1
|
Grünewald TA, Liebi M, Birkedal H. Crossing length scales: X-ray approaches to studying the structure of biological materials. IUCRJ 2024; 11:708-722. [PMID: 39194257 PMCID: PMC11364038 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252524007838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Biological materials have outstanding properties. With ease, challenging mechanical, optical or electrical properties are realised from comparatively `humble' building blocks. The key strategy to realise these properties is through extensive hierarchical structuring of the material from the millimetre to the nanometre scale in 3D. Though hierarchical structuring in biological materials has long been recognized, the 3D characterization of such structures remains a challenge. To understand the behaviour of materials, multimodal and multi-scale characterization approaches are needed. In this review, we outline current X-ray analysis approaches using the structures of bone and shells as examples. We show how recent advances have aided our understanding of hierarchical structures and their functions, and how these could be exploited for future research directions. We also discuss current roadblocks including radiation damage, data quantity and sample preparation, as well as strategies to address them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianne Liebi
- Photon Science DivisionPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenPSI5232Switzerland
- Institute of MaterialsÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne1015 LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Henrik Birkedal
- Department of Chemistry & iNANOAarhus UniversityGustav Wieds Vej 14Aarhus8000Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gránásy L, Rátkai L, Zlotnikov I, Pusztai T. Physical Phenomena Governing Mineral Morphogenesis in Molluscan Nacre. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304183. [PMID: 37759411 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Mollusks, as well as many other living organisms, have the ability to shape mineral crystals into unconventional morphologies and to assemble them into complex functional mineral-organic structures, an observation that inspired tremendous research efforts in scientific and technological domains. Despite these, a biochemical toolkit that accounts for the formation of the vast variety of the observed mineral morphologies cannot be identified yet. Herein, phase-field modeling of molluscan nacre formation, an intensively studied biomineralization process, is used to identify key physical parameters that govern mineral morphogenesis. Manipulating such parameters, various nacre properties ranging from the morphology of a single mineral building block to that of the entire nacreous assembly are reproduced. The results support the hypothesis that the control over mineral morphogenesis in mineralized tissues happens via regulating the physico-chemical environment, in which biomineralization occurs: the organic content manipulates the geometric and thermodynamic boundary conditions, which in turn, determine the process of growth and the form of the biomineral phase. The approach developed here has the potential of providing explicit guidelines for the morphogenetic control of synthetically formed composite materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- László Gránásy
- Laboratory of Advanced Structural Studies, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P. O. Box 49, Budapest, H-1525, Hungary
- Brunel Centre of Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - László Rátkai
- Laboratory of Advanced Structural Studies, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P. O. Box 49, Budapest, H-1525, Hungary
| | - Igor Zlotnikov
- B CUBE-Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tamás Pusztai
- Laboratory of Advanced Structural Studies, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P. O. Box 49, Budapest, H-1525, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Niu Y, Vinogradov N, Preobrajenski A, Struzzi C, Sarpi B, Zhu L, Golias E, Zakharov A. MAXPEEM: a spectromicroscopy beamline at MAX IV laboratory. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:468-478. [PMID: 36891861 PMCID: PMC10000796 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752300019x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
MAXPEEM, a dedicated photoemission electron microscopy beamline at MAX IV Laboratory, houses a state-of-the-art aberration-corrected spectroscopic photoemission and low-energy electron microscope (AC-SPELEEM). This powerful instrument offers a wide range of complementary techniques providing structural, chemical and magnetic sensitivities with a single-digit nanometre spatial resolution. The beamline can deliver a high photon flux of ≥1015 photons s-1 (0.1% bandwidth)-1 in the range 30-1200 eV with full control of the polarization from an elliptically polarized undulator. The microscope has several features which make it unique from similar instruments. The X-rays from the synchrotron pass through the first beam separator and impinge the surface at normal incidence. The microscope is equipped with an energy analyzer and an aberration corrector which improves both the resolution and the transmission compared with standard microscopes. A new fiber-coupled CMOS camera features an improved modulation transfer function, dynamic range and signal-to-noise ratio compared with the traditional MCP-CCD detection system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuran Niu
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Claudia Struzzi
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Brice Sarpi
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lin Zhu
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Alexei Zakharov
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Du F, Alghamdi S, Yang J, Huston D, Tan T. Interfacial Mechanical Behavior in Nacre of Red Abalone and Other Shells: A Review. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022. [PMID: 35959691 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interfaces between nacreous tablets are crucial to the outstanding mechanical properties of nacre in natural shells. Excellent research has been conducted to probe the effect of interfaces on strength and toughness of nacre, providing critical guidelines for the design of human-made laminated composites. This article reviews recent studies on interfacial mechanical behavior of nacre in red abalone and other shells, including experimental methods, analytical and numerical modeling. The discussions focus on the mechanical properties of dry and hydrated nacreous microstructures. The review concludes with discussions on representative studies of nacre-like composites with interfaces tuned using multiple approaches, and provides an outlook on improving the performance of composites with better interfacial controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fen Du
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vermont Technical College, Randolph Center, Vermont 05061, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Saleh Alghamdi
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Physics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Dryver Huston
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Ting Tan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.,Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Black Drum Fish Teeth: Built for Crushing Mollusk Shells. Acta Biomater 2022; 137:147-161. [PMID: 34673226 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
With an exclusive diet of hard-shelled mollusks, the black drum fish (Pogonias cromis) exhibits one of the highest bite forces among extant animals. Here we present a systematic microstructural, chemical, crystallographic, and mechanical analysis of the black drum teeth to understand the structural basis for achieving the molluscivorous requirements. At the material level, the outermost enameloid shows higher modulus (Er = 126.9 ± 16.3 GPa, H = 5.0 ± 1.4 GPa) than other reported fish teeth, which is attributed to the stiffening effect of Zn and F doping in apatite crystals and the preferential co-alignment of crystallographic c-axes and enameloid rods along the biting direction. The high fracture toughness (Kc = 1.12 MPa⋅m1/2) of the outer enameloid also promotes local yielding instead of fracture during crushing contact with mollusk shells. At the individual-tooth scale, the molar-like teeth, high density of dentin tubules, enlarged pulp chamber, and specialized dentin-bone connection, all contribute to the functional requirements, including confinement of contact compressive stress in the stiff enameloid, enhanced energy absorption in the compliant dentin, and controlled failure of tooth-bone composite under excessive loads. These results show that the multi-scale structures of black drum teeth are adapted to feed on hard-shelled mollusks. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The black drum fish feeds on hard-shelled mollusks, which requires strong, tough, and wear-resistant teeth. This study presents a comprehensive multiscale material and mechanical analysis of the black drum teeth in achieving such remarkable biological function. At microscale, the fluoride- and zinc-doped apatite crystallites in the outer enameloid region are aligned perpendicular to the chewing surface, representing one of the stiffest biomineralized materials found in nature. In the inner enameloid region, the apatite crystals are arranged into intertwisted rods with crystallographic misorientation for increased crack resistance and toughness. At the macroscale, the molariform geometry, the two-layer design based on the outer enameloid and inner dentin, enlarged pulp chamber and the underlying strong bony toothplate work synergistically to contribute to the teeth's crushing resistance.
