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Elsisi M, Elshiekh M, Sabry N, Aziz M, Attia K, Islam F, Chen J, Abdelrahman M. The genetic orchestra of salicylic acid in plant resilience to climate change induced abiotic stress: critical review. STRESS BIOLOGY 2024; 4:31. [PMID: 38880851 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-024-00160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Climate change, driven by human activities and natural processes, has led to critical alterations in varying patterns during cropping seasons and is a vital threat to global food security. The climate change impose several abiotic stresses on crop production systems. These abiotic stresses include extreme temperatures, drought, and salinity, which expose agricultural fields to more vulnerable conditions and lead to substantial crop yield and quality losses. Plant hormones, especially salicylic acid (SA), has crucial roles for plant resiliency under unfavorable environments. This review explores the genetics and molecular mechanisms underlying SA's role in mitigating abiotic stress-induced damage in plants. It also explores the SA biosynthesis pathways, and highlights the regulation of their products under several abiotic stresses. Various roles and possible modes of action of SA in mitigating abiotic stresses are discussed, along with unraveling the genetic mechanisms and genes involved in responses under stress conditions. Additionally, this review investigates molecular pathways and mechanisms through which SA exerts its protective effects, such as redox signaling, cross-talks with other plant hormones, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Moreover, the review discusses potentials of using genetic engineering approaches, such as CRISPR technology, for deciphering the roles of SA in enhancing plant resilience to climate change related abiotic stresses. This comprehensive analysis bridges the gap between genetics of SA role in response to climate change related stressors. Overall goal is to highlight SA's significance in safeguarding plants and by offering insights of SA hormone for sustainable agriculture under challenging environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsisi
- School of Biotechnology, Nile University, Giza, 12588, Egypt
| | - Moaz Elshiekh
- School of Biotechnology, Nile University, Giza, 12588, Egypt
| | - Nourine Sabry
- School of Biotechnology, Nile University, Giza, 12588, Egypt
| | - Mark Aziz
- School of Biotechnology, Nile University, Giza, 12588, Egypt
| | - Kotb Attia
- College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Islam
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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2
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Wang D, Wei L, Ma J, Wan Y, Huang K, Sun Y, Wen H, Chen Z, Li Z, Yu D, Cui H, Wu J, Wu Y, Kim ST, Zhao J, Parker JE, Tsuda K, Jiang C, Wang Y. Bacillus cereus NJ01 induces SA- and ABA-mediated immunity against bacterial pathogens through the EDS1-WRKY18 module. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113985. [PMID: 38517890 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests a beneficial role of rhizobacteria in ameliorating plant disease resistance in an environment-friendly way. In this study, we characterize a rhizobacterium, Bacillus cereus NJ01, that enhances bacterial pathogen resistance in rice and Arabidopsis. Transcriptome analyses show that root inoculation of NJ01 induces the expression of salicylic acid (SA)- and abscisic acid (ABA)-related genes in Arabidopsis leaves. Genetic evidence showed that EDS1, PAD4, and WRKY18 are required for B. cereus NJ01-induced bacterial resistance. An EDS1-PAD4 complex interacts with WRKY18 and enhances its DNA binding activity. WRKY18 directly binds to the W box in the promoter region of the SA biosynthesis gene ICS1 and ABA biosynthesis genes NCED3 and NCED5 and contributes to the NJ01-induced bacterial resistance. Taken together, our findings indicate a role of the EDS1/PAD4-WRKY18 complex in rhizobacteria-induced disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacheng Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lirong Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinbiao Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yingqiao Wan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Keyi Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiqiong Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huili Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Bioinformatics Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Bioinformatics Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zijie Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dongli Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haitao Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jingni Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yufeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture, Bioinformatics Center, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Chunhao Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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3
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Wang H, Song S, Gao S, Yu Q, Zhang H, Cui X, Fan J, Xin X, Liu Y, Staskawicz B, Qi T. The NLR immune receptor ADR1 and lipase-like proteins EDS1 and PAD4 mediate stomatal immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:427-446. [PMID: 37851863 PMCID: PMC10827572 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
In the presence of pathogenic bacteria, plants close their stomata to prevent pathogen entry. Intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors recognize pathogenic effectors and activate effector-triggered immune responses. However, the regulatory and molecular mechanisms of stomatal immunity involving NLR immune receptors are unknown. Here, we show that the Nicotiana benthamiana RPW8-NLR central immune receptor ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (NbADR1), together with the key immune proteins ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (NbEDS1) and PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4 (NbPAD4), plays an essential role in bacterial pathogen- and flg22-induced stomatal immunity by regulating the expression of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis or response-related genes. NbADR1 recruits NbEDS1 and NbPAD4 in stomata to form a stomatal immune response complex. The transcription factor NbWRKY40e, in association with NbEDS1 and NbPAD4, modulates the expression of SA and ABA biosynthesis or response-related genes to influence stomatal immunity. NbADR1, NbEDS1, and NbPAD4 are required for the pathogen infection-enhanced binding of NbWRKY40e to the ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1 promoter. Moreover, the ADR1-EDS1-PAD4 module regulates stomatal immunity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Collectively, our findings show the pivotal role of the core intracellular immune receptor module ADR1-EDS1-PAD4 in stomatal immunity, which enables plants to limit pathogen entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanling Wang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Susheng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shang Gao
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiangsheng Yu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiulin Cui
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Fan
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiufang Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yule Liu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Brian Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tiancong Qi
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Hou S, Rodrigues O, Liu Z, Shan L, He P. Small holes, big impact: Stomata in plant-pathogen-climate epic trifecta. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:26-49. [PMID: 38041402 PMCID: PMC10872522 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of stomatal aperture opening and closure represents an evolutionary battle between plants and pathogens, characterized by adaptive strategies that influence both plant resistance and pathogen virulence. The ongoing climate change introduces further complexity, affecting pathogen invasion and host immunity. This review delves into recent advances on our understanding of the mechanisms governing immunity-related stomatal movement and patterning with an emphasis on the regulation of stomatal opening and closure dynamics by pathogen patterns and host phytocytokines. In addition, the review explores how climate changes impact plant-pathogen interactions by modulating stomatal behavior. In light of the pressing challenges associated with food security and the unpredictable nature of climate changes, future research in this field, which includes the investigation of spatiotemporal regulation and engineering of stomatal immunity, emerges as a promising avenue for enhancing crop resilience and contributing to climate control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguo Hou
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Agriculture Sciences in Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261325, China; School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China.
