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Li R, Rosado-Souza L, Sampathkumar A, Fernie AR. The relationship between cell wall and postharvest physiological deterioration of fresh produce. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108568. [PMID: 38581806 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) reduces the availability and economic value of fresh produces, resulting in the waste of agricultural products and becoming a worldwide problem. Therefore, many studies have been carried out at the anatomical structural, physiological and biochemical levels and molecular levels of PPD of fresh produces to seek ways to manage the postharvest quality of fresh produce. The cell wall is the outermost structure of a plant cell and as such represents the first barrier to prevent external microorganisms and other injuries. Many studies on postharvest quality of crop storage organs relate to changes in plant cell wall-related components. Indeed, these studies evidence the non-negligible role of the plant cell wall in postharvest storage ability. However, the relationship between cell wall metabolism and postharvest deterioration of fresh produces has not been well summarized. In this review, we summarize the structural changes of cell walls in different types of PPD, metabolic changes, and the possible molecular mechanism regulating cell wall metabolism in PPD of fresh produce. This review provides a basis for further research on delaying the occurrence of PPD of fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimei Li
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Sanya Research Institute/Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Laise Rosado-Souza
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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2
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Vondracek K, Altpeter F, Liu T, Lee S. Advances in genomics and genome editing for improving strawberry ( Fragaria ×ananassa). Front Genet 2024; 15:1382445. [PMID: 38706796 PMCID: PMC11066249 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1382445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The cultivated strawberry, Fragaria ×ananassa, is a recently domesticated fruit species of economic interest worldwide. As such, there is significant interest in continuous varietal improvement. Genomics-assisted improvement, including the use of DNA markers and genomic selection have facilitated significant improvements of numerous key traits during strawberry breeding. CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing allows targeted mutations and precision nucleotide substitutions in the target genome, revolutionizing functional genomics and crop improvement. Genome editing is beginning to gain traction in the more challenging polyploid crops, including allo-octoploid strawberry. The release of high-quality reference genomes and comprehensive subgenome-specific genotyping and gene expression profiling data in octoploid strawberry will lead to a surge in trait discovery and modification by using CRISPR/Cas. Genome editing has already been successfully applied for modification of several strawberry genes, including anthocyanin content, fruit firmness and tolerance to post-harvest disease. However, reports on many other important breeding characteristics associated with fruit quality and production are still lacking, indicating a need for streamlined genome editing approaches and tools in Fragaria ×ananassa. In this review, we present an overview of the latest advancements in knowledge and breeding efforts involving CRISPR/Cas genome editing for the enhancement of strawberry varieties. Furthermore, we explore potential applications of this technology for improving other Rosaceous plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Vondracek
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
- University of Florida, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Fredy Altpeter
- University of Florida, Agronomy Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Tie Liu
- University of Florida, Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Seonghee Lee
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States
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3
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Malacarne G, Lagreze J, Rojas San Martin B, Malnoy M, Moretto M, Moser C, Dalla Costa L. Insights into the cell-wall dynamics in grapevine berries during ripening and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:38. [PMID: 38605193 PMCID: PMC11009762 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01437-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) is the dynamic structure of a plant cell, acting as a barrier against biotic and abiotic stresses. In grape berries, the modifications of pulp and skin CW during softening ensure flexibility during cell expansion and determine the final berry texture. In addition, the CW of grape berry skin is of fundamental importance for winemaking, controlling secondary metabolite extractability. Grapevine varieties with contrasting CW characteristics generally respond differently to biotic and abiotic stresses. In the context of climate change, it is important to investigate the CW dynamics occurring upon different stresses, to define new adaptation strategies. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying CW modifications during grapevine berry fruit ripening, plant-pathogen interaction, or in response to environmental stresses, also considering the most recently published transcriptomic data. Furthermore, perspectives of new biotechnological approaches aiming at modifying the CW properties based on other crops' examples are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Malacarne
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy.
| | - Jorge Lagreze
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
- Centre Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
| | - Barbara Rojas San Martin
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
- Centre Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
| | - Marco Moretto
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
| | - Lorenza Dalla Costa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, 38098, Trento, Italy
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4
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Chase K, Belisle C, Ahlawat Y, Yu F, Sargent S, Sandoya G, Begcy K, Liu T. Examining preharvest genetic and morphological factors contributing to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) shelf-life. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6618. [PMID: 38503783 PMCID: PMC10951199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Lettuce is a highly perishable horticultural crop with a relatively short shelf-life that limits its commercial value and contributes to food waste. Postharvest senescence varies with influences of both environmental and genetic factors. From a larger pool of romaine lettuce genotypes, we identified three genotypes with variable shelf lives and evaluated their leaf morphology characteristics and transcriptomic profiles at preharvest to predict postharvest quality. Breeding line 60184 had the shortest shelf-life (SSL), cultivar 'Manatee' had an intermediate shelf-life (ISL), and 'Okeechobee' had the longest shelf-life (LSL). We observed significantly larger leaf lamina thickness and higher stomatal index in the SSL genotypes relative to the LSL cultivar. To identify molecular indicators of shelf-life, we used a transcriptional approach between two of the contrasting genotypes, breeding line 60184 and cultivar 'Okeechobee' at preharvest. We identified 552 upregulated and 315 downregulated differentially expressed genes between the genotypes, from which 27% of them had an Arabidopsis thaliana ortholog previously characterized as senescence associated genes (SAGs). Notably, we identified several SAGs including several related to jasmonate ZIM-domain jasmonic acid signaling, chlorophyll a-b binding, and cell wall modification including pectate lyases and expansins. This study presented an innovative approach for identifying preharvest molecular factors linked to postharvest traits for prolonged shelf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Chase
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Catherine Belisle
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Everglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Belle Glade, FL, USA
| | - Yogesh Ahlawat
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fahong Yu
- Bioinformatics, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Steven Sargent
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Germán Sandoya
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Everglades Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Belle Glade, FL, USA.
| | - Kevin Begcy
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Tie Liu
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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5
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Ric-Varas P, Paniagua C, López-Casado G, Molina-Hidalgo FJ, Schückel J, Knox JP, Blanco-Portales R, Moyano E, Muñoz-Blanco J, Posé S, Matas AJ, Mercado JA. Suppressing the rhamnogalacturonan lyase gene FaRGLyase1 preserves RGI pectin degradation and enhances strawberry fruit firmness. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108294. [PMID: 38159547 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Plant rhamnogalacturonan lyases (RGLyases) cleave the backbone of rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI), the "hairy" pectin and polymer of the disaccharide rhamnose (Rha)-galacturonic acid (GalA) with arabinan, galactan or arabinogalactan side chains. It has been suggested that RGLyases could participate in remodeling cell walls during fruit softening, but clear evidence has not been reported. To investigate the role of RGLyases in strawberry softening, a genome-wide analysis of RGLyase genes in the genus Fragaria was performed. Seventeen genes encoding RGLyases with functional domains were identified in Fragaria × ananassa. FaRGLyase1 was the most expressed in the ripe receptacle of cv. Chandler. Transgenic strawberry plants expressing an RNAi sequence of FaRGLyase1 were obtained. Three transgenic lines yielded ripe fruits firmer than controls without other fruit quality parameters being significantly affected. The highest increase in firmness achieved was close to 32%. Cell walls were isolated from ripe fruits of two selected lines. The amount of water-soluble and chelated pectins was higher in transgenic lines than in the control. A carbohydrate microarray study showed a higher abundance of RGI epitopes in pectin fractions and in the cellulose-enriched fraction obtained from transgenic lines. Sixty-seven genes were differentially expressed in transgenic ripe fruits when compared with controls. These genes were involved in various physiological processes, including cell wall remodeling, ion homeostasis, lipid metabolism, protein degradation, stress response, and defense. The transcriptomic changes observed in FaRGLyase1 plants suggest that senescence was delayed in transgenic fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ric-Varas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Candelas Paniagua
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Gloria López-Casado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Julia Schückel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Rosario Blanco-Portales
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Enriqueta Moyano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sara Posé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio J Matas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - José A Mercado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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6
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Chebli Y, Geitmann A. Pectate lyase-like lubricates the male gametophyte's path toward its mating partner. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:124-136. [PMID: 37658849 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The pollen tube is an extension of the male gametophyte in plants and mediates sexual reproduction by delivering the sperm cells to the female gametophyte. To accomplish this task, the elongating pollen tube must break through the thick wall of the pollen grain and penetrate multiple pistillar tissues. Both processes require the loosening of cell wall material-that of the pollen intine and that of the apoplast of the transmitting tract. The enzymatic toolbox for these cell wall modifying processes employed by the invading male gametophyte is elusive. We investigated the role of the pectin-digesting pectate lyase-like (PLL) by combining mutant analysis with microscopy observations, fluorescence recovery after photo-bleaching experiments, and immuno-detection. We show that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), PLLs are required for intine loosening during the first steps of pollen tube germination. We provide evidence that during pollen tube elongation, PLLs are released by the pollen tube into the extracellular space, suggesting that they may be employed to soften the apoplast of the transmitting tissue. The synergistic enzymatic action of PLLs in the pollen grain, the pollen tube, and the transmitting track contribute to an effective fertilization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Chebli
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada
- ECP3-Multi-Scale Imaging Facility, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada
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7
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Guizani M, Maatallah S, Dabbou S, Montevecchi G, Antonelli A, Serrano M, Hajlaoui H, Kilani-Jaziri S. Ethylene production and antioxidant potential of five peach cultivars during maturation. J Food Sci 2023; 88:4544-4559. [PMID: 37812169 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous biochemical processes are involved in fruit maturation, such as ethylene production, phenolic compounds accumulation, and antioxidant enzymes production. Therefore, the aim of the present work was the evaluation of ethylene production, and the bioactive compounds change in the exocarp and mesocarp of five peach [Prunus persica (L.)] cultivars during three ripening stages, (1) early ripening (ER), (2) commercial maturation, and (3) full ripening (FR) in order to establish the best stage to harvest each peach variety. The experiment was applied to five peach cultivars growing within an arid bioclimatic environment covering the whole peach production season: two early cultivars, Flordastar and Early Maycrest; one variety of mid-season Rubirich; and two late cultivars, Sweet Cap and O'Henry. Ethylene production, phenolic compounds, and oxidative stress through antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, peroxidases [PODs] Class III, and ascorbate-POD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) production were determined in the exocarp and mesocarp of peach fruits. The results showed a significant increase in ethylene production during fruit ripening. However, a parallel decrease in the level of phenolic compounds as well as in antioxidant enzyme activities was observed. The FR stage was also characterized by an important accumulation of MDA and H2 O2 . In conclusion, important changes in fruit quality associated with the production level of ethylene were observed. Fruits harvested during the ER stage would be more suitable for delivering to distant markets and more appreciated by the peach industries due to their highest phenolic acid content, best antioxidant enzyme activities, and lowest oxidative stress indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Guizani
