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Biru FN, Cazzonelli CI, Elbaum R, Johnson SN. Silicon-mediated herbivore defence in a pasture grass under reduced and Anthropocene levels of CO 2. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1268043. [PMID: 38023935 PMCID: PMC10646432 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1268043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The uptake and accumulation of silicon (Si) in grass plants play a crucial role in alleviating both biotic and abiotic stresses. Si supplementation has been reported to increase activity of defence-related antioxidant enzyme, which helps to reduce oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) following herbivore attack. Atmospheric CO2 levels are known to affect Si accumulation in grasses; reduced CO2 concentrations increase Si accumulation whereas elevated CO2 concentrations often decrease Si accumulation. This can potentially affect antioxidant enzyme activity and subsequently insect herbivory, but this remains untested. We examined the effects of Si supplementation and herbivory by Helicoverpa armigera on antioxidant enzyme (catalase, CAT; superoxide dismutase, SOD; and ascorbate peroxidase, APX) activity in tall fescue grass (Festuca arundinacea) grown under CO2 concentrations of 200, 410, and 640 ppm representing reduced, ambient, and elevated CO2 levels, respectively. We also quantified foliar Si, carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) concentrations and determined how changes in enzymes and elemental chemistry affected H. armigera relative growth rates and plant consumption. Rising CO2 concentrations increased plant mass and foliar C but decreased foliar N and Si. Si supplementation enhanced APX and SOD activity under the ranging CO2 regimes. Si accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activity were at their highest level under reduced CO2 conditions and their lowest level under future levels of CO2. The latter corresponded with increased herbivore growth rates and plant consumption, suggesting that some grasses could become more susceptible to herbivory under projected CO2 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikadu N. Biru
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Rivka Elbaum
- R H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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2
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Badmi R, Prestwich BD. Linker H1 is an 'epi'centre of plant defence. Trends Genet 2023; 39:644-645. [PMID: 37419697 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of linker H1 histones in plant defence has recently been investigated. Sheikh et al. found that Arabidopsis thaliana plants that were lacking all three H1 proteins showed increased disease resistance, but when primed, failed to induce enhanced resistance. Differences in epigenetic patterns could be the cause of defective priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Badmi
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Barbara Doyle Prestwich
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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3
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Quiroga G, Aguiño-Domínguez N, Piperakis N, Martín-Cacheda L, Abdala-Roberts L, Moreira X. Variation in the Outcome of Plant-Mediated Pathogen Interactions in Potato: Effects of Initial Infections on Conspecific vs. Heterospecific Subsequent Infections. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:465-473. [PMID: 37204553 PMCID: PMC10611867 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01434-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are often attacked sequentially by multiple enemies. Pathogen sequential co-infections can lead to indirect interactions mediated by plant induced responses whose outcome is contingent on differences in the magnitude and type of plant induced defences elicited by different species or guilds. To date, however, most studies have tested unidirectional effects of one pathogen on another, not discerning between conspecific vs. heterospecific infections, and often not measuring plant induced responses underlying such outcomes. To address this, we conducted a greenhouse experiment testing for the impact of initial infection by two leaf pathogens (Alternaria solani and Phytophthora infestans) on subsequent infection by each of these pathogens on potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants, and also measured induced plant defences (phenolic compounds) to inform on interaction outcomes. We found contrasting results depending on the identity of the initially infecting pathogen. Specifically, initial infection by A. solani drove induced resistance (lower necrosis) by subsequently infecting A. solani (conspecific induced resistance) but had no effect on subsequent infection by P. infestans. In contrast, initial infection by P. infestans drove induced resistance to subsequent infection by both conspecifics and A. solani. Patterns of plant induced defences correlated with (and potentially explained) induced resistance to conspecific but not heterospecific (e.g., in the case of P. infestans) subsequent infection. Overall, these results further our understanding of plant-mediated pathogen interactions by showing that plant-mediated interactions between pathogen species can be asymmetrical and in some cases not reciprocal, that pathogen species can vary in the importance of conspecific vs. heterospecific effects, and shed mechanistic insight into the role of plant induced responses driving such interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Quiroga
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apartado de correos 28, Pontevedra, Galicia, 36080, Spain.
- Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo (CIAM), Apartado de correos 10, Coruña, 15080 A, Spain.
| | - Naila Aguiño-Domínguez
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apartado de correos 28, Pontevedra, Galicia, 36080, Spain
| | - Nikos Piperakis
- Faculty of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - Lucía Martín-Cacheda
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apartado de correos 28, Pontevedra, Galicia, 36080, Spain
| | - Luis Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Apartado Postal 4-116, Itzimná. 97000. Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Xoaquín Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apartado de correos 28, Pontevedra, Galicia, 36080, Spain.
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Suzuki T, Broufas G, Smagghe G, Ortego F, Broekgaarden C, Diaz I. Editorial: Plant-Pest Interactions Volume III: Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:730290. [PMID: 34456960 PMCID: PMC8386468 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.730290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Japan
| | - George Broufas
- Department of Agricultural Development, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Félix Ortego
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
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Kou MZ, Bastías DA, Christensen MJ, Zhong R, Nan ZB, Zhang XX. The Plant Salicylic Acid Signalling Pathway Regulates the Infection of a Biotrophic Pathogen in Grasses Associated with an Epichloë Endophyte. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080633. [PMID: 34436172 PMCID: PMC8399569 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the contribution of the plant defence hormones, salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA), in the resistance against pathogens of plants associated with Epichloë fungal endophytes has been scanty. We hypothesised that Epichloë spp., capable of inducing host plant SA-dependent defences, would increase the levels of plant resistance against biotrophic pathogens. Plants of Achnatherum inebrians, with and without the fungal endophyte Epichloë gansuensis, were inoculated with the biotrophic fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis. We measured the status of plant defences (associated with SA and JA signalling pathways) and the levels of resistance to the pathogen. Plants associated with the endophyte showed less disease symptoms caused by the biotrophic pathogen than plants without the endophyte. In agreement with our hypothesis, the Epichloë endophyte increased the plant production of SA and enhanced the expression levels of plant genes of synthesis and response to the SA hormone. The elevated expression of SA-related genes coding for putative plant enzymes with anti-fungal activities promoted by the endophyte may explain the enhanced resistance to the pathogen. The present study highlights that interaction between the plant immune system and Epichloë fungal endophytes can contribute significantly to the resistance of endophyte-symbiotic plants against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhu Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (M.-Z.K.); (R.Z.); (Z.-B.N.)
| | - Daniel A. Bastías
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (D.A.B.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Michael J. Christensen
- Resilient Agriculture Innovation Centre of Excellence, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (D.A.B.); (M.J.C.)
| | - Rui Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (M.-Z.K.); (R.Z.); (Z.-B.N.)
| | - Zhi-Biao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (M.-Z.K.); (R.Z.); (Z.-B.N.)
| | - Xing-Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China; (M.-Z.K.); (R.Z.); (Z.-B.N.)
- Correspondence:
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Montes N, Vijayan V, Pagán I. Host population structure for tolerance determines the evolution of plant-virus interactions. New Phytol 2021; 231:1570-1585. [PMID: 33997993 PMCID: PMC8362011 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity for plant defences determines both the capacity of host populations to buffer the effect of infection and the pathogen´s fitness. However, little information is known on how host population structure for tolerance, a major plant defence, impacts the evolution of plant-pathogen interactions. By performing 10 serial passages of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) in Arabidopsis thaliana populations with varying proportion of tolerant genotypes simulating different structures for this trait, we analysed how host heterogeneity for this defence shapes the evolution of both virus multiplication, the effect of infection on plant fecundity and mortality, and plant tolerance and resistance. Results indicated that a higher proportion of tolerant genotypes in the host population promotes virus multiplication and reduces the effect of infection on plant mortality, but not on plant fecundity. These changes resulted in more effective plant tolerance to virus infection. Conversely, a lower proportion of tolerant genotypes reduced virus multiplication, boosting plant resistance. Our work for the first time provides evidence of the main role of host population structure for tolerance on pathogen evolution and on the subsequent feedback loops on plant defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Montes
