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Sivaramakrishnan M, Veeraganti Naveen Prakash C, Chandrasekar B. Multifaceted roles of plant glycosyl hydrolases during pathogen infections: more to discover. PLANTA 2024; 259:113. [PMID: 38581452 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Carbohydrates are hydrolyzed by a family of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases. Here, we have summarized the roles of various plant defense glycosidases that possess different substrate specificities. We have also highlighted the open questions in this research field. Glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) are a family of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. Compared to those of all other sequenced organisms, plant genomes contain a remarkable diversity of glycosidases. Plant glycosidases exhibit activities on various substrates and have been shown to play important roles during pathogen infections. Plant glycosidases from different GH families have been shown to act upon pathogen components, host cell walls, host apoplastic sugars, host secondary metabolites, and host N-glycans to mediate immunity against invading pathogens. We could classify the activities of these plant defense GHs under eleven different mechanisms through which they operate during pathogen infections. Here, we have provided comprehensive information on the catalytic activities, GH family classification, subcellular localization, domain structure, functional roles, and microbial strategies to regulate the activities of defense-related plant GHs. We have also emphasized the research gaps and potential investigations needed to advance this topic of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Balakumaran Chandrasekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Pilani, 333031, India.
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2
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Mohaimin AZ, Krishnamoorthy S, Shivanand P. A critical review on bioaerosols-dispersal of crop pathogenic microorganisms and their impact on crop yield. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:587-628. [PMID: 38001398 PMCID: PMC10920616 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioaerosols are potential sources of pathogenic microorganisms that can cause devastating outbreaks of global crop diseases. Various microorganisms, insects and viroids are known to cause severe crop diseases impeding global agro-economy. Such losses threaten global food security, as it is estimated that almost 821 million people are underfed due to global crisis in food production. It is estimated that global population would reach 10 billion by 2050. Hence, it is imperative to substantially increase global food production to about 60% more than the existing levels. To meet the increasing demand, it is essential to control crop diseases and increase yield. Better understanding of the dispersive nature of bioaerosols, seasonal variations, regional diversity and load would enable in formulating improved strategies to control disease severity, onset and spread. Further, insights on regional and global bioaerosol composition and dissemination would help in predicting and preventing endemic and epidemic outbreaks of crop diseases. Advanced knowledge of the factors influencing disease onset and progress, mechanism of pathogen attachment and penetration, dispersal of pathogens, life cycle and the mode of infection, aid the development and implementation of species-specific and region-specific preventive strategies to control crop diseases. Intriguingly, development of R gene-mediated resistant varieties has shown promising results in controlling crop diseases. Forthcoming studies on the development of an appropriately stacked R gene with a wide range of resistance to crop diseases would enable proper management and yield. The article reviews various aspects of pathogenic bioaerosols, pathogen invasion and infestation, crop diseases and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Zul'Adly Mohaimin
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Sarayu Krishnamoorthy
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Pooja Shivanand
- Environmental and Life Sciences Programme, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
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3
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Chen J, Sun M, Xiao G, Shi R, Zhao C, Zhang Q, Yang S, Xuan Y. Starving the enemy: how plant and microbe compete for sugar on the border. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1230254. [PMID: 37600180 PMCID: PMC10433384 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1230254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
As the primary energy source for a plant host and microbe to sustain life, sugar is generally exported by Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) to the host extracellular spaces or the apoplast. There, the host and microbes compete for hexose, sucrose, and other important nutrients. The host and microbial monosaccharide transporters (MSTs) and sucrose transporters (SUTs) play a key role in the "evolutionary arms race". The result of this competition hinges on the proportion of sugar distribution between the host and microbes. In some plants (such as Arabidopsis, corn, and rice) and their interacting pathogens, the key transporters responsible for sugar competition have been identified. However, the regulatory mechanisms of sugar transporters, especially in the microbes require further investigation. Here, the key transporters that are responsible for the sugar competition in the host and pathogen have been identified and the regulatory mechanisms of the sugar transport have been briefly analyzed. These data are of great significance to the increase of the sugar distribution in plants for improvement in the yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Chen
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, China
| | - Miao Sun
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, China
| | - Guosheng Xiao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, China
| | - Rujie Shi
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, China
| | - Chanjuan Zhao
- Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Wanzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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4
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Bakhat N, Vielba-Fernández A, Padilla-Roji I, Martínez-Cruz J, Polonio Á, Fernández-Ortuño D, Pérez-García A. Suppression of Chitin-Triggered Immunity by Plant Fungal Pathogens: A Case Study of the Cucurbit Powdery Mildew Fungus Podosphaera xanthii. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:771. [PMID: 37504759 PMCID: PMC10381495 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens are significant plant-destroying microorganisms that present an increasing threat to the world's crop production. Chitin is a crucial component of fungal cell walls and a conserved MAMP (microbe-associated molecular pattern) that can be recognized by specific plant receptors, activating chitin-triggered immunity. The molecular mechanisms underlying the perception of chitin by specific receptors are well known in plants such as rice and Arabidopsis thaliana and are believed to function similarly in many other plants. To become a plant pathogen, fungi have to suppress the activation of chitin-triggered immunity. Therefore, fungal pathogens have evolved various strategies, such as prevention of chitin digestion or interference with plant chitin receptors or chitin signaling, which involve the secretion of fungal proteins in most cases. Since chitin immunity is a very effective defensive response, these fungal mechanisms are believed to work in close coordination. In this review, we first provide an overview of the current understanding of chitin-triggered immune signaling and the fungal proteins developed for its suppression. Second, as an example, we discuss the mechanisms operating in fungal biotrophs such as powdery mildew fungi, particularly in the model species Podosphaera xanthii, the main causal agent of powdery mildew in cucurbits. The key role of fungal effector proteins involved in the modification, degradation, or sequestration of immunogenic chitin oligomers is discussed in the context of fungal pathogenesis and the promotion of powdery mildew disease. Finally, the use of this fundamental knowledge for the development of intervention strategies against powdery mildew fungi is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisrine Bakhat
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Alejandra Vielba-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Isabel Padilla-Roji
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Martínez-Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Álvaro Polonio
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Dolores Fernández-Ortuño
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-García
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), 29071 Malaga, Spain
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5
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Qiao K, Lv J, Chen L, Wang Y, Ma L, Wang J, Wang Z, Wang L, Ma Q, Fan S. GhSTP18, a member of sugar transport proteins family, negatively regulates salt stress in cotton. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13982. [PMID: 37616007 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The sugar transporter protein (STP) family has been shown to play important roles in plant growth, development, and stress response. However, it has not been studied in cotton compared to other major crops. In this study, we identified 90 STP genes from four cotton species, performed bioinformatic analysis, and focused on the role of GhSTP18 in salt stress. According to our results, cotton STP proteins were divided into four subgroups according to the phylogenetic tree. A synteny analysis suggested that whole-genome duplication (WGD) and segmental duplication were key drivers in the expansion of the STP gene family. The transcriptomic data analysis showed that 29 GhSTP genes exhibited sink-specific expression. Quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses revealed that expression of GhSTP18 was induced by salt treatment, heat treatment, cold treatment, and drought treatment, and continuously increased during a salt stress time course. Notably, GhSTP18 encodes a plasma membrane-localized galactose transporter. Suppression of GhSTP18 transcription by a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay reduced sensitivity to salt stress in cotton, indicating that GhSTP18 negatively regulates plant salt tolerance. These results provide an important reference and resource for further studying and deploying STP genes for cotton improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Qiao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Jiaoyan Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yanwen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei Base of National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Hebei Agricultural University, Hebei Base of National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Long Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Qifeng Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuli Fan
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, Hainan, China
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6
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Zhang S, Kan J, Liu X, Wu Y, Zhang M, Ou J, Wang J, An L, Li D, Wang L, Wang X, Fang R, Jia Y. Phytopathogenic bacteria utilize host glucose as a signal to stimulate virulence through LuxR homologues. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:359-373. [PMID: 36762904 PMCID: PMC10013830 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemical signal-mediated biological communication is common within bacteria and between bacteria and their hosts. Many plant-associated bacteria respond to unknown plant compounds to regulate bacterial gene expression. However, the nature of the plant compounds that mediate such interkingdom communication and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly characterized. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) causes black rot disease on brassica vegetables. Xcc contains an orphan LuxR regulator (XccR) which senses a plant signal that was validated to be glucose by HPLC-MS. The glucose concentration increases in apoplast fluid after Xcc infection, which is caused by the enhanced activity of plant sugar transporters translocating sugar and cell-wall invertases releasing glucose from sucrose. XccR recruits glucose, but not fructose, sucrose, glucose 6-phosphate, and UDP-glucose, to activate pip expression. Deletion of the bacterial glucose transporter gene sglT impaired pathogen virulence and pip expression. Structural prediction showed that the N-terminal domain of XccR forms an alternative pocket neighbouring the AHL-binding pocket for glucose docking. Substitution of three residues affecting structural stability abolished the ability of XccR to bind to the luxXc box in the pip promoter. Several other XccR homologues from plant-associated bacteria can also form stable complexes with glucose, indicating that glucose may function as a common signal molecule for pathogen-plant interactions. The conservation of a glucose/XccR/pip-like system in plant-associated bacteria suggests that some phytopathogens have evolved the ability to utilize host compounds as virulence signals, indicating that LuxRs mediate an interkingdom signalling circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jinhong Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Present address:
Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and DevelopmentInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mingyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jinqing Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lin An
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Defeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiu‐Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and DevelopmentInstitute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Rongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yantao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsInstitute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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7
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Xu W, Liu Z, Zhao Z, Zhang S, Li M, Guo D, Liu JH, Li C. The functional analysis of sugar transporter proteins in sugar accumulation and pollen tube growth in pummelo ( Citrus grandis). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1106219. [PMID: 36684762 PMCID: PMC9846575 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1106219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sugar transporter proteins (STPs) play vital roles in sugar transport and allocation of carbon sources in plants. However, the evolutionary dynamics of this important gene family and their functions are still largely unknown in citrus, which is the largest fruit crop in the world. In this study, fourteen non-redundant CgSTP family members were identified in pummelo (Citrus grandis). A comprehensive analysis based on the biochemical characteristics, the chromosomal location, the exon-intron structures and the evolutionary relationships demonstrated the conservation and the divergence of CgSTPs. Moreover, CgSTP4, 11, 13, 14 were proofed to be localized in plasma membrane and have glucose transport activity in yeast. The hexose content were significantly increased with the transient overexpression of CgSTP11 and CgSTP14. In addition, antisense repression of CgSTP4 induced the shorter pollen tube length in vitro, implying the potential role of CgSTP4 in pummelo pollen tube growth. Taken together, this work explored a framework for understanding the physiological role of CgSTPs and laid a foundation for future functional studies of these members in citrus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dayong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ji-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
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8
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Omary M, Matosevich R, Efroni I. Systemic control of plant regeneration and wound repair. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:408-413. [PMID: 36101501 PMCID: PMC10092612 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants have a broad capacity to regenerate damaged organs. The study of wounding in multiple developmental systems has uncovered many of the molecular properties underlying plants' competence for regeneration at the local cellular level. However, in nature, wounding is rarely localized to one place, and plants need to coordinate regeneration responses at multiple tissues with environmental conditions and their physiological state. Here, we review the evidence for systemic signals that regulate regeneration on a plant-wide level. We focus on the role of auxin and sugars as short- and long-range signals in natural wounding contexts and discuss the varied origin of these signals in different regeneration scenarios. Together, this evidence calls for a broader, system-wide view of plant regeneration competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moutasem Omary
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Faculty of AgricultureThe Hebrew UniversityRehovot761000Israel
| | - Rotem Matosevich
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Faculty of AgricultureThe Hebrew UniversityRehovot761000Israel
| | - Idan Efroni
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, Faculty of AgricultureThe Hebrew UniversityRehovot761000Israel
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9
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Huai B, Yuan P, Ma X, Zhang X, Jiang L, Zheng P, Yao M, Chen Z, Chen L, Shen Q, Kang Z, Liu J. Sugar transporter TaSTP3 activation by TaWRKY19/61/82 enhances stripe rust susceptibility in wheat. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:266-282. [PMID: 35729085 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sugar efflux from host plants is essential for pathogen survival and proliferation. Sugar transporter-mediated redistribution of host sugar contributes to the outcomes of plant-pathogen interactions. However, few studies have focused on how sugar translocation is strategically manipulated during host colonization. To elucidate this question, the wheat sugar transport protein (STP) TaSTP3 responding to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) infection was characterized for sugar transport properties in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its potential role during Pst infection by RNA interference and overexpression in wheat. In addition, the transcription factors regulating TaSTP3 expression were further determined. The results showed that TaSTP3 is localized to the plasma membrane and functions as a sugar transporter of hexose and sucrose. TaSTP3 confers enhanced wheat susceptibility to Pst, and overexpression of TaSTP3 resulted in increased sucrose accumulation and transcriptional suppression of defense-related genes. Furthermore, TaWRKY19, TaWRKY61 and TaWRKY82 were identified as positive transcriptional regulators of TaSTP3 expression. Our findings reveal that the Pst-induced sugar transporter TaSTP3 is transcriptionally activated by TaWRKY19/61/82 and facilitates wheat susceptibility to stripe rust possibly through elevated sucrose concentration, and suggest TaSTP3 as a strong target for engineering wheat resistance to stripe rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Huai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Disease and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Pu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiurui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lihua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Peijing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mohan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ziyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Liyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Smart Genomics Corp., Tianjin, 301700, China
| | - Qianhua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Yangling Seed Industry Innovation Center, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Pioneering Innovation Center for Wheat Stress Tolerance Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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10
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De Rocchis V, Jammer A, Camehl I, Franken P, Roitsch T. Tomato growth promotion by the fungal endophytes Serendipita indica and Serendipita herbamans is associated with sucrose de-novo synthesis in roots and differential local and systemic effects on carbohydrate metabolisms and gene expression. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 276:153755. [PMID: 35961165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting and stress resilience-inducing root endophytic fungi represent an additional carbohydrate sink. This study aims to test if such root endophytes affect the sugar metabolism of the host plant to divert the flow of resources for their purposes. Fresh and dry weights of roots and shoots of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) colonised by the closely related Serendipita indica and Serendipita herbamans were recorded. Plant carbohydrate metabolism was analysed by measuring sugar levels, by determining activity signatures of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, and by quantifying mRNA levels of genes involved in sugar transport and turnover. During the interaction with the tomato plants, both fungi promoted root growth and shifted shoot biomass from stem to leaf tissues, resulting in increased leaf size. A common effect induced by both fungi was the inhibition of phosphofructokinase (PFK) in roots and leaves. This glycolytic-pacing enzyme shows how the glycolysis rate is reduced in plants and, eventually, how sugars are allocated to different tissues. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity was strongly induced in colonised roots. This was accompanied by increased SPS-A1 gene expression in S. herbamans-colonised roots and by increased sucrose amounts in roots colonised by S. indica. Other enzyme activities were barely affected by S. indica, but mainly induced in leaves of S. herbamans-colonised plants and decreased in roots. This study suggests that two closely related root endophytic fungi differentially influence plant carbohydrate metabolism locally and systemically, but both induce a similar increase in plant biomass. Notably, both fungal endophytes induce an increase in SPS activity and, in the case of S. indica, sucrose resynthesis in roots. In leaves of S. indica-colonised plants, SWEET11b expression was enhanced, thus we assume that excess sucrose was exported by this transporter to the roots. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo De Rocchis
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Alexandra Jammer
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Schubertstraße 51, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Iris Camehl
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Philipp Franken
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
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11
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Parrilla J, Medici A, Gaillard C, Verbeke J, Gibon Y, Rolin D, Laloi M, Finkelstein RR, Atanassova R. Grape ASR Regulates Glucose Transport, Metabolism and Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116194. [PMID: 35682874 PMCID: PMC9181829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To decipher the mediator role of the grape Abscisic acid, Stress, Ripening (ASR) protein, VvMSA, in the pathways of glucose signaling through the regulation of its target, the promoter of hexose transporter VvHT1, we overexpressed and repressed VvMSA in embryogenic and non-embryogenic grapevine cells. The embryogenic cells with organized cell proliferation were chosen as an appropriate model for high sensitivity to the glucose signal, due to their very low intracellular glucose content and low glycolysis flux. In contrast, the non-embryogenic cells displaying anarchic cell proliferation, supported by high glycolysis flux and a partial switch to fermentation, appeared particularly sensitive to inhibitors of glucose metabolism. By using different glucose analogs to discriminate between distinct pathways of glucose signal transduction, we revealed VvMSA positioning as a transcriptional regulator of the glucose transporter gene VvHT1 in glycolysis-dependent glucose signaling. The effects of both the overexpression and repression of VvMSA on glucose transport and metabolism via glycolysis were analyzed, and the results demonstrated its role as a mediator in the interplay of glucose metabolism, transport and signaling. The overexpression of VvMSA in the Arabidopsis mutant abi8 provided evidence for its partial functional complementation by improving glucose absorption activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Parrilla
- UMR CNRS 7267 Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, Équipe Sucres & Echanges Végétaux Environnement, Université de Poitiers, 3 Rue Jacques Fort, 86073 Poitiers, France; (J.P.); (A.M.); (C.G.); (J.V.); (M.L.)
| | - Anna Medici
- UMR CNRS 7267 Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, Équipe Sucres & Echanges Végétaux Environnement, Université de Poitiers, 3 Rue Jacques Fort, 86073 Poitiers, France; (J.P.); (A.M.); (C.G.); (J.V.); (M.L.)
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier (IPSiM), UMR CNRS/INRAE/Institut Agro/Université de Montpellier, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Gaillard
- UMR CNRS 7267 Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, Équipe Sucres & Echanges Végétaux Environnement, Université de Poitiers, 3 Rue Jacques Fort, 86073 Poitiers, France; (J.P.); (A.M.); (C.G.); (J.V.); (M.L.)
| | - Jérémy Verbeke
- UMR CNRS 7267 Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, Équipe Sucres & Echanges Végétaux Environnement, Université de Poitiers, 3 Rue Jacques Fort, 86073 Poitiers, France; (J.P.); (A.M.); (C.G.); (J.V.); (M.L.)
- GReD-UMR CNRS 6293/INSERM U1103, CRBC, Faculté de Médecine, Université Clermont-Auvergne, 28 Place Henri Dunant, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie (BFP), INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Bordeaux, France; (Y.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Dominique Rolin
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie (BFP), INRA, Université de Bordeaux, 33882 Bordeaux, France; (Y.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Maryse Laloi
- UMR CNRS 7267 Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, Équipe Sucres & Echanges Végétaux Environnement, Université de Poitiers, 3 Rue Jacques Fort, 86073 Poitiers, France; (J.P.); (A.M.); (C.G.); (J.V.); (M.L.)
