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Ran J, Shang C, Mei L, Li S, Tian T, Qiao G. Overexpression of CpADC from Chinese Cherry ( Cerasus pseudocerasus Lindl. 'Manaohong') Promotes the Ability of Response to Drought in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314943. [PMID: 36499268 PMCID: PMC9740122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines (PA) play an important role in the growth, development and stress resistance of plants, and arginine decarboxylase (ADC) is one of the key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of polyamines. Previously, the transcriptional regulation of the 'Manaohong' cherry under the shelter covering was carried out, and the PA synthase-related genes, particularly the ADC gene, were differentially expressed as exposure to drought stress. However, the mechanisms of how ADC is involved in the response of cherry to abiotic stress (especially drought stress) are still unknown. In the present work, the full-length coding sequence of this gene was isolated and named CpADC. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the coding sequence of CpADC was 2529 bp in length. Cluster analysis showed that CpADC had the highest homologies with those of sweet cherry (Prunus avium, XP_021806331) and peach (Prunus persica, XP_007200307). Subcellular localization detected that the CpADC was localized in the plant nucleus. The qPCR quantification showed that CpADC was differentially expressed in roots, stems, leaves, flower buds, flowers, and fruits at different periods. Drought stress treatments were applied to both wild-type (WT) and transgenic Arabidopsis lines, and relevant physiological indicators were measured, and the results showed that the putrescine content of transgenic Arabidopsis was higher than that of WT under high-temperature treatment. The results showed that the MDA content of WT was consistently higher than that of transgenic plants and that the degree of stress in WT was more severe than in transgenic Arabidopsis, indicating that transgenic CpADC was able to enhance the stress resistance of the plants. Both the transgenic and WT plants had significantly higher levels of proline in their leaves after the stress treatment than before, but the WT plant had lower levels of proline than that of transgenic Arabidopsis in both cases. This shows that the accumulation of proline in the transgenic plants was higher than that in the wild type under drought and high and low-temperature stress, suggesting that the transgenic plants are more stress tolerant than the WT. Taken together, our results reveal that, under drought stress, the increase in both expressions of CpADC gene and Put (putrescine) accumulation regulates the activity of ADC, the content of MDA and Pro to enhance the drought resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Ran
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chunqiong Shang
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lina Mei
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Guang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, College of Life Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-085-183-865-027
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Che X, Ding R, Zhang Q, Li Y, Sun Q, Li Y, Zhang Z, Wang W, Gao H. The severe toxicity of CuO nanoparticles to the photosynthesis of the prokaryotic algae Arthrospira sp. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:54105-54116. [PMID: 34043167 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This research first verified that prokaryotic algae are more sensitive to toxicity of CuO nanoparticles (CuO NPs) than eukaryotic algae and that CuO NPs damaged photosynthesis of prokaryotic algae (Arthrospira sp.) but had no effect on respiration. The Cu2+ released by CuO NPs caused a bending deformation of the thylakoid, which was an important cause of the decline in photosynthetic capacity. In addition, the D1 protein was the most susceptible site to CuO NPs. The degradation of D1 protein reduced photosynthetic electron transport, which enhanced the excess excitation energy to cause the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to further result in oxidative stress on algae. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) increased the toxicity of CuO NPs to photosynthesis of Arthrospira sp. The damage of photosynthesis caused by CuO NPs is an important reason why CuO NPs have a serious toxicity to algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingkai Che
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruirui Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zishan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huiyuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, People's Republic of China.
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Plant Transcriptome Reprograming and Bacterial Extracellular Metabolites Underlying Tomato Drought Resistance Triggered by a Beneficial Soil Bacteria. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060369. [PMID: 34207663 PMCID: PMC8230097 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Water deficit is one of the major constraints to crop production and food security worldwide. Some plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains are capable of increasing plant drought resistance. Knowledge about the mechanisms underlying bacteria-induced plant drought resistance is important for PGPR applications in agriculture. In this study, we show the drought stress-mitigating effects on tomato plants by the Bacillus megaterium strain TG1-E1, followed by the profiling of plant transcriptomic responses to TG1-E1 and the profiling of bacterial extracellular metabolites. Comparison between the transcriptomes of drought-stressed plants with and without TG1-E1 inoculation revealed bacteria-induced transcriptome reprograming, with highlights on differentially expressed genes belonging to the functional categories including transcription factors, signal transduction, and cell wall biogenesis and organization. Mass spectrometry-based analysis identified over 40 bacterial extracellular metabolites, including several important regulators or osmoprotectant precursors for increasing plant drought resistance. These results demonstrate the importance of plant transcriptional regulation and bacterial metabolites in PGPR-induced plant drought resistance.
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Fortes AM, Agudelo-Romero P. Polyamine Metabolism in Climacteric and Non-Climacteric Fruit Ripening. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1694:433-447. [PMID: 29080186 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7398-9_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are small aliphatic amines that are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. These growth regulators have been implicated in abiotic and biotic stresses as well as plant development and morphogenesis. Several studies have also suggested a key role of polyamines during fruit set and early development. Polyamines have also been linked to fruit ripening and in the regulation of fruit quality-related traits.Recent studies indicate that during ripening of both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits, a decline in total polyamine contents is observed together with an increased catabolism of these growth regulators.In this review, we explore the current knowledge on polyamine biosynthesis and catabolism during fruit set and ripening. The study of the role of polyamine metabolism in fruit ripening indicates the possible application of these natural polycations to control ripening and postharvest decay as well as to improve fruit quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Fortes
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Patricia Agudelo-Romero
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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Galston AW, Kaur-Sawhney R, Altabella T, Tiburcio AF. Plant Polyamines in Reproductive Activity and Response to Abiotic Stress*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1997.tb00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mulo P, Eloranta T, Aro EM, Maenpää P. Disruption of a spe-like Open Reading Frame Alters Polyamine Content andpsbA-2mRNA Stability in the CyanobacteriumSynechocystissp. PCC 6803. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1998.tb00680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Peremarti A, Bassie L, Zhu C, Christou P, Capell T. Molecular characterization of the Arginine decarboxylase gene family in rice. Transgenic Res 2010; 19:785-97. [PMID: 20082138 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-009-9354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arginine decarboxylase (ADC) is a key enzyme in plants that converts arginine into putrescine, an important mediator of abiotic stress tolerance. Adc genes have been isolated from a number of dicotyledonous plants but the oat and rice Adc genes are the only representatives of monocotyledonous species described thus far. Rice has a small family of Adc genes, and OsAdc1 expression has been shown to fluctuate under drought and chilling stress. We identified and characterized a second rice Adc gene (OsAdc2) which encodes a 629-amino-acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 67 kDa. An unusual feature of the OsAdc2 gene is the presence of an intron and a short upstream open reading frame in the 5'-UTR. Sequence comparisons showed that OsAdc2 is more closely related to the oat Adc gene than to OsAdc1 or to its dicot homologs, and mRNA analysis showed that the two rice genes are also differently regulated. Whereas OsAdc1 is expressed in leaf, root and stem, OsAdc2 expression is restricted to stem tissue. Protein expression was investigated with specific antibodies against ADC1 and ADC2, corroborating the mRNA data. We discuss the expression profiles of OsAdc1 and OsAdc2 and potential functions for the two corresponding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadna Peremarti
