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Ingaramo M, York AG, Andrade EJ, Rainey K, Patterson GH. Two-photon-like microscopy with orders-of-magnitude lower illumination intensity via two-step fluorescence. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8184. [PMID: 26333365 PMCID: PMC4559865 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe two-step fluorescence microscopy, a new approach to non-linear imaging based on positive reversible photoswitchable fluorescent probes. The protein Padron approximates ideal two-step fluorescent behaviour: it equilibrates to an inactive state, converts to an active state under blue light, and blue light also excites this active state to fluoresce. Both activation and excitation are linear processes, but the total fluorescent signal is quadratic, proportional to the square of the illumination dose. Here, we use Padron's quadratic non-linearity to demonstrate the principle of two-step microscopy, similar in principle to two-photon microscopy but with orders-of-magnitude better cross-section. As with two-photon, quadratic non-linearity from two-step fluorescence improves resolution and reduces unwanted out-of-focus excitation, and is compatible with structured illumination microscopy. We also show two-step and two-photon imaging can be combined to give quartic non-linearity, further improving imaging in challenging samples. With further improvements, two-step fluorophores could replace conventional fluorophores for many imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ingaramo
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Andrew G York
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Eric J Andrade
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Kristin Rainey
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - George H Patterson
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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2
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Carlson AL, Fujisaki J, Wu J, Runnels JM, Turcotte R, Celso CL, Scadden DT, Strom TB, Lin CP. Tracking single cells in live animals using a photoconvertible near-infrared cell membrane label. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69257. [PMID: 23990881 PMCID: PMC3753322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel photoconversion technique to track individual cells in vivo using a commercial lipophilic membrane dye, DiR. We show that DiR exhibits a permanent fluorescence emission shift (photoconversion) after light exposure and does not reacquire the original color over time. Ratiometric imaging can be used to distinguish photoconverted from non-converted cells with high sensitivity. Combining the use of this photoconvertible dye with intravital microscopy, we tracked the division of individual hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells within the calvarium bone marrow of live mice. We also studied the peripheral differentiation of individual T cells by tracking the gain or loss of FoxP3-GFP expression, a marker of the immune suppressive function of CD4+ T cells. With the near-infrared photoconvertible membrane dye, the entire visible spectral range is available for simultaneous use with other fluorescent proteins to monitor gene expression or to trace cell lineage commitment in vivo with high spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia L. Carlson
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joji Fujisaki
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Juwell Wu
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Judith M. Runnels
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Raphaël Turcotte
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cristina Lo Celso
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David T. Scadden
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Terry B. Strom
- Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Charles P. Lin
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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3
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Kasuboski JM, Sigal YJ, Joens MS, Lillemeier BF, Fitzpatrick JA. Super‐Resolution Microscopy: A Comparative Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 2:Unit2.17. [DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0217s62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Kasuboski
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla California
| | - Yury J. Sigal
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla California
| | - Matthew S. Joens
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla California
| | - Bjorn F. Lillemeier
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla California
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla California
| | - James A.J. Fitzpatrick
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla California
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4
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Olsen S, McKenzie RH. Bond alternation, polarizability, and resonance detuning in methine dyes. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:114520. [PMID: 21428645 DOI: 10.1063/1.3563801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seth Olsen
- School of Mathematics and Physics and Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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5
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Shibu ES, Radha B, Verma PK, Bhyrappa P, Kulkarni GU, Pal SK, Pradeep T. Functionalized Au22 clusters: synthesis, characterization, and patterning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:2199-2210. [PMID: 20355854 DOI: 10.1021/am900350r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized fluorescent, porphyrin-anchored, Au(22) clusters in a single step, starting from well-characterized Au(25) clusters protected with glutathione (-SG) by a combined core reduction/ligand exchange protocol, at a liquid-liquid interface. The prepared cluster was characterized by UV/vis, photoluminescence, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. The absence of a 672 nm intraband transition of Au(25) and the simultaneous emergence of new characteristic peaks at 520 and 635 nm indicate the formation of the Au(22) core. An increase in the binding energy of 0.4 eV in Au 4f core-level peaks confirmed the presence of a reduced core size. Quantitative XPS confirmed the Au/S ratio. The presence of a free base, tetraphenylporphyrin (H(2)TPPOAS-), on the Au(22) core was confirmed by fluorimetric titrations with Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) ions. From all of these, the composition of the cluster was determined to be Au(22)[(-SG)(15)(-SAOPPTH(2))(2)], which was supported by mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. We utilized the fluorescence nature of these water-soluble clusters for the fabrication of fluorescent patterns by soft lithography. The patterns were studied using tapping-mode atomic force microscopy and confocal fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Shibu
- DST Unit on Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry and Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
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6
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Green fluorescent protein based pH indicators for in vivo use: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:1107-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Platform J: Self-Assembled-Session: The Hidden Photophysics of Autofluorescent Proteins. Biophys J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(08)78993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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8
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Nifosì R, Luo Y. Predictions of novel two-photon absorption bands in fluorescent proteins. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:14043-50. [PMID: 18027922 DOI: 10.1021/jp075545v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
By means of time-dependent density functional theory, we calculate the two-photon cross-sections for the lowest relevant excitations in some model chromophores of intrinsically fluorescent proteins. The two-photon strength of the first, one-photon active transition varies among the various chromophores, in line with experimental findings. Interestingly, additional transitions with large two-photon cross-sections are found in the 500-700 nm region arising from near-resonant enhancement, as revealed by few-state model analysis. Multiphoton excitation of fluorescent proteins in this spectral region can lead to relevant application for bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Nifosì
- NEST-CNR INFM, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, Pisa I-56126, Italy.