Collapse
|
6
|
Deng Z, Li L. Intrinsic Mechanical Properties of Individual Biogenic Mineral Units in Biomineralized Skeletons. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifei Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute of Technology and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Salman J, Stifler CA, Shahsafi A, Sun CY, Weibel SC, Frising M, Rubio-Perez BE, Xiao Y, Draves C, Wambold RA, Yu Z, Bradley DC, Kemeny G, Gilbert PUPA, Kats MA. Hyperspectral interference tomography of nacre. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023623118. [PMID: 33833057 PMCID: PMC8053970 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023623118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural characterization of biologically formed materials is essential for understanding biological phenomena and their enviro-nment, and for generating new bio-inspired engineering concepts. For example, nacre-the inner lining of some mollusk shells-encodes local environmental conditions throughout its formation and has exceptional strength due to its nanoscale brick-and-mortar structure. This layered structure, comprising alternating transparent aragonite (CaCO3) tablets and thinner organic polymer layers, also results in stunning interference colors. Existing methods of structural characterization of nacre rely on some form of cross-sectional analysis, such as scanning or transmission electron microscopy or polarization-dependent imaging contrast (PIC) mapping. However, these techniques are destructive and too time- and resource-intensive to analyze large sample areas. Here, we present an all-optical, rapid, and nondestructive imaging technique-hyperspectral interference tomography (HIT)-to spatially map the structural parameters of nacre and other disordered layered materials. We combined hyperspectral imaging with optical-interference modeling to infer the mean tablet thickness and its disorder in nacre across entire mollusk shells from red and rainbow abalone (Haliotis rufescens and Haliotis iris) at various stages of development. We observed that in red abalone, unexpectedly, nacre tablet thickness decreases with age of the mollusk, despite roughly similar appearance of nacre at all ages and positions in the shell. Our rapid, inexpensive, and nondestructive method can be readily applied to in-field studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jad Salman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Cayla A Stifler
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Alireza Shahsafi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Chang-Yu Sun
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | | | - Michel Frising
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Bryan E Rubio-Perez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Yuzhe Xiao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | | | - Raymond A Wambold
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Zhaoning Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Daniel C Bradley
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | | | - Pupa U P A Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Mikhail A Kats
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706;
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Biominerals such as seashells, coral skeletons, bone, and tooth enamel are optically anisotropic crystalline materials with unique nanoscale and microscale organization that translates into exceptional macroscopic mechanical properties, providing inspiration for engineering new and superior biomimetic structures. Using Seriatopora aculeata coral skeleton as a model, here, we experimentally demonstrate X-ray linear dichroic ptychography and map the c-axis orientations of the aragonite (CaCO3) crystals. Linear dichroic phase imaging at the oxygen K-edge energy shows strong polarization-dependent contrast and reveals the presence of both narrow (<35°) and wide (>35°) c-axis angular spread in the coral samples. These X-ray ptychography results are corroborated by four-dimensional (4D) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) on the same samples. Evidence of co-oriented, but disconnected, corallite subdomains indicates jagged crystal boundaries consistent with formation by amorphous nanoparticle attachment. We expect that the combination of X-ray linear dichroic ptychography and 4D STEM could be an important multimodal tool to study nano-crystallites, interfaces, nucleation, and mineral growth of optically anisotropic materials at multiple length scales.
Collapse
|
9
|
Stifler CA, Jakes JE, North JD, Green DR, Weaver JC, Gilbert PUPA. Crystal misorientation correlates with hardness in tooth enamels. Acta Biomater 2021; 120:124-134. [PMID: 32711081 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The multi-scale hierarchical structure of tooth enamel enables it to withstand a lifetime of damage without catastrophic failure. While many previous studies have investigated structure-function relationships in enamel, the effects of crystal misorientation on mechanical performance have not been assessed. To address this issue, in the present study, we review previously published polarization-dependent imaging contrast (PIC) maps of mouse and human enamel, and parrotfish enameloid, in which crystal orientations were measured and displayed in every 60-nm-pixel. By combining those previous results with the PIC maps of sheep enamel presented here we discovered that, in all enamel(oid)s, adjacent crystals are slightly misoriented, with misorientation angles in the 0°-30° range, and mean 2°-8°. Within this limited range, misorientation is positively correlated with literature hardness values, demonstrating an important structure-property relation, not previously identified. At greater misorientation angles 8°30°, this correlation is expected to reverse direction, but data from different non-enamel systems, with more diverse crystal misorientations, are required to determine if and where this occurs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We identify a structure-function relationship in tooth enamels from different species: crystal misorientation correlates with hardness, contributing to the remarkable mechanical properties of enamel in diverse animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cayla A Stifler
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Joseph E Jakes
- Forest Biopolymers Science and Engineering, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, United States
| | - Jamie D North
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, United States
| | - Daniel R Green
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - James C Weaver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Pupa U P A Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States; Departments of Chemistry, Geoscience, Materials Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Feng X, Gao R, Wang R, Zhang G. Non-classical crystal growth on a hydrophobic substrate: learning from bivalve nacre. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00076k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The hydrophobic substrate has an effect on the non-classical crystallization of nacreous aragonite crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- School of Resources
- Environment and Materials
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- China
| | - Ruohe Gao
- School of Resources
- Environment and Materials
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- China
| | - Rize Wang
- School of Resources
- Environment and Materials
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- China
| | - Gangsheng Zhang
- School of Resources
- Environment and Materials
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Enamel is the hardest and most resilient tissue in the human body. Enamel includes morphologically aligned, parallel, ∼50 nm wide, microns-long nanocrystals, bundled either into 5-μm-wide rods or their space-filling interrod. The orientation of enamel crystals, however, is poorly understood. Here we show that the crystalline c-axes are homogenously oriented in interrod crystals across most of the enamel layer thickness. Within each rod crystals are not co-oriented with one another or with the long axis of the rod, as previously assumed: the c-axes of adjacent nanocrystals are most frequently mis-oriented by 1°-30°, and this orientation within each rod gradually changes, with an overall angle spread that is never zero, but varies between 30°-90° within one rod. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that the observed mis-orientations of adjacent crystals induce crack deflection. This toughening mechanism contributes to the unique resilience of enamel, which lasts a lifetime under extreme physical and chemical challenges.