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, ETSEA, Universitat de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198, Lleida, Spain
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Kok E, Lehesranta S, van Dijk J, Helsdingen J, Dijksma W, Van Hoef A, Koistinen K, Karenlampi S, Kuiper H, Keijer J. Changes in Gene and Protein Expression during Tomato Ripening — Consequences for the Safety Assessment of New Crop Plant Varieties. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013208100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An important part of the comparative approach to assess the safety of new crop plant varieties is an extensive compositional analysis, including the measurement of all key nutrients and antinutrients in a specific crop. The study described here investigates the applicability of `omics' technologies, transcriptomics and proteomics, as additional tools in this comparative safety assessment. The aim of the work was to assess the extent of the natural variation in ripening tomato fruits as a model crop and to determine whether it is possible to develop simple `ripening stage' criteria for the sampling of fruits for `omics' analyses. It is shown that the set-up of an `omics' study is of crucial importance. Samples under scrutiny should be well-matched with relation to environmental conditions during growth and harvest, including the stage of ripening, as is stipulated in international guidance documents for the nutritional and toxicological assessment of genetically modified plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.J. Kok
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Bornsesteeg 45, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands,
| | - S.J. Lehesranta
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - J.P. van Dijk
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Bornsesteeg 45, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J.R. Helsdingen
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Bornsesteeg 45, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - W.T.P. Dijksma
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Bornsesteeg 45, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A.M.A. Van Hoef
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Bornsesteeg 45, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - K.M. Koistinen
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - S.O. Karenlampi
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - H.A. Kuiper
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Bornsesteeg 45, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - J. Keijer
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Bornsesteeg 45, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Liu JH, Ban Y, Wen XP, Nakajima I, Moriguchi T. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of an arginine decarboxylase gene from peach (Prunus persica). Gene 2008; 429:10-7. [PMID: 18996450 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Arginine decarboxylase (ADC), one of the enzymes responsible for putrescine (Put) biosynthesis, has been shown to be implicated in stress response. In the current paper attempts were made to clone and characterize a gene encoding ADC from peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, 'Akatsuki'). Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) gave rise to a full-length ADC cDNA (PpADC) with a complete open reading frame of 2178 bp, encoding a 725 amino acid polypeptide. Homology search and sequence multi-alignment demonstrated that the deduced PpADC protein sequence shared a high identity with ADCs from other plants, including several highly conservative motifs and amino acids. Southern blotting indicated that PpADC existed in peach genome as a single gene. Expression levels of PpADC in different tissues of peach (P. persica 'Akatsuki') were spatially and developmentally regulated. Treatment of peach shoots from 'Mochizuki' with exogenous 5 mM Put, an indirect product of ADC, remarkably induced accumulation of PpADC mRNA. Transcripts of PpADC in peach leaves from 'Mochizuki' were quickly induced, either transiently or continuously, in response to dehydration, high salinity (200 mM NaCl), low temperature (4 degrees C) and heavy metal (150 microM CdCl(2)), but repressed by high temperature 37 degrees C) during a 2-day treatment, which changed in an opposite direction when the stresses were otherwise removed with the exception of CdCl(2) treatment. In addition, steady-state of PpADC mRNA could be also transiently up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) in 'Mochizuki' leaves. All of these, taken together, suggest that PpADC is a stress-responsive gene and can be considered as a potential target that is genetically manipulated so as to create novel germplasms with enhanced stress tolerance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hong Liu
- National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8605, Japan
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Jiménez-Bremont JF, Ruiz OA, Rodríguez-Kessler M. Modulation of spermidine and spermine levels in maize seedlings subjected to long-term salt stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2007; 45:812-21. [PMID: 17890098 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting plant agriculture worldwide. Polyamines, a group of aliphatic amines, are known to accumulate under salt stress conditions in different plant systems, resulting in presumed protective effects, acting as free radical scavengers, stabilizing cellular membranes and maintaining cellular ionic balance under these conditions. In the present study, we measured the polyamine content in maize leaves of semi-hydroponically grown seedlings subjected to 1 and 7 days of salt stress. We observed that the maize plants tend to maintain or accumulate the levels of spermidine and spermine, while putrescine levels fluctuate depending on the NaCl concentration. The effect of salt stress on the expression of the main genes involved in polyamine biosynthesis was also assessed. Our data show a time and NaCl dependent regulation of the Zmspds2 and Zmspds1 genes, suggesting that the former might be hyperosmotic responsive while the later NaCl responsive. Interestingly, the maize adc, Zmspds1 and Zmspds2 genes are regulated at the transcriptional level by the plant growth regulator abscisic acid. A connection between polyamine metabolism, abiotic stress and abscisic acid is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Jiménez-Bremont
- División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a Presa de San José 2055, Apartado Postal 3-74 Tangamanga, 78216 San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
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11
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Bi YM, Wang RL, Zhu T, Rothstein SJ. Global transcription profiling reveals differential responses to chronic nitrogen stress and putative nitrogen regulatory components in Arabidopsis. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:281. [PMID: 17705847 PMCID: PMC1994689 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large quantity of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is used for crop production to achieve high yields at a significant economic and environmental cost. Efforts have been directed to understanding the molecular basis of plant responses to N and identifying N-responsive genes in order to manipulate their expression, thus enabling plants to use N more efficiently. No studies have yet delineated these responses at the transcriptional level when plants are grown under chronic N stress and the understanding of regulatory elements involved in N response is very limited. RESULTS To further our understanding of the response of plants to varying N levels, a growth system was developed where N was the growth-limiting factor. An Arabidopsis whole genome microarray was used to evaluate global gene expression under different N conditions. Differentially expressed genes under mild or severe chronic N stress were identified. Mild N stress triggered only a small set of genes significantly different at the transcriptional level, which are largely involved in various stress responses. Plant responses were much more pronounced under severe N stress, involving a large number of genes in many different biological processes. Differentially expressed genes were also identified in response to short- and long-term N availability increases. Putative N regulatory elements were determined along with several previously known motifs involved in the responses to N and carbon availability as well as plant stress. CONCLUSION Differentially expressed genes identified provide additional insights into the coordination of the complex N responses of plants and the components of the N response mechanism. Putative N regulatory elements were identified to reveal possible new components of the regulatory network for plant N responses. A better understanding of the complex regulatory network for plant N responses will help lead to strategies to improve N use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mei Bi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rong-Lin Wang