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9
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Efficiency of resonance energy transfer in homo-oligomeric complexes of proteins. J Biol Phys 2007; 33:109-27. [PMID: 19669544 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-007-9046-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A theoretical model is proposed for the apparent efficiency of fluorescence (Förster) resonance energy transfer (FRET) in mixtures of free monomers and homo-oligomeric protein complexes of uniform size. The model takes into account possible pathways for transfer of optical excitations from single donors to multiple acceptors and from multiple donors (non-simultaneously) to single acceptors. This necessary departure from the standard theory has been suggested in the literature, but it has only been successfully implemented for a few particular cases, such as for particular geometries of the oligomers. The predictions of the present theoretical model differ significantly from those of the standard theory, with the exception of the case of dimers, for which agreement is observed. This model therefore provides new insights into the FRET behavior of oligomers comprising more than two monomers, and also suggests means for determining the size of oligomeric protein complexes as well as the proportion of associated and unassociated monomers.
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10
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Camilloni C, Provasi D, Tiana G, Broglia RA. Optical Absorption of a Green Fluorescent Protein Variant: Environment Effects in a Density Functional Study. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:10807-12. [PMID: 17713940 DOI: 10.1021/jp072511e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present an ab initio study of the optical absorption properties of a particularly interesting fluorescent protein (E2GFP), whose complex photophysics still escapes elucidation. In particular, we focus on the role of the protein environment, showing that the effects of both nearby residues and the external field due to residues not accounted for explicitly are needed to properly reproduce the experimental data. The spectra calculated taking such contributions into account provide for the first time a robust identification of the states relevant for the photophysics of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Camilloni
- Department of Physics, University of Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy, INFN, Milan Section, Milan, Italy
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11
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Mondal PP, Diaspro A. Reduction of higher-order photobleaching in two-photon excitation microscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2007; 75:061904. [PMID: 17677297 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.75.061904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical microscopic technique is proposed that may reduce multiphoton interaction in the excitation volume of a two-photon microscope. Since higher-order photobleaching is common in two-photon excitation microscopy, the study of thin samples is limited by increased photobleaching and photodamage. This limitation is elevated by using even coherent state light. The advantage of even coherent state light is that only excitation due to an even number of photons can survive. The very first nonzero even excitation (two-photon) can be isolated from the nearby one- and three-photon excitation. Hence the photobleaching due to one- and three-photon excitation can be eliminated and higher-order processes can be minimized owing to their small molecular cross section.
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12
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Nifosì R, Luo Y. Origin of the anomalous two-photon absorption in fluorescent protein DsRed. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:505-7. [PMID: 17228906 DOI: 10.1021/jp068380j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The red fluorescent protein DsRed displays a two-photon excitation band around 760 nm which is not accompanied by any feature in the corresponding one-photon spectral region (380 nm). By means of time-dependent density functional theory, we are able to explain such an effect, as arising from an electronic excitation of the DsRed chromophore with ability to couple with a charge-transfer state, through an effective two-photon absorption channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Nifosì
- NEST-CNR INFM and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.