| | - Ruth R. Finkelstein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA;
| | - Rossitza Atanassova
- UMR CNRS 7267 Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, Équipe Sucres & Echanges Végétaux Environnement, Université de Poitiers, 3 Rue Jacques Fort, 86073 Poitiers, France; (J.P.); (A.M.); (C.G.); (J.V.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Liu T, Bao C, Ban Q, Wang C, Hu T, Wang J. Genome-wide identification of sugar transporter gene family in Brassicaceae crops and an expression analysis in the radish. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:245. [PMID: 35585498 PMCID: PMC9115943 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugar not only is an important biomacromolecule that plays important roles in plant growth, development, and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance but also provides a skeleton for other macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Sugar transporter proteins (STPs) play essential roles in plant sugar transport and ultimately affect the abovementioned life processes. However, the evolutionary dynamics of this important gene family in Brassicaceae crops are still largely unknown, and the functional differentiation of radish STP genes remains unclear. RESULTS In the present study, a comparative genomic study of STP genes in five representative Brassicaceae crops was conducted, and a total of 25, 25, 28, 36 and 49 STP genes were individually identified in Raphanus sativus (Rs), Brassica oleracea (Bo), B. rapa (Br), B. napus (Bn) and B. juncea (Bj), which were divided into four clades by phylogenetic analysis. The number of STP genes was no direct correlation with genome size and the total number of coding genes in Brassicaceae crops, and their physical and chemical properties showed no significant difference. Expression analysis showed that radish STP genes play vital roles not only in flower and seedpod development but also under heavy metal (cadmium, chromium and lead), NaCl and PEG-6000 stresses, Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection, and exogenous sugar treatment. RsSTP13.2 was significantly upregulated in the resistant radish cultivar by A. tumefaciens infection and induced by heavy metal, NaCl and PEG-6000 stress, indicating that it is involved in resistance to both biotic and abiotic stress in radish. CONCLUSIONS The present study provides insights into the evolutionary patterns of the STP gene family in Brassicaceae genomes and provides a theoretical basis for future functional analysis of STP genes in Brassicaceae crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjin Liu
- College of Horticulture, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 210038 China
| | - Chonglai Bao
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Qiuyan Ban
- College of Horticulture, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 210038 China
| | - Changyi Wang
- College of Horticulture, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 210038 China
| | - Tianhua Hu
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
| | - Jinglei Wang
- Institute of Vegetable, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 China
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13
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Liu YH, Song YH, Ruan YL. Sugar conundrum in plant-pathogen interactions: roles of invertase and sugar transporters depend on pathosystems. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1910-1925. [PMID: 35104311 PMCID: PMC8982439 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been increasingly recognized that CWIN (cell wall invertase) and sugar transporters including STP (sugar transport protein) and SWEET (sugar will eventually be exported transporters) play important roles in plant-pathogen interactions. However, the information available in the literature comes from diverse systems and often yields contradictory findings and conclusions. To solve this puzzle, we provide here a comprehensive assessment of the topic. Our analyses revealed that the regulation of plant-microbe interactions by CWIN, SWEET, and STP is conditioned by the specific pathosystems involved. The roles of CWINs in plant resistance are largely determined by the lifestyle of pathogens (biotrophs versus necrotrophs or hemibiotrophs), possibly through CWIN-mediated salicylic acid or jasmonic acid signaling and programmed cell death pathways. The up-regulation of SWEETs and STPs may enhance or reduce plant resistance, depending on the cellular sites from which pathogens acquire sugars from the host cells. Finally, plants employ unique mechanisms to defend against viral infection, in part through a sugar-based regulation of plasmodesmatal development or aperture. Our appraisal further calls for attention to be paid to the involvement of microbial sugar metabolism and transport in plant-pathogen interactions, which is an integrated but overlooked component of such interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hua Liu
- School of Horticulture, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - You-Hong Song
- Innovation Cluster of Crop Molecular Biology and Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- Innovation Cluster of Crop Molecular Biology and Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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14
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Tamayo E, Figueira-Galán D, Manck-Götzenberger J, Requena N. Overexpression of the Potato Monosaccharide Transporter StSWEET7a Promotes Root Colonization by Symbiotic and Pathogenic Fungi by Increasing Root Sink Strength. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:837231. [PMID: 35401641 PMCID: PMC8987980 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.837231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root colonization by filamentous fungi modifies sugar partitioning in plants by increasing the sink strength. As a result, a transcriptional reprogramming of sugar transporters takes place. Here we have further advanced in the characterization of the potato SWEET sugar transporters and their regulation in response to the colonization by symbiotic and pathogenic fungi. We previously showed that root colonization by the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis induces a major transcriptional reprogramming of the 35 potato SWEETs, with 12 genes induced and 10 repressed. In contrast, here we show that during the early colonization phase, the necrotrophic fungus Fusarium solani only induces one SWEET transporter, StSWEET7a, while represses most of the others (25). StSWEET7a was also induced during root colonization by the hemi-biotrophic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tuberosi. StSWEET7a which belongs to the clade II of SWEET transporters localized to the plasma membrane and transports glucose, fructose and mannose. Overexpression of StSWEET7a in potato roots increased the strength of this sink as evidenced by an increase in the expression of the cell wall-bound invertase. Concomitantly, plants expressing StSWEET7a were faster colonized by R. irregularis and by F. oxysporum f. sp. tuberosi. The increase in sink strength induced by ectopic expression of StSWEET7a in roots could be abolished by shoot excision which reverted also the increased colonization levels by the symbiotic fungus. Altogether, these results suggest that AM fungi and Fusarium spp. might induce StSWEET7a to increase the sink strength and thus this gene might represent a common susceptibility target for root colonizing fungi.
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15
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Microbial interaction mediated programmed cell death in plants. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:43. [PMID: 35096500 PMCID: PMC8761208 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03099-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Food demand of growing population can only be met by finding solutions for sustaining the crop yield. The understanding of basic mechanisms employed by microorganisms for the establishment of parasitic relationship with plants is a complex phenomenon. Symbionts and biotrophs are dependent on living hosts for completing their life cycle, whereas necrotrophs utilize dead cells for their growth and establishment. Hemibiotrophs as compared to other microbes associate themselves with plants in two phase's, viz. early bio-phase and later necro-phase. Plants and microbes interact with each other using receptors present on host cell surface and elicitors (PAMPs and effectors) produced by microbes. Plant-microbe interaction either leads to compatible or incompatible reaction. In response to various biotic and abiotic stress factors, plant undergoes programmed cell death which restricts the growth of biotrophs or hemibiotrophs while necrotrophs as an opportunist starts growing on dead tissue for their own benefit. PCD regulation is an outcome of plant-microbe crosstalk which entirely depends on various biochemical events like generation of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, ionic efflux/influx, CLPs, biosynthesis of phytohormones, phytoalexins, polyamines and certain pathogenesis-related proteins. This phenomenon mostly occurs in resistant and non-host plants during invasion of pathogenic microbes. The compatible or incompatible host-pathogen interaction depends upon the presence or absence of host plant resistance and pathogenic race. In addition to host-pathogen interaction, the defense induction by beneficial microbes must also be explored and used to the best of its potential. This review highlights the mechanism of microbe- or symbiont-mediated PCD along with defense induction in plants towards symbionts, biotrophs, necrotrophs and hemibiotrophs. Here we have also discussed the possible use of beneficial microbes in inducing systemic resistance in plants against pathogenic microbes.
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16
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Pimentel D, Amaro R, Erban A, Mauri N, Soares F, Rego C, Martínez-Zapater JM, Mithöfer A, Kopka J, Fortes AM. Transcriptional, hormonal, and metabolic changes in susceptible grape berries under powdery mildew infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6544-6569. [PMID: 34106234 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) berries are extremely sensitive to infection by the biotrophic pathogen Erysiphe necator, causing powdery mildew disease with deleterious effects on grape and wine quality. The combined analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome associated with this common fungal infection has not been previously carried out in any fruit. In order to identify the molecular, hormonal, and metabolic mechanisms associated with infection, healthy and naturally infected V. vinifera cv. Carignan berries were collected at two developmental stages: late green (EL33) and early véraison (EL35). RNA sequencing combined with GC-electron impact ionization time-of-flight MS, GC-electron impact ionization/quadrupole MS, and LC-tandem MS analyses revealed that powdery mildew-susceptible grape berries were able to activate defensive mechanisms with the involvement of salicylic acid and jasmonates and to accumulate defense-associated metabolites (e.g. phenylpropanoids, fatty acids). The defensive strategies also indicated organ-specific responses, namely the activation of fatty acid biosynthesis. However, defense responses were not enough to restrict fungal growth. The fungal metabolic program during infection involves secretion of effectors related to effector-triggered susceptibility, carbohydrate-active enzymes and activation of sugar, fatty acid, and nitrogen uptake, and could be under epigenetic regulation. This study also identified potential metabolic biomarkers such as gallic, eicosanoic, and docosanoic acids and resveratrol, which can be used to monitor early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pimentel
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rute Amaro
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexander Erban
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Nuria Mauri
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, CSIC-UR-Gobierno de La Rioja, Ctra. de Burgos km 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Flávio Soares
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cecília Rego
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José M Martínez-Zapater
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, CSIC-UR-Gobierno de La Rioja, Ctra. de Burgos km 6, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ana Margarida Fortes
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Gupta M, Dubey S, Jain D, Chandran D. The Medicago truncatula Sugar Transport Protein 13 and Its Lr67res-Like Variant Confer Powdery Mildew Resistance in Legumes via Defense Modulation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:650-667. [PMID: 33576400 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Obligate biotrophic pathogens like the pea powdery mildew© (PM) Erysiphe pisi establish long-term feeding relationships with their host, during which they siphon sugars from host cells through haustoria. Plants in turn deploy sugar transporters to restrict carbon allocation toward pathogens, as a defense mechanism. Studies in Arabidopsis have shown that sugar transport protein 13 (STP13), a proton-hexose symporter involved in apoplasmic hexose retrieval, contributes to bacterial and necrotrophic fungal resistance by limiting sugar flux toward these pathogens. By contrast, expression of Lr67res,a transport-deficient wheat STP13 variant harboring two amino acid substitutions (G144R and V387L), conferred resistance against biotrophic fungi in wheat and barley, indicating its broad applicability in disease management. Here, we investigated the role of STP13 and STP13G144R in legume-PM interactions. We show that Medicago truncatula STP13.1 is a proton-hexose symporter involved in basal resistance against PM and indirectly show that Lr67res-mediated PM resistance, so far reported only in monocots, is transferable to legumes. Among the 30 MtSTPs, STP13.1 exhibited the highest fold induction in PM-challenged leaves and was also responsive to chitosan, ABA and sugar treatment. Functional assays in yeast showed that introduction of the G144R mutation but not V388L abolished MtSTP13.1's hexose uptake ability. Virus-induced gene silencing of MtSTP13 repressed pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression and enhanced PM susceptibility in M. truncatula whereas transient overexpression of MtSTP13.1 or MtSTP13.1G144R in pea induced PR and isoflavonoid pathway genes and enhanced PM resistance. We propose a model in which STP13.1-mediated sugar signaling triggers defense responses against PM in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Gupta
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster,Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
- Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology,Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
| | - Shubham Dubey
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster,Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hockmeyer Hall of Structural Biology, Purdue University,West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Deepti Jain
- Transcription Regulation Lab, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster,Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
| | - Divya Chandran
- Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster,Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India
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18
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Ledermann L, Daouda S, Gouttesoulard C, Aarrouf J, Urban L. Flashes of UV-C Light Stimulate Defenses of Vitis vinifera L. 'Chardonnay' Against Erysiphe necator in Greenhouse and Vineyard Conditions. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2106-2113. [PMID: 33393363 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2229-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using detached leaves, UV-C light in the form of 1-s flashes has recently been shown to stimulate defenses of several plants against different pathogens better than 1-min exposures under greenhouse conditions. In the present work, the pathological tests were conducted using undetached leaves under greenhouse and vineyard conditions. In a first trial, two flashes of UV-C light were applied to plants of Vitis vinifera L. 'Chardonnay' grown under greenhouse conditions, at an interval of 10 days. Plants were inoculated with Erysiphe necator 2 days after the last light treatment. After 18 days of inoculation, the symptom severity on leaves was reduced by 60% when compared with the untreated control. In a second trial, flashes of UV-C light were applied to grapevine Chardonnay plants under field conditions in the southeast of France every 10 days from 18 April until 10 July 2019. The symptom severity resulting from natural contaminations by E. necator was reduced by 42% in leaves on 4 July 2019 and by 65% in clusters on 25 July 2019. In a third trial, we observed that UV-C light did not have any effect on net photosynthesis, maximal net photosynthesis, dark respiration, maximal quantum efficiency of photosystem II, the performance index of Strasser, and, generally, any parameter derived from induction curves of maximal chlorophyll fluorescence. It was concluded that flashes of UV-C light have true potential for stimulating plant defenses against E. necator under vineyard conditions and, therefore, help in reducing fungicide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Ledermann