- University of Carthage, Non-Conventional Water Valuation Research Laboratory (LR VENC), INRGREF, Tunis, Tunisia
- Institution of Research and Higher Education Agriculture (IRESA), Regional Center for Agricultural Research, Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia
| | - Samira Maatallah
- University of Carthage, Non-Conventional Water Valuation Research Laboratory (LR VENC), INRGREF, Tunis, Tunisia
- Institution of Research and Higher Education Agriculture (IRESA), Regional Center for Agricultural Research, Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia
| | - Samia Dabbou
- Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Giuseppe Montevecchi
- Department of Life Science (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Andrea Antonelli
- Department of Life Science (Agro-Food Science Area), BIOGEST - SITEIA Interdepartmental Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Maria Serrano
- Department of Applied Biology, University Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Hichem Hajlaoui
- University of Carthage, Non-Conventional Water Valuation Research Laboratory (LR VENC), INRGREF, Tunis, Tunisia
- Institution of Research and Higher Education Agriculture (IRESA), Regional Center for Agricultural Research, Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Kilani-Jaziri
- Unit of Bioactive and Natural Substances and Biotechnology UR17ES49, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences A, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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8
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Li X, Martín-Pizarro C, Zhou L, Hou B, Wang Y, Shen Y, Li B, Posé D, Qin G. Deciphering the regulatory network of the NAC transcription factor FvRIF, a key regulator of strawberry (Fragaria vesca) fruit ripening. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:4020-4045. [PMID: 37506031 PMCID: PMC10615214 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The NAC transcription factor ripening inducing factor (RIF) was previously reported to be necessary for the ripening of octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruit, but the mechanistic basis of RIF-mediated transcriptional regulation and how RIF activity is modulated remains elusive. Here, we show that FvRIF in diploid strawberry, Fragaria vesca, is a key regulator in the control of fruit ripening and that knockout mutations of FvRIF result in a complete block of fruit ripening. DNA affinity purification sequencing coupled with transcriptome deep sequencing suggests that 2,080 genes are direct targets of FvRIF-mediated regulation, including those related to various aspects of fruit ripening. We provide evidence that FvRIF modulates anthocyanin biosynthesis and fruit softening by directly regulating the related core genes. Moreover, we demonstrate that FvRIF interacts with and serves as a substrate of MAP kinase 6 (FvMAPK6), which regulates the transcriptional activation function of FvRIF by phosphorylating FvRIF at Thr-310. Our findings uncover the FvRIF-mediated transcriptional regulatory network in controlling strawberry fruit ripening and highlight the physiological significance of phosphorylation modification on FvRIF activity in ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093,China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093,China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049,China
| | - Carmen Martín-Pizarro
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga 29071,Spain
| | - Leilei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093,China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093,China
| | - Bingzhu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093,China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093,China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093,China
| | - Yuanyue Shen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206,China
| | - Bingbing Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193,China
| | - David Posé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga 29071,Spain
| | - Guozheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093,China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093,China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049,China
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9
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Liu Z, Liang T, Kang C. Molecular bases of strawberry fruit quality traits: Advances, challenges, and opportunities. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:900-914. [PMID: 37399254 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The strawberry is one of the world's most popular fruits, providing humans with vitamins, fibers, and antioxidants. Cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is an allo-octoploid and highly heterozygous, making it a challenge for breeding, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, and gene discovery. Some wild strawberry relatives, such as Fragaria vesca, have diploid genomes and are becoming laboratory models for the cultivated strawberry. Recent advances in genome sequencing and CRISPR-mediated genome editing have greatly improved the understanding of various aspects of strawberry growth and development in both cultivated and wild strawberries. This review focuses on fruit quality traits that are most relevant to the consumers, including fruit aroma, sweetness, color, firmness, and shape. Recently available phased-haplotype genomes, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, extensive fruit transcriptomes, and other big data have made it possible to locate key genomic regions or pinpoint specific genes that underlie volatile synthesis, anthocyanin accumulation for fruit color, and sweetness intensity or perception. These new advances will greatly facilitate marker-assisted breeding, the introgression of missing genes into modern varieties, and precise genome editing of selected genes and pathways. Strawberries are poised to benefit from these recent advances, providing consumers with fruit that is tastier, longer-lasting, healthier, and more beautiful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchi Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Tong Liang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chunying Kang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
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10
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Lin Y, He H, Wen Y, Cao S, Wang Z, Sun Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, He W, Li M, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Wang X, Tang H. Comprehensive Analysis of the Pectate Lyase Gene Family and the Role of FaPL1 in Strawberry Softening. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13217. [PMID: 37686025 PMCID: PMC10488268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit softening is a crucial factor that controls shelf life and commercial value. Pectate lyase (PL) has a major role in strawberry fruit softening. However, the PL gene family in strawberry has not been comprehensively analyzed. In this study, 65 FaPL genes were identified in the octoploid strawberry genome. Subcellular localization prediction indicated that FaPLs are mostly localized to the extracellular and cytoplasmic spaces. Duplication event analysis suggested that FaPL gene family expansion is mainly driven by whole genome or segmental duplication. The FaPL family members were classified into six groups according to the phylogenetic analysis. Among them, FaPL1, 3, 5, 20, 25, 42, and 57 had gradually increased expressions during strawberry fruit development and ripening and higher expression levels in the fruits with less firmness than that in firmer fruit. This result suggested that these members are involved in strawberry softening. Furthermore, overexpression of FaPL1 significantly reduced the fruit firmness, ascorbic acid (AsA), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content but obviously increased the anthocyanins, soluble proteins, and titratable acidity (TA), while it had no apparent effects on flavonoids, phenolics, and soluble sugar content. These findings provide basic information on the FaPL gene family for further functional research and indicate that FaPL1 plays a vital role in strawberry fruit softening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Haoru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (Y.L.)
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Iñiguez-Moreno M, González-González RB, Flores-Contreras EA, Araújo RG, Chen WN, Alfaro-Ponce M, Iqbal HMN, Melchor-Martínez EM, Parra-Saldívar R. Nano and Technological Frontiers as a Sustainable Platform for Postharvest Preservation of Berry Fruits. Foods 2023; 12:3159. [PMID: 37685092 PMCID: PMC10486450 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Berries are highly perishable and susceptible to spoilage, resulting in significant food and economic losses. The use of chemicals in traditional postharvest protection techniques can harm both human health and the environment. Consequently, there is an increasing interest in creating environmentally friendly solutions for postharvest protection. This article discusses various approaches, including the use of "green" chemical compounds such as ozone and peracetic acid, biocontrol agents, physical treatments, and modern technologies such as the use of nanostructures and molecular tools. The potential of these alternatives is evaluated in terms of their effect on microbial growth, nutritional value, and physicochemical and sensorial properties of the berries. Moreover, the development of nanotechnology, molecular biology, and artificial intelligence offers a wide range of opportunities to develop formulations using nanostructures, improving the functionality of the coatings by enhancing their physicochemical and antimicrobial properties and providing protection to bioactive compounds. Some challenges remain for their implementation into the food industry such as scale-up and regulatory policies. However, the use of sustainable postharvest protection methods can help to reduce the negative impacts of chemical treatments and improve the availability of safe and quality berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricarmen Iñiguez-Moreno
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.I.-M.); (R.B.G.-G.); (E.A.F.-C.); (R.G.A.); (H.M.N.I.); (R.P.-S.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Reyna Berenice González-González
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.I.-M.); (R.B.G.-G.); (E.A.F.-C.); (R.G.A.); (H.M.N.I.); (R.P.-S.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Elda A. Flores-Contreras
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.I.-M.); (R.B.G.-G.); (E.A.F.-C.); (R.G.A.); (H.M.N.I.); (R.P.-S.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Rafael G. Araújo
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.I.-M.); (R.B.G.-G.); (E.A.F.-C.); (R.G.A.); (H.M.N.I.); (R.P.-S.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Wei Ning Chen
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore;
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Mariel Alfaro-Ponce
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14380, Mexico;
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.I.-M.); (R.B.G.-G.); (E.A.F.-C.); (R.G.A.); (H.M.N.I.); (R.P.-S.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Elda M. Melchor-Martínez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.I.-M.); (R.B.G.-G.); (E.A.F.-C.); (R.G.A.); (H.M.N.I.); (R.P.-S.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (M.I.-M.); (R.B.G.-G.); (E.A.F.-C.); (R.G.A.); (H.M.N.I.); (R.P.-S.)
- Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
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Huang X, Sun G, Wu Z, Jiang Y, Li Q, Yi Y, Yan H. Genome-wide identification and expression analyses of the pectate lyase (PL) gene family in Fragaria vesca. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:435. [PMID: 37537572 PMCID: PMC10401794 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pectate lyase (PL, EC 4.2.2.2), as an endo-acting depolymerizing enzyme, cleaves α-1,4-glycosidic linkages in esterified pectin and involves a broad range of cell wall modifications. However, the knowledge concerning the genome-wide analysis of the PL gene family in Fragaria vesca has not been thoroughly elucidated. RESULTS In this study, sixteen PLs members in F. vesca were identified based on a genome-wide investigation. Substantial divergences existed among FvePLs in gene duplication, cis-acting elements, and tissue expression patterns. Four clusters were classified according to phylogenetic analysis. FvePL6, 8 and 13 in cluster II significantly contributed to the significant expansions during evolution by comparing orthologous PL genes from Malus domestica, Solanum lycopersicum, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Fragaria×ananassa. The cis-acting elements implicated in the abscisic acid signaling pathway were abundant in the regions of FvePLs promoters. The RNA-seq data and in situ hybridization revealed that FvePL1, 4, and 7 exhibited maximum expression in fruits at twenty days after pollination, whereas FvePL8 and FvePL13 were preferentially and prominently expressed in mature anthers and pollens. Additionally, the co-expression networks displayed that FvePLs had tight correlations with transcription factors and genes implicated in plant development, abiotic/biotic stresses, ions/Ca2+, and hormones, suggesting the potential roles of FvePLs during strawberry development. Besides, histological observations suggested that FvePL1, 4 and 7 enhanced cell division and expansion of the cortex, thus negatively influencing fruit firmness. Finally, FvePL1-RNAi reduced leaf size, altered petal architectures, disrupted normal pollen development, and rendered partial male sterility. CONCLUSION These results provide valuable information for characterizing the evolution, expansion, expression patterns and functional analysis, which help to understand the molecular mechanisms of the FvePLs in the development of strawberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Guilian Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Zongmin Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Qiaohong Li
- Kiwifruit Breeding and Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resource Science, Chengdu, 610015, China
| | - Yin Yi
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Development Regulation, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Huiqing Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China.