Collapse
|
12
|
White KA, Olabisi RM. Spatiotemporal Control Strategies for Bone Formation through Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Approaches. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801044. [PMID: 30556328 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Global increases in life expectancy drive increasing demands for bone regeneration. The gold standard for surgical bone repair is autografting, which enjoys excellent clinical outcomes; however, it possesses significant drawbacks including donor site morbidity and limited availability. Although collagen sponges delivered with bone morphogenetic protein, type 2 (BMP2) are a common alternative or supplement, they do not efficiently retain BMP2, necessitating extremely high doses to elicit bone formation. Hence, reports of BMP2 complications are rising, including cancer promotion and ectopic bone formation, the latter inducing complications such as breathing difficulties and neurologic impairments. Thus, efforts to exert spatial control over bone formation are increasing. Several tissue engineering approaches have demonstrated the potential for targeted and controlled bone formation. These approaches include biomaterial scaffolds derived from synthetic sources, e.g., calcium phosphates or polymers; natural sources, e.g., bone or seashell; and immobilized biofactors, e.g., BMP2. Although BMP2 is the only protein clinically approved for use in a surgical device, there are several proteins, small molecules, and growth factors that show promise in tissue engineering applications. This review profiles the tissue engineering advances in achieving control over the location and onset of bone formation (spatiotemporal control) toward avoiding the complications associated with BMP2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher A. White
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Rutgers University; 98 Brett Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| | - Ronke M. Olabisi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Rutgers University; 599 Taylor Road Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jones JA, Metzler RA, D'Addario AJ, Burgess C, Regan B, Spano S, Cvarch BA, Galvez EJ. Laser imaging polarimetry of nacre. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201800026. [PMID: 29575820 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nacre is a complex biomaterial made of aragonite-tablet bricks and organic mortar that is considerably resilient against breakage. Nacre has been studied with a wide range of laboratory techniques, leading to understanding key fundamentals and informing the creation of bio-inspired materials. In this article, we present an optical polarimetric technique to investigate nacre, taking advantage of the translucence and birefringence of its microcomponents. We focus our study on 3 classes of mollusks that have nacreous shells: bivalve (Pinctada fucata), gastropod (Haliotis asinina and Haliotis rufescens) and cephalopod (Nautilus pompilius). We sent polarized light from a laser through thin samples of nacre and did imaging polarimetry of the transmitted light. We observed clear distinctions between the structures of bivalve and gastropod, due to the spatial variation of their birefringence. The patterns for cephalopod were more similar to bivalve than gastropod. Bleaching of the samples disrupted the transmitted light. Subsequent refilling of the bivalve and gastropod nacre samples with oil produced optical patterns similar to those of unbleached samples. In cephalopod samples, we found that bleaching produced irreversible changes in the optical pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York
| | - Rebecca A Metzler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York
| | | | - Carrie Burgess
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York
| | - Brian Regan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York
| | - Samantha Spano
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York
| | - Ben A Cvarch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York
| | - Enrique J Galvez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Stifler CA, Wittig NK, Sassi M, Sun CY, Marcus MA, Birkedal H, Beniash E, Rosso KM, Gilbert PUPA. X-ray Linear Dichroism in Apatite. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11698-11704. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cayla A. Stifler
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nina Kølln Wittig
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Michel Sassi
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Chang-Yu Sun
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew A. Marcus
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Henrik Birkedal
- Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Elia Beniash
- Departments of Oral Biology and Bioengineering, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, UPitt, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Kevin M. Rosso
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Pupa U. P. A. Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Departments of Chemistry, Materials Science, and Geoscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jackson DJ, Reim L, Randow C, Cerveau N, Degnan BM, Fleck C. Variation in Orthologous Shell-Forming Proteins Contribute to Molluscan Shell Diversity. Mol Biol Evol 2018; 34:2959-2969. [PMID: 28961798 PMCID: PMC5850307 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the evolutionary success and ancient heritage of the molluscan shell, little is known about the molecular details of its formation, evolutionary origins, or the interactions between the material properties of the shell and its organic constituents. In contrast to this dearth of information, a growing collection of molluscan shell-forming proteomes and transcriptomes suggest they are comprised of both deeply conserved, and lineage specific elements. Analyses of these sequence data sets have suggested that mechanisms such as exon shuffling, gene co-option, and gene family expansion facilitated the rapid evolution of shell-forming proteomes and supported the diversification of this phylum specific structure. In order to further investigate and test these ideas we have examined the molecular features and spatial expression patterns of two shell-forming genes (Lustrin and ML1A2) and coupled these observations with materials properties measurements of shells from a group of closely related gastropods (abalone). We find that the prominent “GS” domain of Lustrin, a domain believed to confer elastomeric properties to the shell, varies significantly in length between the species we investigated. Furthermore, the spatial expression patterns of Lustrin and ML1A2 also vary significantly between species, suggesting that both protein architecture, and the regulation of spatial gene expression patterns, are important drivers of molluscan shell evolution. Variation in these molecular features might relate to certain materials properties of the shells of these species. These insights reveal an important and underappreciated source of variation within shell-forming proteomes that must contribute to the diversity of molluscan shell phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Jackson
- Department of Geobiology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Laurin Reim
- Department of Earth- and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, München, Germany
| | - Clemens Randow
- Department of Materials Engineering, Institute of Technology Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas Cerveau
- Department of Geobiology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernard M Degnan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Claudia Fleck
- Department of Materials Engineering, Institute of Technology Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kłosowski MM, Carzaniga R, Shefelbine SJ, Porter AE, McComb DW. Nanoanalytical electron microscopy of events predisposing to mineralisation of turkey tendon. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3024. [PMID: 29445112 PMCID: PMC5813010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The macro- and micro-structures of mineralised tissues hierarchy are well described and understood. However, investigation of their nanostructure is limited due to the intrinsic complexity of biological systems. Preceding transmission electron microscopy studies investigating mineralising tissues have not resolved fully the initial stages of mineral nucleation and growth within the collagen fibrils. In this study, analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy were employed to characterise the morphology, crystallinity and chemistry of the mineral at different stages of mineralization using a turkey tendon model. In the poorly mineralised regions, calcium ions associated with the collagen fibrils and ellipsoidal granules and larger clusters composed of amorphous calcium phosphate were detected. In the fully mineralised regions, the mineral had transformed into crystalline apatite with a plate-like morphology. A change in the nitrogen K-edge was observed and related to modifications of the functional groups associated with the mineralisation process. This transformation seen in the nitrogen K-edge might be an important step in maturation and mineralisation of collagen and lend fundamental insight into how tendon mineralises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michał M Kłosowski
- Department of Materials and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Sandra J Shefelbine
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Alexandra E Porter
- Department of Materials and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David W McComb
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Do corals form their skeletons by precipitation from solution or by attachment of amorphous precursor particles as observed in other minerals and biominerals? The classical model assumes precipitation in contrast with observed "vital effects," that is, deviations from elemental and isotopic compositions at thermodynamic equilibrium. Here, we show direct spectromicroscopy evidence in Stylophora pistillata corals that two amorphous precursors exist, one hydrated and one anhydrous amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC); that these are formed in the tissue as 400-nm particles; and that they attach to the surface of coral skeletons, remain amorphous for hours, and finally, crystallize into aragonite (CaCO3). We show in both coral and synthetic aragonite spherulites that crystal growth by attachment of ACC particles is more than 100 times faster than ion-by-ion growth from solution. Fast growth provides a distinct physiological advantage to corals in the rigors of the reef, a crowded and fiercely competitive ecosystem. Corals are affected by warming-induced bleaching and postmortem dissolution, but the finding here that ACC particles are formed inside tissue may make coral skeleton formation less susceptible to ocean acidification than previously assumed. If this is how other corals form their skeletons, perhaps this is how a few corals survived past CO2 increases, such as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum that occurred 56 Mya.