| | - Olivier Rodrigues
- Unité de Recherche Physiologie, Pathologie et Génétique Végétales, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, INP-PURPAN, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Zunyong Liu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ping He
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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5
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Wang R, Li C, Jia Z, Su Y, Ai Y, Li Q, Guo X, Tao Z, Lin F, Liang Y. Reversible phosphorylation of a lectin-receptor-like kinase controls xylem immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:2051-2066.e7. [PMID: 37977141 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) mediate basal resistance to most phytopathogens. However, plant responses can be cell type specific, and the mechanisms governing xylem immunity remain largely unknown. We show that the lectin-receptor-like kinase LORE contributes to xylem basal resistance in Arabidopsis upon infection with Ralstonia solanacearum, a destructive plant pathogen that colonizes the xylem to cause bacterial wilt. Following R. solanacearum infection, LORE is activated by phosphorylation at residue S761, initiating a phosphorelay that activates reactive oxygen species production and cell wall lignification. To prevent prolonged activation of immune signaling, LORE recruits and phosphorylates type 2C protein phosphatase LOPP, which dephosphorylates LORE and attenuates LORE-mediated xylem immunity to maintain immune homeostasis. A LOPP knockout confers resistance against bacterial wilt disease in Arabidopsis and tomatoes without impacting plant growth. Thus, our study reveals a regulatory mechanism in xylem immunity involving the reversible phosphorylation of receptor-like kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenying Li
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiyi Jia
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yaxing Su
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yingfei Ai
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qinghong Li
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xijie Guo
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zeng Tao
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Hangzhou 311200, China.
| | - Yan Liang
- Zhejiang Xianghu Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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6
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Zhang C, Atanasov KE, Murillo E, Vives-Peris V, Zhao J, Deng C, Gómez-Cadenas A, Alcázar R. Spermine deficiency shifts the balance between jasmonic acid and salicylic acid-mediated defence responses in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:3949-3970. [PMID: 37651604 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are small aliphatic polycations present in all living organisms. In plants, the most abundant polyamines are putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm). Polyamine levels change in response to different pathogens, including Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000). However, the regulation of polyamine metabolism and their specific contributions to defence are not fully understood. Here we report that stimulation of Put biosynthesis by Pst DC3000 is dependent on coronatine (COR) perception and jasmonic acid (JA) signalling, independently of salicylic acid (SA). Conversely, lack of Spm in spermine synthase (spms) mutant stimulated galactolipids and JA biosynthesis, and JA signalling under basal conditions and during Pst DC3000 infection, whereas compromised SA-pathway activation and defence outputs through SA-JA antagonism. The dampening of SA responses correlated with COR and Pst DC3000-inducible deregulation of ANAC019 expression and its key SA-metabolism gene targets. Spm deficiency also led to enhanced disease resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea and stimulated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signalling in response to Pst DC3000. Overall, our findings provide evidence for the integration of polyamine metabolism in JA- and SA-mediated defence responses, as well as the participation of Spm in buffering ER stress during defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kostadin E Atanasov
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Murillo
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Vives-Peris
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Jiaqi Zhao
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cuiyun Deng
- Plant Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Rubén Alcázar
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and Environment, Section of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Hu L, Kvitko B, Severns PM, Yang L. Shoot Maturation Strengthens FLS2-Mediated Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:796-804. [PMID: 37638673 PMCID: PMC10989731 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-23-0018-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Temporospatial regulation of immunity components is essential for properly activating plant defense response. Flagellin-sensing 2 (FLS2) is a surface-localized receptor that recognizes bacterial flagellin. The immune function of FLS2 is compromised in early stages of shoot development. However, the underlying mechanism for the age-dependent FLS2 signaling is not clear. Here, we show that the reduced basal immunity of juvenile leaves against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 is independent of FLS2. The flg22-induced marker gene expression and reactive oxygen species activation were comparable in juvenile and adult stages, but callose deposition was more evident in the adult stage than the juvenile stage. We further demonstrated that microRNA156, a master regulator of plant aging, does not influence the expression of FLS2 and FRK1 (Flg22-induced receptor-like kinase 1) but mildly suppresses callose deposition in juvenile leaves. Our experiments revealed an intrinsic mechanism that regulates the amplitude of FLS2-mediated resistance during aging. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxi Hu
- Department of plant pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Brian Kvitko
- Department of plant pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Paul M. Severns
- Department of plant pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Li Yang
- Department of plant pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Truong TTT, Chiu CC, Chen JY, Su PY, Nguyen TP, Trinh NN, Mimura T, Lee RH, Chang CH, Huang HJ. Uncovering molecular mechanisms involved in microbial volatile compounds-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:143-155. [PMID: 37985583 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01379-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Microbial volatile compounds (mVCs) may cause stomatal closure to limit pathogen invasion as part of plant innate immune response. However, the mechanisms of mVC-induced stomatal closure remain unclear. In this study, we co-cultured Enterobacter aerogenes with Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings without direct contact to initiate stomatal closure. Experiments using the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive fluorescent dye, H2DCF-DA, showed that mVCs from E. aerogenes enhanced ROS production in guard cells of wild-type plants. The involvement of ROS in stomatal closure was then demonstrated in an ROS production mutant (rbohD). In addition, we identified two stages of signal transduction during E. aerogenes VC-induced stomatal closure by comparing the response of wild-type Arabidopsis with a panel of mutants. In the early stage (3 h exposure), E. aerogenes VCs induced stomatal closure in wild-type and receptor-like kinase THESEUS1 mutant (the1-1) but not in rbohD, plant hormone-related mutants (nced3, erf4, jar1-1), or MAPK kinase mutants (mkk1 and mkk3). However, in the late stage (24 h exposure), E. aerogenes VCs induced stomatal closure in wild-type and rbohD but not in nced3, erf4, jar1-1, the1-1, mkk1 or mkk3. Taken together, our results suggest that E. aerogenes mVC-induced plant immune responses modulate stomatal closure in Arabidopsis by a multi-phase mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu-Trinh Thi Truong