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Chizk TM, Clark JR, Johns C, Nelson L, Ashrafi H, Aryal R, Worthington ML. Genome-wide association identifies key loci controlling blackberry postharvest quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1182790. [PMID: 37351206 PMCID: PMC10282842 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1182790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Blackberry (Rubus subgenus Rubus) is a soft-fruited specialty crop that often suffers economic losses due to degradation in the shipping process. During transportation, fresh-market blackberries commonly leak, decay, deform, or become discolored through a disorder known as red drupelet reversion (RDR). Over the past 50 years, breeding programs have achieved better fruit firmness and postharvest quality through traditional selection methods, but the underlying genetic variation is poorly understood. Methods We conducted a genome-wide association of fruit firmness and RDR measured in 300 tetraploid fresh-market blackberry genotypes from 2019-2021 with 65,995 SNPs concentrated in genic regions of the R. argutus reference genome. Results Fruit firmness and RDR had entry-mean broad sense heritabilities of 68% and 34%, respectively. Three variants on homologs of polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methylesterase (PME), and glucan endo-1,3-β-glucosidase explained 27% of variance in fruit firmness and were located on chromosomes Ra06, Ra01, and Ra02, respectively. Another PG homolog variant on chromosome Ra02 explained 8% of variance in RDR, but it was in strong linkage disequilibrium with 212 other RDR-associated SNPs across a 23 Mb region. A large cluster of six PME and PME inhibitor homologs was located near the fruit firmness quantitative trait locus (QTL) identified on Ra01. RDR and fruit firmness shared a significant negative correlation (r = -0.28) and overlapping QTL regions on Ra02 in this study. Discussion Our work demonstrates the complex nature of postharvest quality traits in blackberry, which are likely controlled by many small-effect QTLs. This study is the first large-scale effort to map the genetic control of quantitative traits in blackberry and provides a strong framework for future GWAS. Phenotypic and genotypic datasets may be used to train genomic selection models that target the improvement of postharvest quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Mason Chizk
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - John R. Clark
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Carmen Johns
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Lacy Nelson
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Hamid Ashrafi
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Rishi Aryal
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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14
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Ma Y, Wang C, Gao Z, Yao Y, Kang H, Du Y. VvPL15 Is the Core Member of the Pectate Lyase Gene Family Involved in Grape Berries Ripening and Softening. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119318. [PMID: 37298267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of ripening and softening in grape begins at veraison and is closely related to the depolymerization of pectin components. A variety of enzymes are involved in pectin metabolism and one class of enzyme, pectin lyases (PLs), have been reported to play an important role in softening in many fruits; however, little information is available on the VvPL gene family in grape. In this study, 16 VvPL genes were identified in the grape genome using bioinformatics methods. Among them, VvPL5, VvPL9, and VvPL15 had the highest expression levels during grape ripening, which suggests that these genes are involved in grape ripening and softening. Furthermore, overexpression of VvPL15 affects the contents of water-soluble pectin (WSP) and acid-soluble pectin (ASP) in the leaves of Arabidopsis and significantly changes the growth of Arabidopsis plants. The relationship between VvPL15 and pectin content was further determined by antisense expression of VvPL15. In addition, we also studied the effect of VvPL15 on fruit in transgenic tomato plants, which showed that VvPL15 accelerated fruit ripening and softening. Our results indicate that VvPL15 plays an important role in grape berry softening during ripening by depolymerizing pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Chukun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Zhen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yuxin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Hui Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Yuanpeng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production in Shandong, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
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15
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Morales-Quintana L, Monsalve L, Bernales M, Figueroa CR, Valdenegro M, Olivares A, Álvarez F, Cherian S, Fuentes L. Molecular dynamics simulation of the interaction of a raspberry polygalacturonase (RiPG) with a PG inhibiting protein (RiPGIP) isolated from ripening raspberry (Rubus idaeus cv. Heritage) fruit as a model to understand proteins interaction during fruit softening. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 122:108502. [PMID: 37116336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Polygalacturonase (PG) is an important hydrolytic enzyme involved in pectin disassembly and the subsequent textural changes during fruit ripening. Although the interaction of fungal PGs with other proteins has been documented, the interaction of plant PGs with other plant proteins has not yet been studied. In this study, the molecular mechanisms involved in raspberry fruit ripening, particularly the polygalacturonase (RiPG) interaction with polygalacturonase inhibiting protein (RiPGIP) and substrate, were investigated with a structural approach. The 3D model of RiPG2 and RiPGIP3 was built using a comparative modeling strategy and validated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The RiPG2 model structure comprises 11 complete coils of right-handed parallel β-helix architecture, with an average of 27 amino acid residues per turn. The structural model of the RiPGIP3 displays a typical structure of LRR protein, with the right-handed superhelical fold with an extended parallel β-sheet. The conformational interaction between the RiPG2 protein and RiPGIP3 showed that RiPGIP3 could bind to the enzyme and thereby leave the active site cleft accessible to the substrate. All this evidence indicates that RiPG2 enzyme could interact with RiPGIP3 protein. It can be a helpful model for evaluating protein-protein interaction as a potential regulator mechanism of hydrolase activity during pectin disassembly in fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Morales-Quintana
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Liliam Monsalve
- Centro Regional de Estudios en Alimentos Saludables (CREAS), CONICYT-Regional GORE Valparaíso Proyecto R17A10001, Avenida Universidad 330, Placilla, Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Maricarmen Bernales
- Centro Regional de Estudios en Alimentos Saludables (CREAS), CONICYT-Regional GORE Valparaíso Proyecto R17A10001, Avenida Universidad 330, Placilla, Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos R Figueroa
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago, 8340755, Chile
| | - Mónika Valdenegro
- Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Calle San Francisco s/n, Quillota, Chile
| | - Araceli Olivares
- Centro Regional de Estudios en Alimentos Saludables (CREAS), CONICYT-Regional GORE Valparaíso Proyecto R17A10001, Avenida Universidad 330, Placilla, Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Fernanda Álvarez
- Centro Regional de Estudios en Alimentos Saludables (CREAS), CONICYT-Regional GORE Valparaíso Proyecto R17A10001, Avenida Universidad 330, Placilla, Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Sam Cherian
- Agrifarm Consultant, PWRA 68, Kakkand West PO, Kochi, 30, Kerala State, India
| | - Lida Fuentes
- Centro Regional de Estudios en Alimentos Saludables (CREAS), CONICYT-Regional GORE Valparaíso Proyecto R17A10001, Avenida Universidad 330, Placilla, Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile.
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López-Casado G, Sánchez-Raya C, Ric-Varas PD, Paniagua C, Blanco-Portales R, Muñoz-Blanco J, Pose S, Matas AJ, Mercado JA. CRISPR/Cas9 editing of the polygalacturonase FaPG1 gene improves strawberry fruit firmness. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad011. [PMID: 36960432 PMCID: PMC10028403 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Firmness is one of the most important fruit quality traits in strawberries. The postharvest shelf life of this soft fruit is highly limited by the loss of firmness, where cell wall disassembly plays an important role. Previous studies demonstrated that the polygalacturonase FaPG1 has a key role in remodelling pectins during strawberry softening. In this study, FaPG1 knockout strawberry plants have been generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system delivered via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Ten independent lines, cv. "Chandler", were obtained, and all of them were successfully edited as determined by PCR amplification and T7 endonuclease assay. The targeted mutagenesis insertion and deletion rates were analyzed using targeted deep sequencing. The percentage of edited sequences varied from 47% up to almost 100%, being higher than 95% for seven of the selected lines. Phenotypic analyses showed that 7 out of the eight lines analyzed produced fruits significantly firmer than the control, ranging from 33 to 70% increase in firmness. There was a positive relationship between the degree of FaPG1 editing and the rise in fruit firmness. Minor changes were observed in other fruit quality traits, such as colour, soluble solids, titratable acidity or anthocyanin content. Edited fruits showed a reduced softening rate during postharvest, displayed a reduced transpirational water loss, and were less damaged by Botrytis cinerea inoculation. The analysis of four potential off-target sites revealed no mutation events. In conclusion, editing the FaPG1 gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is an efficient method for improving strawberry fruit firmness and shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pablo D Ric-Varas
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’ (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Candelas Paniagua
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’ (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Rosario Blanco-Portales
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sara Pose
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’ (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio J Matas
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’ (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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Shi Y, Li BJ, Grierson D, Chen KS. Insights into cell wall changes during fruit softening from transgenic and naturally occurring mutants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023:kiad128. [PMID: 36823689 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Excessive softening during fleshy fruit ripening leads to physical damage and infection that reduce quality and cause massive supply chain losses. Changes in cell wall (CW) metabolism, involving loosening and disassembly of the constituent macromolecules, are the main cause of softening. Several genes encoding CW metabolizing enzymes have been targeted for genetic modification to attenuate softening. At least nine genes encoding CW modifying proteins have increased expression during ripening. Any alteration of these genes could modify CW structure and properties and contribute to softening, but evidence for their relative importance is sparse. The results of studies with transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), the model for fleshy fruit ripening, investigations with strawberry (Fragaria spp.) and apple (Malus domestica), and results from naturally occurring textural mutants provide direct evidence of gene function and the contribution of CW biochemical modifications to fruit softening. Here we review the revised CW structure model and biochemical and structural changes in CW components during fruit softening and then focus on and integrate the results of changes in CW characteristics derived from studies on transgenic fruits and mutants. Potential strategies and future research directions to understand and control the rate of fruit softening are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Shi
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai-Jun Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Donald Grierson
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Kun-Song Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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18
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Yu J, Wang R, Ma W, Lei S, Zhu M, Yang G. Pectate Lyase Gene VvPL1 Plays a Role in Fruit Cracking of Table Grapes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:1643-1654. [PMID: 36638364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fruit cracking seriously affects the commercial value of table grapes. To explore whether cell wall disassembly influences grape berry cracking, first, the differences in the cell wall metabolism were compared between cracking-resistant "Shennongjinhuanghou" (SN) and cracking-susceptible "Xiangfei" (XF) varieties. Our results showed that cell wall disassembly events were extremely different between "SN" and "XF." The cracking-resistant "SN" had a higher pectinmethylesterase activity in the early stage and lower polygalacturonase, β-galactosidase, pectate lyase, and cellulase activities from veraison, cooperatively yielding higher ionically bound pectin, covalently bound pectin, hemicellulose, and lower water-soluble pectin, leading to a stronger skin break force and elasticity and conferring "SN" with higher cracking resistance. Furthermore, the function of the VvPL1 gene in fruit cracking was verified by heterologously transforming tomatoes. The transgenic experiment showed that overexpressed fruits had a higher activity of pectate lyase from the breaking stage and a lower level of covalently bound pectin, ionically bound pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose and a higher level of water-soluble pectin at the red ripe stage, which resulted in a significantly reduced skin break force and flesh firmness and increased fruit cracking incidences. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the cracking susceptibility of the grape berry is closely related to cell wall disassembly events and VvPL1 plays an important role in fruit cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No. 1, Furong District, Changsha410128, Hunan, China
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi417000, Hunan, China
| | - Rong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No. 1, Furong District, Changsha410128, Hunan, China
| | - Wentao Ma
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No. 1, Furong District, Changsha410128, Hunan, China
| | - Shumin Lei
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No. 1, Furong District, Changsha410128, Hunan, China
| | - Mingtao Zhu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi417000, Hunan, China
| | - Guoshun Yang
- College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Nongda Road No. 1, Furong District, Changsha410128, Hunan, China
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Liu F, Dou T, Hu C, Zhong Q, Sheng O, Yang Q, Deng G, He W, Gao H, Li C, Dong T, Liu S, Yi G, Bi F. WRKY transcription factor MaWRKY49 positively regulates pectate lyase genes during fruit ripening of Musa acuminata. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:643-650. [PMID: 36535104 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is the last phase of fruit growth and development. The initiation and progression of fruit ripening are highly modulated by a plethora of key genes, such as transcription factor (TF) genes. The WRKY gene family is a large group of TFs that play important roles in various cellular processes; nevertheless, the role of WRKY TF on fruit ripening remains enigmatic. Here, we report that a banana WRKY TF, MaWRKY49 functions in ethylene-induced fruit ripening by modulating the expression of fruit softening-related genes. We found that the expression of MaWRKY49 is highly induced by ethephon and inhibited by 1-methylcyclopropene, which is synchronous with the ripening process. Moreover, based on transcriptome data on fruit ripening, two pectate lyase (PL) genes that are involved in fruit softening were determined, and their expression pattern is also consistent with the fruit ripening process. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assay confirmed that MaWRKY49 activated the transcription of two PL genes. In addition, transient overexpression of MaWRKY49 in banana fruits can apparently accelerate fruit ripening processs. Taken together, our findings indicate that MaWRKY49 acts as a potential modulator of fruit ripening by direct regulation of PL expression. This work contributes to developing the technology for improving the shelf-life of banana fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongxin Dou
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Hu
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiufeng Zhong
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China; College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ou Sheng
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiaosong Yang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guiming Deng
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weidi He
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijun Gao
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Dong
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siwen Liu
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ganjun Yi
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Fangcheng Bi
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou, China.