- Fisiología VegetalDepartamento Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la SaludFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad San Pablo‐CEU UniversitiesBoadilla del Monte (Madrid)28668Spain
- Servicio de ReumatologíaHospital Universitario de la PrincesaInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS‐IP)Madrid28008Spain
| | - Viji Vijayan
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM‐INIA and ETS Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de BiosistemasUniversidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid28223Spain
| | - Israel Pagán
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas UPM‐INIA and ETS Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de BiosistemasUniversidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid28223Spain
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Ledermann L, Daouda S, Gouttesoulard C, Aarrouf J, Urban L. Flashes of UV-C Light Stimulate Defenses of Vitis vinifera L. 'Chardonnay' Against Erysiphe necator in Greenhouse and Vineyard Conditions. Plant Dis 2021; 105:2106-2113. [PMID: 33393363 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2229-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using detached leaves, UV-C light in the form of 1-s flashes has recently been shown to stimulate defenses of several plants against different pathogens better than 1-min exposures under greenhouse conditions. In the present work, the pathological tests were conducted using undetached leaves under greenhouse and vineyard conditions. In a first trial, two flashes of UV-C light were applied to plants of Vitis vinifera L. 'Chardonnay' grown under greenhouse conditions, at an interval of 10 days. Plants were inoculated with Erysiphe necator 2 days after the last light treatment. After 18 days of inoculation, the symptom severity on leaves was reduced by 60% when compared with the untreated control. In a second trial, flashes of UV-C light were applied to grapevine Chardonnay plants under field conditions in the southeast of France every 10 days from 18 April until 10 July 2019. The symptom severity resulting from natural contaminations by E. necator was reduced by 42% in leaves on 4 July 2019 and by 65% in clusters on 25 July 2019. In a third trial, we observed that UV-C light did not have any effect on net photosynthesis, maximal net photosynthesis, dark respiration, maximal quantum efficiency of photosystem II, the performance index of Strasser, and, generally, any parameter derived from induction curves of maximal chlorophyll fluorescence. It was concluded that flashes of UV-C light have true potential for stimulating plant defenses against E. necator under vineyard conditions and, therefore, help in reducing fungicide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Ledermann
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, France
- UV Boosting, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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Lephatsi MM, Meyer V, Piater LA, Dubery IA, Tugizimana F. Plant Responses to Abiotic Stresses and Rhizobacterial Biostimulants: Metabolomics and Epigenetics Perspectives. Metabolites 2021; 11:457. [PMID: 34357351 PMCID: PMC8305699 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to abiotic stresses, plants mount comprehensive stress-specific responses which mediate signal transduction cascades, transcription of relevant responsive genes and the accumulation of numerous different stress-specific transcripts and metabolites, as well as coordinated stress-specific biochemical and physiological readjustments. These natural mechanisms employed by plants are however not always sufficient to ensure plant survival under abiotic stress conditions. Biostimulants such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) formulation are emerging as novel strategies for improving crop quality, yield and resilience against adverse environmental conditions. However, to successfully formulate these microbial-based biostimulants and design efficient application programs, the understanding of molecular and physiological mechanisms that govern biostimulant-plant interactions is imperatively required. Systems biology approaches, such as metabolomics, can unravel insights on the complex network of plant-PGPR interactions allowing for the identification of molecular targets responsible for improved growth and crop quality. Thus, this review highlights the current models on plant defence responses to abiotic stresses, from perception to the activation of cellular and molecular events. It further highlights the current knowledge on the application of microbial biostimulants and the use of epigenetics and metabolomics approaches to elucidate mechanisms of action of microbial biostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motseoa M. Lephatsi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.M.L.); (L.A.P.); (I.A.D.)
| | - Vanessa Meyer
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa;
| | - Lizelle A. Piater
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.M.L.); (L.A.P.); (I.A.D.)
| | - Ian A. Dubery
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.M.L.); (L.A.P.); (I.A.D.)
| | - Fidele Tugizimana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa; (M.M.L.); (L.A.P.); (I.A.D.)
