lee JH, Zhu L, Poon SY, Li J, Cho KH, Chu Z, Karuturi RKM, Liu J. Genomic binding profiling of the fission yeast stress-activated MAPK Sty1 and the bZIP transcriptional activator Atf1 in response to H2O2. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11620. [PMID: 20661279 PMCID: PMC2905393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evolutionally conserved MAPK Sty1 and bZIP transcriptional activator Atf1 are known to play a pivotal role in response to the reactive oxygen species in S. pombe. However, it is unclear whether all of the H2O2-induced genes are directly regulated by the Sty1-Atf1 pathway and involved in growth fitness under H2O2-induced stress conditions. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we present the study on ChIP-chip mapping of the genomic binding sites for Sty1, Atf1, and the Atf1's binding partner Pcr1; the genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the atf1 and pcr1 strains in response to H2O2; and the phenotypic assessment of ∼90 Atf1/Pcr1-bound or unbound genes for growth fitness under H2O2 conditions. ChIP-chip analysis shows that Atf1 and Pcr1 binding sites are overlapped in the genome and constitutively present before H2O2 stress. On the other hand, Sty1 recruitment primarily occurs at the Atf1/Pcr1 binding sites and is induced by H2O2. We found that Atf1/Pcr1 is clearly responsible for the high-level transcriptional response to H2O2. Furthermore, phenotypic assessment indicates that among the H2O2-induced genes, Atf1/Pcr1-bound genes exhibit a higher likelihood of functional requirement for growth fitness under the stress condition than the Atf1/Pcr1-unbound genes do. Notably, we found that the Atf1/Pcr1-bound genes regardless of their responsiveness to H2O2 show a high probability of requirement for growth fitness. Conclusion/Significance Together, our analyses on global mapping of protein binding sites, genome-wide transcriptional profiling, and phenotypic assessment provide insight into mechanisms for global transcriptional regulation by the Sty1-Atf1 pathway in response to H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Eshaghi
- Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jong Hoon Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Lei Zhu
- Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Suk Yean Poon
- Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Juntao Li
- Computational and Mathematical Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kwang-Hyun Cho
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaoqing Chu
- Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - R. Krishna M. Karuturi
- Computational and Mathematical Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Shivers RP, Pagano DJ, Kooistra T, Richardson CE, Reddy KC, Whitney JK, Kamanzi O, Matsumoto K, Hisamoto N, Kim DH. Phosphorylation of the conserved transcription factor ATF-7 by PMK-1 p38 MAPK regulates innate immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000892. [PMID: 20369020 PMCID: PMC2848548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans requires a conserved PMK-1 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway that regulates the basal and pathogen-induced expression of immune effectors. The mechanisms by which PMK-1 p38 MAPK regulates the transcriptional activation of the C. elegans immune response have not been identified. Furthermore, in mammalian systems the genetic analysis of physiological targets of p38 MAPK in immunity has been limited. Here, we show that C. elegans ATF-7, a member of the conserved cyclic AMP–responsive element binding (CREB)/activating transcription factor (ATF) family of basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors and an ortholog of mammalian ATF2/ATF7, has a pivotal role in the regulation of PMK-1–mediated innate immunity. Genetic analysis of loss-of-function alleles and a gain-of-function allele of atf-7, combined with expression analysis of PMK-1–regulated genes and biochemical characterization of the interaction between ATF-7 and PMK-1, suggest that ATF-7 functions as a repressor of PMK-1–regulated genes that undergoes a switch to an activator upon phosphorylation by PMK-1. Whereas loss-of-function mutations in atf-7 can restore basal expression of PMK-1–regulated genes observed in the pmk-1 null mutant, the induction of PMK-1–regulated genes by pathogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 is abrogated. The switching modes of ATF-7 activity, from repressor to activator in response to activated PMK-1 p38 MAPK, are reminiscent of the mechanism of regulation mediated by the corresponding ancestral Sko1p and Hog1p proteins in the yeast response to osmotic stress. Our data point to the regulation of the ATF2/ATF7/CREB5 family of transcriptional regulators by p38 MAPK as an ancient conserved mechanism for the control of innate immunity in metazoans, and suggest that ATF2/ATF7 may function in a similar manner in the regulation of mammalian innate immunity. We have investigated mechanisms of how the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans interacts with pathogenic bacteria. Previously, we have established that a conserved PMK-1 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway regulates immunity in C. elegans, establishing the conservation of key innate immune signaling pathways of mammals in the immune response of C. elegans. Whereas multiple proteins have been identified as potential targets of p38 MAPK in immunity, the identification of physiological substrates of p38 MAPK in mammalian organisms has been challenging. Here, using a forward genetic approach to identify downstream regulators of the C. elegans innate immune response, we have characterized the transcription factor ATF-7, a conserved member of the basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor family orthologous to mammalian ATF2. We find that ATF-7 functions as a transcriptional regulator of PMK-1 MAPK–mediated innate immunity, functioning as a repressor of immune gene expression that undergoes a switch to an activator upon activation by PMK-1. Our data point to the regulation of the ATF2/ATF7/CREB5 family of transcriptional regulators by p38 MAPK as an ancient conserved mechanism for the control of innate immunity in metazoans and suggests a mechanism by which the protean effects of p38 MAPK on the mammalian innate immune response may be mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P. Shivers