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20
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Brummell DA, Bowen JK, Gapper NE. Biotechnological approaches for controlling postharvest fruit softening. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102786. [PMID: 36081292 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fruit softening is the major factor determining the postharvest life of fruit, affecting bruise and damage susceptibility, pathogen colonisation, and consumer satisfaction, all of which contribute to product losses in the supply chain and consumers' homes. Ripening-related changes to the cell wall, cuticle and soluble sugars largely determine softening, and some are amenable to biotechnological intervention, for example, by manipulation of the expression of genes encoding cell wall-modifying proteins or wax and cutin synthases. In this review, we discuss work exploring the role of genes involved in cell wall and cuticle properties, and recent developments in the silencing of multiple genes by targeting single transcription factors. Identification of transcription factors that control the expression of suites of genes encoding cell wall-modifying proteins provides exciting targets for biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Food Industry Science Centre, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Joanna K Bowen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nigel E Gapper
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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21
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Chen X, Gu X, Gao F, Guo J, Shen Y. The protein kinase FvRIPK1 regulates plant morphogenesis by ABA signaling using seed genetic transformation in strawberry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1026571. [PMID: 36388498 PMCID: PMC9659869 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1026571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A strawberry RIPK1, a leu-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase, is previously demonstrated to be involved in fruit ripening as a positive regulator; however, its role in vegetable growth remains unknown. Here, based on our first establishment of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of germinating seeds in diploid strawberry by FvCHLH/FvABAR, a reporter gene that functioned in chlorophyll biosynthesis, we got FvRIPK1-RNAi mutants. Downregulation of FvRIPK1 inhibited plant morphogenesis, showing curled leaves; also, this silencing significantly reduced FvABAR and FvABI1 transcripts and promoted FvABI4, FvSnRK2.2, and FvSnRK2.6 transcripts. Interestingly, the downregulation of the FvCHLH/ABAR expression could not affect FvRIPK1 transcripts but remarkably reduced FvABI1 transcripts and promoted FvABI4, FvSnRK2.2, and FvSnRK2.6 transcripts in the contrast of the non-transgenic plants to the FvCHLH/FvABAR-RNAi plants, in which chlorophyll contents were not affected but had abscisic acid (ABA) response in stomata movement and drought stress. The distinct expression level of FvABI1 and FvABI4, together with the similar expression level of FvSnRK2.2 and FvSnRK2.6 in the FvRIPK1- and FvABAR/CHLH-RNAi plants, suggested that FvRIPK1 regulated plant morphogenesis probably by ABA signaling. In addition, FvRIPK1 interacted with FvSnRK2.6 and phosphorylated each other, thus forming the FvRIPK1-FvSnRK2.6 complex. In conclusion, our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of FvRIPK1 in plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexue Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Bei Jing Bei Nong Enterprise Management Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojiao Gu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Gao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxuan Guo
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyue Shen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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22
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SaRCC1, a Regulator of Chromosome Condensation 1 (RCC1) Family Protein Gene from Spartina alterniflora, Negatively Regulates Salinity Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158172. [PMID: 35897748 PMCID: PMC9332369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1) family protein has been functionally characterized to be involved in various cellular processes. In this study, one RCC1 gene named SaRCC1 was cloned from the full-length cDNA library of Spartinaalterniflora. The open reading frame (ORF) of SaRCC1 was 1440 bp, and it encoded 479 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 51.65 kDa. Multiple amino acid sequence alignments showed that SaRCC1 had high identity with other plant RCC1s, and the phylogenetic analysis indicated that SaRCC1 had a closer affinity to Zea mays RCC1 family protein (ZmRCC1). SaRCC1 gene was induced under salt stress conditions, and its encoded protein was located in peroxisome. In order to further investigate the function of SaRCC1, transgenic Arabidopsis plants ectopically both sense-overexpressing and antisense-overexpressing SaRCC1 were generated. SaRCC1-overexpressing lines exhibited an increased salt and ABA hypersensitivity and reduced resistance to salinity stress. On the other hand, the transcripts of some stress-responsive genes in the SaRCC1 transgenic plants were affected in response to salinity stress. Our results provide evidence for the involvement of SaRCC1, negatively regulating salt stress responses by affecting stress-related gene expression in Arabidopsis.
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23
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Transcriptome Analysis of Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Fruit under Postharvest Storage Identifies Genes Families Involved in Ripening. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141798. [PMID: 35890432 PMCID: PMC9325311 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Soursop (Annona muricata L.) is climacteric fruit with a short ripening period and postharvest shelf life, leading to a rapid softening. In this study, transcriptome analysis of soursop fruits was performed to identify key gene families involved in ripening under postharvest storage conditions (Day 0, Day 3 stored at 28 ± 2 °C, Day 6 at 28 ± 2 °C, Day 3 at 15 ± 2 °C, Day 6 at 15 ± 2 °C, Day 9 at 15 ± 2 °C). The transcriptome analysis showed 224,074 transcripts assembled clustering into 95, 832 unigenes, of which 21, 494 had ORF. RNA-seq analysis showed the highest number of differentially expressed genes on Day 9 at 15 ± 2 °C with 9291 genes (4772 up-regulated and 4519 down-regulated), recording the highest logarithmic fold change in pectin-related genes. Enrichment analysis presented significantly represented GO terms and KEGG pathways associated with molecular function, metabolic process, catalytic activity, biological process terms, as well as biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant hormone signal, starch, and sucrose metabolism, plant–pathogen interaction, plant–hormone signal transduction, and MAPK-signaling pathways, among others. Network analysis revealed that pectinesterase genes directly regulate the loss of firmness in fruits stored at 15 ± 2 °C.
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24
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Zhang WW, Zhao SQ, Gu S, Cao XY, Zhang Y, Niu JF, Liu L, Li AR, Jia WS, Qi BX, Xing Y. FvWRKY48 binds to the pectate lyase FvPLA promoter to control fruit softening in Fragaria vesca. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1037-1049. [PMID: 35238391 PMCID: PMC9157130 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory mechanisms that link WRKY gene expression to fruit ripening are largely unknown. Using transgenic approaches, we showed that a WRKY gene from wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca), FvWRKY48, may be involved in fruit softening and ripening. We showed that FvWRKY48 is localized to the nucleus and that degradation of the pectin cell wall polymer homogalacturonan, which is present in the middle lamella and tricellular junction zones of the fruit, was greater in FvWRKY48-OE (overexpressing) fruits than in empty vector (EV)-transformed fruits and less substantial in FvWRKY48-RNAi (RNA interference) fruits. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that the expression of pectate lyase A (FvPLA) was significantly downregulated in the FvWRKY48-RNAi receptacle. We determined that FvWRKY48 bound to the FvPLA promoter via a W-box element through yeast one-hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments, and β-glucosidase activity assays suggested that this binding promotes pectate lyase activity. In addition, softening and pectin degradation were more intense in FvPLA-OE fruit than in EV fruit, and the middle lamella and tricellular junction zones were denser in FvPLA-RNAi fruit than in EV fruit. We speculated that FvWRKY48 maybe increase the expression of FvPLA, resulting in pectin degradation and fruit softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, China
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Bei Nong Enterprise Management Co. Ltd, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shuai-Qi Zhao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, China
| | - Si Gu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Cao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, China
| | - Jun-Fang Niu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, China
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, China
| | - An-Ran Li
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, China
| | - Wen-Suo Jia
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Xiu Qi
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, China
- Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Author for correspondence: (B.X.Q.), (Y.X.)
| | - Yu Xing
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, Beijing University of Agriculture, China
- Author for correspondence: (B.X.Q.), (Y.X.)