- Ecological Exposure Research Division, National Exposure Research Lab, US EPA, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Tong Zhu
- Syngenta Biotechnology Inc., 3054 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Steven J Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Bi YM, Wang RL, Zhu T, Rothstein SJ. Global transcription profiling reveals differential responses to chronic nitrogen stress and putative nitrogen regulatory components in Arabidopsis. BMC Genomics 2007. [PMID: 17705847 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-281/tables/6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large quantity of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is used for crop production to achieve high yields at a significant economic and environmental cost. Efforts have been directed to understanding the molecular basis of plant responses to N and identifying N-responsive genes in order to manipulate their expression, thus enabling plants to use N more efficiently. No studies have yet delineated these responses at the transcriptional level when plants are grown under chronic N stress and the understanding of regulatory elements involved in N response is very limited. RESULTS To further our understanding of the response of plants to varying N levels, a growth system was developed where N was the growth-limiting factor. An Arabidopsis whole genome microarray was used to evaluate global gene expression under different N conditions. Differentially expressed genes under mild or severe chronic N stress were identified. Mild N stress triggered only a small set of genes significantly different at the transcriptional level, which are largely involved in various stress responses. Plant responses were much more pronounced under severe N stress, involving a large number of genes in many different biological processes. Differentially expressed genes were also identified in response to short- and long-term N availability increases. Putative N regulatory elements were determined along with several previously known motifs involved in the responses to N and carbon availability as well as plant stress. CONCLUSION Differentially expressed genes identified provide additional insights into the coordination of the complex N responses of plants and the components of the N response mechanism. Putative N regulatory elements were identified to reveal possible new components of the regulatory network for plant N responses. A better understanding of the complex regulatory network for plant N responses will help lead to strategies to improve N use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mei Bi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Facchini PJ. Regulation of alkaloid biosynthesis in plants. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2007; 63:1-44. [PMID: 17133713 DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(06)63001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Facchini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Liu JH, Kitashiba H, Wang J, Ban Y, Moriguchi T. Polyamines and their ability to provide environmental stress tolerance to plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.24.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University
| | | | - Jing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Crop Molecular Breeding, Huazhong Agricultural University
| | - Yusuke Ban
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Takaya Moriguchi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba
- National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba
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Eller MH, Warner AL, Knap HT. Genomic organization and expression analyses of putrescine pathway genes in soybean. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2006; 44:49-57. [PMID: 16531054 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Putrescine is synthesized using one of two alternative pathways in plants, from arginine by arginine decarboxylase (ADC) or from ornithine by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and is catabolized by diamine oxidase (DAO). A survey of approximately 310,000 expressed sequenced tags (ESTs) in soybean EST libraries identified diverse representation of ADC, ODC, and DAO ESTs, with ODC being least frequent and DAO ESTs most abundant. Southern analysis suggested that ADC and ODC belong to small gene families, and DAO is the most divergent. Using three bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries, 26X genome equivalents, two common loci for ADC and DAO and one independent DAO locus were identified. ADC and DAO are physically linked in the soybean genome within approximately 150 kb. Identification of genomic regions encoding ODC proved difficult and required using additional BAC libraries, increasing genome coverage to approximately 40X. Using Real Time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), higher steady-state levels of ADC than ODC in roots, leaves, shoot apices, and dry seeds suggested that ADC is the predominant pathway for putrescine biosynthesis in soybean. However, organ-specific expression showed that root is the major site of ODC transcription. Significantly elevated accumulation of ADC mRNA and elevated putrescine content in seeds of the fasciation mutant compared with the wild type may stimulate cell divisions and establishment of enlarged apical meristem during early mutant ontogeny. The DAO frequent representation in EST libraries constructed from root tissue and elevated steady-state levels in roots compared to above ground tissues show DAO is critical for regulation of putrescine content in soybean roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele H Eller
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, 100 Jordan Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Paschalidis KA, Roubelakis-Angelakis KA. Spatial and temporal distribution of polyamine levels and polyamine anabolism in different organs/tissues of the tobacco plant. Correlations with age, cell division/expansion, and differentiation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 138:142-52. [PMID: 15849310 PMCID: PMC1104170 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.055483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2004] [Revised: 12/31/2004] [Accepted: 01/23/2005] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyamine (PA) titers and biosynthesis follow a basipetal decrease along the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plant axis, and they also correlate negatively with cell size. On the contrary, the titers of arginine (Arg), ornithine (Orn), and arginase activity increase with age. The free (soluble)/total-PA ratios gradually increase basipetally, but the soluble conjugated decrease, with spermidine (Spd) mainly to determine these changes. The shoot apical meristems are the main site of Spd and spermine biosynthesis, and the hypogeous tissues synthesize mostly putrescine (Put). High and low Spd syntheses are correlated with cell division and expansion, respectively. Put biosynthetic pathways are differently regulated in hyper- and hypogeous tobacco tissues: Only Arg decarboxylase is responsible for Put synthesis in old hypergeous vascular tissues, whereas, in hypogeous tissues, arginase-catalyzed Orn produces Put via Orn decarboxylase. Furthermore, Orn decarboxylase expression coincides with early cell divisions in marginal sectors of the lamina, and Spd synthase strongly correlates with later cell divisions in the vascular regions. This detailed spatial and temporal profile of the free, soluble-conjugated, and insoluble-conjugated fractions of Put, Spd, and spermine in nearly all tobacco plant organs and the profile of enzymes of PA biosynthesis at the transcript, protein, and specific activity levels, along with the endogenous concentrations of the precursor amino acids Arg and Orn, offer new insight for further understanding the physiological role(s) of PAs. The results are discussed in the light of age dependence, cell division/expansion, differentiation, phytohormone gradients, senescence, and sink-source relationships.
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Delis C, Dimou M, Efrose RC, Flemetakis E, Aivalakis G, Katinakis P. Ornithine decarboxylase and arginine decarboxylase gene transcripts are co-localized in developing tissues of Glycine max etiolated seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2005; 43:19-25. [PMID: 15763662 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Unlike other eukaryotes, which synthesize polyamines (PA) only from ornithine, plants possess an additional pathway utilizing arginine as a precursor. In this study, we have identified cDNA clones coding for a Glycine max ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.7) and an arginine decarboxylase (ADC, EC 4.1.1.19). Expression analysis using semi-quantitative RT-PCR approach revealed that both genes coding for enzymes involved in putrescine biosynthesis (ODC and ADC) were found in most plant organs examined. Significant expression levels of both genes were detected in root tips and hypocotyls. The spatial distribution of GmODC and GmADC transcripts in primary and lateral roots and hypocotyls revealed that these genes are co-expressed in expanding cells of cortex parenchyma, expanding cells of central cylinder in main roots and in developing tissues and expanding cells of soybean hypocotyls. The data point out a correlation of the expression patterns of GmODC and GmADC gene to certain physiological roles such as organ development and cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas Delis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Agricultural University of Athens, Georgios Aivalakis, Athens, Greece