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Faculty of Technology, The University of Danang-Campus in Kontum, The University of Danang, Kon Tum City, 580000, Vietnam
| | - Chi-Chou Chiu
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yu Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Su
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Tri-Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Ngoc-Nam Trinh
- Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, No. 12, Nguyen Van Bao, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tetsuro Mimura
- Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kameoka, Kyoto, 621-8555, Japan
| | - Ruey-Hua Lee
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Han Chang
- Graduate Program in Translational Agricultural Sciences, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Jen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- Graduate Program in Translational Agricultural Sciences, National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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9
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Arnaud D, Deeks MJ, Smirnoff N. RBOHF activates stomatal immunity by modulating both reactive oxygen species and apoplastic pH dynamics in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:404-415. [PMID: 37421599 PMCID: PMC10952706 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal defences are important for plants to prevent pathogen entry and further colonisation of leaves. Apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NADPH oxidases and apoplastic peroxidases play an important role in activating stomatal closure upon perception of bacteria. However, downstream events, particularly the factors influencing cytosolic hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) signatures in guard cells are poorly understood. We used the H2 O2 sensor roGFP2-Orp1 and a ROS-specific fluorescein probe to study intracellular oxidative events during stomatal immune response using Arabidopsis mutants involved in the apoplastic ROS burst. Surprisingly, the NADPH oxidase mutant rbohF showed over-oxidation of roGFP2-Orp1 by a pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) in guard cells. However, stomatal closure was not tightly correlated with high roGFP2-Orp1 oxidation. In contrast, RBOHF was necessary for PAMP-mediated ROS production measured by a fluorescein-based probe in guard cells. Unlike previous reports, the rbohF mutant, but not rbohD, was impaired in PAMP-triggered stomatal closure resulting in defects in stomatal defences against bacteria. Interestingly, RBOHF also participated in PAMP-induced apoplastic alkalinisation. The rbohF mutants were also partly impaired in H2 O2 -mediated stomatal closure at 100 μm while higher H2 O2 concentration up to 1 mm did not promote stomatal closure in wild-type plants. Our results provide novel insights on the interplay between apoplastic and cytosolic ROS dynamics and highlight the importance of RBOHF in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Arnaud
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QDUK
| | - Michael J. Deeks
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QDUK
| | - Nicholas Smirnoff
- Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterEX4 4QDUK
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10
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Wang P, Zhong H, Liu W, Zhang S, Xiong L, Wu Y, Xia Y. Arabidopsis EXTRA-LARGE G PROTEIN 1 (XLG1) functions together with XLG2 and XLG3 in PAMP-triggered MAPK activation and immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:825-837. [PMID: 36250681 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) is an essential strategy used by plants to deploy broad-spectrum resistance against pathogen attacks. Heterotrimeric G proteins have been reported to contribute to PTI. Of the three non-canonical EXTRA-LARGE G PROTEINs (XLGs) in Arabidopsis thaliana, XLG2 and XLG3 were shown to positively regulate immunity, but XLG1 was not considered to function in defense, based on the analysis of a weak xlg1 allele. In this study, we characterized the xlg1 xlg2 xlg3 triple knockout mutants generated from an xlg1 knockout allele. The strong xlg1 xlg2 xlg3 triple mutants compromised pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and resistance to pathogen infection. The three XLGs interacted with MAPK cascade proteins involved in defense signaling, including the MAPK kinase kinases MAPKKK3 and MAPKKK5, the MAPK kinases MKK4 and MKK5, and the MAPKs MPK3 and MPK6. Expressing a constitutively active form of MKK4 restored MAPK activation and partially recovered the compromised disease resistance seen in the strong xlg1 xlg2 xlg3 triple mutant. Furthermore, mutations of all three XLGs largely restored the phenotype of the autoimmunity mutant bak1-interacting receptor-like kinase 1. Our study reveals that all three XLGs function redundantly in PAMP-triggered MAPK activation and plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Wang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shen Zhen, 518057, China
| | - Hailei Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Pengxi Wang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Huan Zhong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Wuzhen Liu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Shoudong Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Liming Xiong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yiji Xia
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological and Environmental Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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11
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Hu L, Kvitko B, Yang L. Shoot maturation strengthens FLS2-mediated resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.14.528542. [PMID: 36824838 PMCID: PMC9949054 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.14.528542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
A temporal-spatial regulation of immunity components is essential for properly activating plant defense response. Flagellin-sensing 2 (FLS2) is a surface-localized receptor that recognizes bacterial flagellin. The immune function of FLS2 is compromised in early stages of shoot development. However, the underlying mechanism for the age-dependent FLS2 signaling is not clear. Here, we show that the reduced basal immunity of juvenile leaves against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 is independent of FLS2. The flg22-induced marker gene expression and ROS activation were comparable in juvenile and adult stage, but callose deposition was more evident in the adult stage than that of juvenile stage. We further demonstrated that microRNA156, a master regulator of plant aging, suppressed callose deposition in juvenile leaves in response to flg22 but not the expression of FLS2 and FRK1 (Flg22-induced receptor-like kinase 1) . Altogether, we revealed an intrinsic mechanism that regulates the amplitude of FLS2-mediated resistance during aging.