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Pagano
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Tristan Kooistra
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Claire E. Richardson
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kirthi C. Reddy
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Janelle K. Whitney
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Odile Kamanzi
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Naoki Hisamoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Dennis H. Kim
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Abstract
The stress-induced expression of many fission yeast genes is dependent upon the Sty1 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Atf1 transcription factor. Atf1 is phosphorylated by Sty1 yet this phosphorylation is not required for stress-induced gene expression, suggesting another mechanism exists whereby Sty1 activates transcription. Here we show that Sty1 associates with Atf1-dependent genes and is recruited to both their promoters and coding regions. This occurs in response to various stress conditions coincident with the kinetics of the activation of Sty1. Association with promoters is not a consequence of increased nuclear accumulation of Sty1 nor does it require the phosphorylation of Atf1. However, recruitment is completely abolished in a mutant lacking Sty1 kinase activity. Both Atf1 and its binding partner Pcr1 are required for association of Sty1 with Atf1-dependent promoters, suggesting that this heterodimer must be intact for optimal recruitment of the MAPK. However, many Atf1-dependent genes are still expressed in a pcr1Delta mutant but with significantly delayed kinetics, thus providing an explanation for the relatively mild stress sensitivity displayed by pcr1Delta. Consistent with this delay, Sty1 and Atf1 cannot be detected at these promoters in this condition, suggesting that their association with chromatin is weak or transient in the absence of Pcr1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Reiter
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Stephen Watt
- Cancer Research UK Fission Yeast Functional Genomics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Keren Dawson
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Clare L. Lawrence
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Jürg Bähler
- Cancer Research UK Fission Yeast Functional Genomics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Nic Jones
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Caroline R.M. Wilkinson
- Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
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Lemos DR, Goodspeed L, Tonelli L, Antoch MP, Ojeda SR, Urbanski HF. Evidence for circadian regulation of activating transcription factor 5 but not tyrosine hydroxylase by the chromaffin cell clock. Endocrinology 2007; 148:5811-21. [PMID: 17823250 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, adrenal medulla chromaffin cells constitute a fundamental component of the sympathetic nervous system outflow, producing most of the circulating adrenaline. We recently found that the rhesus monkey adrenal gland expresses several genes in a 24-h rhythmic pattern, including TH (the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine synthesis) and Atf5 (a transcription factor involved in apoptosis and neural cell differentiation) together with the core-clock genes. To examine whether these core-clock genes play a role in adrenal circadian function, we exposed rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells to a serum shock and found that it triggered rhythmic oscillation of the clock genes rBmal1, rPer1, rRev-erbalpha, and rCry1 and induced the circadian expression of Atf5 but not TH. Furthermore, we found that the CLOCK/brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1 (BMAL1) heterodimer could regulate Atf5 expression by binding to an E-box motif and repressing activity of its promoter. The physiological relevance of this interaction was evident in Bmal1 -/- mice, in which blunted circadian rhythm of Atf5 mRNA was observed in the liver, together with significantly higher expression levels in both liver and adrenal glands. Although we found no compelling evidence for rhythmic expression of TH in chromaffin cells being regulated by an intrinsic molecular clock mechanism, the Atf5 results raise the possibility that other aspects of chromaffin cell physiology, such as cell survival and cell differentiation, may well be intrinsically regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario R Lemos
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 Northwest 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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Wang H, Lin G, Zhang Z. ATF5 promotes cell survival through transcriptional activation of Hsp27 in H9c2 cells. Cell Biol Int 2007; 31:1309-15. [PMID: 17606386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The activating transcription factor (ATF) family comprises a group of basic region-leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins, which have roles in development, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. Here we described that ATF5 could promote cell survival in heat shock stress and identified that heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) as one of its target gene related to cell survival. The ectopic expression of ATF5 could significantly increase cell tolerance to elevated temperature and the CRE motif played an important role in upregulating Hsp27 gene promoter activity by ATF5. Also, inhibition of Hsp27 expression by RNAi could increase cell death in ATF5 ectopic expressing cells, indicating that Hsp27 involved in ATF5 mediated cell survival. Taken together, our results indicated that ATF5 promoted H9c2 cell survival in heat shock stress at least through activation of Hsp27.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing 100083, China.