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, France
- UV Boosting, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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19
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Bhosle SM, Makandar R. Comparative proteomic analysis reveals molecular differences between incompatible and compatible interaction of Erysiphe pisi in garden pea. Microbiol Res 2021; 248:126736. [PMID: 33740672 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Comparative proteome analysis of Erysiphe pisi-infected pea genotypes; JI-2480 carrying er2 resistant gene and Arkel, the susceptible genotype by liquid chromatography- mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS QTOF) at 72 h post inoculation (hpi) revealed several differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) of both the host and the pathogen. The functional annotation of proteins through gene enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses revealed strong up-regulation of pathogenesis related protein NPR1, proteins related to defense, transportation and signal transduction, hypersensitive response, cell wall modifications, phenylpropanoid and metabolic pathways in J-72. Significant abundance of membrane-related polypeptides, kinase domains and small GTPase signal transduction-related proteins suggested their major role in plant defense. The abundance of cellular antioxidant protein, catalase and its isozyme along with calreticulin-1 and 2 in J-72 confirmed their intervention in maintaining a redox balance in powdery mildew defense. High abundance levels of Glycolysis-related proteins indicated it as a major pathway for energy source during fungal growth. The majority of pathogenicity and virulence genes were downregulated in J-72 compared to A-72, while four EKA (Effectors homologues to Avk1 and Avra10) like avirulence proteins were significantly upregulated in incompatible interaction suggesting their role in eliciting hypersensitive response in pea against E. pisi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal M Bhosle
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Ragiba Makandar
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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Breia R, Conde A, Badim H, Fortes AM, Gerós H, Granell A. Plant SWEETs: from sugar transport to plant-pathogen interaction and more unexpected physiological roles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:836-852. [PMID: 33724398 PMCID: PMC8195505 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) have important roles in numerous physiological mechanisms where sugar efflux is critical, including phloem loading, nectar secretion, seed nutrient filling, among other less expected functions. They mediate low affinity and high capacity transport, and in angiosperms this family is composed by 20 paralogs on average. As SWEETs facilitate the efflux of sugars, they are highly susceptible to hijacking by pathogens, making them central players in plant-pathogen interaction. For instance, several species from the Xanthomonas genus are able to upregulate the transcription of SWEET transporters in rice (Oryza sativa), upon the secretion of transcription-activator-like effectors. Other pathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea or Erysiphe necator, are also capable of increasing SWEET expression. However, the opposite behavior has been observed in some cases, as overexpression of the tonoplast AtSWEET2 during Pythium irregulare infection restricted sugar availability to the pathogen, rendering plants more resistant. Therefore, a clear-cut role for SWEET transporters during plant-pathogen interactions has so far been difficult to define, as the metabolic signatures and their regulatory nodes, which decide the susceptibility or resistance responses, remain poorly understood. This fuels the still ongoing scientific question: what roles can SWEETs play during plant-pathogen interaction? Likewise, the roles of SWEET transporters in response to abiotic stresses are little understood. Here, in addition to their relevance in biotic stress, we also provide a small glimpse of SWEETs importance during plant abiotic stress, and briefly debate their importance in the particular case of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) due to its socioeconomic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Breia
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Artur Conde
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
- Author for communication:
| | - Hélder Badim
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Fortes
- Lisbon Science Faculty, BioISI, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Department of Engineering, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Antonio Granell
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
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21
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Liu J, Liu M, Tan L, Huai B, Ma X, Pan Q, Zheng P, Wen Y, Zhang Q, Zhao Q, Kang Z, Xiao S. AtSTP8, an endoplasmic reticulum-localised monosaccharide transporter from Arabidopsis, is recruited to the extrahaustorial membrane during powdery mildew infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2404-2419. [PMID: 33728642 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biotrophic pathogens are believed to strategically manipulate sugar transport in host cells to enhance their access to carbohydrates. However, mechanisms of sugar translocation from host cells to biotrophic fungi such as powdery mildew across the plant-haustorium interface remain poorly understood. To investigate this question, systematic subcellular localisation analysis was performed for all the 14 members of the monosaccharide sugar transporter protein (STP) family in Arabidopsis thaliana. The best candidate AtSTP8 was further characterised for its transport properties in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and potential role in powdery mildew infection by gene ablation and overexpression in Arabidopsis. Our results showed that AtSTP8 was mainly localised to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and appeared to be recruited to the host-derived extrahaustorial membrane (EHM) induced by powdery mildew. Functional complementation assays in S. cerevisiae suggested that AtSTP8 can transport a broad spectrum of hexose substrates. Moreover, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtSTP8 showed increased hexose concentration in leaf tissues and enhanced susceptibility to powdery mildew. Our data suggested that the ER-localised sugar transporter AtSTP8 may be recruited to the EHM where it may be involved in sugar acquisition by haustoria of powdery mildew from host cells in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Mengxue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Liqiang Tan
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611830, China
| | - Baoyu Huai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xianfeng Ma
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Crop, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Qinglin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Peijing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yingqiang Wen
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Qi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shunyuan Xiao
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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22
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Liu H, Li C, Qiao L, Hu L, Wang X, Wang J, Ruan X, Yang G, Yin G, Wang C, Sun Z, Ma K, Li L. The Sugar Transporter family in wheat ( Triticum aestivum. L): genome-wide identification, classification, and expression profiling during stress in seedlings. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11371. [PMID: 33987032 PMCID: PMC8103919 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The sugar transporter protein (STP) plays a crucial role in regulating plant growth and stress tolerance. We performed genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the STP gene family to investigate the STPSs’ potential roles in the growth of wheat seedlings under stress. Here, a total of 81 TaSTP genes containing the Sugar_tr conserved motif were identified within the wheat genome. Bioinformatic studies including phylogenetic tree, chromosome position, and tandem repeat were performed to analyze the identified genes. The 81 TaSTP genes can be classified into five main groups according to their structural and phylogenetic features, with several subgroups, which were located separately on chromosomes A, B, and D. Moreover, six gene clusters were formed with more than three genes each. The results of three comparative syntenic maps of wheat associated with three representative species suggested that STP genes have strong relationships in monocots. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that most TaSTP genes displayed different expression profiles after seedlings were subjected to six days of different stress (10% PEG6000, 150 mM NaCl, and their combination, respectively), suggesting that these genes may be involved in regulating plant growth and stress tolerance. In conclusion, 81 TaSTP genes were identified and their expressions changed under stress, indicating TaSTP’s potential roles in wheat growth monosaccharide distribution is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhan Liu
- Zhoukou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhoukou, Henan, China.,College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Chaoqiong Li
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Lizong Hu
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Xueqin Wang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Junsheng Wang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Xianle Ruan
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Guangyu Yang
- Zhoukou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Guihong Yin
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Chunping Wang
- College of Agronomy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Zhongke Sun
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Keshi Ma
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
| | - Lili Li
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China
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23
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Backes A, Guerriero G, Ait Barka E, Jacquard C. Pyrenophora teres: Taxonomy, Morphology, Interaction With Barley, and Mode of Control. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:614951. [PMID: 33889162 PMCID: PMC8055952 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.614951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Net blotch, induced by the ascomycete Pyrenophora teres, has become among the most important disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Easily recognizable by brown reticulated stripes on the sensitive barley leaves, net blotch reduces the yield by up to 40% and decreases seed quality. The life cycle, the mode of dispersion and the development of the pathogen, allow a quick contamination of the host. Crop residues, seeds, and wild grass species are the inoculum sources to spread the disease. The interaction between the barley plant and the fungus is complex and involves physiological changes with the emergence of symptoms on barley and genetic changes including the modulation of different genes involved in the defense pathways. The genes of net blotch resistance have been identified and their localizations are distributed on seven barley chromosomes. Considering the importance of this disease, several management approaches have been performed to control net blotch. One of them is the use of beneficial bacteria colonizing the rhizosphere, collectively referred to as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria. Several studies have reported the protective role of these bacteria and their metabolites against potential pathogens. Based on the available data, we expose a comprehensive review of Pyrenophora teres including its morphology, interaction with the host plant and means of control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Backes
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Gea Guerriero
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Hautcharage, Luxembourg
| | - Essaid Ait Barka
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Cédric Jacquard
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
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24
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Devanna BN, Jaswal R, Singh PK, Kapoor R, Jain P, Kumar G, Sharma Y, Samantaray S, Sharma TR. Role of transporters in plant disease resistance. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:849-867. [PMID: 33639002 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants being sessile have evolved numerous mechanisms to meet the changing environmental and growth conditions. Plant pathogens are responsible for devastating disease epidemics in many species. Transporter proteins are an integral part of plant growth and development, and several studies have documented their role in pathogen disease resistance. In this review, we analyze the studies on genome-wide identifications of plant transporters like sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEET), multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins (NRAMP), and sugar transport proteins (STPs), all having a significant role in plant disease resistance. The mechanism of action of these transporters, their solute specificity, and the potential application of recent molecular biology approaches deploying these transporters for the development of disease-resistant plants are also discussed. The applications of genome editing tools, such as CRIPSR/Cas9, are also presented. Altogether the information included in this article gives a better understanding of the role of transporter proteins during plant-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajdeep Jaswal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | | | - Ritu Kapoor
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Priyanka Jain
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Yogesh Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | | | - Tilak R Sharma
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Division of Crop Science, New Delhi, India
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25
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Su T, Zhou B, Cao D, Pan Y, Hu M, Zhang M, Wei H, Han M. Transcriptomic Profiling of Populus Roots Challenged with Fusarium Reveals Differential Responsive Patterns of Invertase and Invertase Inhibitor-Like Families within Carbohydrate Metabolism. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020089. [PMID: 33513923 PMCID: PMC7911864 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium solani (Fs) is one of the notorious necrotrophic fungal pathogens that cause root rot and vascular wilt, accounting for the severe loss of Populus production worldwide. The plant-pathogen interactions have a strong molecular basis. As yet, the genomic information and transcriptomic profiling on the attempted infection of Fs remain unavailable in a woody model species, Populus trichocarpa. We used a full RNA-seq transcriptome to investigate the molecular interactions in the roots with a time-course infection at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h post-inoculation (hpi) of Fs. Concomitantly, the invertase and invertase inhibitor-like gene families were further analyzed, followed by the experimental evaluation of their expression patterns using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and enzyme assay. The magnitude profiles of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed at 72 hpi inoculation. Approximately 839 genes evidenced a reception and transduction of pathogen signals, a large transcriptional reprogramming, induction of hormone signaling, activation of pathogenesis-related genes, and secondary and carbohydrate metabolism changes. Among these, a total of 63 critical genes that consistently appear during the entire interactions of plant-pathogen had substantially altered transcript abundance and potentially constituted suitable candidates as resistant genes in genetic engineering. These data provide essential clues in the developing new strategies of broadening resistance to Fs through transcriptional or translational modifications of the critical responsive genes within various analyzed categories (e.g., carbohydrate metabolism) in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Su
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.S.); (B.Z.); (D.C.); (M.H.); (M.Z.); (H.W.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Biyao Zhou
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.S.); (B.Z.); (D.C.); (M.H.); (M.Z.); (H.W.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Dan Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.S.); (B.Z.); (D.C.); (M.H.); (M.Z.); (H.W.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuting Pan
- College of Forest, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Mei Hu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.S.); (B.Z.); (D.C.); (M.H.); (M.Z.); (H.W.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mengru Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.S.); (B.Z.); (D.C.); (M.H.); (M.Z.); (H.W.)