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12
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Xiao XO, Lin W, Feng E, Ou X. Transcriptome and metabolome response of eggplant against Ralstonia solanacearum infection. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14658. [PMID: 36647448 PMCID: PMC9840387 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial wilt is a soil-borne disease that represents ubiquitous threat to Solanaceae crops. The whole-root transcriptomes and metabolomes of bacterial wilt-resistant eggplant were studied to understand the response of eggplant to bacterial wilt. A total of 2,896 differentially expressed genes and 63 differences in metabolites were identified after inoculation with Ralstonia solanacearum. Further analysis showed that the biosynthesis pathways for phytohormones, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids were altered in eggplant after inoculation with R. solanacearum. The results of metabolomes also showed that phytohormones played a key role in eggplant response to bacterial wilt. Integrated analyses of the transcriptomic and metabolic datasets indicated that jasmonic acid (JA) content and gene involved in the JA signaling pathway increased in response to bacterial wilt. These findings remarkably improve our understanding of the mechanisms of induced defense response in eggplant and will provide insights intothe development of disease-resistant varieties of eggplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Ou Xiao
- South Subtropical Crop Research Institute Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China,Key Laboratory of Hainan Province for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products, Zhanjiang, Guagndong, China,Zhanjiang City Key Laboratory for Tropical Crops Genetic Improvement, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenqiu Lin
- South Subtropical Crop Research Institute Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China,Key Laboratory of Hainan Province for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products, Zhanjiang, Guagndong, China,Zhanjiang City Key Laboratory for Tropical Crops Genetic Improvement, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Enyou Feng
- Zhanjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiongchang Ou
- South Subtropical Crop Research Institute Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China,Key Laboratory of Hainan Province for Postharvest Physiology and Technology of Tropical Horticultural Products, Zhanjiang, Guagndong, China,Zhanjiang City Key Laboratory for Tropical Crops Genetic Improvement, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
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13
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Yoo SJ, Choi HJ, Noh SW, Cecchini NM, Greenberg JT, Jung HW. Genetic requirements for infection-specific responses in conferring disease resistance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1068438. [PMID: 36523630 PMCID: PMC9745044 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1068438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunity in plants arises from defense regulatory circuits that can be conceptualized as modules. Both the types (and isolates) of pathogen and the repertoire of plant receptors may cause different modules to be activated and affect the magnitude of activation. Two major defense enzymes of Arabidopsis are ALD1 and ICS1/SID2. ALD1 is an aminotransferase needed for producing the metabolites pipecolic acid, hydroxy-pipecolic acid, and possibly other defense signals. ICS1/SID2 produces isochorismate, an intermediate in the synthesis of salicylic acid (SA) and SA-derivatives. Metabolites resulting from the activation of these enzymes are found in petiole exudates and may serve as priming signals for systemic disease resistance in Arabidopsis. Mutants lacking ALD1 are known to have reduced SA accumulation. To further investigate the role of ALD1 in relation to the SA-related module, immunity phenotypes of double mutants that disrupt ALD1 and ICS1/SID2 or SA perception by NPR1 were compared with each single mutant after infection by different Pseudomonas strains. Exudates collected from these mutants after infection were also evaluated for their ability to confer disease resistance when applied to wild-type plants. During infection with virulent or attenuated strains, the loss of ALD1 does not increase the susceptibility of npr1 or sid2 mutants, suggesting the main role of ALD1 in this context is in amplifying the SA-related module. In contrast, after an infection that leads to strong pathogen recognition via the cytoplasmic immune receptor RPS2, ALD1 acts additively with both NPR1 and ICS1/SID2 to suppress pathogen growth. The additive effects are observed in early basal defense responses as well as SA-related events. Thus, there are specific conditions that dictate whether the modules independently contribute to immunity to provide additive protection during infection. In the exudate experiments, intact NPR1 and ICS1/SID2, but not ALD1 in the donor plants were needed for conferring immunity. Mixing exudates showed that loss of SID2 yields exudates that suppress active exudates from wild-type or ald1 plants. This indicates that ICS1/SID2 may not only lead to positive defense signals, but also prevent a suppressive signal(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Je Yoo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyo Ju Choi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seong Woo Noh
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Nicolás M. Cecchini
- Departamento de Química Biológica Ranwel Caputto, Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jean T. Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ho Won Jung
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
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14
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Uddin S, Bae D, Cha JY, Ahn G, Kim WY, Kim MG. Coronatine Induces Stomatal Reopening by Inhibiting Hormone Signaling Pathways. JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 65:403-411. [DOI: 10.1007/s12374-022-09362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
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15
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Liu L, Li Y, Xu Z, Chen H, Zhang J, Manion B, Liu F, Zou L, Fu ZQ, Chen G. The Xanthomonas type III effector XopAP prevents stomatal closure by interfering with vacuolar acidification. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1994-2008. [PMID: 35972796 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant stomata close rapidly in response to a rise in the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) or salicylic acid (SA) and after recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Stomatal closure is the result of vacuolar convolution, ion efflux, and changes in turgor pressure in guard cells. Phytopathogenic bacteria secrete type III effectors (T3Es) that interfere with plant defense mechanisms, causing severe plant disease symptoms. Here, we show that the virulence and infection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), which is the causal agent of rice bacterial leaf streak disease, drastically increased in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants overexpressing the Xoc T3E gene XopAP, which encodes a protein annotated as a lipase. We discovered that XopAP binds to phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,5)P2 ), a membrane phospholipid that functions in pH control in lysosomes, membrane dynamics, and protein trafficking. XopAP inhibited the acidification of vacuoles by competing with vacuolar H+ -pyrophosphatase (V-PPase) for binding to PtdIns(3,5)P2 , leading to stomatal opening. Transgenic rice overexpressing XopAP also showed inhibition of stomatal closure when challenged by Xoc infection and treatment with the PAMP flg22. Moreover, XopAP suppressed flg22-induced gene expression, reactive oxygen species burst and callose deposition in host plants, demonstrating that XopAP subverts PAMP-triggered immunity during Xoc infection. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that XopAP overcomes stomatal immunity in plants by binding to lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, USA
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhengyin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, USA
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, USA
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Brittany Manion
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, USA
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Lifang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zheng Qing Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, 29208, USA
| | - Gongyou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism/Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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16
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Action Mechanisms of Effectors in Plant-Pathogen Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126758. [PMID: 35743201 PMCID: PMC9224169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens are one of the main factors hindering the breeding of cash crops. Pathogens, including oomycetes, fungus, and bacteria, secrete effectors as invasion weapons to successfully invade and propagate in host plants. Here, we review recent advances made in the field of plant-pathogen interaction models and the action mechanisms of phytopathogenic effectors. The review illustrates how effectors from different species use similar and distinct strategies to infect host plants. We classify the main action mechanisms of effectors in plant-pathogen interactions according to the infestation process: targeting physical barriers for disruption, creating conditions conducive to infestation, protecting or masking themselves, interfering with host cell physiological activity, and manipulating plant downstream immune responses. The investigation of the functioning of plant pathogen effectors contributes to improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant-pathogen interactions. This understanding has important theoretical value and is of practical significance in plant pathology and disease resistance genetics and breeding.