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Breitwieser W, Lyons S, Flenniken AM, Ashton G, Bruder G, Willington M, Lacaud G, Kouskoff V, Jones N. Feedback regulation of p38 activity via ATF2 is essential for survival of embryonic liver cells. Genes Dev 2007; 21:2069-82. [PMID: 17699753 PMCID: PMC1948861 DOI: 10.1101/gad.430207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The ATF2 transcription factor is phosphorylated by the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) JNK and p38. We show that this phosphorylation is essential for ATF2 function in vivo, since a mouse carrying mutations in the critical phosphorylation sites has a strong phenotype identical to that seen upon deletion of the DNA-binding domain. In addition, combining this mutant with a knockout of the ATF2 homolog, ATF7, results in embryonic lethality with severe abnormalities in the developing liver and heart. The mutant fetal liver is characterized by high levels of apoptosis in developing hepatocytes and haematopoietic cells. Furthermore, we observe a significant increase in active p38 due to loss of a negative feedback loop involving the ATF2-dependent transcriptional activation of MAPK phosphatases. In embryonic liver cells, this increase drives apoptosis, since it can be suppressed by chemical inhibition of p38. Our findings demonstrate the importance of finely regulating the activities of MAPKs during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Breitwieser
- Cell Regulation Department, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Lyons
- Cell Regulation Department, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Marie Flenniken
- Cell Regulation Department, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Garry Ashton
- Histology Department, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Bruder
- Cell Regulation Department, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Willington
- Cell Regulation Department, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Stem Cell Biology Department, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Stem Cell and Haematopoiesis Department, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Nic Jones
- Cell Regulation Department, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
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Kang WH, Park YD, Hwang JS, Park HM. RNA-binding protein Csx1 is phosphorylated by LAMMER kinase, Lkh1, in response to oxidative stress inSchizosaccharomyces pombe. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:3473-8. [PMID: 17612531 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 06/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that global gene expression during oxidative stress in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is regulated by stress-induced activation and binding of Csx1 to atf1(+) mRNA. However, the kinase responsible for the activation of Csx1 has not been identified. Here, we describe, for the first time, that Csx1 is phosphorylated by S. pombe LAMMER kinase, Lkh1, under oxidative conditions and that the stress-activated binding of the Csx1 to the atf1(+) mRNA was also affected by Lkh1 and Spc1. These data indicate that concerted actions of Spc1 and Lkh1 are required for the activation of Csx1 during oxidative condition in the fission yeast S. pombe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Hwa Kang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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36
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Kakiuchi C, Ishiwata M, Nanko S, Kunugi H, Minabe Y, Nakamura K, Mori N, Fujii K, Yamada K, Yoshikawa T, Kato T. Association analysis of ATF4 and ATF5, genes for interacting-proteins of DISC1, in bipolar disorder. Neurosci Lett 2007; 417:316-21. [PMID: 17346882 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) and its molecular cascade are implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. As interacting-proteins with DISC1, Nudel, ATF4, ATF5, LIS1, alpha-tubulin, PDE4B, eIF3, FEZ1, Kendrin, MAP1A and MIPT3 were identified. We previously showed the down-regulation of ATF5 in the lymphoblastoid cells derived from affected co-twin of monozygotic twins discordant for bipolar disorder. We also suggested the contribution of endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathway to the illness, and ATF4 is one of major components in the pathway. Truncated mutant DISC1 reportedly cannot interact with ATF4 and ATF5. These findings suggest the role of these genes in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. In this study, we tested genetic association of ATF4 and ATF5 genes with bipolar disorder by a case-control study in Japanese population (438 patients and 532 controls) and transmission disequilibrium test in 237 trio samples from NIMH Genetics Initiative Pedigrees. We also performed gene expression analysis in lymphoblastoid cells. We did not find any significant association in both genetic study and expression analysis. By the exploratory haplotype analysis, nominal association of ATF4 with bipolar II patients was observed, but it was not significant after correction of multiple testing. Contribution of common variations of ATF4 and ATF5 to the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder may be minimal if any.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kakiuchi