Collapse
|
18
|
Sun CY, Marcus MA, Frazier MJ, Giuffre AJ, Mass T, Gilbert PUPA. Spherulitic Growth of Coral Skeletons and Synthetic Aragonite: Nature's Three-Dimensional Printing. ACS NANO 2017; 11:6612-6622. [PMID: 28564539 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Coral skeletons were long assumed to have a spherulitic structure, that is, a radial distribution of acicular aragonite (CaCO3) crystals with their c-axes radiating from series of points, termed centers of calcification (CoCs). This assumption was based on morphology alone, not on crystallography. Here we measure the orientation of crystals and nanocrystals and confirm that corals grow their skeletons in bundles of aragonite crystals, with their c-axes and long axes oriented radially and at an angle from the CoCs, thus precisely as expected for feather-like or "plumose" spherulites. Furthermore, we find that in both synthetic and coral aragonite spherulites at the nanoscale adjacent crystals have similar but not identical orientations, thus demonstrating by direct observation that even at nanoscale the mechanism of spherulite formation is non-crystallographic branching (NCB), as predicted by theory. Finally, synthetic aragonite spherulites and coral skeletons have similar angle spreads, and angular distances of adjacent crystals, further confirming that coral skeletons are spherulites. This is important because aragonite grows anisotropically, 10 times faster along the c-axis than along the a-axis direction, and spherulites fill space with crystals growing almost exclusively along the c-axis, thus they can fill space faster than any other aragonite growth geometry, and create isotropic materials from anisotropic crystals. Greater space filling rate and isotropic mechanical behavior are key to the skeleton's supporting function and therefore to its evolutionary success. In this sense, spherulitic growth is Nature's 3D printing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew A Marcus
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | - Tali Mass
- Marine Biology Department, University of Haifa , Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Vertically oriented structure and its fracture behavior of the Indonesia white-pearl oyster. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 66:211-223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
20
|
The importance of evo-devo to an integrated understanding of molluscan biomineralisation. J Struct Biol 2016; 196:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
21
|
Kłosowski MM, Carzaniga R, Abellan P, Ramasse Q, McComb DW, Porter AE, Shefelbine SJ. Electron Microscopy Reveals Structural and Chemical Changes at the Nanometer Scale in the Osteogenesis Imperfecta Murine Pathology. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:2788-2797. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał M. Kłosowski
- Department
of Materials and Engineering, Royal School of Mines, South Kensington
Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Raffaella Carzaniga
- Cancer
Research U.K., Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, U.K
| | - Patricia Abellan
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K
| | - Quentin Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K
| | - David W. McComb
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Electron Microscopy
and Analysis, The Ohio State University, 1305 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
| | - Alexandra E. Porter
- Department
of Materials and Engineering, Royal School of Mines, South Kensington
Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Sandra J. Shefelbine
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, 334 Snell Engineering Center, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nitiputri K, Ramasse QM, Autefage H, McGilvery CM, Boonrungsiman S, Evans ND, Stevens MM, Porter AE. Nanoanalytical Electron Microscopy Reveals a Sequential Mineralization Process Involving Carbonate-Containing Amorphous Precursors. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6826-35. [PMID: 27383526 PMCID: PMC5404715 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A direct observation and an in-depth characterization of the steps by which bone mineral nucleates and grows in the extracellular matrix during the earliest stages of maturation, using relevant biomineralization models as they grow into mature bone mineral, is an important research goal. To better understand the process of bone mineralization in the extracellular matrix, we used nanoanalytical electron microscopy techniques to examine an in vitro model of bone formation. This study demonstrates the presence of three dominant CaP structures in the mineralizing osteoblast cultures: <80 nm dense granules with a low calcium to phosphate ratio (Ca/P) and crystalline domains; calcium phosphate needles emanating from a focus: "needle-like globules" (100-300 nm in diameter) and mature mineral, both with statistically higher Ca/P compared to that of the dense granules. Many of the submicron granules and globules were interspersed around fibrillar structures containing nitrogen, which are most likely the signature of the organic phase. With high spatial resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) mapping, spatially resolved maps were acquired showing the distribution of carbonate within each mineral structure. The carbonate was located in the middle of the granules, which suggested the nucleation of the younger mineral starts with a carbonate-containing precursor and that this precursor may act as seed for growth into larger, submicron-sized, needle-like globules of hydroxyapatite with a different stoichiometry. Application of analytical electron microscopy has important implications in deciphering both how normal bone forms and in understanding pathological mineralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kharissa Nitiputri
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
| | | | - Hélène Autefage
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
| | | | - Suwimon Boonrungsiman
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Nicholas D. Evans
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nanoscale assembly processes revealed in the nacroprismatic transition zone of Pinna nobilis mollusc shells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:10097. [PMID: 26631940 PMCID: PMC4686775 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intricate biomineralization processes in molluscs engineer hierarchical structures with meso-, nano- and atomic architectures that give the final composite material exceptional mechanical strength and optical iridescence on the macroscale. This multiscale biological assembly inspires new synthetic routes to complex materials. Our investigation of the prism–nacre interface reveals nanoscale details governing the onset of nacre formation using high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. A wedge-polishing technique provides unprecedented, large-area specimens required to span the entire interface. Within this region, we find a transition from nanofibrillar aggregation to irregular early-nacre layers, to well-ordered mature nacre suggesting the assembly process is driven by aggregation of nanoparticles (∼50–80 nm) within an organic matrix that arrange in fibre-like polycrystalline configurations. The particle number increases successively and, when critical packing is reached, they merge into early-nacre platelets. These results give new insights into nacre formation and particle-accretion mechanisms that may be common to many calcareous biominerals. The study of biomineralization processes in molluscs can help to understand the properties of the final composites. Here, Hovden et al. have studied the early stages of nacre formation using high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, giving new insight into nacre formation.