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25
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Wang P, Yu A, Ji X, Mu Q, Salman Haider M, Wei R, Leng X, Fang J. Transcriptome and metabolite integrated analysis reveals that exogenous ethylene controls berry ripening processes in grapevine. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111084. [PMID: 35400460 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is generally classified as a non-climacteric fruit, the regulatory mechanisms of ethylene in the ripening of non-climacteric fruit are still poorly understood. In this study, exogenous ethephon (ETH) strongly stimulated fruit color and anthocyanin accumulation, which was consistent with the increased expression of anthocyanin structural, regulatory, and transport genes. ETH application increased ABA content and decreased IAA content by coordinating ABA and auxin biosynthesis regulatory network. ETH treatment also accelerated sugar (glucose and fructose) accumulation by enhancing the gene expression involved in sugar transport and sucrose cleavage. ETH treatment blocked the synthesis of cellulose and accelerated the degradation of pectin, which was strongly associated with berry softening. To further confirm the function of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling genes, transient overexpression of VvACO4 and VvEIL3 were performed in both in tomato and strawberry fruits. These findings of the ethylene cascade add to our understanding of ethylene in non-climacteric berry ripening regulation and revealed a complex involvement of ethylene and its interplay with phytohormones during grapevine berry ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wang
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Aishui Yu
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), MARA, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xinglong Ji
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), MARA, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qian Mu
- Shandong Academy of Grape, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250110, China
| | | | - Ruonan Wei
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xiangpeng Leng
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), MARA, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - Jinggui Fang
- Institute of Grape Science and Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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26
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Germano TA, de Oliveira MFR, Aziz S, Oliveira AER, da Cruz Saraiva KD, Dos Santos CP, Moura CFH, Costa JH. Transcriptome profiling of cashew apples (Anacardium occidentale) genotypes reveals specific genes linked to firmness and color during pseudofruit development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:83-100. [PMID: 35332428 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01257-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We found 34 and 71 key genes potentially involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and cell wall disassembly, respectively, which could be associated with specific peel coloration and softening of each genotype. Cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale) has a great economic importance worldwide due to its high nutritional value, peculiar flavor and aroma. During ripening, the peduncle develops different peel color and becomes quickly fragile due to its oversoftening, impacting its consumers' acceptance. In view of this, the understanding about its transcriptional dynamics throughout ripening is imperative. In this study, we performed a transcriptome sequencing of two cashew apple genotypes (CCP 76 and BRS 265), presenting different firmness and color peel, in the immature and ripe stages. Comparative transcriptome analysis between immature and ripe cashew apple revealed 4374 and 3266 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to CCP 76 and BRS 265 genotypes, respectively. These genes included 71 and 34 GDEs involved in the cell wall disassembly and flavonoid biosynthesis, respectively, which could be associated with firmness loss and anthocyanin accumulation during cashew apple development. Then, softer peduncle of CCP 76 could be justified by down-regulated EXP and up-regulation of genes involved in pectin degradation (PG, PL and PAE) and in cell wall biosynthesis. Moreover, genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis (PAL, C4H and CHS) could be associated with early high accumulation of anthocyanin in red-peel peduncle of BRS 265. Finally, expression patterns of the selected genes were tested by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), and the qRT-PCR results were consistent with transcriptome data. The information generated in this work will provide insights into transcriptome responses to cashew apple ripening and hence, it will be helpful for cashew breeding programs aimed at developing genotypes with improved quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Andrade Germano
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60440-554, Brazil
| | - Matheus Finger Ramos de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60440-554, Brazil
| | - Shahid Aziz
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60440-554, Brazil
| | - Antonio Edson Rocha Oliveira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Kátia Daniella da Cruz Saraiva
- Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba, Instituto Federal de Educação, Campus Princesa Isabel, Princesa Isabel, PB, CEP 58755-000, Brazil
| | - Clesivan Pereira Dos Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Campus Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, PR, CEP 84030-900, Brazil
| | | | - José Hélio Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, CEP 60440-554, Brazil.
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27
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Kumari C, Sharma M, Kumar V, Sharma R, Kumar V, Sharma P, Kumar P, Irfan M. Genome Editing Technology for Genetic Amelioration of Fruits and Vegetables for Alleviating Post-Harvest Loss. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9040176. [PMID: 35447736 PMCID: PMC9028506 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9040176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Food security and crop production are challenged worldwide due to overpopulation, changing environmental conditions, crop establishment failure, and various kinds of post-harvest losses. The demand for high-quality foods with improved nutritional quality is also growing day by day. Therefore, production of high-quality produce and reducing post-harvest losses of produce, particularly of perishable fruits and vegetables, are vital. For many decades, attempts have been made to improve the post-harvest quality traits of horticultural crops. Recently, modern genetic tools such as genome editing emerged as a new approach to manage and overcome post-harvest effectively and efficiently. The different genome editing tools including ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 system effectively introduce mutations (In Dels) in many horticultural crops to address and resolve the issues associated with post-harvest storage quality. Henceforth, we provide a broad review of genome editing applications in horticulture crops to improve post-harvest stability traits such as shelf life, texture, and resistance to pathogens without compromising nutritional value. Moreover, major roadblocks, challenges, and their possible solutions for employing genome editing tools are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173230, India; (C.K.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (R.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Megha Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173230, India; (C.K.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (R.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173230, India; (C.K.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (R.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Rajnish Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173230, India; (C.K.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (R.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Parul Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173230, India; (C.K.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (R.S.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (M.I.)
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173230, India; (C.K.); (M.S.); (V.K.); (R.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Mohammad Irfan
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (M.I.)
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28
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Xu Z, Dai J, Kang T, Shah K, Li Q, Liu K, Xing L, Ma J, Zhang D, Zhao C. PpePL1 and PpePL15 Are the Core Members of the Pectate Lyase Gene Family Involved in Peach Fruit Ripening and Softening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:844055. [PMID: 35401624 PMCID: PMC8990770 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.844055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is the major component in the primary cell wall and middle lamella, maintaining the physical stability and mechanical strength of the cell wall. Pectate lyase (PL), a cell wall modification enzyme, has a major influence on the structure of pectin. However, little information and no comprehensive analysis is available on the PL gene family in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). In this study, 20 PpePL genes were identified in peach. We characterized their physicochemical characteristics, sequence alignments, chromosomal locations, and gene structures. The PpePL family members were classified into five groups based on their phylogenetic relationships. Among those, PpePL1, 9, 10, 15, and 18 had the higher expression abundance in ripe fruit, and PpePL1, 15, and 18 were upregulated during storage. Detailed RT-qPCR analysis revealed that PpePL1 and PpePL15 were responsive to ETH treatment (1 g L-1 ethephon) with an abundant transcript accumulation, which suggested these genes were involved in peach ripening and softening. In addition, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology was used to identify the roles of PpePL1 and PpePL15. Compared to controls, the RNAi fruit maintained greater firmness in the early storage stage, increased acid-soluble pectin (ASP), and reduced water-soluble pectin (WSP). Moreover, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that cell wall degradation was reduced in the fruit of RNAi-1 and RNAi-15, which indicated that softening of the RNAi fruit has been delayed. Our results indicated that PpePL1 and PpePL15 play an important role in peach softening by depolymerizing pectin and degrading cell wall.
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Characterization and Identification of a Ripening-Related Gene AaPG18 in Actinidia arguta. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052597. [PMID: 35269737 PMCID: PMC8910643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinidia arguta (A. arguta) is a kind of climacteric fruit that quickly softens and limits fruit shelf-life and commercial value. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop kiwifruit genotypes with an extended shelf-life of fruit. However, the ripening and softening mechanisms remain unclear in A. arguta. Here, we demonstrated that a key polygalacturonase (PG)-encoding gene AaPG18 was involved in A. arguta ripening through the degradation of the cell wall. Fruits were harvested at three developmental stages (S1, S2, and S3) for high-throughput transcriptome sequencing, based on which two candidate transcripts c109562_g1 and c111961_g1 were screened. The genome-wide identification of the PG gene family assigned c109562_g1 and c111961_g1 to correspond to AaPG4 and AaPG18, respectively. The expression profiles of candidate genes at six preharvest stages of fruit showed significantly higher expression levels of AaPG18 than AaPG4, indicating AaPG18 might be a key gene during fruit ripening processes. The subcellular localization displayed AaPG18 was located at the cytoplasmic membrane. The transient overexpression of AaPG18 in strawberry and the following morphological observation suggested AaPG18 played a key role in maintaining the stability of cell morphology. The homologous transient transformation in A. arguta “RB-4” proved the crucial function of AaPG18 in fruit ripening processes by causing the rapid redness of the fruit, which was an indicator of fruit maturity. All in all, our results identified AaPG18 as a key candidate gene involved in cell wall degeneration, which provides a basis for the subsequent exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying the ripening and softening of A. arguta fruit.