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18
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Flemetakis E, Efrose RC, Desbrosses G, Dimou M, Delis C, Aivalakis G, Udvardi MK, Katinakis P. Induction and spatial organization of polyamine biosynthesis during nodule development in Lotus japonicus. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2004; 17:1283-1293. [PMID: 15597734 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.12.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Putrescine and other polyamines are produced by two alternative pathways in plants. One pathway starts with the enzyme arginine decarboxylase (ADC; EC 4.1.1.19), the other with ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; EC 4.1.1.17). Metabolite profiling of nitrogen-fixing Lotus japonicus nodules, using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, revealed a two- to sixfold increase in putrescine levels in mature nodules compared with other organs. Genes involved in polyamine biosynthesis in L japonicus nodules were identified by isolating cDNA clones encoding ADC (LjADC1) and ODC (LjODC) from a nodule library. Searches of the public expressed sequence tag databases revealed the presence of a second gene encoding ADC (LjADC2). Real-time reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that LjADC1 and LjADC2 were expressed throughout the plant, while LjODC transcripts were detected only in nodules and roots. Induction of LjODC and LjADC gene expression during nodule development preceded symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Transcripts accumulation was maximal at 10 days postinfection, when a 6.5-fold increase in the transcript levels of LjODC was observed in comparison with the uninfected roots, while a twofold increase in the transcript levels of LjADC1 and LjADC2 was detected. At later stages of nodule development, transcripts for ADC drastically declined, while in the case of ODC, transcript accumulation was higher than that in roots until after 21 days postinfection. The expression profile of genes involved in putrescine biosynthesis correlated well with the expression patterns of genes involved in cell division and expansion, including a L. japonicus Cyclin D3 and an alpha-expansin gene. Spatial localization of LjODC and LjADC1 gene transcripts in developing nodules revealed that both transcripts were expressed in nodule inner cortical cells and in the central tissue. High levels of LjADC1 transcripts were also observed in both nodule and connecting root vascular tissue, suggesting that putrescine and other polyamines may be subject to long-distance transport. Our results indicate that polyamines are primarily involved in physiological and cellular processes involved in nodule development, rather than in processes that support directly symbiotic nitrogen fixation and assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Flemetakis
- Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, lera Odos 75, 118 55 Athens, Greece
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Ziosi V, Scaramagli S, Bregoli AM, Biondi S, Torrigiani P. Peach (Prunus persica L.) fruit growth and ripening: transcript levels and activity of polyamine biosynthetic enzymes in the mesocarp. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 160:1109-1115. [PMID: 14593813 DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Transcript levels and activities of the polyamine biosynthetic enzymes arginine decarboxylase (ADC, EC 4.1.1.19), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC, EC 4.1.1.21), as well as free polyamine titres, were analysed throughout the four growth stages S1-S4 leading up to ripening in the mesocarp from peach fruit (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. Redhaven) grown under field conditions. SAMDC mRNA, which was northern analysed by using a PCR-generated homologous SAMDC probe, and ADC mRNA levels appeared quite stable during fruit development, while ODC transcript accumulation showed a discontinuous trend. The pattern of transcript levels during growth did not correlate with that of the relative enzyme activity, which instead correlated well with free polyamine levels. Both exhibited maximum levels in S1 and a smaller peak in S3. The behaviour of the polyamine biosynthetic machinery is discussed in relation to the different cell growth rates occurring during fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanina Ziosi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e.s., University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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20
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Zhang Z, Honda C, Kita M, Hu C, Nakayama M, Moriguchi T. Structure and expression of spermidine synthase genes in apple: two cDNAs are spatially and developmentally regulated through alternative splicing. Mol Genet Genomics 2003; 268:799-807. [PMID: 12655406 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-002-0802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2002] [Accepted: 12/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three cDNAs (MdSPDS1, 2a and 2b) encoding spermidine synthase (SPDS), a key enzyme in the polyamine biosynthesis, have been cloned from apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.]. The deduced amino acid sequences of their protein products share 76-83% identity with SPDSs of other higher plants. A comparison of the sequences of the three cDNAs and of the two corresponding genomic DNA fragments (SPDS1 and SPDS2) indicated that MdSPDS1 was transcribed from the SPDS1 sequence, whereas MdSPDS2a and MdSPDS2b were both derived from SPDS2 by alternative splicing. To learn more about the physiological roles of MdSPDS1, MdSPDS2a and MdSPDS2b, Northern analyses were carried out, together with measurements of polyamine content. Levels of both MdSPDS1 and MdSPD2a were higher in young leaves than in mature leaves and shoots. In fruits, mRNA levels were nearly as high as in young leaves and remained high during fruit development. By RT-PCR, MdSPDS2b transcripts were detected in mature leaves and shoots, but not in young leaves and fruits. These results indicate that MdSPDS2a and MdSPDS2b are differentially regulated in a tissue- and developmentally specific manner. The content of free polyamines in mesocarp tissues was measured at five stages of fruit development. At all stages, spermidine (Spd) was the predominant form of polyamine. The level of Spd was high at the early growth stage and declined to about 90% during later developmental stages. The possible regulation of SPDS expression during apple fruit development is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Biogenic Polyamines/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- DNA, Plant/isolation & purification
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Genome, Plant
- Malus/enzymology
- Malus/genetics
- Malus/growth & development
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Spermidine Synthase/genetics
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8605, Japan
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21
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Fos M, Proaño K, Alabadí D, Nuez F, Carbonell J, García-Martínez JL. Polyamine metabolism is altered in unpollinated parthenocarpic pat-2 tomato ovaries. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 131:359-66. [PMID: 12529543 PMCID: PMC166815 DOI: 10.1104/pp.013037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2002] [Revised: 09/13/2002] [Accepted: 10/07/2002] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Facultative parthenocarpy induced by the recessive mutation pat-2 in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) depends on gibberellins (GAs) and is associated with changes in GA content in unpollinated ovaries. Polyamines (PAs) have also been proposed to play a role in early tomato fruit development. We therefore investigated whether PAs are able to induce parthenocarpy and whether the pat-2 mutation alters the content and metabolism of PAs in unpollinated ovaries. Application of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine to wild-type unpollinated tomato ovaries (cv Madrigal [MA/wt]) induced partial parthenocarpy. Parthenocarpic growth of MA/pat-2 (a parthenocarpic near-isogenic line to MA/wt) ovaries was negated by paclobutrazol (GA biosynthesis inhibitor), and this inhibition was counteracted by spermidine. Application of alpha-difluoromethyl-ornithine (-Orn) and/or alpha-difluoromethyl-arginine (-Arg), irreversible inhibitors of the putrescine biosynthesis enzymes Orn decarboxylase (ODC) and Arg decarboxylase, respectively, prevented growth of unpollinated MA/pat-2 ovaries. Alpha-difluoromethyl-Arg inhibition was counteracted by putrescine and GA(3), whereas that of alpha-difluoromethyl-Orn was counteracted by GA(3) but not by putrescine or spermidine. In unpollinated MA/pat-2 ovaries, the content of free spermine was significantly higher than in MA/wt ovaries. ODC activity was higher in pat-2 ovaries than in MA/wt. Transcript levels of genes encoding ODC and spermidine synthase were also higher in MA/pat-2. All together, these results strongly suggest that the parthenocarpic ability of pat-2 mutants depends on elevated PAs levels in unpollinated mutant ovaries, which correlate with an activation of the ODC pathway, probably as a consequence of elevated GA content in unpollinated pat-2 tomato ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Fos
- Departmento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46022-Valencia, Spain.