- International Research and Development Division, Omnia Group, Ltd., Johannesburg 2021, South Africa
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Biru FN, Islam T, Cibils-Stewart X, Cazzonelli CI, Elbaum R, Johnson SN. Anti-herbivore silicon defences in a model grass are greatest under Miocene levels of atmospheric CO 2. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:2959-2969. [PMID: 33772982 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) has an important role in mitigating diverse biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, mainly via the silicification of plant tissues. Environmental changes such as atmospheric CO2 concentrations may affect grass Si concentrations which, in turn, can alter herbivore performance. We recently demonstrated that pre-industrial atmospheric CO2 increased Si accumulation in Brachypodium distachyon grass, yet the patterns of Si deposition in leaves and whether this affects insect herbivore performance remains unknown. Moreover, it is unclear whether CO2 -driven changes in Si accumulation are linked to changes in gas exchange (e.g. transpiration rates). We therefore investigated how pre-industrial (reduced; rCO2 , 200 ppm), ambient (aCO2 , 410 ppm) and elevated (eCO2 , 640 ppm) CO2 concentrations, in combination with Si-treatment (Si+ or Si-), affected Si accumulation in B. distachyon and its subsequent effect on the performance of the global insect pest, Helicoverpa armigera. rCO2 increased Si concentrations by 29% and 36% compared to aCO2 and eCO2 respectively. These changes were not related to observed changes in gas exchange under different CO2 regimes, however. The increased Si accumulation under rCO2 decreased herbivore relative growth rate (RGR) by 120% relative to eCO2, whereas rCO2 caused herbivore RGR to decrease by 26% compared to eCO2 . Si supplementation also increased the density of macrohairs, silica and prickle cells, which was associated with reduced herbivore performance. There was a negative correlation among macrohair density, silica cell density, prickle cell density and herbivore RGR under rCO2 suggesting that these changes in leaf surface morphology were linked to reduced performance under this CO2 regime. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that increased Si accumulation under pre-industrial CO2 reduces insect herbivore performance. Contrastingly, we found reduced Si accumulation under higher CO2 , which suggests that some grasses may become more susceptible to insect herbivores under projected climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikadu N Biru
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tarikul Islam
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Ximena Cibils-Stewart
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Colonia, Uruguay
| | | | - Rivka Elbaum
- R H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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Gamir J, Minchev Z, Berrio E, García JM, De Lorenzo G, Pozo MJ. Roots drive oligogalacturonide-induced systemic immunity in tomato. Plant Cell Environ 2021; 44:275-289. [PMID: 33070347 PMCID: PMC7883634 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are fragments of pectin released from the plant cell wall during insect or pathogen attack. They can be perceived by the plant as damage signals, triggering local and systemic defence responses. Here, we analyse the dynamics of local and systemic responses to OG perception in tomato roots or shoots, exploring their impact across the plant and their relevance in pathogen resistance. Targeted and untargeted metabolomics and gene expression analysis in plants treated with purified OGs revealed that local responses were transient, while distal responses were stronger and more sustained. Remarkably, changes were more conspicuous in roots, even upon foliar application of the OGs. The treatments differentially activated the synthesis of defence-related hormones and secondary metabolites including flavonoids, alkaloids and lignans, some of them exclusively synthetized in roots. Finally, the biological relevance of the systemic defence responses activated upon OG perception was confirmed, as the treatment induced systemic resistance to Botrytis cinerea. Overall, this study shows the differential regulation of tomato defences upon OGs perception in roots and shoots and reveals the key role of roots in the coordination of the plant responses to damage sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Gamir
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic SystemsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)GranadaSpain
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie C. DarwinSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Zhivko Minchev
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic SystemsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Estefanía Berrio
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic SystemsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Juan M. García
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic SystemsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Present address: Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Group, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada a la EEZ‐CSIC, Dept Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume ICastellónSpain
| | - Maria J. Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic SystemsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)GranadaSpain