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13
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Nifosì R, Tozzini V. Cis–trans photoisomerization of the chromophore in the green fluorescent protein variant E2GFP: A molecular dynamics study. Chem Phys 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2005.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Di Benedetto F, Biasco A, Bizzarri R, Arosio D, Ricci F, Beltram F, Cingolani R, Pisignano D. Two dimensional patterning of fluorescent proteins in hydrogels. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:29-31. [PMID: 16378395 DOI: 10.1021/la052893k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the successful micropatterning of hybrid systems consisting of hydrogel-dispersed optically active and controllable proteins on solid surfaces without degradation of the photophysical properties of the light-emitting biomolecules. It demonstrates the preservation of the luminescence properties of proteins entrapped into isolated microstructures of poly(acrylamide) gel. This way we can exploit both the structural and function-preserving properties of the hydrogels and the functionality of light-emitting proteins. We believe that this approach can open the way to the realization of nanopatterned optical memories based on photochromic biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Benedetto
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory of Instituto Nazionale di Fisica della Materia-CNR, University of Lecce, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
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15
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Heilemann M, Margeat E, Kasper R, Sauer M, Tinnefeld P. Carbocyanine dyes as efficient reversible single-molecule optical switch. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:3801-6. [PMID: 15771514 DOI: 10.1021/ja044686x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that commercially available unmodified carbocyanine dyes such as Cy5 (usually excited at 633 nm) can be used as efficient reversible single-molecule optical switch, whose fluorescent state after apparent photobleaching can be restored at room temperature upon irradiation at shorter wavelengths. Ensemble photobleaching and recovery experiments of Cy5 in aqueous solution irradiating first at 633 nm, then at 337, 488, or 532 nm, demonstrate that restoration of absorption and fluorescence strongly depends on efficient oxygen removal and the addition of the triplet quencher beta-mercaptoethylamine. Single-molecule fluorescence experiments show that individual immobilized Cy5 molecules can be switched optically in milliseconds by applying alternating excitation at 633 and 488 nm between a fluorescent and nonfluorescent state up to 100 times with a reliability of >90% at room temperature. Because of their intriguing performance, carbocyanine dyes volunteer as a simple alternative for ultrahigh-density optical data storage. Measurements on single donor/acceptor (tetramethylrhodamine/Cy5) labeled oligonucleotides point out that the described light-driven switching behavior imposes fundamental limitations on the use of carbocyanine dyes as energy transfer acceptors for the study of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Heilemann
- Applied Laserphysics & Laserspectroscopy, Physics Faculty, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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16
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Schneider M, Barozzi S, Testa I, Faretta M, Diaspro A. Two-photon activation and excitation properties of PA-GFP in the 720-920-nm region. Biophys J 2005; 89:1346-52. [PMID: 15908572 PMCID: PMC1366619 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.054502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This report covers the two-photon activation and excitation properties of the PA-GFP, a photoactivatable variant of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein in the spectral region from 720 to 920 nm. It is known from this special form of the molecule that it has an increased level of fluorescence emission when excited at 488 nm after irradiation at lambda approximately 413 nm, under single-photon excitation conditions. Here, we show that upon two-photon irradiation, PA-GFP yields activation in the spectral region from 720 to 840 nm. After photoactivation, the excitation spectrum shifts maintaining the very same emission spectrum of the single-photon case for the native and photoactivated protein. Additionally, when comparing the conventional photoactivation at lambda = 405 nm with a two-photon one, a sharper and better controllable three-dimensional volume of activation is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schneider
- INFM Genoa, Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Italy
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17
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Bonsma S, Purchase R, Jezowski S, Gallus J, Könz F, Völker S. Green and red fluorescent proteins: photo- and thermally induced dynamics probed by site-selective spectroscopy and hole burning. Chemphyschem 2005; 6:838-49. [PMID: 15884066 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The cloning and expression of autofluorescent proteins in living matter, combined with modern imaging techniques, have thoroughly changed the world of bioscience. In particular, such proteins are widely used as genetically encoded labels to track the movement of proteins as reporters of cellular signals and to study protein-protein interactions by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Their optical properties, however, are complex and it is important to understand these for the correct interpretation of imaging data and for the design of new fluorescent mutants. In this Minireview we start with a short survey of the field and then focus on the photo- and thermally induced dynamics of green and red fluorescent proteins. In particular, we show how fluorescence line narrowing and high-resolution spectral hole burning at low temperatures can be used to unravel the photophysics and photochemistry and shed light on the intricate electronic structure of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bonsma
- Huygens and Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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