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22
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Chapter seven Multiple levels of control in the regulation of alkaloid biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-9920(03)80022-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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23
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Van Buuren ML, Guidi L, Fornalè S, Ghetti F, Franceschetti M, Soldatini GF, Bagni N. Ozone-response mechanisms in tobacco: implications of polyamine metabolism. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2002; 156:389-398. [PMID: 33873576 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• Polyamines have been suggested to counteract oxidative damage in plants. Here, we present a detailed analysis of polyamine accumulation and its relationship to photosynthetic parameters in two tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cultivars (ozone-sensitive Bel W3 and ozone-tolerant Bel B) after a single ozone pulse and after a 1-month exposure in the open air. • Free putrescine accumulated in undamaged tissue of both cultivars, whereas putrescine conjugated to soluble and cell-wall bound components accumulated predominantly in tissue undergoing cell death in Bel W3 plants. Accumulation was caused by a redirection of the conjugation pathway, as well as by a transient increase in arginine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase specific activity. This increase seemed to be regulated at post-transcriptional level. • Measurements of chlorophyll content and fluorescence showed that, in addition to visible necrotic lesions, Bel W3 plants suffered considerable photosynthetic damage in other parts of the leaf. • Accumulation of conjugated putrescine is part of the ozone-induced programmed cell death response in Bel W3 plants. Ozone-induced synthesis of free putrescine is not correlated with ozone-resistance in Bel B plants, which are apparently impaired in signal transduction pathways that are necessary to control the cellular redox state. However, Bel B plants are able to perceive ozone stress and to induce a series of defense mechanisms without activating hypersensitive cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Louise Van Buuren
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale e Centro Interdipartimentale per le Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biotecnologie Agrarie, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Fornalè
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale e Centro Interdipartimentale per le Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Ghetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale e Centro Interdipartimentale per le Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marina Franceschetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale e Centro Interdipartimentale per le Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gian Franco Soldatini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biotecnologie Agrarie, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Nello Bagni
- Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale e Centro Interdipartimentale per le Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, via Irnerio 42, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Mo H, Pua EC. Up-regulation of arginine decarboxylase gene expression and accumulation of polyamines in mustard (Brassica juncea)in response to stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2002; 114:439-449. [PMID: 12060267 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1140314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arginine decarboxylase (ADC) is a key enzyme involved in the synthesis of polyamines, which have been implicated in a wide range of plant responses, including stress. However, regulation of polyamine levels in relation to ADC in response to stress at the molecular level is not well understood. In an attempt to address this question, we first cloned two cDNAs in mustard (Brassica juncea[L.] Czern & Coss var. Indian Mustard), designated MADC2 and MADC3, encoding predicted ADC. MADC2 and MADC3 encode polypeptides of 692 and 680 amino acid residues, respectively. A comparison of deduced amino acid sequence revealed that both were highly homologous to MADC1 (77%), a mustard ADC, and other plant ADCs (63-84%). Northern analysis revealed that ADC transcripts in mustard were generally more abundant in stem and root but were barely detectable in leaf. However, ADC expression in the leaf was up-regulated differentially in response to stress such as chilling, salt and mannitol and to treatments with exogenous polyamines. While chilling induced expression of all three ADC genes, salt predominantly resulted in increased accumulation of MADC3 transcript. Leaves exhibited a similar response to exogenous putrescine, spermidine and spermine, all of which stimulated accumulation of MADC2 and MADC3 transcripts but not MADC1. Furthermore, exogenous putrescine also increased the endogenous levels of spermidine and spermine, while a higher endogenous putrescine and spermidine content was detected in leaf incubated with exogenous spermine. Leaves also responded to chilling, salt and mannitol by increasing the levels of the cellular polyamine content, in which the level of spermine in free and conjugated forms increased most profoundly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Mo
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Republic of SingaporePresent address: Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Facchini PJ. ALKALOID BIOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS: Biochemistry, Cell Biology, Molecular Regulation, and Metabolic Engineering Applications. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 52:29-66. [PMID: 11337391 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.52.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the cell, developmental, and molecular biology of alkaloid biosynthesis have heightened our appreciation for the complexity and importance of plant secondary pathways. Several biosynthetic genes involved in the formation of tropane, benzylisoquinoline, and terpenoid indole alkaloids have now been isolated. The early events of signal perception, the pathways of signal transduction, and the function of gene promoters have been studied in relation to the regulation of alkaloid metabolism. Enzymes involved in alkaloid biosynthesis are associated with diverse subcellular compartments including the cytosol, vacuole, tonoplast membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast stroma, thylakoid membranes, and perhaps unique "biosynthetic" or transport vesicles. Localization studies have shown that sequential alkaloid biosynthetic enzymes can also occur in distinct cell types, suggesting the intercellular transport of pathway intermediates. Isolated genes have also been used to genetically alter the accumulation of specific alkaloids and other plant secondary metabolites. Metabolic modifications include increased indole alkaloid levels, altered tropane alkaloid accumulation, elevated serotonin synthesis, reduced indole glucosinolate production, redirected shikimate metabolism, and increased cell wall-bound tyramine formation. This review discusses the biochemistry, cell biology, molecular regulation, and metabolic engineering of alkaloid biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Facchini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada; e-mail:
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26
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Boggio SB, Palatnik JF, Heldt HW, Valle EM. Changes in amino acid composition and nitrogen metabolizing enzymes in ripening fruits of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2000; 159:125-133. [PMID: 11011100 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The free amino acid content of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruits from cultivars Platense, Vollendung and Cherry were determined during ripening. It was found that glutamate markedly increased in red fruits of the three cultivars under study. At this stage, the cv Cherry had the highest relative glutamate molar content (52%) of all the analyzed tomato fruit cultivars. Measurements of nitrogen-assimilating enzyme activities of these fruits showed a decrease in glutamine synthetase (GS, EC 6.3.1.2) during fruit ripening and a concomitant increase in NADH-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH, EC 1.4.1.3) and aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) activities. Western blot analysis of protein extracts revealed that while GS was principally present in green fruit extracts, GDH was almost exclusively observed in the extracts of red fruits. These results suggest a reciprocal pattern of induction between GS and GDH during tomato fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- SB Boggio
- División Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, UNR, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
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27