Collapse
|
24
|
DeVol RT, Sun CY, Marcus MA, Coppersmith SN, Myneni SCB, Gilbert PU. Nanoscale Transforming Mineral Phases in Fresh Nacre. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13325-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross T. DeVol
- Department
of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Chang-Yu Sun
- Department
of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew A. Marcus
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Susan N. Coppersmith
- Department
of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Satish C. B. Myneni
- Department
of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Pupa U.P.A. Gilbert
- Department
of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Radcliffe
Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, 8 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Probing carbonate in bone forming minerals on the nanometre scale. Acta Biomater 2015; 20:129-139. [PMID: 25848725 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To devise new strategies to treat bone disease in an ageing society, a more detailed characterisation of the process by which bone mineralises is needed. In vitro studies have suggested that carbonated mineral might be a precursor for deposition of bone apatite. Increased carbonate content in bone may also have significant implications in altering the mechanical properties, for example in diseased bone. However, information about the chemistry and coordination environment of bone mineral, and their spatial distribution within healthy and diseased tissues, is lacking. Spatially resolved analytical transmission electron microscopy is the only method available to probe this information at the length scale of the collagen fibrils in bone. In this study, scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with electron energy-loss spectroscopy (STEM-EELS) was used to differentiate between calcium-containing biominerals (hydroxyapatite, carbonated hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate and calcite). A carbon K-edge peak at 290 eV is a direct marker of the presence of carbonate. We found that the oxygen K-edge structure changed most significantly between minerals allowing discrimination between calcium phosphates and calcium carbonates. The presence of carbonate in carbonated HA (CHA) was confirmed by the formation of peak at 533 eV in the oxygen K-edge. These observations were confirmed by simulations using density functional theory. Finally, we show that this method can be utilised to map carbonate from the crystallites in bone. We propose that our calibration library of EELS spectra could be extended to provide spatially resolved information about the coordination environment within bioceramic implants to stimulate the development of structural biomaterials.
Collapse
|
26
|
DeVol RT, Metzler RA, Kabalah-Amitai L, Pokroy B, Politi Y, Gal A, Addadi L, Weiner S, Fernandez-Martinez A, Demichelis R, Gale JD, Ihli J, Meldrum FC, Blonsky AZ, Killian CE, Salling CB, Young AT, Marcus MA, Scholl A, Doran A, Jenkins C, Bechtel HA, Gilbert PUPA. Oxygen spectroscopy and polarization-dependent imaging contrast (PIC)-mapping of calcium carbonate minerals and biominerals. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:8449-57. [PMID: 24821199 DOI: 10.1021/jp503700g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and spectromicroscopy have been extensively used to characterize biominerals. Using either Ca or C spectra, unique information has been obtained regarding amorphous biominerals and nanocrystal orientations. Building on these results, we demonstrate that recording XANES spectra of calcium carbonate at the oxygen K-edge enables polarization-dependent imaging contrast (PIC) mapping with unprecedented contrast, signal-to-noise ratio, and magnification. O and Ca spectra are presented for six calcium carbonate minerals: aragonite, calcite, vaterite, monohydrocalcite, and both hydrated and anhydrous amorphous calcium carbonate. The crystalline minerals reveal excellent agreement of the extent and direction of polarization dependences in simulated and experimental XANES spectra due to X-ray linear dichroism. This effect is particularly strong for aragonite, calcite, and vaterite. In natural biominerals, oxygen PIC-mapping generated high-magnification maps of unprecedented clarity from nacre and prismatic structures and their interface in Mytilus californianus shells. These maps revealed blocky aragonite crystals at the nacre-prismatic boundary and the narrowest calcite needle-prisms. In the tunic spicules of Herdmania momus, O PIC-mapping revealed the size and arrangement of some of the largest vaterite single crystals known. O spectroscopy therefore enables the simultaneous measurement of chemical and orientational information in CaCO3 biominerals and is thus a powerful means for analyzing these and other complex materials. As described here, PIC-mapping and spectroscopy at the O K-edge are methods for gathering valuable data that can be carried out using spectromicroscopy beamlines at most synchrotrons without the expense of additional equipment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ross T DeVol
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Metzler RA, Rez P. Polarization Dependence of Aragonite Calcium L-Edge XANES Spectrum Indicates c and b Axes Orientation. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:6758-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jp503565e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Metzler
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Colgate University, 13 Oak Dr., Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
| | - Peter Rez
- Department
of Physics, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871504, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Olson IC, Blonsky AZ, Tamura N, Kunz M, Pokroy B, Romao CP, White MA, Gilbert PUPA. Crystal nucleation and near-epitaxial growth in nacre. J Struct Biol 2013; 184:454-63. [PMID: 24121160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nacre is the iridescent inner lining of many mollusk shells, with a unique lamellar structure at the sub-micron scale, and remarkable resistance to fracture. Despite extensive studies, nacre formation mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here we present 20-nm, 2°-resolution polarization-dependent imaging contrast (PIC) images of shells from 15 mollusk species, mapping nacre tablets and their orientation patterns. These data show where new crystal orientations appear and how similar orientations propagate as nacre grows. In all shells we found stacks of co-oriented aragonite (CaCO₃) tablets arranged into vertical columns or staggered diagonally. Near the nacre-prismatic (NP) boundary highly disordered spherulitic aragonite is nucleated. Overgrowing nacre tablet crystals are most frequently co-oriented with the underlying aragonite spherulites, or with another tablet. Away from the NP-boundary all tablets are nearly co-oriented in all species, with crystal lattice tilting, abrupt or gradual, always observed and always small (plus or minus 10°). Therefore aragonite crystal growth in nacre is near-epitaxial. Based on these data, we propose that there is one mineral bridge per tablet, and that "bridge tilting" may occur without fracturing the bridge, hence providing the seed from which the next tablet grows near-epitaxially.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Olson
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Checa AG, Mutvei H, Osuna-Mascaró AJ, Bonarski JT, Faryna M, Berent K, Pina CM, Rousseau M, Macías-Sánchez E. Crystallographic control on the substructure of nacre tablets. J Struct Biol 2013; 183:368-376. [PMID: 23933391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nacre tablets of mollusks develop two kinds of features when either the calcium carbonate or the organic portions are removed: (1) parallel lineations (vermiculations) formed by elongated carbonate rods, and (2) hourglass patterns, which appear in high relief when etched or in low relief if bleached. In untreated tablets, SEM and AFM data show that vermiculations correspond to aligned and fused aragonite nanogloblules, which are partly surrounded by thin organic pellicles. EBSD mapping of the surfaces of tablets indicates that the vermiculations are invariably parallel to the crystallographic a-axis of aragonite and that the triangles are aligned with the b-axis and correspond to the advance of the {010} faces during the growth of the tablet. According to our interpretation, the vermiculations appear because organic molecules during growth are expelled from the a-axis, where the Ca-CO3 bonds are the shortest. In this way, the subunits forming nacre merge uninterruptedly, forming chains parallel to the a-axis, whereas the organic molecules are expelled to the sides of these chains. Hourglass patterns would be produced by preferential adsorption of organic molecules along the {010}, as compared to the {100} faces. A model is presented for the nanostructure of nacre tablets. SEM and EBSD data also show the existence within the tablets of nanocrystalline units, which are twinned on {110} with the rest of the tablet. Our study shows that the growth dynamics of nacre tablets (and bioaragonite in general) results from the interaction at two different and mutually related levels: tablets and nanogranules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G Checa