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Lawrence CL, Maekawa H, Worthington JL, Reiter W, Wilkinson CRM, Jones N. Regulation of Schizosaccharomyces pombe Atf1 protein levels by Sty1-mediated phosphorylation and heterodimerization with Pcr1. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:5160-70. [PMID: 17182615 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608526200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Atf1 transcription factor plays a vital role in the ability of Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells to respond to various stress conditions. It regulates the expression of many genes in a stress-dependent manner, and its function is dependent upon the stress-activated MAPK, Sty1/Spc1. Moreover, Atf1 is directly phosphorylated by Sty1. Here we have investigated the role of such phosphorylation. Atf1 protein accumulates following stress, and this accumulation is lost in a strain defective in the Sty1 signaling pathway. In addition, accumulation of a mutant Atf1 protein that can no longer be phosphorylated is lost. Measurement of the half-life of Atf1 demonstrates that changes in Atf1 stability are responsible for this accumulation. Atf1 stability is also regulated by its heterodimeric partner, Pcr1. Similarly, Pcr1 levels are regulated by Atf1. Thus multiple pathways exist that ensure that Atf1 levels are appropriately regulated. Phosphorylation of Atf1 is important for cells to mount a robust response to H(2)O(2) stress, because the Atf1 phospho-mutant displays sensitivity to this stress, and induction of gene expression is lower than that observed in wild-type cells. Surprisingly, however, loss of Atf1 phosphorylation does not lead to the complete loss of stress-activated expression of Atf1 target genes. Accordingly, the Atf1 phospho-mutant does not display the same overall stress sensitivities as the atf1 deletion mutant. Taken together, these data suggest that Sty1 phosphorylation of Atf1 is not required for activation of Atf1 per se but rather for modulating its stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Lawrence
- Cancer Research UK Cell Regulation Laboratory, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
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38
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Frau E, Magnon C, Opolon P, Connault E, Opolon D, Beermann F, Beerman F, Abitbol M, Perricaudet M, Bouquet C. A gene transfer comparative study of HSA-conjugated antiangiogenic factors in a transgenic mouse model of metastatic ocular cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 14:251-61. [PMID: 17082795 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7701005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Different antiangiogenic and antimetastatic recombinant adenoviruses were tested in a transgenic mouse model of metastatic ocular cancer (TRP1/SV40 Tag transgenic mice), which is a highly aggressive tumor, developed from the pigmented epithelium of the retina. These vectors, encoding amino-terminal fragments of urokinase plasminogen activator (ATF), angiostatin Kringles (K1-3), endostatin (ES) and canstatin (Can) coupled to human serum albumin (HSA) were injected to assess their metastatic and antiangiogenic activities in our model. Compared to AdCO1 control group, AdATF-HSA did not significantly reduce metastatic growth. In contrast, mice treated with AdK1-3-HSA, AdES-HSA and AdCan-HSA displayed significantly smaller metastases (1.19+/-1.19, 0.87+/-1.5, 0.43+/-0.56 vs controls 4.04+/-5.12 mm3). Moreover, a stronger inhibition of metastatic growth was obtained with AdCan-HSA than with AdK1-3-HSA (P=0.04). Median survival was improved by 4 weeks. A close correlation was observed between the effects of these viruses on metastatic growth and their capacity to inhibit tumor angiogenesis. Our study indicates that systemic antiangiogenic factors production by recombinant adenoviruses, particularly Can, might represent an effective way of delaying metastatic growth via inhibition of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Frau
- CNRS UMR 8121 Univ Paris Sud, Vectorologie et Transfert de Gènes, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif, France