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Chang KS, Lee SH, Hwang SB, Park KY. Characterization and translational regulation of the arginine decarboxylase gene in carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 24:45-56. [PMID: 11029703 DOI: 10.1046/j.0960-7412.2000.00854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Arginine decarboxylase (ADC; EC 4.1.1.9) is a key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis in plants. We characterized a carnation genomic clone, gDcADC8, in which the deduced polypeptide of ADC was 725 amino acids with a molecular mass of 77.7 kDa. The unusually long 5'-UTR that contained a short upstream open reading frame (uORF) of seven amino acids (MQKSLHI) was predicted to form an extensive secondary structure (free energy of approximately -117 kcal mol-1) using the Zuker m-fold algorithm. The result that an ADC antibody detected two bands of 45 and 33 kDa in a petal extract suggested the full length of the 78 kDa polypeptide precursor converted into two polypeptides in the processing reaction. To investigate the role of the transcript leader in translation, in vitro transcription/translation reactions with various constructs of deletion and mutation were performed using wheat germ extract. The ADC transcript leader affected positively downstream translation in both wheatgerm extract and primary transformant overexpressing ADC gene. It was demonstrated that heptapeptide (8.6 kDa) encoded by the ADC uORF was synthesized in vitro. Both uORF peptide, and the synthetic heptapeptide MQKSLHI of the uORF, repressed the translation of downstream ORF. Mutation of the uORF ATG codon alleviated the inhibitory effect. ORF translation was not affected by either a frame-shift mutation in uORF or a random peptide. To our knowledge, this is the first report to provide evidence that a uORF may inhibit the translation of a downstream ORF, not only in cis but also in trans, and that the leader sequence of the ADC gene is important for efficient translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Chang
- Department of Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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28
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Wang J, Sheehan M, Brookman H, Timko MP. Characterization of cDNAs differentially expressed in roots of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Burley 21) during the early stages of alkaloid biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2000; 158:19-32. [PMID: 10996241 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A set of 60 cDNAs were isolated by subtractive hybridization screening of a phage library using radioactively-labeled probes generated from root mRNAs isolated from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Burley 21) plants before and 3 days after topping. Among the differentially expressed gene products were full-length and partial cDNAs encoding arginine decarboxylase (ADC), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and S-adenosylmethionine synthetase (SAMS), enzymes involved in polyamine and alkaloid biosynthesis. The other cDNAs isolated were placed into one of several categories and encode metabolic enzymes, proteins involved in transcription and translation, components of signal transduction pathways, and homologs of genes whose expression has been shown to be regulated by phytohormones (i.e. auxin, ABA), wounding or other stress responses. RNA gel blot analysis showed that the ADC and ODC transcripts were preferentially expressed in the roots and floral tissues of mature tobacco plants, whereas SAMS transcripts were detected in all tissues examined. The steady-state levels of the ADC and ODC mRNAs increased in the roots of wild-type tobacco plants during the 24 h period after topping, whereas little change was observed in the abundance of the SAMS transcripts in these tissues. The possible factors associated with the regulation of expression of these genes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, 22903, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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29
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Noury M, Bassie L, Lepri O, Kurek I, Christou P, Capell T. A transgenic rice cell lineage expressing the oat arginine decarboxylase (adc) cDNA constitutively accumulates putrescine in callus and seeds but not in vegetative tissues. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 43:537-544. [PMID: 11052205 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006480304879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We introduced the oat adc cDNA into rice under the control of the constitutive maize ubiquitin 1 promoter. We studied molecularly and biochemically sixteen independent transgenic plant lines. Significant increases in mRNA levels, ADC enzyme activity and polyamines were measured in transgenic callus. These increases were not maintained in vegetative tissue or seeds in regenerated plants, with the exception of one lineage. This particular lineage showed very significant increases in putrescine preferentially in seeds (up to 10 times compared to wild type and controls transformed with the hpt selectable marker alone). We have demonstrated that in cereals such as rice, over-expression of the oat adc cDNA results in increased accumulation of polyamines at different stages of development. We have also demonstrated that strong constitutive promoters, such as the maize ubiquitin 1 promoter, are sufficient to facilitate heritable high-level polyamine accumulation in seed. Our results demonstrate that by screening adequate numbers of independently derived transgenic plants, it is possible to identify those individuals which express a desired phenotype or genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Noury
- Molecular Biotechnology Unit, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, UK
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30
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Bassie L, Noury M, Lepri O, Lahaye T, Christou P, Capell T. Promoter strength influences polyamine metabolism and morphogenic capacity in transgenic rice tissues expressing the oat adc cDNA constitutively. Transgenic Res 2000; 9:33-42. [PMID: 10853267 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008997822463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed molecularly and biochemically a series of transgenic rice lines expressing the oat adc (arginine decarboxylase) cDNA under the control of the constitutive maize ubiquitin 1 promoter. We established baseline biochemical parameters to elucidate the role of polyamines (PAs) during morphogenesis. We measured mRNA levels, ADC enzyme activity and cellular PAs in dedifferentiated callus. Polyamine levels were also quantified in two subsequent developmental stages--regenerating tissue and differentiated shoots. We observed significant (P < 0.05) differences in the levels of individual PAs at the three developmental stages. The amounts of putrescine (Put) and spermidine (Spd) in dedifferentiated transgenic callus were lower than those in the wild type or in hpt (hygromycin resistant)-controls, whereas the amount of spermine (Spm) was increased up to two-fold. In regenerating tissue, this trend was reversed, with significantly higher levels of Put and Spd (P < 0.05), and lower levels of Spm (P < 0.05) compared to non-transformed or hpt-control tissues at the same developmental stage. In differentiated shoots, there was a general increase in PA levels, with significant increases in Put, Spd, and Spm (P < 0.05); on occasion reaching six times the level observed in wild type and hpt-control tissues. These results contrast those we reported previously using the weaker CaMV 35S promoter driving adc expression. mRNA measurements and ADC enzyme activity were consistently higher (P < 0.01) in all tissues expressing pUbiadcs compared to equivalent tissues engineered with 35Sadc. Our findings are consistent with a threshold model which postulates that high adc expression leading to production of Put above a basal level is necessary to generate a big enough metabolic pool to trigger PA flux through the pathway leading to an increase in the concentration of Spd and Spm. This can be best accomplished by a strong constitutive promoter driving adc. We discuss our results in the context of flux through the PA pathway and its impact on morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bassie
- Molecular Biotechnology Unit, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
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31
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Abstract
We isolated an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant line carrying an insertion of the En-1 transposable element at the ADC2 locus. The insertion causes a knockout of the arginine decarboxylase 2 gene. We demonstrated that ADC2 is the gene responsible for induction of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway by osmotic stress. No induction of ADC activity by the osmolite sorbitol could be observed in the homozygous mutant, indicating a predominant role of ADC2 in stress response. ADC activity is reduced in the mutant by 44% under non-stressed conditions and the mutant shows no obvious phenotype. This is the first report of a genetically mapped mutation in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Soyka
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm, Germany
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32