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Lahaye M, Tabi W, Le Bot L, Delaire M, Orsel M, Campoy JA, Quero Garcia J, Le Gall S. Comparison of cell wall chemical evolution during the development of fruits of two contrasting quality from two members of the Rosaceae family: Apple and sweet cherry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 168:93-104. [PMID: 34627026 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall composition was studied during the development of apple cultivars (14-161/182 days after full bloom, DAA) maintaining firm fruit (Ariane) or evolving to mealy texture (Rome Beauty) when ripe and in sweet cherry cultivars (21/26-70/75 DAA) to assess their skin-cracking susceptibility (tolerant Regina and susceptible Garnet). Pectin sugar composition and hemicellulose fine structure assessed by enzymatic degradation coupled to MALDI-TOF MS analysis were shown to vary markedly between apples and cherries during fruit development. Apple showed decreasing rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI) and increasing homogalacturonan (HG) pectic domain proportions from young to mature fruit. Hemicellulose-cellulose (HC) sugars peaked at the beginning of fruit expansion corresponding to the maximum cell wall content of glucose and mannose. In contrast, HG peaked very early in the cell wall of young developing cherries and remained constant until ripening whereas RGI content continuously increased. HC content decreased very early and remained low in cell walls. Only the low content of mannose and to a lesser extent fucose increased and then slowly decreased from the beginning of the fruit expansion phase. Hemicellulose structural profiling showed strong varietal differences between cherry cultivars. Both apples and cherries demonstrated a peak of glucomannan oligomers produced by β-glucanase hydrolysis of the cell wall at the onset of cell expansion. The different glucomannan contents and related oligomers released from cell walls are discussed with regard to the contribution of glucomannan to cell wall mechanical properties. These hemicellulose features may prove to be early markers of apple mealiness and cherry skin-cracking susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wafae Tabi
- INRAE, UR BIA, 44300, Nantes, France; INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F-44316, Nantes, France
| | - Lucie Le Bot
- INRAE, UR BIA, 44300, Nantes, France; INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F-44316, Nantes, France
| | - Mickael Delaire
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Mathilde Orsel
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - José Antonio Campoy
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50289, Cologne, Germany
| | - José Quero Garcia
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- INRAE, UR BIA, 44300, Nantes, France; INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F-44316, Nantes, France
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Al Hinai TZS, Vreeburg RAM, Mackay CL, Murray L, Sadler IH, Fry SC. Fruit softening: evidence for pectate lyase action in vivo in date (Phoenix dactylifera) and rosaceous fruit cell walls. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:511-525. [PMID: 34111288 PMCID: PMC8422893 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The programmed softening occurring during fruit development requires scission of cell wall polysaccharides, especially pectin. Proposed mechanisms include the action of wall enzymes or hydroxyl radicals. Enzyme activities found in fruit extracts include pectate lyase (PL) and endo-polygalacturonase (EPG), which, in vitro, cleave de-esterified homogalacturonan in mid-chain by β-elimination and hydrolysis, respectively. However, the important biological question of whether PL exhibits action in vivo had not been tested. METHODS We developed a method for specifically and sensitively detecting in-vivo PL products, based on Driselase digestion of cell wall polysaccharides and detection of the characteristic unsaturated product of PL action. KEY RESULTS In model in-vitro experiments, pectic homogalacturonan that had been partially cleaved by commercial PL was digested to completion with Driselase, releasing an unsaturated disaccharide ('ΔUA-GalA'), taken as diagnostic of PL action. ΔUA-GalA was separated from saturated oligogalacturonides (EPG products) by electrophoresis, then subjected to thin-layer chromatography (TLC), resolving ΔUA-GalA from higher homologues. The ΔUA-GalA was confirmed as 4-deoxy-β-l-threo-hex-4-enopyranuronosyl-(1→4)-d-galacturonic acid by NMR spectroscopy. Driselase digestion of cell walls from ripe fruits of date (Phoenix dactylifera), pear (Pyrus communis), rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) and apple (Malus pumila) yielded ΔUA-GalA, demonstrating that PL had been acting in vivo in these fruits prior to harvest. Date-derived ΔUA-GalA was verified by negative-mode mass spectrometry, including collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation. The ΔUA-GalA:GalA ratio from ripe dates was roughly 1:20 (mol mol-1), indicating that approx. 5 % of the bonds in endogenous homogalacturonan had been cleaved by in-vivo PL action. CONCLUSIONS The results provide the first demonstration that PL, previously known from studies of fruit gene expression, proteomic studies and in-vitro enzyme activity, exhibits enzyme action in the walls of soft fruits and may thus be proposed to contribute to fruit softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thurayya Z S Al Hinai
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King’s Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Robert A M Vreeburg
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King’s Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Logan Mackay
- EastCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lorna Murray
- EastCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian H Sadler
- EastCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen C Fry
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Daniel Rutherford Building, The King’s Buildings, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh, UK
- For correspondence. E-mail
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32
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Seymour GB. Pectate lyase action in vivo and fruit softening. A commentary on: 'Fruit softening: evidence for pectate lyase action in vivo in date (Phoenix dactylifera) and rosaceous fruit cell walls'. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:i-ii. [PMID: 34342644 PMCID: PMC8422885 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: Thurayya Z. S. Al Hinai, Robert A. M. Vreeburg, C. Logan Mackay, Lorna Murray, Ian H. Sadler and Stephen C. Fry. Fruit softening: evidence for pectate lyase action in vivo in date (Phoenix dactylifera) and rosaceous fruit cell walls, Annals of Botany, Volume 128, Issue 5, 8 October 2021, Pages 511–526, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab072
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham B Seymour
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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Martín-Pizarro C, Vallarino JG, Osorio S, Meco V, Urrutia M, Pillet J, Casañal A, Merchante C, Amaya I, Willmitzer L, Fernie AR, Giovannoni JJ, Botella MA, Valpuesta V, Posé D. The NAC transcription factor FaRIF controls fruit ripening in strawberry. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1574-1593. [PMID: 33624824 PMCID: PMC8254488 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to climacteric fruits such as tomato, the knowledge on key regulatory genes controlling the ripening of strawberry, a nonclimacteric fruit, is still limited. NAC transcription factors (TFs) mediate different developmental processes in plants. Here, we identified and characterized Ripening Inducing Factor (FaRIF), a NAC TF that is highly expressed and induced in strawberry receptacles during ripening. Functional analyses based on stable transgenic lines aimed at silencing FaRIF by RNA interference, either from a constitutive promoter or the ripe receptacle-specific EXP2 promoter, as well as overexpression lines showed that FaRIF controls critical ripening-related processes such as fruit softening and pigment and sugar accumulation. Physiological, metabolome, and transcriptome analyses of receptacles of FaRIF-silenced and overexpression lines point to FaRIF as a key regulator of strawberry fruit ripening from early developmental stages, controlling abscisic acid biosynthesis and signaling, cell-wall degradation, and modification, the phenylpropanoid pathway, volatiles production, and the balance of the aerobic/anaerobic metabolism. FaRIF is therefore a target to be modified/edited to control the quality of strawberry fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martín-Pizarro
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i IFAPA-CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Málaga, Spain
| | - José G Vallarino
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i IFAPA-CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i IFAPA-CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoriano Meco
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i IFAPA-CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Urrutia
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i IFAPA-CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jeremy Pillet
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Casañal
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Catharina Merchante
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Iraida Amaya
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i IFAPA-CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Málaga, Spain
- Laboratorio de Genómica y Biotecnología, Centro IFAPA de Málaga, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera, 29140 Málaga, Spain
| | - Lothar Willmitzer
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 144776, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm 144776, Germany
| | - James J Giovannoni
- United States Department of Agriculture and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i IFAPA-CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i IFAPA-CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Málaga, Spain
- Author for correspondence: ,
| | - David Posé
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de I+D+i IFAPA-CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Málaga, Spain
- Author for correspondence: ,
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Effect of Exogenous Auxin Treatment on Cell Wall Polymers of Strawberry Fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126294. [PMID: 34208198 PMCID: PMC8230797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of auxin in the fruit-ripening process during the early developmental stages of commercial strawberry fruits (Fragaria x ananassa) has been previously described, with auxin production occurring in achenes and moving to the receptacle. Additionally, fruit softening is a consequence of the depolymerization and solubilization of cell wall components produced by the action of a group of proteins and enzymes. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of exogenous auxin treatment on the physiological properties of the cell wall-associated polysaccharide contents of strawberry fruits. We combined thermogravimetric (TG) analysis with analyses of the mRNA abundance, enzymatic activity, and physiological characteristics related to the cell wall. The samples did not show a change in fruit firmness at 48 h post-treatment; by contrast, we showed changes in the cell wall stability based on TG and differential thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis curves. Less degradation of the cell wall polymers was observed after auxin treatment at 48 h post-treatment. The results of our study indicate that auxin treatment delays the cell wall disassembly process in strawberries.
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35
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Transcriptome profiling of postharvest kiwifruit in response to exogenous nitric oxide. SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kou J, Zhao Z, Zhang Q, Wei C, Ference CM, Guan J, Wang W. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism involving ethylene and cell wall modification related genes in Diospyros kaki fruit firmness during ripening. Genomics 2021; 113:552-563. [PMID: 33460734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Rapid loss of firmness is a major handicap for persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) transportation and retail. The present study employed a comparative transcriptomic approach to elucidate the mechanism involving ethylene and cell wall modification related genes in fruit firmness control of two cultivars during post harvest ripening. In contrast to the short shelf life cultivar (Mopan), the long shelf life cultivar (Yoho) kept high firmness during ripening. Extensive loss of firmness in Mopan drove an intense transcriptional activity. Globally, Mopan and Yoho shared very few common differentially expressed structural genes and regulators. Yoho strongly repressed the expression of ACC synthase and several classes of cell wall degradation genes at the onset of ripening and only induced them during late ripening period. Various ERF, WRKY, MYB, bHLH transcription factors were found highly active during fruit ripening. Overall, this study generates novel gene resources as important tools for extending persimmon shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Kou
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China; Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei, PR China.
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei, PR China; Shandong Institute of pomology, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, PR China
| | - Chuangqi Wei
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Shijia Zhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Christopher M Ference
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 2550 Hull Road, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Junfeng Guan
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Shijia Zhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Wenjiang Wang
- Mountainous Area Research Institute of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Agriculture in Northern Mountainous Areas, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China; Agricultural Technology Innovation Center in Mountainous Areas of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, PR China.
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37
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Shipman EN, Yu J, Zhou J, Albornoz K, Beckles DM. Can gene editing reduce postharvest waste and loss of fruit, vegetables, and ornamentals? HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:1. [PMID: 33384412 PMCID: PMC7775472 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Postharvest waste and loss of horticultural crops exacerbates the agricultural problems facing humankind and will continue to do so in the next decade. Fruits and vegetables provide us with a vast spectrum of healthful nutrients, and along with ornamentals, enrich our lives with a wide array of pleasant sensory experiences. These commodities are, however, highly perishable. Approximately 33% of the produce that is harvested is never consumed since these products naturally have a short shelf-life, which leads to postharvest loss and waste. This loss, however, could be reduced by breeding new crops that retain desirable traits and accrue less damage over the course of long supply chains. New gene-editing tools promise the rapid and inexpensive production of new varieties of crops with enhanced traits more easily than was previously possible. Our aim in this review is to critically evaluate gene editing as a tool to modify the biological pathways that determine fruit, vegetable, and ornamental quality, especially after storage. We provide brief and accessible overviews of both the CRISPR-Cas9 method and the produce supply chain. Next, we survey the literature of the last 30 years, to catalog genes that control or regulate quality or senescence traits that are "ripe" for gene editing. Finally, we discuss barriers to implementing gene editing for postharvest, from the limitations of experimental methods to international policy. We conclude that in spite of the hurdles that remain, gene editing of produce and ornamentals will likely have a measurable impact on reducing postharvest loss and waste in the next 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma N Shipman
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Jingwei Yu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Graduate Group of Horticulture & Agronomy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Jiaqi Zhou
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Graduate Group of Horticulture & Agronomy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Karin Albornoz
- Departamento de Produccion Vegetal, Universidad de Concepcion, Region del BioBio, Concepcion, Chile.