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Zhang L, Liu M, Merling R, Giam CZ. Versatile reporter systems show that transactivation by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax occurs independently of chromatin remodeling factor BRG1. J Virol 2006; 80:7459-68. [PMID: 16840326 PMCID: PMC1563696 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00130-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Potent activation of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) gene expression is mediated by the virus-encoded transactivator protein Tax and three imperfect 21-bp repeats in the viral long terminal repeats. Each 21-bp repeat contains a cAMP-responsive-element core flanked by 5' G-rich and 3' C-rich sequences. Tax alone does not bind DNA. Rather, it interacts with basic domain-leucine zipper transcription factors CREB and ATF-1 to form ternary complexes with the 21-bp repeats. In the context of the ternary complexes, Tax contacts the G/C-rich sequences and recruits transcriptional coactivators CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300 to effect potent transcriptional activation. Using an easily transduced and chromosomally integrated reporter system derived from a self-inactivating lentivirus vector, we showed in a BRG1- and BRM1-deficient adrenal carcinoma cell line, SW-13, that Tax- and 21-bp repeat-mediated transactivation does not require BRG1 or BRM1 and is not enhanced by BRG1. With a similar reporter system, we further demonstrated that Tax- and tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation occurs readily in SW-13 cells in the absence of BRG1 and BRM1. These results suggest that the assembly of stable multiprotein complexes containing Tax, CREB/ATF-1, and CBP/p300 on the 21-bp repeats is the principal mechanism employed by Tax to preclude nucleosome formation at the HTLV-1 enhancer/promoter. This most likely bypasses the need for BRG1-containing chromatin-remodeling complexes. Likewise, recruitment of CBP/p300 by NF-kappaB may be sufficient to disrupt histone-DNA interaction for the initiation of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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40
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Palii S, Thiaville M, Pan YX, Zhong C, Kilberg M. Characterization of the amino acid response element within the human sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 (SNAT2) System A transporter gene. Biochem J 2006; 395:517-27. [PMID: 16445384 PMCID: PMC1462688 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neutral amino acid transport activity, System A, is enhanced by amino acid limitation of mammalian cells. Of the three gene products that encode System A activity, the one that exhibits this regulation is SNAT2 (sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2). Fibroblasts that are deficient in the amino acid response pathway exhibited little or no induction of SNAT2 mRNA. Synthesis of SNAT2 mRNA increased within 1-2 h after amino acid removal from HepG2 human hepatoma cells. The amino acid responsive SNAT2 genomic element that mediates the regulation has been localized to the first intron. Increased binding of selected members of the ATF (activating transcription factor) and C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein) families to the intronic enhancer was established both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, there was no significant association of these factors with the SNAT2 promoter. Expression of exogenous individual ATF and C/EBP proteins documented that specific family members are associated with either activation or repression of SNAT2 transcription. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis established in vivo that amino acid deprivation led to increased RNA polymerase II recruitment to the SNAT2 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stela S. Palii
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shands Cancer Center, and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, U.S.A
| | - Michelle M. Thiaville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shands Cancer Center, and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, U.S.A
| | - Yuan-Xiang Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shands Cancer Center, and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, U.S.A
| | - Can Zhong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shands Cancer Center, and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, U.S.A
| | - Michael S. Kilberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shands Cancer Center, and the Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Angelastro JM, Canoll PD, Kuo J, Weicker M, Costa A, Bruce JN, Greene LA. Selective destruction of glioblastoma cells by interference with the activity or expression of ATF5. Oncogene 2006; 25:907-16. [PMID: 16170340 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multifome is the most common and most aggressive primary brain tumor with no current curative therapy. We found expression of the bZip transcription factor ATF5 in all 29 human glioblastomas and eight human and rat glioma cell lines assessed. ATF5 is not detectably expressed by mature brain neurons and astrocytes, but is expressed by reactive astrocytes. Interference with ATF5 function or expression in all glioma cell lines tested causes marked apoptotic cell death. In contrast, such manipulations do not affect survival of ATF5-expressing cultured astrocytes or of several other cell types that express this protein. In a proof-of-principle experiment, retroviral delivery of a function-blocking mutant form of ATF5 into a rat glioma model evokes death of the infected tumor cells, but not of infected brain cells outside the tumors. The widespread expression of ATF5 in glioblastomas and the selective effect of interference with ATF5 function/expression on their survival suggest that ATF5 may be an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in such tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Angelastro