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Yoshida I, Hirasawa E. Photoinduction of arginine decarboxylase activity in leaves of Pharbitis nil. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1998; 49:2255-2259. [PMID: 9887526 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(98)00338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The activity of arginine decarboxylase (ADC) in leaves of Pharbitis nil was induced by light. The ADC activity increased to a maximum 1 h after illumination, followed by a gradual decrease. This suggested light either induced synthesis of ADC protein de novo or was involved in its activation. Cycloheximide inhibited the photoinduction of ADC activity, and the half life of ADC in leaves was 30-40 min. The temperature and relative humidity in darkness before illumination had no effect on the photoinduction of ADC activity, contrary to the photoresponse of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) activity where the conditions of darkness before lights-on have a marked effect. The light response of the polyamine (PA)-biosynthetic enzyme activity produced transient accumulation of PA. The level of spermidine increased in leaves in which activities of both SAMDC and ADC increased after illumination, while the level of putrescine increased in leaves in which the activity of ADC increased but that of SAMDC did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Yoshida
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, Japan
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33
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Imanishi S, Hashizume K, Nakakita M, Kojima H, Matsubayashi Y, Hashimoto T, Sakagami Y, Yamada Y, Nakamura K. Differential induction by methyl jasmonate of genes encoding ornithine decarboxylase and other enzymes involved in nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco cell cultures. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 38:1101-11. [PMID: 9869416 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006058700949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA of tobacco BY-2 cells corresponding to an mRNA species which was rapidly induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in the presence of cycloheximide (CHX) was found to encode ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Another cDNA from a MeJA-inducible mRNA encoded S-adenosylmethionine synthase (SAMS). Although these enzymes could be involved in the biosynthesis of polyamines, the level of putrescine, a reaction product of ODC, increased slowly and while the levels of spermidine and spermine did not change following treatment of cells with MeJA. However, N-methylputrescine, which is a precursor of pyrrolidine ring of nicotine, started to increase shortly after MeJA-treatment of cells and the production of nicotine occured thereafter. The levels of mRNA for arginine decarboxylase (ADC), an alternative enzyme for putrescine synthesis, and that for S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC), required for polyamine synthesis, were not affected by MeJA. In addition to mRNAs for ODC and SAMS, mRNA for putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT) was also induced by MeJA. Unlike the MeJA-induction of ODC mRNA, MeJA-induction of SAMS and PMT mRNAs were blocked by CHX. The level of ODC mRNA declined after 1 to 4 h following MeJA treatment, while the levels of mRNAs for SAMS and PMT continued to increase. Auxin significantly reduced the MeJA-inducible accumulation of mRNAs for ODC, SAMS and PMT. These results indicate that MeJA sequentially induces expression of a series of genes involved in nicotine biosynthesis by multiple regulatory mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Acetates/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclopentanes/pharmacology
- DNA Primers
- DNA, Complementary
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/physiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nicotine/biosynthesis
- Ornithine Decarboxylase/biosynthesis
- Ornithine Decarboxylase/chemistry
- Ornithine Decarboxylase/genetics
- Oxylipins
- Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology
- Plants, Toxic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Nicotiana/drug effects
- Nicotiana/enzymology
- Nicotiana/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- S Imanishi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences Nagoya University, Chikusa, Japan
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34
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Alabadí D, Carbonell J. Expression of ornithine decarboxylase is transiently increased by pollination, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and gibberellic acid in tomato ovaries. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 118:323-8. [PMID: 9733552 PMCID: PMC34871 DOI: 10.1104/pp.118.1.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/1998] [Accepted: 05/28/1998] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding for a functional ornithine decarboxylase has been isolated from a cDNA library of carpels of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Ornithine decarboxylase in tomato is represented by a single-copy gene that we show to be up-regulated during early fruit growth induced by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and gibberellic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Alabadí
- Departamento de Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera 14, 46022-Valencia, Spain
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35
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Abstract
The activity of arginine decarboxylase (ADC), a key enzyme in plant polyamine biosynthesis, was manipulated in two generations of transgenic tobacco plants. Second-generation transgenic plants overexpressing an oat ADC cDNA contained high levels of oat ADC transcript relative to tobacco ADC, possessed elevated ADC enzyme activity and accumulated 10-20-fold more agmatine, the direct product of ADC. In the presence of high levels of the precursor agmatine, no increase in the levels of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine was detected in the transgenic plants. Similarly, the activities of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase were unchanged. No diversion of polyamine metabolism into the hydroxycinnamic acid-polyamine conjugate pool or into the tobacco alkaloid nicotine was detected. Activity of the catabolic enzyme diamine oxidase was the same in transgenic and control plants. The elevated ADC activity and agmatine production were subjected to a metabolic/physical block preventing increased, i.e. deregulated, polyamine accumulation. Overaccumulation of agmatine in the transgenic plants did not affect morphological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Burtin
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR47UA, U.K
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36
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Chattopadhyay MK, Gupta S, Sengupta DN, Ghosh B. Expression of arginine decarboxylase in seedlings of indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars as affected by salinity stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1997; 34:477-83. [PMID: 9225858 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005802320672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of salinity stress on the activity of arginine decarboxylase (ADC, EC 4.1.1.19), the first enzyme in biosynthesis of polyamines (PA) from arginine, as well as its transcript level has been compared in salt-sensitive (M-1-48) and salt-tolerant (Pokkali) rice cultivars. Treatment of 72 h grown seedlings either with increasing concentrations of NaCl or with 150 mM NaCl for different time periods, showed a gradual increase of activity in Pokkali. In M-1-48 an immediate increase followed by sharp decrease was observed on prolonged treatment beyond 6 h or above 150 mM NaCl. To generate a DNA probe for ADC, the polymerase chain reaction was used with oat genomic DNA and sequence-specific primers. A region of oat genomic DNA containing a coding sequence for 166 amino acids of the C-terminal part of the ADC enzyme was amplified and called OAD1. Southern analysis of EcoRI- or BamHI-cut genomic DNAs from different cultivars of rice with OAD1 as the probe revealed strong hybridization with one DNA fragment of rice and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was noticed. Northern analysis of total RNA of rice with OAD1 as the probe revealed hybridization with a transcript of similar size to the ADC transcript in oat. While in Pokkali, at least a 20-fold accumulation of OAD1 homologous transcript was detected after treatment with 200 mM NaCl, only a seven-fold increase in transcript level was found in M-1-48 after 150 mM NaCl treatment. Results suggest that in the salt-tolerant rice cultivar Pokkali, ADC enzyme activity increases and its transcript also accumulates during the prolonged salinity stress, this mechanism is absent in the salt-sensitive rice cultivar M-1-48 where a prolonged period of salinity stress down-regulates both ADC activity and its transcript level.
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37
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Walden R, Cordeiro A, Tiburcio AF. Polyamines: small molecules triggering pathways in plant growth and development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 113:1009-13. [PMID: 9112764 PMCID: PMC158223 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.4.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Walden
- Max Planck Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Cologne, Germany.