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Harry Mutvei
- Department of Paleozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Frescativägen 40, 11-418 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Antonio J Osuna-Mascaró
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Jan T Bonarski
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta. 25, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marek Faryna
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta. 25, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Berent
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta. 25, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Carlos M Pina
- Departamento de Cristalografía y Mineralogía, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Novais s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marthe Rousseau
- CNRS, UMR7365, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Elena Macías-Sánchez
- Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Avenida Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Olson IC, Metzler RA, Tamura N, Kunz M, Killian CE, Gilbert PUPA. Crystal lattice tilting in prismatic calcite. J Struct Biol 2013; 183:180-90. [PMID: 23806677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the calcitic prismatic layers in Atrina rigida (Ar), Haliotis iris (Hi), Haliotis laevigata (HL), Haliotis rufescens (Hrf), Mytilus californianus (Mc), Pinctada fucata (Pf), Pinctada margaritifera (Pm) shells, and the aragonitic prismatic layer in the Nautilus pompilius (Np) shell. Dramatic structural differences were observed across species, with 100-μm wide single-crystalline prisms in Hi, HL and Hrf, 1-μm wide needle-shaped calcite prisms in Mc, 1-μm wide spherulitic aragonite prisms in Np, 20-μm wide single-crystalline calcite prisms in Ar, and 20-μm wide polycrystalline calcite prisms in Pf and Pm. The calcite prisms in Pf and Pm are subdivided into sub-prismatic domains of orientations, and within each of these domains the calcite crystal lattice tilts gradually over long distances, on the order of 100 μm, with an angle spread of crystal orientation of 10-20°. Furthermore, prisms in Pf and Pm are harder than in any other calcite prisms analyzed, their nanoparticles are smaller, and the angle spread is strongly correlated with hardness in all shells that form calcitic prismatic layers. One can hypothesize a causal relationship of these correlated parameters: greater angle spread may confer greater hardness and resistance to wear, thus providing Pf and Pm with a structural advantage in their environment. This is the first structure-property relationship thus far hypothesized in mollusk shell prisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Olson
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Profile of Susan N. Coppersmith. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:802-3. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222451110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
33
|
Olson IC, Kozdon R, Valley JW, Gilbert PUPA. Mollusk shell nacre ultrastructure correlates with environmental temperature and pressure. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:7351-8. [PMID: 22313180 DOI: 10.1021/ja210808s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nacre, or mother-of-pearl, the tough, iridescent biomineral lining the inner side of some mollusk shells, has alternating biogenic aragonite (calcium carbonate, CaCO(3)) tablet layers and organic sheets. Nacre has been common in the shells of mollusks since the Ordovician (450 million years ago) and is abundant and well-preserved in the fossil record, e.g., in ammonites. Therefore, if any measurable physical aspect of the nacre structure was correlated with environmental temperatures, one could obtain a structural paleothermometer of ancient climates. Using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, Photoelectron emission spectromicroscopy (PEEM), and X-ray linear dichroism we acquired polarization-dependent imaging contrast (PIC) maps of pristine nacre in cross-section. The new PIC-map data reveal that the nacre ultrastructure (nacre tablet width, thickness, and angle spread) is species-specific in at least eight mollusk species from completely different environments: Nautilus pompilius, Haliotis iris, Haliotis rufescens, Bathymodiolus azoricus, Atrina rigida, Lasmigona complanata, Pinctada margaritifera, and Mytilus californianus. Nacre species-specificity is interpreted as a result of adaptation to diverging environments. We found strong correlation between nacre crystal misorientations and environmental temperature, further supported by secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements of in situ δ(18)O in the nacre of one shell. This has far-reaching implications: nacre texture may be used as a paleothermometer of ancient climate, spanning 450 million years of Earth's history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Olson
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lam RS, Metzler RA, Gilbert PU, Beniash E. Anisotropy of chemical bonds in collagen molecules studied by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:476-80. [PMID: 22148847 DOI: 10.1021/cb200260d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Collagen type I fibrils are the major building blocks of connective tissues. Collagen fibrils are anisotropic supramolecular structures, and their orientation can be revealed by polarized light microscopy and vibrational microspectroscopy. We hypothesized that the anisotropy of chemical bonds in the collagen molecules, and hence their orientation, might also be detected by X-ray photoemission electron spectromicroscopy (X-PEEM) and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, which use linearly polarized synchrotron light. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed sections of rat-tail tendon, composed of parallel arrays of collagen fibrils. The results clearly indicate that XANES-PEEM is sensitive to collagen fibril orientation and, more specifically, to the orientations of carbonyl and amide bonds in collagen molecules. These data suggest that XANES-PEEM is a promising technique for characterizing the chemical composition and structural organization at the nanoscale of collagen-based connective tissues, including tendons, cartilage, and bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond S.K. Lam
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15261, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Metzler
- Department
of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin 53706,
United States
| | - Pupa U.P.A. Gilbert
- Department
of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin 53706,
United States
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15261, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Olson IC, Gilbert PUPA. Aragonite crystal orientation in mollusk shell nacre may depend on temperature. The angle spread of crystalline aragonite tablets records the water temperature at which nacre was deposited by Pinctada margaritifera. Faraday Discuss 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fd20047c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
36
|
Checa AG, Cartwright JH, Willinger MG. Mineral bridges in nacre. J Struct Biol 2011; 176:330-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
37
|
Abstract
Understanding electronic structure at the nanoscale is crucial to untangling fundamental physics puzzles such as phase separation and emergent behavior in complex magnetic oxides. Probes with the ability to see beyond surfaces on nanometer length and subpicosecond time scales can greatly enhance our understanding of these systems and will undoubtedly impact development of future information technologies. Polarized X-rays are an appealing choice of probe due to their penetrating power, elemental and magnetic specificity, and high spatial resolution. The resolution of traditional X-ray microscopes is limited by the nanometer precision required to fabricate X-ray optics. Here we present a novel approach to lensless imaging of an extended magnetic nanostructure, in which a scanned series of dichroic coherent diffraction patterns is recorded and numerically inverted to map its magnetic domain configuration. Unlike holographic methods, it does not require a reference wave or precision optics. In addition, it enables the imaging of samples with arbitrarily large spatial dimensions, at a spatial resolution limited solely by the coherent X-ray flux, wavelength, and stability of the sample with respect to the beam. It can readily be extended to nonmagnetic systems that exhibit circular or linear dichroism. We demonstrate this approach by imaging ferrimagnetic labyrinthine domains in a Gd/Fe multilayer with perpendicular anisotropy and follow the evolution of the domain structure through part of its magnetization hysteresis loop. This approach is scalable to imaging with diffraction-limited resolution, a prospect rapidly becoming a reality in view of the new generation of phenomenally brilliant X-ray sources.