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17
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Song Z, Zhang C, Jin P, Tetteh C, Dong X, Luo S, Zhang S, Li X, Liu Y, Zhang H. The cell-type specific role of Arabidopsis bZIP59 transcription factor in plant immunity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1843-1861. [PMID: 35199374 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal movement participates in plant immunity by directly affecting the invasion of bacteria, but the genes that regulate stomatal immunity have not been well identified. Here, we characterised the function of the bZIP59 transcription factor from Arabidopsis thaliana, which is constitutively expressed in guard cells. The bzip59 mutant is partially impaired in stomatal closure induced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain (Pst) DC3000 and is more susceptible to Pst DC3000 infection. By contrast, the line overexpressing bZIP59 enhances resistance to Pst DC3000 infection. Furthermore, the bzip59 mutant is also partially impaired in stomatal closure induced by flagellin flg22 derived from Pst DC3000, and epistasis analysis revealed that bZIP59 acts upstream of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) and downstream of salicylic acid signalling in flg22-induced stomatal closure. In addition, the bzip59 mutant showed resistance and sensitivity to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Tobacco mosaic virus that do not invade through stomata, respectively. Collectively, our results demonstrate that bZIP59 plays an important role in the stomatal immunity and reveal that the same transcription factor can positively and negatively regulate disease resistance against different pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Pinyuan Jin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Charles Tetteh
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xueshuo Dong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Sheng Luo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Siyi Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Huajian Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, College of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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18
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Köster P, DeFalco TA, Zipfel C. Ca 2+ signals in plant immunity. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110741. [PMID: 35560235 PMCID: PMC9194748 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022110741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium ions function as a key second messenger ion in eukaryotes. Spatially and temporally defined cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals are shaped through the concerted activity of ion channels, exchangers, and pumps in response to diverse stimuli; these signals are then decoded through the activity of Ca2+ -binding sensor proteins. In plants, Ca2+ signaling is central to both pattern- and effector-triggered immunity, with the generation of characteristic cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevations in response to potential pathogens being common to both. However, despite their importance, and a long history of scientific interest, the transport proteins that shape Ca2+ signals and their integration remain poorly characterized. Here, we discuss recent work that has both shed light on and deepened the mysteries of Ca2+ signaling in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Köster
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A DeFalco
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Khan IU, Ali A, Zareen S, Khan HA, Lim CJ, Park J, Pardo JM, Yun DJ. Non-Expresser of PR-Genes 1 Positively Regulates Abscisic Acid Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:815. [PMID: 35336696 PMCID: PMC8950481 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone, abscisic acid (ABA), is not only important for promoting abiotic stress responses but also plays a versatile and crucial role in plant immunity. The pathogen infection-induced dynamic accumulation of ABA mediates the degradation of non-expresser of PR genes 1 (NPR1) through the CUL3NPR3NPR4 proteasome pathway. However, the functional significance of NPR1 degradation by other E3 ligases in response to ABA remains unclear. Here, we report that NPR1 is induced transcriptionally by ABA and that npr1-1 mutation results in ABA insensitivity during seed germination and seedling growth. Mutants lacking NPR1 downregulate the expression of ABA-responsive transcription factors ABA INSENSITIVE4 (ABI4) and ABA INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5), and that of their downstream targets EM6, RAB18, RD26, and RD29B. The npr1-1 mutation also affects the transcriptional activity of WRKY18, which activates WRKY60 in the presence of ABA. Furthermore, NPR1 directly interacts with and is degraded by HOS15, a substrate receptor for the DDB1-CUL4 ubiquitin E3 ligase complex. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that NPR1 acts as a positive regulator of ABA-responsive genes, whereas HOS15 promotes NPR1 degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ullah Khan
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (I.U.K.); (A.A.); (S.Z.); (H.A.K.); (C.J.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Akhtar Ali
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (I.U.K.); (A.A.); (S.Z.); (H.A.K.); (C.J.L.); (J.P.)
- Institute of Glocal Disease Control, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Shah Zareen
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (I.U.K.); (A.A.); (S.Z.); (H.A.K.); (C.J.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Haris Ali Khan
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (I.U.K.); (A.A.); (S.Z.); (H.A.K.); (C.J.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Chae Jin Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (I.U.K.); (A.A.); (S.Z.); (H.A.K.); (C.J.L.); (J.P.)
- Institute of Glocal Disease Control, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Junghoon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (I.U.K.); (A.A.); (S.Z.); (H.A.K.); (C.J.L.); (J.P.)
- Institute of Glocal Disease Control, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jose M. Pardo
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 41092 Seville, Spain;
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (I.U.K.); (A.A.); (S.Z.); (H.A.K.); (C.J.L.); (J.P.)