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38
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Beaudoin N, Rothstein SJ. Developmental regulation of two tomato lipoxygenase promoters in transgenic tobacco and tomato. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1997; 33:835-46. [PMID: 9106507 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005773722657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two lipoxygenase (LOX) genes (tomloxA and tomloxB) are expressed in ripening tomato fruit, and tomloxA is also expressed in germinating seedlings. The 5'-upstream regions of these genes were isolated to study the regulatory elements involved in coordinating tomlox gene expression. Sequence analysis of the promoters did not reveal any previously characterized regulatory elements except for TATA and CAAT boxes. However, the sequence motif GATAcAnnAAtnTGATG was found in both promoters. Chimeric gene fusions of each tomlox promoter with the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene (gus) were introduced into tobacco and tomato plants via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. GUS activity in tomloxA-gus plants during seed germination peaked at day 5 and was enhanced by methyl jasmonate (MeJa) treatment. No GUS activity was detected in tomloxB-gus seedlings. Neither wounding nor abscisic acid (ABA) treatment of transgenic seedlings modified the activity of either promoter. During fruit development, GUS expression in tomloxA-gus tobacco fruit increased 5 days after anthesis (DAA) and peaked at 20 DAA. In tomloxB-gus tobacco fruit, GUS activity increased at 10 DAA and peaked at 20 DAA. In transgenic tomato fruit, tomloxA-gus expression was localized to the outer pericarp during fruit ripening, while tomloxB-gus expression was localized in the outer pericarp and columella. These data demonstrate that the promoter regions used in these experiments contain cis-acting regulatory elements required for proper regulation of tomlox expression during development and for MeJa-responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Beaudoin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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39
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Amarasinghe V, Dhami R, Carlson JE. Polyamine biosynthesis during somatic embryogenesis in interior spruce (Picea glauca x Picea engelmannii complex). PLANT CELL REPORTS 1996; 15:495-9. [PMID: 24178460 DOI: 10.1007/bf00232981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/1995] [Revised: 08/18/1995] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Putrescine, spermidine, and spermine levels during somatic embryogenesis of interior spruce (Picea glauca x Picea engelmannii complex) were quantified On abscisic acid supplemented growth medium putrescine and spermidine levels increased two-fold coinciding with maturation of the early somatic embryos to globular embryos. Polyclonal antibodies raised against Escherichia coli arginine decarboxylase (ADC) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), following affinity purification specifically recognized spruce ADC and ODC, which corresponded to 85kD and 65kD bands on western blots of total protein extracts from embryogenic masses, Immunoassays using these antibodies showed increased ADC levels corresponding to embryo maturation while ODC levels remained the same. From these results it is concluded that polyamines are involved in the maturation of somatic embryos of interior spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Amarasinghe
- Biotechnology Laboratory, University of British Columbia, # 237-6174 University Boulevard, V6T 1Z3, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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40
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Michael AJ, Furze JM, Rhodes MJ, Burtin D. Molecular cloning and functional identification of a plant ornithine decarboxylase cDNA. Biochem J 1996; 314 ( Pt 1):241-8. [PMID: 8660289 PMCID: PMC1217031 DOI: 10.1042/bj3140241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA for a plant ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), a key enzyme in putrescine and polyamine biosynthesis, has been isolated from root cultures of the solanaceous plant Datura stramonium. Reverse transcription-PCR employing degenerate oligonucleotide primers representing conserved motifs from other eukaryotic ODCs was used to isolate the cDNA. The longest open reading frame potentially encodes a peptide of 431 amino acids and exhibits similarity to other eukaryotic ODCs, prokaryotic and eukaryotic arginine decarboxylases (ADCs), prokaryotic meso-diaminopimelate decarboxylases and the product of the tabA gene of Pseudomonas syringae cv. tabaci. Residues involved at the active site of the mouse ODC are conserved in the plant enzyme. The plant ODC does not possess the C-terminal extension found in the mammalian enzyme, implicated in rapid turnover of the protein, suggesting that the plant ODC may have a longer half-life. Expression of the plant ODC in Escherichia coli and demonstration of ODC activity confirmed that the cDNA encodes an active ODC enzyme. This is the first description of the primary structure of a eukaryotic ODC isolated from an organism where the alternative ADC routine to putrescine is present.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Carboxy-Lyases/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Plant/chemistry
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Datura stramonium/enzymology
- Datura stramonium/genetics
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Gene Dosage
- Gene Expression
- Genes, Plant
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Ornithine Decarboxylase/chemistry
- Ornithine Decarboxylase/genetics
- Ornithine Decarboxylase/metabolism
- Plants, Medicinal
- Plants, Toxic
- Polyamines/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Michael
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Food Research, Norwich, U.K
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41
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Lortie MJ, Novotny WF, Peterson OW, Vallon V, Malvey K, Mendonca M, Satriano J, Insel P, Thomson SC, Blantz RC. Agmatine, a bioactive metabolite of arginine. Production, degradation, and functional effects in the kidney of the rat. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:413-20. [PMID: 8567962 PMCID: PMC507032 DOI: 10.1172/jci118430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, conversion of arginine to agmatine by arginine decarboxylase (ADC) was considered important only in plants and bacteria. In the following, we demonstrate ADC activity in the membrane-enriched fraction of brain, liver, and kidney cortex and medulla by radiochemical assay. Diamine oxidase, an enzyme shown here to metabolize agmatine, was localized by immunohistochemistry in kidney glomeruli and other nonrenal cells. Production of labeled agmatine, citrulline, and ornithine from [3H]arginine was demonstrated and endogenous agmatine levels (10(-6)M) in plasma ultrafiltrate and kidney were measured by HPLC. Microperfusion of agmatine into renal interstitium and into the urinary space of surface glomeruli of Wistar-Frömter rats produced reversible increases in nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) and absolute proximal reabsorption (APR). Renal denervation did not alter SNGFR effects but prevented APR changes. Yohimbine (an alpha 2 antagonist) microperfusion into the urinary space produced opposite effects to that of agmatine. Microperfusion of urinary space with BU-224 (microM), a synthetic imidazoline2 (I2) agonist, duplicated agmatine effects on SNGFR but not APR whereas an I1 agonist had no effect. Agmatine effects on SNGFR and APR are not only dissociable but appear to be mediated by different mechanisms. The production and degradation of this biologically active substance derived from arginine constitutes a novel endogenous regulatory system in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lortie
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla 92093, USA
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42
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Pérez-Amador MA, Carbonell J, Granell A. Expression of arginine decarboxylase is induced during early fruit development and in young tissues of Pisum sativum (L.). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1995; 28:997-1009. [PMID: 7548836 DOI: 10.1007/bf00032662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA coding for arginine decarboxylase (ADC, EC 4.1.1.19) has been isolated from a cDNA library of parthenocarpic young fruits of Pisum sativum (L.). The deduced aminoacid sequence is 74%, 46% and 35% identical to ADCs from tomato, oat and Escherichia coli, respectively. When the pea ADC cDNA was put under the control of the galactose inducible yeast promoter CYC1-GAL10 and introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it conferred galactose-regulated expression of the ADC activity. The ADC activity expressed in S. cerevisiae was inhibited 99% by alpha-DL-difluoromethylarginine (DFMA), a specific inhibitor of ADC activity. No activity was detected in the untransformed S. cerevisiae, nor when it was transformed with an antisense ADC construct. This provides direct evidence that the ADC cDNA from pea encoded a functional, specific ADC activity and that S. cerevisiae is able to process correctly the protein. In the pea plant, gene expression of the ADC is high in young developing tissues like shoot tips, young leaflets and flower buds. Fully expanded leaflets and roots have much lower, but still detectable, levels of the ADC transcript. In the ovary and fruit, they are developmentally regulated, showing high levels of expression during the early stages of fruit growth, which in pea is mainly due to cell expansion. The observed changes in the steady-state levels of ADC mRNA alone, however, cannot account for the differences in ADC activity suggesting that other regulatory mechanisms must be acting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Pérez-Amador
- Departamento de Biología del Desarrollo de Plantas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, UPVA-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
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43
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Minocha SC, Minocha R. Role of Polyamines in Somatic Embryogenesis. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-03091-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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44
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Ferrie BJ, Beaudoin N, Burkhart W, Bowsher CG, Rothstein SJ. The cloning of two tomato lipoxygenase genes and their differential expression during fruit ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1994; 106:109-18. [PMID: 7972514 PMCID: PMC159505 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.1.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A membrane-associated lipoxygenase from breaker-stage fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was purified and partially sequenced. Using degenerate oligonucleotides corresponding to portions of this sequence, a cDNA was amplified by PCR and used to screen a breaker fruit cDNA library. Two clones, tomloxA and tomloxB, were isolated and one of these (tomloxA) corresponded to the isolated protein. Genomic clones were isolated and sequence data from these were used to obtain the 5' ends of the cDNAs. The 2.8-kb cDNAs encode proteins that are similar in size and sequence to each other and to other plant lipoxygenases. DNA blot analysis indicated that tomato contains three or more genes that encode lipoxygenase. RNA blot analysis showed that tomloxA is expressed in germinating seeds as well as in ripening fruit, where it reached its peak during breaker stage. tomloxB appears to be fruit specific and is at its highest level in ripe fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Ferrie
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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