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haikun Wei
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.S.); (B.Z.); (D.C.); (M.H.); (M.Z.); (H.W.)
| | - Mei Han
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (T.S.); (B.Z.); (D.C.); (M.H.); (M.Z.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-158-9598-9551
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26
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Wipf D, Pfister C, Mounier A, Leborgne-Castel N, Frommer WB, Courty PE. Identification of Putative Interactors of Arabidopsis Sugar Transporters. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:13-22. [PMID: 33071187 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hexoses and disaccharides are the key carbon sources for essentially all physiological processes across kingdoms. In plants, sucrose, and in some cases raffinose and stachyose, are transported from the site of synthesis in leaves, the sources, to all other organs that depend on import, the sinks. Sugars also play key roles in interactions with beneficial and pathogenic microbes. Sugar transport is mediated by transport proteins that fall into super-families. Sugar transporter (ST) activity is tuned at different levels, including transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Understanding the ST interactome has a great potential to uncover important players in biologically and physiologically relevant processes, including, but not limited to Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we combined ST interactions and coexpression studies to identify potentially relevant interaction networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Carole Pfister
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Arnaud Mounier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Nathalie Leborgne-Castel
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Wolf B Frommer
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France.
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27
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Lacrampe N, Lopez-Lauri F, Lugan R, Colombié S, Olivares J, Nicot PC, Lecompte F. Regulation of sugar metabolism genes in the nitrogen-dependent susceptibility of tomato stems to Botrytis cinerea. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:143-154. [PMID: 32853354 PMCID: PMC7750717 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The main soluble sugars are important components of plant defence against pathogens, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Upon infection by Botrytis cinerea, the activation of several sugar transporters, from both plant and fungus, illustrates the struggle for carbon resources. In sink tissues, the metabolic use of the sugars mobilized in the synthesis of defence compounds or antifungal barriers is not fully understood. METHODS In this study, the nitrogen-dependent variation of tomato stem susceptibility to B. cinerea was used to examine, before and throughout the course of infection, the transcriptional activity of enzymes involved in sugar metabolism. Under different nitrate nutrition regimes, the expression of genes that encode the enzymes of sugar metabolism (invertases, sucrose synthases, hexokinases, fructokinases and phosphofructokinases) was determined and sugar contents were measured before inoculation and in asymptomatic tissues surrounding the lesions after inoculation. KEY RESULTS At high nitrogen availability, decreased susceptibility was associated with the overexpression of several genes 2 d after inoculation: sucrose synthases Sl-SUS1 and Sl-SUS3, cell wall invertases Sl-LIN5 to Sl-LIN9 and some fructokinase and phosphofructokinase genes. By contrast, increased susceptibility corresponded to the early repression of several genes that encode cell wall invertase and sucrose synthase. The course of sugar contents was coherent with gene expression. CONCLUSIONS The activation of specific genes that encode sucrose synthase is required for enhanced defence. Since the overexpression of fructokinase is also associated with reduced susceptibility, it can be hypothesized that supplementary sucrose cleavage by sucrose synthases is dedicated to the production of cell wall components from UDP-glucose, or to the additional implication of fructose in the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lacrampe
- PSH unit, INRAE, Avignon, France
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, Avignon, France
| | | | | | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Univ Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
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28
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Geiger D. Plant glucose transporter structure and function. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1111-1128. [PMID: 32845347 PMCID: PMC8298354 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The carbohydrate D-glucose is the main source of energy in living organisms. In contrast to animals, as well as most fungi, bacteria, and archaea, plants are capable to synthesize a surplus of sugars characterizing them as autothrophic organisms. Thus, plants are de facto the source of all food on earth, either directly or indirectly via feed to livestock. Glucose is stored as polymeric glucan, in animals as glycogen and in plants as starch. Despite serving a general source for metabolic energy and energy storage, glucose is the main building block for cellulose synthesis and represents the metabolic starting point of carboxylate- and amino acid synthesis. Finally yet importantly, glucose functions as signalling molecule conveying the plant metabolic status for adjustment of growth, development, and survival. Therefore, cell-to-cell and long-distance transport of photoassimilates/sugars throughout the plant body require the fine-tuned activity of sugar transporters facilitating the transport across membranes. The functional plant counterparts of the animal sodium/glucose transporters (SGLTs) are represented by the proton-coupled sugar transport proteins (STPs) of the plant monosaccharide transporter(-like) family (MST). In the framework of this special issue on “Glucose Transporters in Health and Disease,” this review gives an overview of the function and structure of plant STPs in comparison to the respective knowledge obtained with the animal Na+-coupled glucose transporters (SGLTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Geiger
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, 97082, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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29
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Ram C, Annamalai M, Koramutla MK, Kansal R, Arora A, Jain PK, Bhattacharya R. Characterization of STP4 promoter in Indian mustard Brassica juncea for use as an aphid responsive promoter. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:2013-2033. [PMID: 32676799 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02961-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brassica juncea, a major oilseed crop, suffers substantial yield losses due to infestation by mustard aphids (Lipaphis erysimi). Unavailability of resistance genes within the accessible gene pool underpins significance of the transgenic strategy in developing aphid resistance. In this study, we aimed for the identification of an aphid-responsive promoter from B. juncea, based on the available genomic resources. RESULTS A monosaccharide transporter gene, STP4 in B. juncea was activated by aphids and sustained increased expression as the aphids colonized the plants. We cloned the upstream intergenic region of STP4 and validated its stand-alone aphid-responsive promoter activity. Further, deletion analysis identified the putative cis-elements important for the aphid responsive promoter activity. CONCLUSION The identified STP4 promoter can potentially be used for driving high level aphid-inducible expression of transgenes in plants. Use of aphid-responsive promoter instead of constitutive promoters can potentially reduce the metabolic burden of transgene-expression on the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chet Ram
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Muthuganeshan Annamalai
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Murali Krishna Koramutla
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Rekha Kansal
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ajay Arora
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Pradeep K Jain
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ramcharan Bhattacharya
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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Huai B, Yang Q, Wei X, Pan Q, Kang Z, Liu J. TaSTP13 contributes to wheat susceptibility to stripe rust possibly by increasing cytoplasmic hexose concentration. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:49. [PMID: 32000681 PMCID: PMC6993525 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biotrophic fungi make intimate contact with host cells to access nutrients. Sugar is considered as the main carbon sources absorbed from host cells by pathogens. Partition, exchanges and competition for sugar at plant-pathogen interfaces are controlled by sugar transporters. Previous studies have indicated that the leaf rust resistance (Lr) gene Lr67, a natural mutation of TaSTP13 encoding a wheat sugar transport protein, confers partial resistance to all three wheat rust species and powdery mildew possibly due to weakened sugar transport activity of TaSTP13 by heterodimerization. However, one major problem that remains unresolved concerns whether TaSTP13 participates in wheat susceptibility to rust and mildew. RESULTS In this study, expression of TaSTP13 was highly induced in wheat leaves challenged by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) and certain abiotic treatments. TaSTP13 was localized in the plasma membrane and functioned as homooligomers. In addition, a functional domain for its transport activity was identified in yeast. Suppression of TaSTP13 reduced wheat susceptibility to Pst by barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). While overexpression of TaSTP13 promoted Arabidopsis susceptibility to powdery mildew and led to increased glucose accumulation in the leaves. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that TaSTP13 is transcriptionally induced and contributes to wheat susceptibility to stripe rust, possibly by promoting cytoplasmic hexose accumulation for fungal sugar acquisition in wheat-Pst interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Huai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaobo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qinglin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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31
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Huai B, Yang Q, Wei X, Pan Q, Kang Z, Liu J. TaSTP13 contributes to wheat susceptibility to stripe rust possibly by increasing cytoplasmic hexose concentration. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:49. [PMID: 32000681 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2248-2242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biotrophic fungi make intimate contact with host cells to access nutrients. Sugar is considered as the main carbon sources absorbed from host cells by pathogens. Partition, exchanges and competition for sugar at plant-pathogen interfaces are controlled by sugar transporters. Previous studies have indicated that the leaf rust resistance (Lr) gene Lr67, a natural mutation of TaSTP13 encoding a wheat sugar transport protein, confers partial resistance to all three wheat rust species and powdery mildew possibly due to weakened sugar transport activity of TaSTP13 by heterodimerization. However, one major problem that remains unresolved concerns whether TaSTP13 participates in wheat susceptibility to rust and mildew. RESULTS In this study, expression of TaSTP13 was highly induced in wheat leaves challenged by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) and certain abiotic treatments. TaSTP13 was localized in the plasma membrane and functioned as homooligomers. In addition, a functional domain for its transport activity was identified in yeast. Suppression of TaSTP13 reduced wheat susceptibility to Pst by barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). While overexpression of TaSTP13 promoted Arabidopsis susceptibility to powdery mildew and led to increased glucose accumulation in the leaves. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that TaSTP13 is transcriptionally induced and contributes to wheat susceptibility to stripe rust, possibly by promoting cytoplasmic hexose accumulation for fungal sugar acquisition in wheat-Pst interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Huai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaobo Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qinglin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
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Breia R, Conde A, Pimentel D, Conde C, Fortes AM, Granell A, Gerós H. VvSWEET7 Is a Mono- and Disaccharide Transporter Up-Regulated in Response to Botrytis cinerea Infection in Grape Berries. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1753. [PMID: 32047506 PMCID: PMC6996298 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The newly-identified SWEETs are high-capacity, low-affinity sugar transporters with important roles in numerous physiological mechanisms where sugar efflux is critical. SWEETs are desirable targets for manipulation by pathogens and their expression may be transcriptionally reprogrammed during infection. So far, few plant SWEET transporters have been functionally characterized, especially in grapevine. In this study, in the Botrytis-susceptible variety "Trincadeira," we thoroughly analyzed modifications in the gene expression profile of key SWEET genes in Botrytis cinerea-infected grape berries. VvSWEET7 and VvSWEET15 are likely to play an important role during fruit development and Botrytis infection as they are strongly expressed at the green and mature stage, respectively, and were clearly up-regulated in response to infection. Also, B. cinerea infection down-regulated VvSWEET17a expression at the green stage, VvSWEET10 and VvSWEET17d expression at the veraison stage, and VvSWEET11 expression at the mature stage. VvSWEET7 was functionally characterized by heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a low-affinity, high-capacity glucose and sucrose transporter with a K m of 15.42 mM for glucose and a K m of 40.08 mM for sucrose. VvSWEET7-GFP and VvSWEET15-GFP fusion proteins were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells and confocal microscopy allowed to observe that both proteins clearly localize to the plasma membrane. In sum, VvSWEETs transporters are important players in sugar mobilization during grape berry development and their expression is transcriptionally reprogrammed in response to Botrytis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Breia
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Artur Conde
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diana Pimentel
- University of Lisbon, Lisbon Science Faculty, BioISI, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Conde
- i3S-Institute of Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Fortes