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20
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Zhao BR, Wang XX, Wang XW. Shoc2 recognizes bacterial flagellin and mediates antibacterial Erk/Stat signaling in an invertebrate. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010253. [PMID: 35073369 PMCID: PMC8812994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flagellin is a key bacterial virulence factor that can stimulate molecular immune signaling in both animals and plants. The detailed mechanisms of recognizing flagellin and mounting an efficient immune response have been uncovered in vertebrates; however, whether invertebrates can discriminate flagellin remains largely unknown. In the present study, the homolog of human SHOC2 leucine rich repeat scaffold protein in kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus), designated MjShoc2, was found to interact with Vibrio anguillarum flagellin A (FlaA) using yeast two-hybrid and pull-down assays. MjShoc2 plays a role in antibacterial response by mediating the FlaA-induced expression of certain antibacterial effectors, including lectin and antimicrobial peptide. FlaA challenge, via MjShoc2, led to phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (Erk), and the subsequent activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat), ultimately inducing the expression of effectors. Therefore, by establishing the FlaA/MjShoc2/Erk/Stat signaling axis, this study revealed a new antibacterial strategy in shrimp, and provides insights into the flagellin sensing mechanism in invertebrates. Flagellin sensing has been proven as a general antibacterial strategy. Recognition of bacterial flagellin by the transmembrane receptor toll like receptor 5 (TLR5) leads to the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and induction of proinflammatory cytokines, while recognition by the intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich (NLR) receptor leads to caspase-activation and cytokines-expression. Although flagellin is an effective immune stimulator that induces antimicrobial peptides in Drosophila and in crustaceans, how an invertebrate host senses flagellin and mounts an immune response is poorly understood. Here, we used the flagellin (FlaA) from Vibrio anguillarum, a pathogen of shrimp, as a bait protein to screen a yeast two-hybrid library derived from kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). We found a scaffold protein, MjShoc2, able to interact with FlaA. We also found that FlaA could effectively induce the expression of certain recognized antibacterial effectors in shrimp depending on MjShoc2. We revealed that extracellular regulated kinase (Erk) phosphorylation occurred downstream of FlaA/MjShoc2, and led to signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) activation, resulting in transcription of certain effectors. Therefore our study provides new insights into the FlaA-induced molecular immunity in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Rui Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin-Xin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xian-Wei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
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21
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Ou X, Li T, Zhao Y, Chang Y, Wu L, Chen G, Day B, Jiang K. Calcium-dependent ABA signaling functions in stomatal immunity by regulating rapid SA responses in guard cells. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 268:153585. [PMID: 34894596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal immunity is mediated by ABA, an osmotic stress-responsive phytohormone that closes stomata via calcium-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. However, the functional involvement of ABA signal transducers in stomatal immunity remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that stomatal immunity was compromised in mutants of the ABA signaling core. We also found that it is a subset of calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPK4/5/6), but not the calcium-independent kinase OST1, that relay the stomatal immune signaling. Surface-inoculated bacteria caused an endogenous ABA-dependent induction of local SA responses, whilst expression of the ABA biosynthetic genes and the ABA levels were not affected in leaf epidermis. Furthermore, flg22-elicited ROS burst was attenuated by mutations in CPK4 and CPK5, and pathogen-induced SA production in leaf epidermis was compromised in cpk4, cpk5, and cpk6 mutants. Our results suggest that CPKs function in stomatal immunity through fine-tuning apoplastic ROS levels as well as reinforcing the localized SA signal in guard cells. It is also envisioned that ABA mediates stomatal responses to biotic and abiotic stresses via two distinct but partially overlapping signaling modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Ou
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization for Biological Resources and Ecological Restoration, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Longdong University, Qingyang, Gansu Province, 745000, China
| | - Tianqi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yuankai Chang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, 475004, China
| | - Lihong Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Guoqingzi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Kun Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China.
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22
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Wang Z, Gou X. The First Line of Defense: Receptor-like Protein Kinase-Mediated Stomatal Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010343. [PMID: 35008769 PMCID: PMC8745683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomata regulate gas and water exchange between the plant and external atmosphere, which are vital for photosynthesis and transpiration. Stomata are also the natural entrance for pathogens invading into the apoplast. Therefore, stomata play an important role in plants against pathogens. The pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) locate in guard cells to perceive pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger a series of plant innate immune responses, including rapid closure of stomata to limit bacterial invasion, which is termed stomatal immunity. Many PRRs involved in stomatal immunity are plasma membrane-located receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs). This review focuses on the current research progress of RLK-mediated signaling pathways involved in stomatal immunity, and discusses questions that need to be addressed in future research.
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23
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Tariqjaveed M, Mateen A, Wang S, Qiu S, Zheng X, Zhang J, Bhadauria V, Sun W. Versatile effectors of phytopathogenic fungi target host immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1856-1873. [PMID: 34383388 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi secrete a large arsenal of effector molecules, including proteinaceous effectors, small RNAs, phytohormones and derivatives thereof. The pathogenicity of fungal pathogens is primarily determined by these effectors that are secreted into host cells to undermine innate immunity, as well as to facilitate the acquisition of nutrients for their in planta growth and proliferation. After conventional and non-conventional secretion, fungal effectors are translocated into different subcellular compartments of the host cells to interfere with various biological processes. In extracellular spaces, apoplastic effectors cope with physical and chemical barriers to break the first line of plant defenses. Intracellular effectors target essential immune components on the plasma membrane, in the cytosol, including cytosolic organelles, and in the nucleus to suppress host immunity and reprogram host physiology, favoring pathogen colonization. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the recent advances in fungal effector biology, with a focus on the versatile virulence functions of fungal effectors in promoting pathogen infection and colonization. A perspective of future research on fungal effector biology is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tariqjaveed
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Abdul Mateen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinhang Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute of Microbiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- The Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
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24