| | - Diane M Beckles
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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Paniagua C, Ric-Varas P, García-Gago JA, López-Casado G, Blanco-Portales R, Muñoz-Blanco J, Schückel J, Knox JP, Matas AJ, Quesada MA, Posé S, Mercado JA. Elucidating the role of polygalacturonase genes in strawberry fruit softening. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7103-7117. [PMID: 32856699 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
To disentangle the role of polygalacturonase (PG) genes in strawberry softening, the two PG genes most expressed in ripe receptacles, FaPG1 and FaPG2, were down-regulated. Transgenic ripe fruits were firmer than those of the wild type when PG genes were silenced individually. Simultaneous silencing of both PG genes by transgene stacking did not result in an additional increase in firmness. Cell walls from ripe fruits were characterized by a carbohydrate microarray. Higher signals of homogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan I pectin epitopes in polysaccharide fractions tightly bound to the cell wall were observed in the transgenic genotypes, suggesting a lower pectin solubilization. At the transcriptomic level, the suppression of FaPG1 or FaPG2 alone induced few transcriptomic changes in the ripe receptacle, but the amount of differentially expressed genes increased notably when both genes were silenced. Many genes encoding cell wall-modifying enzymes were down-regulated. The expression of a putative high affinity potassium transporter was induced in all transgenic genotypes, indicating that cell wall weakening and loss of cell turgor could be linked. These results suggest that, besides the disassembly of pectins tightly linked to the cell wall, PGs could play other roles in strawberry softening, such as the release of oligogalacturonides exerting a positive feedback in softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candelas Paniagua
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pablo Ric-Varas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan A García-Gago
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Gloria López-Casado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Julia Schückel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Antonio J Matas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel A Quesada
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sara Posé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José A Mercado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Abstract
This article comments on:
Paniagua C, Ric-Varas P, Garcia-Gago JA, López-Casado G, Blanco-Portales R, Muñoz-Blanco J, Schückel J, Knox JP, Matas AJ, Quesada MA, Posé S, Mercado JA. 2020. Elucidating the role of polygalacturonase genes in strawberry fruit softening. Journal of Experimental Botany 71, 7103–7117.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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40
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Zhang WW, Zhao SQ, Zhang LC, Xing Y, Jia WS. Changes in the cell wall during fruit development and ripening in Fragaria vesca. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 154:54-65. [PMID: 32526611 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although fruit expansion during ripening has been extensively studied, the structural and metabolic mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we report the critical roles of cell separation and cell wall metabolism in the coordinated regulation of fruit expansion in Fragaria vesca. Anatomical observations indicated that a syndrome of cell separation occurred from the very earliest stage of fruit set. Cell separation led to an increase in apoplastic space, and the time course of this increase coincided with the period of fruit development and ripening. Moreover, massive cellulose disassembly occurred when cells were fully separated, which coincided with the expansion of cell and fruit volume. Consistent with the anatomical observations, both histochemistry and composition analysis indicated correlations between cell separation and the cell wall metabolism. These observations suggest that cell separation, cell elongation and cell wall disassembly occur simultaneously during fruit ripening in Fragaria vesca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, China
| | - Shuai-Qi Zhao
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, China
| | - Ling-Chao Zhang
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, China
| | - Yu Xing
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, China.
| | - Wen-Suo Jia
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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41
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Ma L, Sun L, Guo Y, Lin H, Liu Z, Li K, Guo X. Transcriptome analysis of table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) identified a gene network module associated with berry firmness. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237526. [PMID: 32804968 PMCID: PMC7430731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Berry firmness is one of the main selection criteria for table grape breeding. However, the underlying genetic determinants and mechanisms involved in gene expression during berry development are still poorly understood. In this study, eighteen libraries sampled from Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Red Globe’ and ‘Muscat Hamburg’ at three developmental stages (preveraison, veraison and maturation) were analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). The firmness of ‘Red Globe’ was significantly higher than that of ‘Muscat Hamburg’ at the three developmental stages. In total, a set of 4,559 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was identified between ‘Red Globe’ and ‘Muscat Hamburg’ in the preveraison (2,259), veraison (2030) and maturation stages (2682), including 302 transcription factors (TFs). Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that 23 TFs were predicted to be highly correlated with fruit firmness and propectin content. In addition, the differential expression of the PE, PL, PG, β-GAL, GATL, WAK, XTH and EXP genes might be the reason for the differences in firmness between ‘Red Globe’ and ‘Muscat Hamburg’. The results will provide new information for analysis of grape berry firmness and softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Lingjun Sun
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yinshan Guo
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (YG); (XG)
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Zhendong Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Kun Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Xiuwu Guo
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (YG); (XG)
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Ric-Varas P, Barceló M, Rivera JA, Cerezo S, Matas AJ, Schückel J, Knox JP, Posé S, Pliego-Alfaro F, Mercado JA. Exploring the Use of Fruit Callus Culture as a Model System to Study Color Development and Cell Wall Remodeling during Strawberry Fruit Ripening. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070805. [PMID: 32605018 PMCID: PMC7412483 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell cultures derived from strawberry fruit at different developmental stages have been obtained to evaluate their potential use to study different aspects of strawberry ripening. Callus from leaf and cortical tissue of unripe-green, white, and mature-red strawberry fruits were induced in a medium supplemented with 11.3 µM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) under darkness. The transfer of the established callus from darkness to light induced the production of anthocyanin. The replacement of 2,4-D by abscisic acid (ABA) noticeably increased anthocyanin accumulation in green-fruit callus. Cell walls were isolated from the different fruit cell lines and from fruit receptacles at equivalent developmental stages and sequentially fractionated to obtain fractions enriched in soluble pectins, ester bound pectins, xyloglucans (XG), and matrix glycans tightly associated with cellulose microfibrils. These fractions were analyzed by cell wall carbohydrate microarrays. In fruit receptacle samples, pectins were abundant in all fractions, including those enriched in matrix glycans. The amount of pectin increased from green to white stage, and later these carbohydrates were solubilized in red fruit. Apparently, XG content was similar in white and red fruit, but the proportion of galactosylated XG increased in red fruit. Cell wall fractions from callus cultures were enriched in extensin and displayed a minor amount of pectins. Stronger signals of extensin Abs were detected in sodium carbonate fraction, suggesting that these proteins could be linked to pectins. Overall, the results obtained suggest that fruit cell lines could be used to analyze hormonal regulation of color development in strawberry but that the cell wall remodeling process associated with fruit softening might be masked by the high presence of extensin in callus cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ric-Varas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (P.R.-V.); (J.A.R.); (S.C.); (A.J.M.); (S.P.); (F.P.-A.)
| | - Marta Barceló
- IFAPA Centro de Málaga, Cortijo de la Cruz s/n, 29140 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Juan A. Rivera
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (P.R.-V.); (J.A.R.); (S.C.); (A.J.M.); (S.P.); (F.P.-A.)
| | - Sergio Cerezo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (P.R.-V.); (J.A.R.); (S.C.); (A.J.M.); (S.P.); (F.P.-A.)
| | - Antonio J. Matas
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (P.R.-V.); (J.A.R.); (S.C.); (A.J.M.); (S.P.); (F.P.-A.)
| | - Julia Schückel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - J. Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Sara Posé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (P.R.-V.); (J.A.R.); (S.C.); (A.J.M.); (S.P.); (F.P.-A.)
| | - Fernando Pliego-Alfaro
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (P.R.-V.); (J.A.R.); (S.C.); (A.J.M.); (S.P.); (F.P.-A.)
| | - José A. Mercado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (P.R.-V.); (J.A.R.); (S.C.); (A.J.M.); (S.P.); (F.P.-A.)
- Correspondence:
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Gao Y, Xu D, Ren D, Zeng K, Wu X. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Citrus sinensis peel extract and application to strawberry preservation: A comparison study. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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44
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Vallarino JG, Merchante C, Sánchez‐Sevilla JF, de Luis Balaguer MA, Pott DM, Ariza MT, Casañal A, Posé D, Vioque A, Amaya I, Willmitzer L, Solano R, Sozzani R, Fernie AR, Botella MA, Giovannoni JJ, Valpuesta V, Osorio S. Characterizing the involvement of FaMADS9 in the regulation of strawberry fruit receptacle development. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:929-943. [PMID: 31533196 PMCID: PMC7061862 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
FaMADS9 is the strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) gene that exhibits the highest homology to the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) RIN gene. Transgenic lines were obtained in which FaMADS9 was silenced. The fruits of these lines did not show differences in basic parameters, such as fruit firmness or colour, but exhibited lower Brix values in three of the four independent lines. The gene ontology MapMan category that was most enriched among the differentially expressed genes in the receptacles at the white stage corresponded to the regulation of transcription, including a high percentage of transcription factors and regulatory proteins associated with auxin action. In contrast, the most enriched categories at the red stage were transport, lipid metabolism and cell wall. Metabolomic analysis of the receptacles of the transformed fruits identified significant changes in the content of maltose, galactonic acid-1,4-lactone, proanthocyanidins and flavonols at the green/white stage, while isomaltose, anthocyanins and cuticular wax metabolism were the most affected at the red stage. Among the regulatory genes that were differentially expressed in the transgenic receptacles were several genes previously linked to flavonoid metabolism, such as MYB10, DIV, ZFN1, ZFN2, GT2, and GT5, or associated with the action of hormones, such as abscisic acid, SHP, ASR, GTE7 and SnRK2.7. The inference of a gene regulatory network, based on a dynamic Bayesian approach, among the genes differentially expressed in the transgenic receptacles at the white and red stages, identified the genes KAN1, DIV, ZFN2 and GTE7 as putative targets of FaMADS9. A MADS9-specific CArG box was identified in the promoters of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G. Vallarino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
- Unidad Asociada IFAPA‐CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en FresaMálagaSpain
| | - Catharina Merchante
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
| | - José F. Sánchez‐Sevilla
- Unidad Asociada IFAPA‐CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en FresaMálagaSpain
- Genómica y BiotecnologíaCentro de MálagaInstituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA)MálagaSpain
| | - María Angels de Luis Balaguer
- Plant and Microbial Biology DepartmentNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- Present address:
Precision Biosciences, Inc.DurhamNCUSA
| | - Delphine M. Pott
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
- Unidad Asociada IFAPA‐CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en FresaMálagaSpain
| | - María T. Ariza
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
- Unidad Asociada IFAPA‐CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en FresaMálagaSpain
| | - Ana Casañal
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
| | - David Posé
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
- Unidad Asociada IFAPA‐CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en FresaMálagaSpain
| | - Amalia Vioque
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
| | - Iraida Amaya
- Unidad Asociada IFAPA‐CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en FresaMálagaSpain
- Genómica y BiotecnologíaCentro de MálagaInstituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA)MálagaSpain
| | - Lothar Willmitzer
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Roberto Solano
- Departmento de Genética Molecular de PlantasCentro Nacional de BiotecnologíaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CNB‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Rosangela Sozzani
- Plant and Microbial Biology DepartmentNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- Biomathematics ProgramNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Miguel A. Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
- Unidad Asociada IFAPA‐CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en FresaMálagaSpain