Collapse
|
38
|
Gilbert PUPA, Young A, Coppersmith SN. Measurement of c-axis angular orientation in calcite (CaCO3) nanocrystals using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:11350-5. [PMID: 21693647 PMCID: PMC3136314 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1107917108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that the ability to manipulate the polarization of synchrotron radiation can be exploited to enhance the capabilities of X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, to include linear dichroism effects. By acquiring spectra at the same photon energies but different polarizations, and using a photoelectron emission spectromicroscope (PEEM), one can quantitatively determine the angular orientation of micro- and nanocrystals with a spatial resolution down to 10 nm. XANES-PEEM instruments are already present at most synchrotrons, hence these methods are readily available. The methods are demonstrated here on geologic calcite (CaCO(3)) and used to investigate the prismatic layer of a mollusk shell, Pinctada fucata. These XANES-PEEM data reveal multiply oriented nanocrystals within calcite prisms, previously thought to be monocrystalline. The subdivision into multiply oriented nanocrystals, spread by more than 50°, may explain the excellent mechanical properties of the prismatic layer, known for decades but never explained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Young
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Benzerara K, Menguy N, Obst M, Stolarski J, Mazur M, Tylisczak T, Brown GE, Meibom A. Study of the crystallographic architecture of corals at the nanoscale by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2011; 111:1268-75. [PMID: 21864767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the nanotexture and crystallographic orientation of aragonite in a coral skeleton using synchrotron-based scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Polarization-dependent STXM imaging at 40-nm spatial resolution was used to obtain an orientation map of the c-axis of aragonite on a focused ion beam milled ultrathin section of a Porites coral. This imaging showed that one of the basic units of coral skeletons, referred to as the center of calcification (COC), consists of a cluster of 100-nm aragonite globules crystallographically aligned over several micrometers with a fan-like distribution and with the properties of single crystals at the mesoscale. The remainder of the skeleton consists of aragonite single-crystal fibers in crystallographic continuity with the nanoglobules comprising the COC. Our observation provides information on the nm-scale processes that led to biomineral formation in this sample. Importantly, the present study illustrates how the methodology described here, which combines HRTEM and polarization-dependent synchrotron-based STXM imaging, offers an interesting new approach for investigating biomineralizing systems at the nm-scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karim Benzerara
- Institut de Minéralogie et de Physique des Milieux Condensés, UMR 7590, CNRS, Universités Paris 6 & IPGP. 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Heinemann F, Launspach M, Gries K, Fritz M. Gastropod nacre: Structure, properties and growth — Biological, chemical and physical basics. Biophys Chem 2011; 153:126-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
41
|
Metzler RA, Evans JS, Killian CE, Zhou D, Churchill TH, Appathurai NP, Coppersmith SN, Gilbert PUPA. Nacre Protein Fragment Templates Lamellar Aragonite Growth. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:6329-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ja909735y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Metzler
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Center for Biomolecular Materials Spectroscopy, Laboratory for Chemical Physics, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, New York, New York 10010, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Synchrotron Radiation Center, 3731 Schneider Drive, Stoughton, Wisconsin 53589
| | - John Spencer Evans
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Center for Biomolecular Materials Spectroscopy, Laboratory for Chemical Physics, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, New York, New York 10010, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Synchrotron Radiation Center, 3731 Schneider Drive, Stoughton, Wisconsin 53589
| | - Christopher E. Killian
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Center for Biomolecular Materials Spectroscopy, Laboratory for Chemical Physics, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, New York, New York 10010, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Synchrotron Radiation Center, 3731 Schneider Drive, Stoughton, Wisconsin 53589
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Center for Biomolecular Materials Spectroscopy, Laboratory for Chemical Physics, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, New York, New York 10010, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Synchrotron Radiation Center, 3731 Schneider Drive, Stoughton, Wisconsin 53589
| | - Tyler H. Churchill
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Center for Biomolecular Materials Spectroscopy, Laboratory for Chemical Physics, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, New York, New York 10010, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Synchrotron Radiation Center, 3731 Schneider Drive, Stoughton, Wisconsin 53589
| | - Narayana P. Appathurai
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Center for Biomolecular Materials Spectroscopy, Laboratory for Chemical Physics, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, New York, New York 10010, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Synchrotron Radiation Center, 3731 Schneider Drive, Stoughton, Wisconsin 53589
| | - Susan N. Coppersmith
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Center for Biomolecular Materials Spectroscopy, Laboratory for Chemical Physics, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, New York, New York 10010, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Synchrotron Radiation Center, 3731 Schneider Drive, Stoughton, Wisconsin 53589
| | - P. U. P. A. Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Center for Biomolecular Materials Spectroscopy, Laboratory for Chemical Physics, New York University, 345 East 24th Street, New York, New York 10010, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Synchrotron Radiation Center, 3731 Schneider Drive, Stoughton, Wisconsin 53589
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Killian CE, Metzler RA, Gong YUT, Olson IC, Aizenberg J, Politi Y, Wilt FH, Scholl A, Young A, Doran A, Kunz M, Tamura N, Coppersmith SN, Gilbert PUPA. Mechanism of Calcite Co-Orientation in the Sea Urchin Tooth. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:18404-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja907063z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Killian
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Rebecca A. Metzler
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Y. U. T. Gong
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Ian C. Olson
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Joanna Aizenberg
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Yael Politi
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Fred H. Wilt
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Andreas Scholl
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Anthony Young
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Andrew Doran
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Martin Kunz
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Nobumichi Tamura
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Susan N. Coppersmith