- Department of Pathology and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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Parsadanian A, Pan Y, Li W, Myckatyn TM, Brakefield D. Astrocyte-derived transgene GDNF promotes complete and long-term survival of adult facial motoneurons following avulsion and differentially regulates the expression of transcription factors of AP-1 and ATF/CREB families. Exp Neurol 2006; 200:26-37. [PMID: 16497298 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 01/08/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent survival factor for motoneurons (MNs). We have previously demonstrated that overexpression of GDNF in astrocytes of GFAP-GDNF mice promotes long-term survival of neonatal MNs after facial nerve axotomy. In the present study, we investigated whether astrocyte-derived GDNF could also have a neuroprotective effect on adult MNs following facial nerve avulsion. We also examined avulsion- and GDNF-induced changes in the expression pattern of several members of the AP-1 and ATF/CREB families of transcription factors, which are involved in the fate determination of neurons following injury. We demonstrated that GDNF promotes complete rescue of avulsed MNs for at least 4 months post-injury. Transgene GDNF significantly upregulates c-Jun expression in naive MNs, further upregulates injury-induced c-Jun expression in facial MNs, and results in its activation in most surviving MNs. No significant changes were found in c-Fos expression. We found that GDNF has an opposing effect on ATF2 and ATF3 expression. It dramatically downregulates increased levels of ATF3 in response to injury, whereas the expression of ATF2, which is normally reduced after injury, is completely preserved in GFAP-GDNF mice. Our data suggest that maintenance of high levels of ATF2 in injured MNs could be crucial in modulating c-Jun function, and c-Jun/ATF2 signaling could be involved in GDNF-mediated survival of mature MNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Parsadanian
- Department of Neurology and Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Granja AG, Nogal ML, Hurtado C, Del Aguila C, Carrascosa AL, Salas ML, Fresno M, Revilla Y. The viral protein A238L inhibits TNF-alpha expression through a CBP/p300 transcriptional coactivators pathway. J Immunol 2006; 176:451-62. [PMID: 16365438 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is able to inhibit TNF-alpha-induced gene expression through the synthesis of A238L protein. This was shown by the use of deletion mutants lacking the A238L gene from the Vero cell-adapted Ba71V ASFV strain and from the virulent isolate E70. To further analyze the molecular mechanism by which the viral gene controls TNF-alpha, we have used Jurkat cells stably transfected with the viral gene to identify the TNF-alpha regulatory elements involved in the induction of the gene after stimulation with PMA and calcium ionophore. We have thus identified the cAMP-responsive element and kappa3 sites on the TNF-alpha promoter as the responsible of the gene activation, and demonstrate that A238L inhibits TNF-alpha expression through these DNA binding sites. This inhibition was partially reverted by overexpression of the transcriptional factors NF-AT, NF-kappaB, and c-Jun. Furthermore, we present evidence that A238L inhibits the activation of TNF-alpha by modulating NF-kappaB, NF-AT, and c-Jun trans activation through a mechanism that involves CREB binding protein/p300 function, because overexpression of these transcriptional coactivators recovers TNF-alpha promoter activity. In addition, we show that A238L is a nuclear protein that binds to the cyclic AMP-responsive element/kappa3 complex, thus displacing the CREB binding protein/p300 coactivators. Taken together, these results establish a novel mechanism in the control of TNF-alpha gene expression by a viral protein that could represent an efficient strategy used by ASFV to evade the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor G Granja