| | - James J. Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research and USDA‐ARSRobert W. Holley CenterCornell University CampusIthacaNYUSA
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
- Unidad Asociada IFAPA‐CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en FresaMálagaSpain
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica. Campus de TeatinosInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea ‘La Mayora’Universidad de Málaga‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálagaSpain
- Unidad Asociada IFAPA‐CSIC Biotecnología y Mejora en FresaMálagaSpain
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Guo M, Zhang Z, Cheng Y, Li S, Shao P, Yu Q, Wang J, Xu G, Zhang X, Liu J, Hou L, Liu H, Zhao X. Comparative population genomics dissects the genetic basis of seven domestication traits in jujube. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:89. [PMID: 32528701 PMCID: PMC7261808 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is an important perennial fruit tree with a range of interesting horticultural traits. It was domesticated from wild jujube (Ziziphus acidojujuba), but the genomic variation dynamics and genetic changes underlying its horticultural traits during domestication are poorly understood. Here, we report a comprehensive genome variation map based on the resequencing of 350 accessions, including wild, semi-wild and cultivated jujube plants, at a >15× depth. Using the combination of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and selective sweep analysis, we identified several candidate genes potentially involved in regulating seven domestication traits in jujube. For fruit shape and kernel shape, we integrated the GWAS approach with transcriptome profiling data, expression analysis and the transgenic validation of a candidate gene to identify a causal gene, ZjFS3, which encodes an ethylene-responsive transcription factor. Similarly, we identified a candidate gene for bearing-shoot length and the number of leaves per bearing shoot and two candidate genes for the seed-setting rate using GWAS. In the selective sweep analysis, we also discovered several putative genes for the presence of prickles on bearing shoots and the postharvest shelf life of fleshy fruits. This study outlines the genetic basis of jujube domestication and evolution and provides a rich genomic resource for mining other horticulturally important genes in jujube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934 China
- Jujube Research Center, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934 China
| | - Zhongren Zhang
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yanwei Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934 China
| | - Sunan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934 China
| | - Peiyin Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934 China
| | - Qiang Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934 China
| | - Junjie Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934 China
| | - Gan Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934 China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934 China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934 China
| | - Linlin Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934 China
| | - Hanxiao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934 China
| | - Xusheng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934 China
- Jujube Research Center, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, 471934 China
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Witasari LD, Huang F, Hoffmann T, Rozhon W, Fry SC, Schwab W. Higher expression of the strawberry xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase genes FvXTH9 and FvXTH6 accelerates fruit ripening. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:1237-1253. [PMID: 31454115 PMCID: PMC8653885 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fruit softening in Fragaria (strawberry) is proposed to be associated with the modification of cell wall components such as xyloglucan by the action of cell wall-modifying enzymes. This study focuses on the in vitro and in vivo characterization of two recombinant xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs) from Fragaria vesca, FvXTH9 and FvXTH6. Mining of the publicly available F. vesca genome sequence yielded 28 putative XTH genes. FvXTH9 showed the highest expression level of all FvXTHs in a fruit transcriptome data set and was selected with the closely related FvXTH6 for further analysis. To investigate their role in fruit ripening in more detail, the coding sequences of FvXTH9 and FvXTH6 were cloned into the vector pYES2 and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FvXTH9 and FvXTH6 displayed xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (XET) activity towards various acceptor substrates using xyloglucan as the donor substrate. Interestingly, FvXTH9 showed activity of mixed-linkage glucan:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (MXE) and cellulose:xyloglucan endotransglucosylase (CXE). The optimum pH of both FvXTH9 and FvXTH6 was 6.5. The prediction of subcellular localization suggested localization to the secretory pathway, which was confirmed by localization studies in Nicotiana tabacum. Overexpression showed that Fragaria × ananassa fruits infiltrated with FvXTH9 and FvXTH6 ripened faster and showed decreased firmness compared with the empty vector control pBI121. Thus FvXTH9 and also FvXTH6 might promote strawberry fruit ripening by the modification of cell wall components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia D. Witasari
- Biotechnology of Natural ProductsTechnische Universität MünchenLiesel‐Beckmann‐Str. 185354FreisingGermany
- Department of Food and Agricultural Product TechnologyFaculty of Agricultural TechnologyUniversitas Gadjah MadaJl. Flora No. 1 – BulaksumurYogyakartaIndonesia
| | - Fong‐Chin Huang
- Biotechnology of Natural ProductsTechnische Universität MünchenLiesel‐Beckmann‐Str. 185354FreisingGermany
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Biotechnology of Natural ProductsTechnische Universität MünchenLiesel‐Beckmann‐Str. 185354FreisingGermany
| | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural CropsTUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanTechnische Universität MünchenLiesel‐Beckmann‐Str. 185354FreisingGermany
| | - Stephen C. Fry
- Edinburgh Cell Wall GroupInstitute of Molecular Plant SciencesThe University of EdinburghDaniel Rutherford BuildingThe King's BuildingsEdinburghEH9 3BFUK
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural ProductsTechnische Universität MünchenLiesel‐Beckmann‐Str. 185354FreisingGermany
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47
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Guo DL, Li Q, Ji XR, Wang ZG, Yu YH. Transcriptome profiling of 'Kyoho' grape at different stages of berry development following 5-azaC treatment. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:825. [PMID: 31703618 PMCID: PMC6839162 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 5-Azacytidine (5-azaC) promotes the development of ‘Kyoho’ grape berry but the associated changes in gene expression have not been reported. In this study, we performed transcriptome analysis of grape berry at five developmental stages after 5-azaC treatment to elucidate the gene expression networks controlling berry ripening. Results The expression patterns of most genes across the time series were similar between the 5-azaC treatment and control groups. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at a given developmental stage ranged from 9 (A3_C3) to 690 (A5_C5). The results indicated that 5-azaC treatment had not very great influences on the expressions of most genes. Functional annotation of the DEGs revealed that they were mainly related to fruit softening, photosynthesis, protein phosphorylation, and heat stress. Eight modules showed high correlation with specific developmental stages and hub genes such as PEROXIDASE 4, CAFFEIC ACID 3-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE 1, and HISTONE-LYSINE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE EZA1 were identified by weighted gene correlation network analysis. Conclusions 5-AzaC treatment alters the transcriptional profile of grape berry at different stages of development, which may involve changes in DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Long Guo
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China. .,Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China.
| | - Qiong Li
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China.,Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Ji
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China.,Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhen-Guang Wang
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China.,Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Yi-He Yu
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China.,Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
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48
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Uluisik S, Seymour GB. Pectate lyases: Their role in plants and importance in fruit ripening. Food Chem 2019; 309:125559. [PMID: 31679850 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are complex structures that are modified throughout development. They are a major contributor to the properties of plant structure and act as barriers against pathogens. The primary cell walls of plants are composed of polysaccharides and proteins. The polysaccharide fraction is divided into components cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectin, are all modified during fruit ripening. Pectin plays an important role in intercellular adhesion and controlling the porosity of the wall. A large number of pectin degrading enzymes have been characterised from plants and they are involved in numerous aspects of plant development. The role of pectate lyases in plant development has received little attention, probably because they are normally associated with the action of plant pathogenic organisms. However their importance in plant development and ripening is now becoming well established and new information about the role of pectate lyases in plant development forms the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selman Uluisik
- Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur Food Agriculture and Livestock Vocational School, 15030 Burdur, Turkey.
| | - Graham B Seymour
- Nottinham University, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough LE12, UK.
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49
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Dos Santos CP, Batista MC, da Cruz Saraiva KD, Roque ALM, de Souza Miranda R, Alexandre E Silva LM, Moura CFH, Alves Filho EG, Canuto KM, Costa JH. Transcriptome analysis of acerola fruit ripening: insights into ascorbate, ethylene, respiration, and softening metabolisms. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 101:269-296. [PMID: 31338671 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The first transcriptome coupled to metabolite analyses reveals major trends during acerola fruit ripening and shed lights on ascorbate, ethylene signalling, cellular respiration, sugar accumulation, and softening key regulatory genes. Acerola is a fast growing and ripening fruit that exhibits high amounts of ascorbate. During ripening, the fruit experience high respiratory rates leading to ascorbate depletion and a quickly fragile and perishable state. Despite its growing economic importance, understanding of its developmental metabolism remains obscure due to the absence of genomic and transcriptomic data. We performed an acerola transcriptome sequencing that generated over 600 million reads, 40,830 contigs, and provided the annotation of 25,298 unique transcripts. Overall, this study revealed the main metabolic changes that occur in the acerola ripening. This transcriptional profile linked to metabolite measurements, allowed us to focus on ascorbate, ethylene, respiration, sugar, and firmness, the major metabolism indicators for acerola quality. Our results suggest a cooperative role of several genes involved in AsA biosynthesis (PMM, GMP1 and 3, GME1 and 2, GGP1 and 2), translocation (NAT3, 4, 6 and 6-like) and recycling (MDHAR2 and DHAR1) pathways for AsA accumulation in unripe fruits. Moreover, the association of metabolites with transcript profiles provided a comprehensive understanding of ethylene signalling, respiration, sugar accumulation and softening of acerola, shedding light on promising key regulatory genes. Overall, this study provides a foundation for further examination of the functional significance of these genes to improve fruit quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clesivan Pereira Dos Santos
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Mathias Coelho Batista
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Kátia Daniella da Cruz Saraiva
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraíba, Campus Princesa Isabel, Princesa Isabel, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Maia Roque
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Hélio Costa
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil.
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50
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Changes in Metabolisms of Antioxidant and Cell Wall in Three Pummelo Cultivars during Postharvest Storage. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080319. [PMID: 31366134 PMCID: PMC6723824 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The juice sacs of pummelo fruit is susceptible to softening during storage at 25 °C, which causes quality deterioration and flavor loss during postharvest pummelo storage. This study investigated the changes in metabolisms of antioxidant and cell wall in juice sacs of three pummelo cultivars—Hongroumiyou (HR), Bairoumiyou (BR) and Huangroumiyou (HuR)—during postharvest storage. The results revealed that, with the extension of storage, the juice sacs of three pummelo cultivars exhibited a decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAC), DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity; a decline in total phenols (TP) content and an increase firstly then a decrease in total ascorbic acid (TAA) content; and a decrease in lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and a rise initially, but a decline in activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Additionally, increased water-soluble pectin (WSP), but declined propectin, ionic-soluble pectin (ISP) and chelator-soluble pectin (CSP); as well as an increase from 0 d to 60 d then followed by a decline in activities of pectinesterase (PE), polygalacturonase (PG) and pectate lyase (PL) were observed. These results suggested that the metabolisms of antioxidant and cell wall could result in softening and senescence of pummelo fruit.
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