- University of Lisbon, Lisbon Science Faculty, BioISI, Campo Grande, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Antonio Granell
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Polytechnic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Hernâni Gerós
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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Li Y, Feng Y, Lü Q, Yan D, Liu Z, Zhang X. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Plant-Pathogen Interactions in Resistant and Susceptible Poplar Ecotypes Infected with Botryosphaeria dothidea. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:2009-2021. [PMID: 31369364 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-18-0452-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Poplar are important forestry species in China, but the Botryosphaeria dothidea pathogen causes serious economic losses worldwide. To identify candidate B. dothidea resistance proteins and explore the molecular mechanisms involved in poplar-pathogen interactions, proteomic responses of stem samples from resistant and susceptible poplar ecotypes to B. dothidea were investigated using nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with label-free quantitative analysis. We identified 588 proteins, divided into 21 biological process categories including 48 oxidoreductases, 72 hydrolytic enzymes, 80 metabolic enzymes, and 29 proteins of unknown function. Differential proteome analysis revealed large differences between resistant Populus tomentosa Carr and susceptible Populus beijingensis Hsu ecotypes before and after inoculation. Among 102 identified proteins, 22 were highly upregulated in the resistant genotype but downregulated in the susceptible genotype. Proteins induced in P. tomentosa Carr in response to B. dothidea are associated with plant defenses including oxidoreductase activity (catalase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and superoxide dismutase), phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism (alcohol dehydrogenase), photosynthesis (ATP synthase subunit alpha, ATP synthase gamma chain, photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A2, photosystem II CP47 chlorophyll apoprotein), carbon fixation (pyruvate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase, malic enzyme, phosphoglycerate kinase, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small chain), and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (fructose-bisphosphate aldolase). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis identified 168 proteins related to metabolic pathways, 41 proteins related to the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, and 36 proteins related to the biosynthesis of plant hormones, the biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from ornithine, lysine, and nicotinic acid, and photosynthesis in response to B. dothidea. Our findings provide insight into plant-pathogen interactions in resistant and susceptible poplar ecotypes infected with B. dothidea and could assist the development of novel strategies for fighting poplar canker disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Li
- Laboratory of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuqian Feng
- Laboratory of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Quan Lü
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Donghui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-an 271018, China
| | - Xingyao Zhang
- Laboratory of Forest Pathogen Integrated Biology, Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Huai B, Yang Q, Qian Y, Qian W, Kang Z, Liu J. ABA-Induced Sugar Transporter TaSTP6 Promotes Wheat Susceptibility to Stripe Rust. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:1328-1343. [PMID: 31540949 PMCID: PMC6836835 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biotrophic pathogens, such as wheat rust fungi, survive on nutrients derived from host cells. Sugar appears to be the major carbon source transferred from host cells to various fungal pathogens; however, the molecular mechanism by which host sugar transporters are manipulated by fungal pathogens for nutrient uptake is poorly understood. TaSTP6, a sugar transporter protein in wheat (Triticum aestivum), was previously shown to exhibit enhanced expression in leaves upon infection by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the causal agent of wheat stripe rust. In this study, we found that Pst infection caused increased accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and that application of exogenous ABA significantly enhanced TaSTP6 expression. Moreover, knockdown of TaSTP6 expression by barley stripe mosaic virus-induced gene silencing reduced wheat susceptibility to the Pst pathotype CYR31, suggesting that TaSTP6 expression upregulation contributes to Pst host sugar acquisition. Consistent with this, TaSTP6 overexpression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) promoted plant susceptibility to powdery mildew and led to increased Glc accumulation in the leaves. Functional complementation assays in Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that TaSTP6 has broad substrate specificity, indicating that TaSTP6 is an active sugar transporter. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that TaSTP6 localizes to the plasma membrane. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments revealed that TaSTP6 undergoes oligomerization. Taken together, our results suggest that Pst stimulates ABA biosynthesis in host cells and thereby upregulates TaSTP6 expression, which increases sugar supply and promotes fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Huai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingrui Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhao Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Cardot C, Mappa G, La Camera S, Gaillard C, Vriet C, Lecomte P, Ferrari G, Coutos-Thévenot P. Comparison of the Molecular Responses of Tolerant, Susceptible and Highly Susceptible Grapevine Cultivars During Interaction With the Pathogenic Fungus Eutypa lata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:991. [PMID: 31428114 PMCID: PMC6690011 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Eutypa lata is the causal agent of eutypa dieback, one of the most destructive grapevine trunk disease that causes severe economic losses in vineyards worldwide. This fungus causes brown sectorial necrosis in wood which affect the vegetative growth. Despite intense research efforts made in the past years, no cure currently exists for this disease. Host responses to eutypa dieback are difficult to address because E. lata is a wood pathogen that causes foliar symptoms several years after infection. With the aim to classify the level of susceptibility of grapevine cultivars to the foliar symptoms caused by E. lata, artificial inoculations of Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Ugni Blanc were conducted over 3 years. Merlot was the most tolerant cultivar, whereas Ugni Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon exhibited higher and differential levels of susceptibility. We took advantage of their contrasting phenotypes to explore their defense responses, including the activation of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, oxylipin and phenylpropanoid pathways and the accumulation of stilbenes. These analyses were carried out using the millicell system that enables the molecular dialogue between E. lata mycelium and grapevine leaves to take place without physical contact. Merlot responded to E. lata by inducing the expression of a large number of defense-related genes. On the contrary, Ugni Blanc failed to activate such defense responses despite being able to perceive the fungus. To gain insight into the role of carbon partitioning in E. lata infected grapevine, we monitored the expression of plant genes involved in sugar transport and cleavage, and measured invertase activities. Our results evidence a coordinated up-regulation of VvHT5 and VvcwINV genes, and a stimulation of the cell wall invertase activity in leaves of Merlot elicited by E. lata, but not in Ugni Blanc. Altogether, this study indicates that the degree of cultivar susceptibility is associated with the activation of host defense responses, including extracellular sucrolytic machinery and hexose uptake during the grapevine/E. lata interaction. Given the role of these activities in governing carbon allocation through the plant, we postulate that the availability of sugar resources for either the host or the fungus is crucial for the outcome of the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Cardot
- SEVE, Laboratoire Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement, UMR EBI, CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- INRA, UMR 1065 SAVE (Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble), Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- BNIC (Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac – Station Viticole), Cognac, France
| | - Gaetan Mappa
- SEVE, Laboratoire Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement, UMR EBI, CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Sylvain La Camera
- SEVE, Laboratoire Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement, UMR EBI, CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Cécile Gaillard
- SEVE, Laboratoire Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement, UMR EBI, CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Cécile Vriet
- SEVE, Laboratoire Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement, UMR EBI, CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Pascal Lecomte
- INRA, UMR 1065 SAVE (Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble), Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Gérald Ferrari
- BNIC (Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac – Station Viticole), Cognac, France
| | - Pierre Coutos-Thévenot
- SEVE, Laboratoire Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement, UMR EBI, CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Meteier E, La Camera S, Goddard ML, Laloue H, Mestre P, Chong J. Overexpression of the VvSWEET4 Transporter in Grapevine Hairy Roots Increases Sugar Transport and Contents and Enhances Resistance to Pythium irregulare, a Soilborne Pathogen. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:884. [PMID: 31354761 PMCID: PMC6629970 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Sugar transport and partitioning play key roles in the regulation of plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic factors. During plant/pathogen interactions, there is a competition for sugar that is controlled by membrane transporters and their regulation is decisive for the outcome of the interaction. SWEET sugar transporters are the targets of extracellular pathogens, which modify their expression to acquire the sugars necessary to their growth (Chen et al., 2010). The regulation of carbon allocation and sugar partitioning in the interaction between grapevine (Vitis vinifera) and its pathogens is poorly understood. We previously characterized the SWEET family in V. vinifera and showed that SWEET4 could be involved in resistance to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis (Chong et al., 2014). To study the role of VvSWEET4 in grapevine, we produced V. vinifera cv. Syrah hairy roots overexpressing VvSWEET4 under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter (VvSWEET4 OX). High levels of VvSWEET4 expression in hairy roots resulted in enhanced growth on media containing glucose or sucrose and increased contents in glucose and fructose. Sugar uptake assays further showed an improved glucose absorption in VvSWEET4 overexpressors. In parallel, we observed that VvSWEET4 expression was significantly induced after infection of wild type grapevine hairy roots with Pythium irregulare, a soilborne necrotrophic pathogen. Importantly, grapevine hairy roots overexpressing VvSWEET4 exhibited an improved resistance level to P. irregulare infection. This resistance phenotype was associated with higher glucose pools in roots after infection, higher constitutive expression of several genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, and higher flavanol contents. We propose that high sugar levels in VvSWEET4 OX hairy roots provides a better support to the increased energy demand during pathogen infection. In addition, high sugar levels promote biosynthesis of flavonoids with antifungal properties. Overall, this work highlights the key role of sugar transport mediated by SWEET transporters for secondary metabolism regulation and pathogen resistance in grapevine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Meteier
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement (LVBE, EA3991), Université de Haute-Alsace, Colmar, France
| | - Sylvain La Camera
- UMR CNRS 7267, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe “SEVE-Sucres et Echanges Végétaux-Environnement,” Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Mary-Lorène Goddard
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement (LVBE, EA3991), Université de Haute-Alsace, Colmar, France
- CNRS, LIMA, UMR 7042, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications, Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, Mulhouse, France
| | - Hélène Laloue
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement (LVBE, EA3991), Université de Haute-Alsace, Colmar, France
| | - Pere Mestre
- SVQV, Université de Strasbourg, INRA, Colmar, France
| | - Julie Chong
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement (LVBE, EA3991), Université de Haute-Alsace, Colmar, France
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Jeena GS, Kumar S, Shukla RK. Structure, evolution and diverse physiological roles of SWEET sugar transporters in plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:351-365. [PMID: 31030374 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Present review describes the structure, evolution, transport mechanism and physiological functions of SWEETs. Their application using TALENs and CRISPR/CAS9 based genomic editing approach is discussed. Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEET) proteins were first identified in plants as the novel family of sugar transporters which mediates the translocation of sugars across cell membranes. The SWEET family of sugar transporters is unique in terms of their structure which contains seven predicted transmembrane domains with two internal triple-helix bundles which possibly originate due to prokaryotic gene duplication. SWEETs perform diverse physiological functions such as pollen nutrition, nectar secretion, seed filling, phloem loading, and pathogen nutrition which we have discussed in the present review. We also discuss how transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and CRISPR/CAS9 genome editing tools are used to engineer SWEET mutants which modulate pathogen resistance in plants and its applications in the field of agriculture. The expression of SWEETs promises to implement insights into many other cellular transport mechanisms. To conclude, the present review highlights the recent aspects which will further develop better understanding of molecular evolution, structure, and function of SWEET transporters in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra Singh Jeena
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Shukla
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), P.O. CIMAP, Near Kukrail Picnic Spot, Lucknow, 226015, India.