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Wu D, Wang L, Zhang Y, Bai L, Yu F. Emerging roles of pathogen-secreted host mimics in plant disease development. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:1082-1095. [PMID: 34627670 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogens and parasites use multiple virulence factors to successfully infect plants. While most plant-pathogen interaction studies focus on pathogen effectors and their functions in suppressing plant immunity or interfering with normal cellular processes, other virulence factors likely also contribute. Here we highlight another important strategy used by pathogens to promote virulence: secretion of mimics of host molecules, including peptides, phytohormones, and small RNAs, which play diverse roles in plant development and stress responses. Pathogen-secreted mimics hijack the host endogenous signaling pathways, thereby modulating host cellular functions to the benefit of the pathogen and promoting infection. Understanding the mechanisms of pathogen-secreted host mimics will expand our knowledge of host-pathogen coevolution and interactions, while providing new targets for plant disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dousheng Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lianyang Bai
- Hunan Weed Science Key Laboratory, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Feng Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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25
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Zamora O, Schulze S, Azoulay-Shemer T, Parik H, Unt J, Brosché M, Schroeder JI, Yarmolinsky D, Kollist H. Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid play minor roles in stomatal regulation by CO 2 , abscisic acid, darkness, vapor pressure deficit and ozone. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:134-150. [PMID: 34289193 PMCID: PMC8842987 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) regulate stomatal closure, preventing pathogen invasion into plants. However, to what extent abscisic acid (ABA), SA and JA interact, and what the roles of SA and JA are in stomatal responses to environmental cues, remains unclear. Here, by using intact plant gas-exchange measurements in JA and SA single and double mutants, we show that stomatal responsiveness to CO2 , light intensity, ABA, high vapor pressure deficit and ozone either did not or, for some stimuli only, very slightly depended upon JA and SA biosynthesis and signaling mutants, including dde2, sid2, coi1, jai1, myc2 and npr1 alleles. Although the stomata in the mutants studied clearly responded to ABA, CO2 , light and ozone, ABA-triggered stomatal closure in npr1-1 was slightly accelerated compared with the wild type. Stomatal reopening after ozone pulses was quicker in the coi1-16 mutant than in the wild type. In intact Arabidopsis plants, spraying with methyl-JA led to only a modest reduction in stomatal conductance 80 min after treatment, whereas ABA and CO2 induced pronounced stomatal closure within minutes. We could not document a reduction of stomatal conductance after spraying with SA. Coronatine-induced stomatal opening was initiated slowly after 1.5-2.0 h, and reached a maximum by 3 h after spraying intact plants. Our results suggest that ABA, CO2 and light are major regulators of rapid guard cell signaling, whereas JA and SA could play only minor roles in the whole-plant stomatal response to environmental cues in Arabidopsis and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Zamora
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Sebastian Schulze
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tamar Azoulay-Shemer
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), the Volcani Center, Newe Ya’ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel, and
| | - Helen Parik
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Jaanika Unt
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dmitry Yarmolinsky
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
- For correspondence ()
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Plant Signal Research Group, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
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26
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Jiang SC, Engle NL, Banday ZZ, Cecchini NM, Jung HW, Tschaplinski TJ, Greenberg JT. ALD1 accumulation in Arabidopsis epidermal plastids confers local and non-autonomous disease resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2710-2726. [PMID: 33463678 PMCID: PMC8006555 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis plastid-localized ALD1 protein acts in the lysine catabolic pathway that produces infection-induced pipecolic acid (Pip), Pip derivatives, and basal non-Pip metabolite(s). ALD1 is indispensable for disease resistance associated with Pseudomonas syringae infections of naïve plants as well as those previously immunized by a local infection, a phenomenon called systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Pseudomonas syringae is known to associate with mesophyll as well as epidermal cells. To probe the importance of epidermal cells in conferring bacterial disease resistance, we studied plants in which ALD1 was only detectable in the epidermal cells of specific leaves. Local disease resistance and many features of SAR were restored when ALD1 preferentially accumulated in the epidermal plastids at immunization sites. Interestingly, SAR restoration occurred without appreciable accumulation of Pip or known Pip derivatives in secondary distal leaves. Our findings establish that ALD1 has a non-autonomous effect on pathogen growth and defense activation. We propose that ALD1 is sufficient in the epidermis of the immunized leaves to activate SAR, but basal ALD1 and possibly a non-Pip metabolite(s) are also needed at all infection sites to fully suppress bacterial growth. Thus, epidermal plastids that contain ALD1 play a key role in local and whole-plant immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Chuan Jiang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Zeeshan Zahoor Banday
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicolás M Cecchini
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ho Won Jung
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Jean T Greenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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27
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Andreolli M, Zapparoli G, Lampis S, Santi C, Angelini E, Bertazzon N. In Vivo Endophytic, Rhizospheric and Epiphytic Colonization of Vitis vinifera by the Plant-Growth Promoting and Antifungal Strain Pseudomonas protegens MP12. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020234. [PMID: 33498710 PMCID: PMC7910868 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
An evaluation was conducted of the colonization of Pseudomonas protegens MP12, a plant-growth promoting and antagonistic strain, inoculated in vine plants during a standard process of grapevine nursery propagation. Three in vivo inoculation protocols (endophytic, rhizospheric, and epiphytic) were implemented and monitored by means of both culture-dependent and independent techniques. Endophytic treatment resulted in the colonization of the bacterium inside the vine cuttings, which spread to young leaves during the forcing period. Microscopy analysis performed on transformed dsRed-tagged P. protegens MP12 cells confirmed the bacterium’s ability to penetrate the inner part of the roots. However, endophytic MP12 strain was no longer detected once the plant materials had been placed in the vine nursery field. The bacterium also displayed an ability to colonize the rhizosphere and, when the plants were uprooted at the end of the vegetative season, its persistence was confirmed. Epiphytic inoculation, performed by foliar spraying of cell suspension, was effective in controlling artificially-induced Botrytis cinerea infection in detached leaves. The success of rhizospheric and leaf colonization in vine plants suggests potential for the future exploitation of P. protegens MP12 as biofertilizer and biopesticide. Further investigation is required into the stability of the bacterium’s colonization of vine plants under real-world conditions in vineyards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Andreolli
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.A.); (S.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Giacomo Zapparoli
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.A.); (S.L.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-045-8027047
| | - Silvia Lampis
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.A.); (S.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Chiara Santi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.A.); (S.L.); (C.S.)
| | - Elisa Angelini
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, CREA, 31015 Conegliano, Italy; (E.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Nadia Bertazzon
- Research Centre for Viticulture and Enology, CREA, 31015 Conegliano, Italy; (E.A.); (N.B.)