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Ferrero V, Baeten L, Blanco-Sánchez L, Planelló R, Díaz-Pendón JA, Rodríguez-Echeverría S, Haegeman A, de la Peña E. Complex patterns in tolerance and resistance to pests and diseases underpin the domestication of tomato. New Phytol 2020; 226:254-266. [PMID: 31793000 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A frequent hypothesis explaining the high susceptibility of many crops to pests and diseases is that, in the process of domestication, crops have lost defensive genes and traits against pests and diseases. Ecological theory predicts trade-offs whereby resistance and tolerance go at the cost of each other. We used wild relatives, early domesticated varieties, traditional local landraces and cultivars of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to test whether resistance and tolerance trade-offs were phylogenetically structured or varied according to degree of domestication. We exposed tomato genotypes to the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae, the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis, the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and two common insect-transmitted plant viruses, and reconstructed their phylogenetic relationships using Genotyping-by-Sequencing. We found differences in the performance and effect of pest and diseases but such differences were not related with domestication degree nor genetic relatedness, which probably underlie a complex genetic basis for resistance and indicate that resistance traits appeared at different stages and in unrelated genetic lineages. Still, wild and early domesticated accessions showed greater resistance to aphids and tolerance to caterpillars, nematodes and diseases than modern cultivars. Our findings help to understand how domestication affects plant-pest interactions and underline the importance of tolerance in crop breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ferrero
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Subtropical and Mediterranean Horticulture, Spanish National Research Council (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Finca Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, 29750, Málaga, Spain
| | - Lander Baeten
- Department of Environment, Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, BE-9090, Melle-Gontrode, Belgium
| | - Lidia Blanco-Sánchez
- Institute for Subtropical and Mediterranean Horticulture, Spanish National Research Council (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Finca Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, 29750, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rosario Planelló
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Paseo de la Senda del Rey 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Díaz-Pendón
- Institute for Subtropical and Mediterranean Horticulture, Spanish National Research Council (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Finca Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, 29750, Málaga, Spain
| | - Susana Rodríguez-Echeverría
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Annelies Haegeman
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Caritasstraat 39, B-9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Eduardo de la Peña
- Institute for Subtropical and Mediterranean Horticulture, Spanish National Research Council (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Finca Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, 29750, Málaga, Spain
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
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Bouagga S, Urbaneja A, Depalo L, Rubio L, Pérez-Hedo M. Zoophytophagous predator-induced defences restrict accumulation of the tomato spotted wilt virus. Pest Manag Sci 2020; 76:561-567. [PMID: 31283098 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of zoophytophagous predators in protected crops has been widely adopted to manage pests in southern Europe. We hypothesized that plant defence responses would be induced by zoophytophagous predators and this induction could affect plant virus occurrence; the phytophagy of these predators induces plant defences similarly to that of viral infection. Therefore, we evaluated whether or not mirid predator-activated plant defences limited the accumulation of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) in mechanically infected sweet pepper. RESULTS Our results revealed TSWV accumulation in mirid-punctured plants to be significantly lower than in intact plants. This is most likely associated with the upregulation of the jasmonate acid pathway triggered by mirid phytophagy. CONCLUSION Activation of induced defences by mirid predators has been demonstrated for the first time to limit the accumulation of TSWV in sweet pepper. This novel approach can offer new control strategies for the management of plant diseases. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Bouagga
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Alberto Urbaneja
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Laura Depalo
- DISTAL Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum. Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luís Rubio
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Meritxell Pérez-Hedo
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
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Collemare J, O'Connell R, Lebrun MH. Nonproteinaceous effectors: the terra incognita of plant-fungal interactions. New Phytol 2019; 223:590-596. [PMID: 30851201 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular plant-fungal interaction studies have mainly focused on small secreted protein effectors. However, accumulating evidence shows that numerous fungal secondary metabolites are produced at all stages of plant colonization, especially during early asymptomatic/biotrophic phases. The discovery of fungal small RNAs targeting plant transcripts has expanded the fungal repertoire of nonproteinaceous effectors even further. The challenge now is to develop specific functional methods to fully understand the biological roles of these effectors. Studies on fungal extracellular vesicles are also needed because they could be the universal carriers of all kinds of fungal effectors. With this review, we aim to stimulate the nonproteinaceous effector research field to move from descriptive to functional studies, which should bring a paradigm shift in plant-fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Collemare
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Richard O'Connell
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Marc-Henri Lebrun