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - P. U. P. A. Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel, and Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Jackson DJ, McDougall C, Woodcroft B, Moase P, Rose RA, Kube M, Reinhardt R, Rokhsar DS, Montagnani C, Joubert C, Piquemal D, Degnan BM. Parallel evolution of nacre building gene sets in molluscs. Mol Biol Evol 2009; 27:591-608. [PMID: 19915030 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msp278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to biomineralize is closely linked to the rapid expansion of animal life during the early Cambrian, with many skeletonized phyla first appearing in the fossil record at this time. The appearance of disparate molluscan forms during this period leaves open the possibility that shells evolved independently and in parallel in at least some groups. To test this proposition and gain insight into the evolution of structural genes that contribute to shell fabrication, we compared genes expressed in nacre (mother-of-pearl) forming cells in the mantle of the bivalve Pinctada maxima and the gastropod Haliotis asinina. Despite both species having highly lustrous nacre, we find extensive differences in these expressed gene sets. Following the removal of housekeeping genes, less than 10% of all gene clusters are shared between these molluscs, with some being conserved biomineralization genes that are also found in deuterostomes. These differences extend to secreted proteins that may localize to the organic shell matrix, with less than 15% of this secretome being shared. Despite these differences, H. asinina and P. maxima both secrete proteins with repetitive low-complexity domains (RLCDs). Pinctada maxima RLCD proteins-for example, the shematrins-are predominated by silk/fibroin-like domains, which are absent from the H. asinina data set. Comparisons of shematrin genes across three species of Pinctada indicate that this gene family has undergone extensive divergent evolution within pearl oysters. We also detect fundamental bivalve-gastropod differences in extracellular matrix proteins involved in mollusc-shell formation. Pinctada maxima expresses a chitin synthase at high levels and several chitin deacetylation genes, whereas only one protein involved in chitin interactions is present in the H. asinina data set, suggesting that the organic matrix on which calcification proceeds differs fundamentally between these species. Large-scale differences in genes expressed in nacre-forming cells of Pinctada and Haliotis are compatible with the hypothesis that gastropod and bivalve nacre is the result of convergent evolution. The expression of novel biomineralizing RLCD proteins in each of these two molluscs and, interestingly, sea urchins suggests that the evolution of such structural proteins has occurred independently multiple times in the Metazoa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Jackson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Weiss IM, Kaufmann S, Heiland B, Tanaka M. Covalent modification of chitin with silk-derivatives acts as an amphiphilic self-organizing template in nacre biomineralisation. J Struct Biol 2009; 167:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
45
|
Luz GM, Mano JF. Biomimetic design of materials and biomaterials inspired by the structure of nacre. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2009; 367:1587-605. [PMID: 19324725 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2009.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The micro-architecture of nacre (mother of pearl) has been classically illustrated as a 'brick-and-mortar' arrangement. It is clear now that hierarchical organization and other structural features play an important role in the amazing mechanical properties of this natural nanocomposite. The more important structural characteristics and mechanical properties of nacre are exposed as a base that has inspired scientists and engineers to develop biomimetic strategies that could be useful in areas such as materials science, biomaterials development and nanotechnology. A strong emphasis is given on the latest advances on the synthetic design and production of nacre-inspired materials and coatings, in particular to be used in biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela M Luz
- 3B's Research Group--Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
The grinding tip of the sea urchin tooth exhibits exquisite control over calcite crystal orientation and Mg distribution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:6048-53. [PMID: 19332795 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810300106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The sea urchin tooth is a remarkable grinding tool. Even though the tooth is composed almost entirely of calcite, it is used to grind holes into a rocky substrate itself often composed of calcite. Here, we use 3 complementary high-resolution tools to probe aspects of the structure of the grinding tip: X-ray photoelectron emission spectromicroscopy (X-PEEM), X-ray microdiffraction, and NanoSIMS. We confirm that the needles and plates are aligned and show here that even the high Mg polycrystalline matrix constituents are aligned with the other 2 structural elements when imaged at 20-nm resolution. Furthermore, we show that the entire tooth is composed of 2 cooriented polycrystalline blocks that differ in their orientations by only a few degrees. A unique feature of the grinding tip is that the structural elements from each coaligned block interdigitate. This interdigitation may influence the fracture process by creating a corrugated grinding surface. We also show that the overall Mg content of the tooth structural elements increases toward the grinding tip. This probably contributes to the increasing hardness of the tooth from the periphery to the tip. Clearly the formation of the tooth, and the tooth tip in particular, is amazingly well controlled. The improved understanding of these structural features could lead to the design of better mechanical grinding and cutting tools.
Collapse
|
47
|
Beniash E, Metzler RA, Lam RSK, Gilbert PUPA. Transient amorphous calcium phosphate in forming enamel. J Struct Biol 2009; 166:133-43. [PMID: 19217943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enamel, the hardest tissue in the body, begins as a three-dimensional network of nanometer size mineral particles, suspended in a protein gel. This mineral network serves as a template for mature enamel formation. To further understand the mechanisms of enamel formation we characterized the forming enamel mineral at an early secretory stage using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectromicroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), FTIR microspectroscopy and polarized light microscopy. We show that the newly formed enamel mineral is amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), which eventually transforms into apatitic crystals. Interestingly, the size, shape and spatial organization of these amorphous mineral particles and older crystals are essentially the same, indicating that the mineral morphology and organization in enamel is determined prior to its crystallization. Mineralization via transient amorphous phases has been previously reported in chiton teeth, mollusk shells, echinoderm spicules and spines, and recent reports strongly suggest the presence of transient amorphous mineral in forming vertebrate bones. The present finding of transient ACP in murine tooth enamel suggests that this strategy might be universal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elia Beniash
- University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral Biology, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Correlation of the orientation of stacked aragonite platelets in nacre and their connection via mineral bridges. Ultramicroscopy 2009; 109:230-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2008.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
49
|
Gower LB. Biomimetic model systems for investigating the amorphous precursor pathway and its role in biomineralization. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4551-627. [PMID: 19006398 PMCID: PMC3652400 DOI: 10.1021/cr800443h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie B Gower
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Florida, 210A Rhines Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhou D, Metzler RA, Tyliszczak T, Guo J, Abrecht M, Coppersmith SN, Gilbert PUPA. Assignment of Polarization-Dependent Peaks in Carbon K-Edge Spectra from Biogenic and Geologic Aragonite. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:13128-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jp803176z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhou
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Synchrotron Radiation Center, 3731 Schneider Drive, Stoughton, Wisconsin 53589
| | - Rebecca A. Metzler
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Synchrotron Radiation Center, 3731 Schneider Drive, Stoughton, Wisconsin 53589
| | - Tolek Tyliszczak
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Synchrotron Radiation Center, 3731 Schneider Drive, Stoughton, Wisconsin 53589
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Synchrotron Radiation Center, 3731 Schneider Drive, Stoughton, Wisconsin 53589
| | - Mike Abrecht
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Synchrotron Radiation Center, 3731 Schneider Drive, Stoughton, Wisconsin 53589
| | - Susan N. Coppersmith
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Synchrotron Radiation Center, 3731 Schneider Drive, Stoughton, Wisconsin 53589
| | - P. U. P. A. Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Synchrotron Radiation Center, 3731 Schneider Drive, Stoughton, Wisconsin 53589
| |
Collapse
|