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Angelastro JM, Mason JL, Ignatova TN, Kukekov VG, Stengren GB, Goldman JE, Greene LA. Downregulation of activating transcription factor 5 is required for differentiation of neural progenitor cells into astrocytes. J Neurosci 2006; 25:3889-99. [PMID: 15829641 PMCID: PMC6724921 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3447-04.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that regulate neural progenitor cell differentiation are primarily unknown. The transcription factor activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) is expressed in neural progenitors of developing brain but is absent from mature astrocytes and neurons. Here, we demonstrate that ATF5 regulates the conversion of ventricular zone (VZ) and subventricular zone (SVZ) neural progenitors into astrocytes. Constitutive ATF5 expression maintains neural progenitor cell proliferation and blocks their in vitro and in vivo differentiation into astrocytes. Conversely, loss of ATF5 function promotes cell-cycle exit and allows astrocytic differentiation in vitro and in vivo. CNTF, a promoter of astrocytic differentiation, downregulates endogenous ATF5, whereas constitutively expressed ATF5 suppresses CNTF-promoted astrocyte genesis. Unexpectedly, constitutive ATF5 expression in neonatal SVZ cells both in vitro and in vivo causes them to acquire properties and anatomic distributions of VZ cells. These findings identify ATF5 as a key regulator of astrocyte formation and potentially of the VZ to SVZ transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Angelastro
- Department of Pathology and Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Guerra S, López-Fernández LA, Pascual-Montano A, Nájera JL, Zaballos A, Esteban M. Host response to the attenuated poxvirus vector NYVAC: upregulation of apoptotic genes and NF-kappaB-responsive genes in infected HeLa cells. J Virol 2006; 80:985-98. [PMID: 16379000 PMCID: PMC1346868 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.2.985-998.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NYVAC has been engineered as a safe, attenuated vaccinia virus (VV) vector for use in vaccination against a broad spectrum of pathogens and tumors. Due to the interest in NYVAC-based vectors as vaccines and current phase I/II clinical trials with this vector, there is a need to analyze the human host response to NYVAC infection. Using high-density cDNA microarrays, we found 368 differentially regulated genes after NYVAC infection of HeLa cells. Clustering of the regulated genes identified six discrete gene clusters with altered expression patterns. Clusters 1 to 3 represented 47.5% of the regulated genes, with three patterns of gene activation kinetics, whereas clusters 4 to 6 showed distinct repression kinetics. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis of selected genes validated the array data. Upregulated transcripts correlated with genes implicated in immune responses, including those encoding interleukin-1 receptor 2 (IL-1R2), IL-6, ISG-15, CD-80, and TNFSF7. NYVAC upregulated several intermediates of apoptotic cascades, including caspase-9, correlating with its ability to induce apoptosis. NYVAC infection also stimulated the expression of NF-kappaB1 and NF-kappaB2 as well as that of NF-kappaB target genes. Expression of the VV host range K1L gene during NYVAC infection prevented NF-kappaB activation, but not the induction of apoptosis. This study is the first overall analysis of the transcriptional response of human cells to NYVAC infection and provides a framework for future functional studies to evaluate this vector and its derivatives as human vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Guerra
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Ciudad Universitaria Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Wei Y, Jiang J, Sun M, Chen X, Wang H, Gu J. ATF5 increases cisplatin-induced apoptosis through up-regulation of cyclin D3 transcription in HeLa cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 339:591-6. [PMID: 16300731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
ATF5 transcription factor plays an essential role in hematopoietic and glioma cell survival and neuronal cell differentiation. Here, we report for the first time the pro-apoptosis role of ATF5 and identify Cyclin D3 as an ATF5-targeted apoptosis-related gene. The ectopic expression of ATF5 in HeLa cells could markedly increase cisplatin-induced apoptosis and the cleavage of Caspase-3, and induce Cyclin D3 mRNA expression via cooperation with E2F1 transcription factor. Moreover, the interference of Cyclin D3 expression by transfection with Cyclin D3 RNAi could protect cells from ATF5-mediated apoptosis induced by cisplatin, indicating the contribution of Cyclin D3 in ATF5-mediated apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that ATF5 increases cisplatin-induced apoptosis through up-regulation of Cyclin D3 transcription, which elicits survival signals in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Gene Research Center, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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Steiner WW, Smith GR. Natural meiotic recombination hot spots in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome successfully predicted from the simple sequence motif M26. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:9054-62. [PMID: 16199881 PMCID: PMC1265782 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.20.9054-9062.