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Papadopoulou GV, Maedicke A, Grosser K, van Dam NM, Martínez-Medina A. Defence signalling marker gene responses to hormonal elicitation differ between roots and shoots. AoB Plants 2018; 10:ply031. [PMID: 29977487 PMCID: PMC6007416 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones such as jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA) play a key role in regulation of plant immune responses to different attackers. Extensive research over recent years has led to the identification of molecular markers for specific hormonal-regulated defence pathways. However, most of our current knowledge on the regulation of plant immunity derives from studies focused on above-ground organs, mainly on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Therefore, it is unclear whether the paradigms based on experiments on above-ground organs are entirely transferable to roots. Here, we used the non-model plant Brassica rapa to study the regulation dynamics of hormonal-related marker genes in both roots and shoots. These markers were identified in Arabidopsis shoots after elicitation of the JA-, SA-, ET- or ABA-signalling pathways, and are commonly used to study induced responses. We assessed whether the regulation of those genes by hormonal elicitation differs between roots and shoots. To discern whether the differences in marker gene expression between roots and shoots are related to differences in hormone production or to differential responsiveness, we also measured actual hormone content in the treated tissue after elicitation. Our results show that some of the widely used markers did not show specific responsiveness to single hormone applications in B. rapa. We further found that hormonal elicitation led to different response patterns of the molecular markers in shoots and roots. Our results suggest that the regulation of some hormonal-related marker genes in B. rapa is organ specific and differs from the Arabidopsis-derived paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galini V Papadopoulou
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Maedicke
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Grosser
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
- Radboud University, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute of Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
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15
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Bastías DA, Alejandra Martínez-Ghersa M, Newman JA, Card SD, Mace WJ, Gundel PE. The plant hormone salicylic acid interacts with the mechanism of anti-herbivory conferred by fungal endophytes in grasses. Plant Cell Environ 2018; 41:395-405. [PMID: 29194664 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) is recognized as an effective defence against biotrophic pathogens, but its role as regulator of beneficial plant symbionts has received little attention. We studied the relationship between the SA hormone and leaf fungal endophytes on herbivore defences in symbiotic grasses. We hypothesize that the SA exposure suppresses the endophyte reducing the fungal-produced alkaloids. Because of the role that alkaloids play in anti-herbivore defences, any reduction in their production should make host plants more susceptible to herbivores. Lolium multiflorum plants symbiotic and nonsymbiotic with the endophyte Epichloë occultans were exposed to SA followed by a challenge with the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. We measured the level of plant resistance to aphids, and the defences conferred by endophytes and host plants. Symbiotic plants had lower concentrations of SA than did the nonsymbiotic counterparts. Consistent with our prediction, the hormonal treatment reduced the concentration of loline alkaloids (i.e., N-formyllolines and N-acetylnorlolines) and consequently decreased the endophyte-conferred resistance against aphids. Our study highlights the importance of the interaction between the plant immune system and endophytes for the stability of the defensive mutualism. Our results indicate that the SA plays a critical role in regulating the endophyte-conferred resistance against herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Bastías
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - M Alejandra Martínez-Ghersa
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Jonathan A Newman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Stuart D Card
- Forage Science, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Wade J Mace
- Forage Science, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Pedro E Gundel
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martín 4453, Buenos Aires, C1417DSE, Argentina
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Abstract
Fungal endophytes modify plant-herbivore interactions by producing toxic alkaloids that deter herbivory. However, studies have neglected the direct effects herbivores may have on endophytes. Antifungal properties and signalling effectors in herbivore saliva suggest that evolutionary pressures may select for animals that mitigate the effects of endophyte-produced alkaloids. Here, we tested whether saliva of moose (Alces alces) and European reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) reduced hyphal elongation and production of ergot alkaloids by the foliar endophyte Epichloë festucae associated with the globally distributed red fescue Festuca rubra. Both moose and reindeer saliva reduced the growth of isolated endophyte hyphae when compared with a treatment of distilled water. Induction of the highly toxic alkaloid ergovaline was also inhibited in plants from the core of F. rubra's distribution when treated with moose saliva following simulated grazing. In genotypes from the southern limit of the species' distribution, ergovaline was constitutively expressed, as predicted where growth is environmentally limited. Our results now present the first evidence, to our knowledge, that ungulate saliva can combat plant defences produced by a grass-endophyte mutualism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Tanentzap
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Mark Vicari
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Dawn R Bazely
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