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Araújo MUP, Rios JA, Silva ET, Rodrigues FÁ. Silicon Alleviates Changes in the Source-Sink Relationship of Wheat Plants Infected by Pyricularia oryzae. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1129-1140. [PMID: 30794486 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-18-0428-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, has become a devastating disease on wheat in several countries worldwide. Growers need alternative methods for blast management, and silicon (Si) stands out for its potential to decrease the intensity of important diseases in several crops. This study investigated the effect of Si on improving photoassimilate production on flag leaves of wheat plants and their partitioning to spikes in a scenario where blast symptoms decreased as a result of potentiation of defense mechanisms by Si. Wheat plants (cultivar BRS Guamirim) were grown in hydroponic culture with 0 or 2 mM Si and inoculated with P. oryzae at 10 days after anthesis. The Si concentration on flag leaves and spikes of Si-supplied plants increased and resulted in lower blast symptoms. High concentrations of total soluble phenols and lignin-thioglycolic acid derivatives and greater peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, β-1,3-glucanase, and chitinase activity occurred on flag leaves and spikes of Si-supplied plants and increased their resistance to blast. The concentration of photosynthetic pigments decreased and the photosynthetic performance of infected flag leaves and spikes from plants not supplied with Si was impaired for chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters including maximal photosystem II quantum efficiency, fraction of energy absorbed used in photochemistry, quantum yield of nonregulated energy dissipation, and quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation. The concentration of soluble sugars was lower on infected flag leaves and spikes from plants not supplied with Si, whereas the hexose-to-sucrose ratio increased on infected flag leaves. Sucrose-phosphate synthase activity was lower and acid invertase activity was higher on flag leaves and spikes of plants not supplied with Si, respectively, compared with Si-supplied plants. The starch concentration on spikes of Si-supplied plants increased. In conclusion, Si showed a beneficial effect in improving the source-sink relationship of infected flag leaves and spikes by preserving alterations in assimilate production and partitioning during the grain filling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Uli Peixoto Araújo
- Laboratório da Interação Planta-Patógeno, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais State 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Jonas Alberto Rios
- Laboratório da Interação Planta-Patógeno, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais State 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Ernesto Ticiano Silva
- Laboratório da Interação Planta-Patógeno, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais State 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Ávila Rodrigues
- Laboratório da Interação Planta-Patógeno, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais State 36570-900, Brazil
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Shen S, Ma S, Liu Y, Liao S, Li J, Wu L, Kartika D, Mock HP, Ruan YL. Cell Wall Invertase and Sugar Transporters Are Differentially Activated in Tomato Styles and Ovaries During Pollination and Fertilization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:506. [PMID: 31057596 PMCID: PMC6482350 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants depend on pollination and fertilization to activate the transition from ovule to seed and ovary to fruit, namely seed and fruit set, which are key for completing the plant life cycle and realizing crop yield potential. These processes are highly energy consuming and rely on the efficient use of sucrose as the major nutrient and energy source. However, it remains elusive as how sucrose imported into and utilizated within the female reproductive organ is regulated in response to pollination and fertilization. Here, we explored this issue in tomato by focusing on genes encoding cell wall invertase (CWIN) and sugar transporters, which are major players in sucrose phloem unloading, and sink development. The transcript level of a major CWIN gene, LIN5, and CWIN activity were significantly increased in style at 4 h after pollination (HAP) in comparison with that in the non-pollination control, and this was sustained at 2 days after pollination (DAP). In the ovaries, however, CWIN activity and LIN5 expression did not increase until 2 DAP when fertilization occurred. Interestingly, a CWIN inhibitor gene INVINH1 was repressed in the pollinated style at 2 DAP. In response to pollination, the style exhibited increased expressions of genes encoding hexose transporters, SlHT1, 2, SlSWEET5b, and sucrose transporters SlSUT1, 2, and 4 from 4 HAP to 2 DAP. Upon fertilization, SlSUT1 and SlHT1 and 2, but not SlSWEETs, were also stimulated in fruitlets at 2 DAP. Together, the findings reveal that styles respond promptly and more broadly to pollination for activation of CWIN and sugar transporters to fuel pollen tube elongation, whereas the ovaries do not exhibit activation for some of these genes until fertilization occurs. HIGHLIGHTS Expression of genes encoding cell wall invertases and sugar transporters was stimulated in pollinated style and fertilized ovaries in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Shen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Si Ma
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghua Liu
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shengjin Liao
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jun Li
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Limin Wu
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Dewi Kartika
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Hans-Peter Mock
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Sosso D, van der Linde K, Bezrutczyk M, Schuler D, Schneider K, Kämper J, Walbot V. Sugar Partitioning between Ustilago maydis and Its Host Zea mays L during Infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1373-1385. [PMID: 30593452 PMCID: PMC6446792 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The basidiomycete Ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize (Zea mays) by infecting all plant aerial tissues. The infection causes leaf chlorosis and stimulates the plant to produce nutrient-rich niches (i.e. tumors), where the fungus can proliferate and complete its life cycle. Previous studies have recorded high accumulation of soluble sugars and starch within these tumors. Using interdisciplinary approaches, we found that the sugar accumulation within tumors coincided with the differential expression of plant sugars will eventually be exported transporters and the proton/sucrose symporter Sucrose Transporter1 To accumulate plant sugars, the fungus deploys its own set of sugar transporters, generating a sugar gradient within the fungal cytosol, recorded by expressing a cytosolic glucose (Glc) Förster resonance energy transfer sensor. Our measurements indicated likely elevated Glc levels in hyphal tips during infection. Growing infected plants under dark conditions led to decreased plant sugar levels and loss of the fungal tip Glc gradient, supporting a tight link between fungal sugar acquisition and host supplies. Finally, the fungal infection causes a strong imbalance in plant sugar distribution, ultimately impacting seed set and yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Sosso
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Science, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | | | - Margaret Bezrutczyk
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Science, Stanford, California 94305
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - David Schuler
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76187, Germany
| | - Karina Schneider
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76187, Germany
| | - Jörg Kämper
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76187, Germany
| | - Virginia Walbot
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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Isolation and functional characterization of SUCROSE SYNTHASE 1 and SUCROSE TRANSPORTER 2 promoters from ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaudich). Gene 2019; 685:114-124. [PMID: 30385302 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose synthase and sucrose transporter are involved in sucrose metabolism and partitioning of photosynthetic products, respectively. In this study, we cloned SUCROSE SYNTHASE 1 and SUCROSE TRANSPORTER 2 genes from ramie. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that BnSUS1 and BnSUT2 were widely expressed in the analyzed tissues. Subsequently, the two promoters of BnSUS1 and BnSUT2 were isolated and truncated. The two promoters and their truncated fragments were fused GUS to transform into Arabidopsis. GUS staining showed that BnSUS1pro-1690 and BnSUS1pro-1420 had vascular specificity in cotyledons and mature leaves while BnSUT2pro-2239, BnSUT2pro-1681, BnSUT2pro-1199 and BnSUT2pro-618 had a constitutive function in seedlings and mature organs. Notably, the activity of BnSUT2pro-2239 and its fragments (except that of BnSUT2pro-231) are strongly induced by mechanical wounding. Moreover, BnSUS1pro-1051 and BnSUS1pro-485 are sensitive to CuSO4 treatment while BnSUT2pro-2239 and BnSUT2pro-1681 are sensitive to PEG and ABA treatments, respectively. Our findings will provide the foundation for deciphering the functions of BnSUS1 and BnSUT2, and also expand the promoter library to provide more options for plant genetic engineering.