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Revised: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The M26 hot spot of meiotic recombination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is the eukaryotic hot spot most thoroughly investigated at the nucleotide level. The minimum sequence required for M26 activity was previously determined to be 5'-ATGACGT-3'. Originally identified by a mutant allele, ade6-M26, the M26 heptamer sequence occurs in the wild-type S. pombe genome approximately 300 times, but it has been unclear whether any of these are active hot spots. Recently, we showed that the M26 heptamer forms part of a larger consensus sequence, which is significantly more active than the heptamer alone. We used this expanded sequence as a guide to identify a smaller number of sites most likely to be active hot spots. Ten of the 15 sites tested showed meiotic DNA breaks, a hallmark of recombination hot spots, within 1 kb of the M26 sequence. Among those 10 sites, one occurred within a gene, cds1(+), and hot spot activity of this site was confirmed genetically. These results are, to our knowledge, the first demonstration in any organism of a simple, defined nucleotide sequence accurately predicting the locations of natural meiotic recombination hot spots. M26 may be the first example among a diverse group of simple sequences that determine the distribution, and hence predictability, of meiotic recombination hot spots in eukaryotic genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter W Steiner
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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Abstract
Transcriptional activation of germline (GL) promoters occurs through binding of NF-kappaB to three evolutionarily conserved sites within a CD40 response region in the human and mouse GL Igamma and Iepsilon promoters. Here we identify and characterize a novel NF-kappaB binding site (kappaB6) within the human GL Igamma1 promoter that plays an essential role in basal- and CD40-induced transcription. This site is adjacent to identified CREB/activating transcription factor (ATF) sites, present in the Igamma1 but not the Igamma3 promoter, which are important for the amplification of transcription. Our data suggest a cohesive protein complex regulating Igamma1 promoter activity because disruption of any individual NF-kappaB or CREB/ATF site markedly lowers the overall inducible activity of the promoter. In addition, alteration of helical phasing within the promoter indicates spatial orientation of CREB/ATF and NF-kappaB, proteins contributes directly to promoter activity. We found that CREB and p50 transactivators, as well as coactivator p300, interact in vivo with the Igamma1 promoter in the presence and absence of CD40 signaling in Ramos and primary B cells. However, the level of CREB and p300 binding differs as a consequence of activation in primary B cells. Furthermore, overexpression of p300, and not a mutant lacking acetyltransferase activity, significantly increases Igamma1 construct-specific transcription. Together these data support a model whereby CREB and multiple NF-kappaB complexes bind to the Igamma1 promoter and recruit p300. CD40 signals induce p300-dependent changes that result in optimal Igamma1 promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Dryer
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Al Sarraj J, Vinson C, Thiel G. Regulation of asparagine synthetase gene transcription by the basic region leucine zipper transcription factors ATF5 and CHOP. Biol Chem 2005; 386:873-9. [PMID: 16164412 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2005.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAsparagine synthetase catalyses the glutamine- and ATP-dependent conversion of aspartic acid to asparagine. In human hepatoma cells cultured in mediumcontaining amino acids, the mRNA of asparagine synthetase is not detectable by RNase protection mapping. However, maintaining the cells in amino acid-free Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer strongly upregulated asparagine synthetase biosynthesis. The effect of amino acid deprivation on asparagine synthetase gene transcription is mediated by a genetic element termed the nutrient-sensing response unit. Previous studies revealed that the basic region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor CREB2/ATF4 is involved in the nutrient deprivation-induced upregulation of asparagine synthetase gene transcription. Here we show that overexpression of the bZIP protein ATF5, a transcriptional activator, stimulates asparagine synthetase promoter/reporter gene transcription via the nutrient-sensing response unit. In contrast, ATF5 does not transactivate cAMP response element (CRE)-containing reporter genes. Overexpression of the C/EBP homologous transcription factor CHOP impaired transcriptional activation of the asparagine synthetase promoter following amino acid deprivation or over-expression of ATF5 or CREB2/ATF4. These data indicate that CHOP functions as a shut-off-device for nutrient deprivation-induced gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Al Sarraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland Medical Center, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
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