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Jogesh T, Stanley MC, Berenbaum MR. Evolution of tolerance in an invasive weed after reassociation with its specialist herbivore. J Evol Biol 2015; 27:2334-46. [PMID: 25417738 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the European wild parsnip Pastinaca sativa and its coevolved florivore the parsnip webworm Depressaria pastinacella, established in North America for over 150 years, has resulted in evolution of local chemical phenotype matching. The recent invasion of New Zealand by webworms, exposing parsnips there to florivore selection for the first time, provided an opportunity to assess rates of adaptive response in a real-time experiment. We planted reciprocal common gardens in the USA and NZ with seeds from (1) US populations with a long history of webworm association; (2) NZ populations that had never been infested and (3) NZ populations infested for 3 years (since 2007) or 6 years (since 2004). We measured impacts of florivory on realized fitness, reproductive effort and pollination success and measured phenotypic changes in infested NZ populations relative to uninfested NZ populations to determine whether rapid adaptive evolution in response to florivory occurred. Irrespective of country of origin or location, webworms significantly reduced plant fitness. Webworms reduced pollination success in small plants but not in larger plants. Although defence chemistry remained unchanged, plants in infested populations were larger after 3-6 years of webworm florivory. As plant size is a strong predictor of realized fitness, evolution of large size as a component of florivore tolerance may occur more rapidly than evolution of enhanced chemical defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jogesh
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Abstract
In many living trees, much of the interior of the trunk can be rotten or even hollowed out. Previously, this has been suggested to be adaptive, with microbial or animal consumption of interior wood producing a rain of nutrients to the soil beneath the tree that allows recycling of those nutrients into new growth via the trees roots. Here I propose an alternative (non-exclusive) explanation: such loss of wood comes at very little cost to the tree and so investment in costly chemical defence of this wood is not economic. I discuss how this theory can be tested empirically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme D Ruxton
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TH, UK
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Piper FI, Gundale MJ, Fajardo A. Extreme defoliation reduces tree growth but not C and N storage in a winter-deciduous species. Ann Bot 2015; 115:1093-103. [PMID: 25851136 PMCID: PMC4648455 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is a growing concern about how forests will respond to increased herbivory associated with climate change. Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) limitation are hypothesized to cause decreasing growth after defoliation, and eventually mortality. This study examines the effects of a natural and massive defoliation by an insect on mature trees' C and N storage, which have rarely been studied together, particularly in winter-deciduous species. METHODS Survival, growth rate, carbon [C, as non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration] and nitrogen (N) storage, defences (tannins and total polyphenols), and re-foliation traits were examined in naturally defoliated and non-defoliated adult trees of the winter-deciduous temperate species Nothofagus pumilio 1 and 2 years after a massive and complete defoliation caused by the caterpillar of Ormiscodes amphimone (Saturniidae) during summer 2009 in Patagonia. KEY RESULTS Defoliated trees did not die but grew significantly less than non-defoliated trees for at least 2 years after defoliation. One year after defoliation, defoliated trees had similar NSC and N concentrations in woody tissues, higher polyphenol concentrations and lower re-foliation than non-defoliated trees. In the second year, however, NSC concentrations in branches were significantly higher in defoliated trees while differences in polyphenols and re-foliation disappeared and decreased, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The significant reduction in growth following defoliation was not caused by insufficient C or N availability, as frequently assumed; instead, it was probably due to growth limitations due to factors other than C or N, or to preventative C allocation to storage. This study shows an integrative approach to evaluating plant growth limitations in response to disturbance, by examining major resources other than C (e.g. N), and other C sinks besides storage and growth (e.g. defences and re-foliation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida I Piper
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP) Conicyt-Regional R10C1003, Universidad Austral de Chile, Camino Baguales s/n, Coyhaique 5951601, Chile, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile and Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP) Conicyt-Regional R10C1003, Universidad Austral de Chile, Camino Baguales s/n, Coyhaique 5951601, Chile, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile and Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alex Fajardo
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP) Conicyt-Regional R10C1003, Universidad Austral de Chile, Camino Baguales s/n, Coyhaique 5951601, Chile, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile and Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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20