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Kanwar P, Jha G. Alterations in plant sugar metabolism: signatory of pathogen attack. PLANTA 2019; 249:305-318. [PMID: 30267150 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current understanding, future challenges and ongoing quest on sugar metabolic alterations that influence the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. Intricate cellular and molecular events occur during plant-pathogen interactions. They cause major metabolic perturbations in the host and alterations in sugar metabolism play a pivotal role in governing the outcome of various kinds of plant-pathogen interactions. Sugar metabolizing enzymes and transporters of both host and pathogen origin get differentially regulated during the interactions. Both plant and pathogen compete for utilizing the host sugar metabolic machinery and in turn promote resistant or susceptible responses. However, the kind of sugar metabolism alteration that is beneficial for the host or pathogen is yet to be properly understood. Recently developed tools and methodologies are facilitating research to understand the intricate dynamics of sugar metabolism during the interactions. The present review elaborates current understanding, future challenges and ongoing quest on sugar metabolism, mobilization and regulation during various plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kanwar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Zhang W, Wang S, Yu F, Tang J, Yu L, Wang H, Li J. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of Sugar Transporter Protein (STP) Family Genes in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) Reveals their Involvement in Clubroot Disease Responses. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E71. [PMID: 30669698 PMCID: PMC6356595 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar transporter protein (STP) genes are involved in multiple biological processes, such as plant responses to various stresses. However, systematic analysis and functional information of STP family genes in Brassica oleracea are very limited. A comprehensive analysis was carried out to identify BoSTP genes and dissect their phylogenetic relationships and to investigate the expression profiles in different organs and in response to the clubroot disease. A total of 22 BoSTP genes were identified in the B. oleracea genome and they were further classified into four clades based on the phylogenetic analysis. All the BoSTP proteins harbored the conserved sugar transporter (Sugar_tr, PF00083) domain, and the majority of them contained 12 transmembrane helices (TMHs). Rates of synonymous substitution in B. oleracea relative to Arabidopsis thaliana indicated that STP genes of B. oleracea diverged from those of A. thaliana approximately 16.3 million years ago. Expression profiles of the BoSTP genes in different organs derived from RNA-Seq data indicated that a large number of the BoSTP genes were expressed in specific organs. Additionally, the expression of BoSTP4b and BoSTP12 genes were induced in roots of the clubroot-susceptible cabbage (CS-JF1) at 28 days after inoculation with Plasmodiophora brassicae, compared with mock-inoculated plants. We speculated that the two BoSTPs might be involved in monosaccharide unloading and carbon partitioning associated with P. brassicae colonization in CS-JF1. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that the two BoSTP proteins were localized in the cell membrane. This study provides insights into the evolution and potential functions of BoSTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Shenyun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Fangwei Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Jun Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Li Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Hong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Jianbin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
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Rottmann T, Fritz C, Sauer N, Stadler R. Glucose Uptake via STP Transporters Inhibits in Vitro Pollen Tube Growth in a HEXOKINASE1-Dependent Manner in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2057-2081. [PMID: 30120167 PMCID: PMC6181011 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tube growth requires a high amount of metabolic energy and precise targeting toward the ovules. Sugars, especially glucose, can serve as nutrients and as signaling molecules. Unexpectedly, in vitro assays revealed an inhibitory effect of glucose on pollen tube elongation, contradicting the hypothesis that monosaccharide uptake is a source of nutrition for growing pollen tubes. Measurements with Förster resonance energy transfer-based nanosensors revealed that glucose is taken up into pollen tubes and that the intracellular concentration is in the low micromolar range. Pollen tubes of stp4-6-8-9-10-11 sextuple knockout plants generated by crossings and CRISPR/Cas9 showed only a weak response to glucose, indicating that glucose uptake into pollen tubes is mediated mainly by these six monosaccharide transporters of the SUGAR TRANSPORT PROTEIN (STP) family. Analyses of HEXOKINASE1 (HXK1) showed a strong expression of this gene in pollen. Together with the glucose insensitivity and altered semi-in vivo growth rate of pollen tubes from hxk1 knockout lines, this strongly suggests that glucose is an important signaling molecule for pollen tubes, is taken up by STPs, and detected by HXK1. Equimolar amounts of fructose abolish the inhibitory effect of glucose indicating that only an excess of glucose is interpreted as a signal. This provides a possible model for the discrimination of signaling and nutritional sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Rottmann
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carolin Fritz
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Sauer
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ruth Stadler
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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45
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El Kasmi F, Horvath D, Lahaye T. Microbial effectors and the role of water and sugar in the infection battle ground. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 44:98-107. [PMID: 29597139 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic microbes multiply in the apoplast-a plant's intercellular spaces-of infected plants, and hence their success relies on the conditions in this habitat. Despite being extracellular parasites, most microbes translocate effectors into host cells that promote disease by acting inside cells. Initial studies suggested that effectors act predominantly as suppressors of plant immunity. These pioneering studies were trend-setting, causing a strong bias in the functional investigation of effectors. Yet, recent studies on bacterial model pathogens have identified effectors that promote disease by causing either increased sugar or water levels in the apoplast. These studies are likely to initiate a new era of effector research that will clarify the disease-promoting rather than defense-suppressing function of effectors, a molecular rather than genetic distinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid El Kasmi
- ZMBP-Plant Physiology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Diana Horvath
- 2Blades Foundation, Suite 1901, 1630 Chicago Avenue, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Thomas Lahaye
- ZMBP-General Genetics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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46
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Rottmann T, Klebl F, Schneider S, Kischka D, Rüscher D, Sauer N, Stadler R. Sugar Transporter STP7 Specificity for l-Arabinose and d-Xylose Contrasts with the Typical Hexose Transporters STP8 and STP12. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:2330-2350. [PMID: 29311272 PMCID: PMC5841717 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The controlled distribution of sugars between assimilate-exporting source tissues and sugar-consuming sink tissues is a key element for plant growth and development. Monosaccharide transporters of the SUGAR TRANSPORT PROTEIN (STP) family contribute to the uptake of sugars into sink cells. Here, we report on the characterization of STP7, STP8, and STP12, three previously uncharacterized members of this family in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Heterologous expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) revealed that STP8 and STP12 catalyze the high-affinity proton-dependent uptake of glucose and also accept galactose and mannose. STP12 additionally transports xylose. STP8 and STP12 are highly expressed in reproductive organs, where their protein products might contribute to sugar uptake into the pollen tube and the embryo sac. stp8.1 and stp12.1 T-DNA insertion lines developed normally, which may point toward functional redundancy with other STPs. In contrast to all other STPs, STP7 does not transport hexoses but is specific for the pentoses l-arabinose and d-xylose. STP7-promoter-reporter gene plants showed an expression of STP7 especially in tissues with high cell wall turnover, indicating that STP7 might contribute to the uptake and recycling of cell wall sugars. Uptake analyses with radioactive l-arabinose revealed that 11 other STPs are able to transport l-arabinose with high affinity. Hence, functional redundancy might explain the missing-mutant phenotype of two stp7 T-DNA insertion lines. Together, these data complete the characterization of the STP family and present the STPs as new l-arabinose transporters for potential biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Rottmann
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franz Klebl
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sabine Schneider
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Kischka
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Rüscher
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Norbert Sauer
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ruth Stadler
- Molecular Plant Physiology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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47
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Bezrutczyk M, Yang J, Eom JS, Prior M, Sosso D, Hartwig T, Szurek B, Oliva R, Vera-Cruz C, White FF, Yang B, Frommer WB. Sugar flux and signaling in plant-microbe interactions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:675-685. [PMID: 29160592 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant breeders have developed crop plants that are resistant to pests, but the continual evolution of pathogens creates the need to iteratively develop new control strategies. Molecular tools have allowed us to gain deep insights into disease responses, allowing for more efficient, rational engineering of crops that are more robust or resistant to a greater number of pathogen variants. Here we describe the roles of SWEET and STP transporters, membrane proteins that mediate transport of sugars across the plasma membrane. We discuss how these transporters may enhance or restrict disease through controlling the level of nutrients provided to pathogens and whether the transporters play a role in sugar signaling for disease resistance. This review indicates open questions that require further research and proposes the use of genome editing technologies for engineering disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Bezrutczyk
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universiätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Jungil Yang
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universiätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Joon-Seob Eom
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universiätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Matthew Prior
- Center for Plant Cell Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Davide Sosso
- Inari Agriculture Inc., 200 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Thomas Hartwig
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universiätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
| | - Boris Szurek
- IRD, Cirad, University of Montpellier, BP 64501, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Ricardo Oliva
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Casiana Vera-Cruz
- International Rice Research Institute, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Frank F White
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, 1449 Fifield Hall, 2550 Hull Road, PO Box 110680, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Bing Yang
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Wolf B Frommer
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universiätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linné Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany
- Institute for Transformative Biomolecules (ITbM), Nagoya University, JapanITbM Building 6F, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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48
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Käsbauer CL, Pathuri IP, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Hückelhoven R, Proels RK. Barley ADH-1 modulates susceptibility to Bgh and is involved in chitin-induced systemic resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 123:281-287. [PMID: 29275209 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant primary energy metabolism is profoundly reorganized under biotic stress conditions and there is increasing evidence for a role of the fermentative pathway in biotic interactions. Previously we showed via transient gene silencing or overexpression a function of barley alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (HvADH-1) in the interaction of barley with the parasitic fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh). Here we extend our studies on stable transgenic barley events over- or under-expressing HvADH-1 to analyse ADH-1 functions at the level of whole plants. Knock-down (KD) of HvADH-1 by dsRNA interference resulted in reduced and overexpression of HvADH-1 in strongly increased HvADH-1 enzyme activity in leaves of stable transgenic barley plants. The KD of HvADH-1 coincided with a reduced susceptibility to Bgh of both excised leaves and leaves of intact plants. Overexpression (OE) of HvADH-1 results in increased susceptibility to Bgh when excised leaves but not when whole seedlings were inoculated. When first leaves of 10-day-old barley plants were treated with a chitin elicitor, we observed a reduced enzyme activity of ADH-1/-1 homodimers at 48 h after treatment in the second, systemic leaf for empty vector controls and HvADH-1 KD events, but not for the HvADH-1 OE events. Reduced ADH-1 activity in the systemic leaf of empty vector controls and HvADH-1 KD events coincided with chitin-induced resistance to Bgh. Taken together, stable HvADH-1 (KD) or systemic down-regulation of ADH-1/-1 activity by chitin treatment modulated the pathogen response of barley to the biotrophic fungal parasite Bgh and resulted in less successful infections by Bgh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph L Käsbauer
- Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Indira Priyadarshini Pathuri
- Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Götz Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
| | - Reinhard K Proels
- Chair of Phytopathology, Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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49
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Verbančič J, Lunn JE, Stitt M, Persson S. Carbon Supply and the Regulation of Cell Wall Synthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:75-94. [PMID: 29054565 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
All plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that determines the directionality of cell growth and protects the cell against its environment. Plant cell walls are comprised primarily of polysaccharides and represent the largest sink for photosynthetically fixed carbon, both for individual plants and in the terrestrial biosphere as a whole. Cell wall synthesis is a highly sophisticated process, involving multiple enzymes and metabolic intermediates, intracellular trafficking of proteins and cell wall precursors, assembly of cell wall polymers into the extracellular matrix, remodeling of polymers and their interactions, and recycling of cell wall sugars. In this review we discuss how newly fixed carbon, in the form of UDP-glucose and other nucleotide sugars, contributes to the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides, and how cell wall synthesis is influenced by the carbon status of the plant, with a focus on the model species Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Verbančič
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John Edward Lunn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Yamada K, Osakabe Y. Sugar compartmentation as an environmental stress adaptation strategy in plants. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 83:106-114. [PMID: 29287835 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The sessile nature of plants has driven their evolution to cope flexibly with ever-changing surrounding environments. The development of stress tolerance traits is complex, and a broad range of cellular processes are involved. Recent studies have revealed that sugar transporters contribute to environmental stress tolerance in plants, suggesting that sugar flow is dynamically fluctuated towards optimization of cellular conditions in adverse environments. Here, we highlight sugar compartmentation mediated by sugar transporters as an adaptation strategy against biotic and abiotic stresses. Competition for sugars between host plants and pathogens shapes their evolutionary arms race. Pathogens, which rely on host-derived carbon, manipulate plant sugar transporters to access sugars easily, while plants sequester sugars from pathogens by enhancing sugar uptake activity. Furthermore, we discuss pathogen tactics to circumvent sugar competition with host plants. Sugar transporters also play a role in abiotic stress tolerance. Exposure to abiotic stresses such as cold or drought stress induces sugar accumulation in various plants. We also discuss how plants allocate sugars under such conditions. Collectively, these findings are relevant to basic plant biology as well as potential applications in agriculture, and provide opportunities to improve crop yield for a growing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Yamada
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan.
| | - Yuriko Osakabe
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.
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