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Rasmann S, Chassin E, Bilat J, Glauser G, Reymond P. Trade-off between constitutive and inducible resistance against herbivores is only partially explained by gene expression and glucosinolate production. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:2527-34. [PMID: 25716695 PMCID: PMC4986863 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that constitutive and inducible plant resistance against herbivores should trade-off because they use the same resources and impose costs to plant fitness has been postulated for a long time. Negative correlations between modes of deployment of resistance and defences have been observed across and within species in common garden experiments. It was therefore tested whether that pattern of resistance across genotypes follows a similar variation in patterns of gene expression and chemical defence production. Using the genetically tractable model Arabidopsis thaliana and different modes of induction, including the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis, the specialist herbivore Pieris brassicae, and jasmonate application, constitutive and inducibility of resistance was measured across seven A. thaliana accessions that were previously selected based on constitutive levels of defence gene expression. According to theory, it was found that modes of resistance traded-off among accessions, particularly against S. littoralis, in which accessions investing in high constitutive resistance did not increase it substantially after attack and vice-versa. Accordingly, the average expression of eight genes involved in glucosinolate production negatively predicted larval growth across the seven accessions. Glucosinolate production and genes related to defence induction on healthy and herbivore-damaged plants were measured next. Surprisingly, only a partial correlation between glucosinolate production, gene expression, and the herbivore resistance results was found. These results suggest that the defence outcome of plants against herbivores goes beyond individual molecules or genes but stands on a complex network of interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Estelle Chassin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Bilat
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchatel, 2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Sugio A, Dubreuil G, Giron D, Simon JC. Plant-insect interactions under bacterial influence: ecological implications and underlying mechanisms. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:467-78. [PMID: 25385767 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants and insects have been co-existing for more than 400 million years, leading to intimate and complex relationships. Throughout their own evolutionary history, plants and insects have also established intricate and very diverse relationships with microbial associates. Studies in recent years have revealed plant- or insect-associated microbes to be instrumental in plant-insect interactions, with important implications for plant defences and plant utilization by insects. Microbial communities associated with plants are rich in diversity, and their structure greatly differs between below- and above-ground levels. Microbial communities associated with insect herbivores generally present a lower diversity and can reside in different body parts of their hosts including bacteriocytes, haemolymph, gut, and salivary glands. Acquisition of microbial communities by vertical or horizontal transmission and possible genetic exchanges through lateral transfer could strongly impact on the host insect or plant fitness by conferring adaptations to new habitats. Recent developments in sequencing technologies and molecular tools have dramatically enhanced opportunities to characterize the microbial diversity associated with plants and insects and have unveiled some of the mechanisms by which symbionts modulate plant-insect interactions. Here, we focus on the diversity and ecological consequences of bacterial communities associated with plants and herbivorous insects. We also highlight the known mechanisms by which these microbes interfere with plant-insect interactions. Revealing such mechanisms in model systems under controlled environments but also in more natural ecological settings will help us to understand the evolution of complex multitrophic interactions in which plants, herbivorous insects, and micro-organisms are inserted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sugio
- INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, UMR 1349 IGEPP, Domaine de la Motte, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Dubreuil
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS / Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261 CNRS / Université François-Rabelais, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Parc de Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, UMR 1349 IGEPP, Domaine de la Motte, 35653 Le Rheu Cedex, France
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Wei J, Wang L, Zhao J, Li C, Ge F, Kang L. Ecological trade-offs between jasmonic acid-dependent direct and indirect plant defences in tritrophic interactions. New Phytol 2011; 189:557-67. [PMID: 21039561 PMCID: PMC3039750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on plants genetically modified in jasmonic acid (JA) signalling support the hypothesis that the jasmonate family of oxylipins plays an important role in mediating direct and indirect plant defences. However, the interaction of two modes of defence in tritrophic systems is largely unknown. In this study, we examined the preference and performance of a herbivorous leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis) and its parasitic wasp (Opius dissitus) on three tomato genotypes: a wild-type (WT) plant, a JA biosynthesis (spr2) mutant, and a JA-overexpression 35S::prosys plant. Their proteinase inhibitor production and volatile emission were used as direct and indirect defence factors to evaluate the responses of leafminers and parasitoids. Here, we show that although spr2 mutant plants are compromised in direct defence against the larval leafminers and in attracting parasitoids, they are less attractive to adult flies compared with WT plants. Moreover, in comparison to other genotypes, the 35S::prosys plant displays greater direct and constitutive indirect defences, but reduced success of parasitism by parasitoids. Taken together, these results suggest that there are distinguished ecological trade-offs between JA-dependent direct and indirect defences in genetically modified plants whose fitness should be assessed in tritrophic systems and under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100080, China
| | - Lizhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100080, China
| | - Jiuhai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100080, China
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100080, China
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