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28
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Wang C, Gao H, Chu Z, Ji C, Xu Y, Cao W, Zhou S, Song Y, Liu H, Zhu C. A nonspecific lipid transfer protein, StLTP10, mediates resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:48-63. [PMID: 33118686 PMCID: PMC7749752 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nonspecific lipidtransfer proteins (nsLTPs), which are small, cysteine-rich proteins, belong to the pathogenesis-related protein family, and several of them act as positive regulators during plant disease resistance. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of these proteins in plant immune responses are unclear. In this study, a typical nsLTP gene, StLTP10, was identified and functionally analysed in potato. StLTP10 expression was significantly induced by Phytophthora infestans, which causes late blight in potato, and defence-related phytohormones, including abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. Characterization of StLTP10-overexpressing and knockdown lines indicated that StLTP10 positively regulates plant resistance to P. infestans. This resistance was coupled with enhanced expression of reactive oxygen species scavenging- and defence-related genes. Furthermore, we identified that StLTP10 physically interacts with ABA receptor PYL4 and affects its subcellular localization. These two proteins work together to regulate stomatal closure during pathogen infection. Interestingly, we also found that wound-induced protein kinase interacts with StLTP10 and positively regulates its protein abundance. Taken together, our results provide insight into the role of StLTP10 in resistance to P. infestans and suggest candidates to enhance broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Hongjuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Zhaohui Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Changquan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Weilin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Shumei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Yunzhi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Life SciencesShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
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29
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Xiang Q, Lott AA, Assmann SM, Chen S. Advances and perspectives in the metabolomics of stomatal movement and the disease triangle. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110697. [PMID: 33288010 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Crops are continuously exposed to microbial pathogens that cause tremendous yield losses worldwide. Stomatal pores formed by pairs of specialized guard cells in the leaf epidermis represent a major route of pathogen entry. Guard cells have an essential role as a first line of defense against pathogens. Metabolomics is an indispensable systems biology tool that has facilitated discovery and functional studies of metabolites that regulate stomatal movement in response to pathogens and other environmental factors. Guard cells, pathogens and environmental factors constitute the "stomatal disease triangle". The aim of this review is to highlight recent advances toward understanding the stomatal disease triangle in the context of newly discovered signaling molecules, hormone crosstalk, and consequent molecular changes that integrate pathogens and environmental sensing into stomatal immune responses. Future perspectives on emerging single-cell studies, multiomics and molecular imaging in the context of stomatal defense are discussed. Advances in this important area of plant biology will inform rational crop engineering and breeding for enhanced stomatal defense without disruption of other pathways that impact crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Xiang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aneirin A Lott
- Department of Biology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, FL, USA
| | - Sarah M Assmann
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, FL, USA; Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Florida, FL, USA.
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30
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David L, Kang J, Dufresne D, Zhu D, Chen S. Multi-Omics Revealed Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Guard Cell Systemic Acquired Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010191. [PMID: 33375472 PMCID: PMC7795379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) improves immunity of plant systemic tissue after local exposure to a pathogen. Guard cells that form stomatal pores on leaf surfaces recognize bacterial pathogens via pattern recognition receptors, such as Flagellin Sensitive 2 (FLS2). However, how SAR affects stomatal immunity is not known. In this study, we aim to reveal molecular mechanisms underlying the guard cell response to SAR using multi-omics of proteins, metabolites and lipids. Arabidopsis plants previously exposed to pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) exhibit an altered stomatal response compared to control plants when they are later exposed to the bacteria. Reduced stomatal apertures of SAR primed plants lead to decreased number of bacteria in leaves. Multi-omics has revealed molecular components of SAR response specific to guard cells functions, including potential roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and fatty acid signaling. Our results show an increase in palmitic acid and its derivative in the primed guard cells. Palmitic acid may play a role as an activator of FLS2, which initiates stomatal immune response. Improved understanding of how SAR signals affect stomatal immunity can aid biotechnology and marker-based breeding of crops for enhanced disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa David
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (L.D.); (J.K.); (D.Z.)
- Genetics Institute (UFGI), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jianing Kang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (L.D.); (J.K.); (D.Z.)
- Genetics Institute (UFGI), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Daniel Dufresne
- Department of Chemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA;
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (L.D.); (J.K.); (D.Z.)
- Genetics Institute (UFGI), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Key Lab of Plant Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong Province, College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (L.D.); (J.K.); (D.Z.)
- Genetics Institute (UFGI), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research (ICBR), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-352-273-8330
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31
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Agurla S, Sunitha V, Raghavendra AS. Methyl salicylate is the most effective natural salicylic acid ester to close stomata while raising reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in Arabidopsis guard cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 157:276-283. [PMID: 33152646 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Modulation by salicylic acid (SA) and its six esters of stomatal closure was evaluated in Arabidopsis thaliana. The seven compounds tested are salicylic acid (SA), acetylsalicylate (ASA), methyl salicylate (MeSA), propyl salicylate (PrSA), amyl salicylate, benzyl salicylate, and salicin. Among these, MeSA was the most effective to induce stomatal closure, followed by salicin and SA, while ASA was the least effective. Since SA, ASA, and MeSA could modulate plant function, the effects of these three compounds on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or nitric oxide (NO) in guard cells were studied. MeSA and SA raised the content of ROS or NO in as with ABA. The extent of ROS/NO production in response to ASA was the lowest. Reversal by cPTIO or catalase of stomatal closure by MeSA indicated the essentiality of NO and ROS for stomatal closure. Further studies revealed peroxidase as the ROS source during stomatal closure by MeSA, unlike the dominant role of NADPH oxidase in ROS production induced by ABA. The rise in NO production by ABA or MeSA was dependent on nitrate reductase and NO synthase-like enzyme. Given its most effective nature, MeSA can be an excellent tool to examine the signaling components in guard cells and other plant tissues. The ability of MeSA to induce stomatal closure is physiologically relevant because of its volatile nature, stability, and systemic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Agurla
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Vaidya Sunitha
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Agepati S Raghavendra
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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Ramu VS, Dawane A, Lee S, Oh S, Lee H, Sun L, Senthil‐Kumar M, Mysore KS. Ribosomal protein QM/RPL10 positively regulates defence and protein translation mechanisms during nonhost disease resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1481-1494. [PMID: 32964634 PMCID: PMC7548997 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomes play an integral part in plant growth, development, and defence responses. We report here the role of ribosomal protein large (RPL) subunit QM/RPL10 in nonhost disease resistance. The RPL10-silenced Nicotiana benthamiana plants showed compromised disease resistance against nonhost pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato T1. The RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that many genes involved in defence and protein translation mechanisms were differentially affected due to silencing of NbRPL10. Arabidopsis AtRPL10 RNAi and rpl10 mutant lines showed compromised nonhost disease resistance to P. syringae pv. tomato T1 and P. syringae pv. tabaci. Overexpression of AtRPL10A in Arabidopsis resulted in reduced susceptibility against host pathogen P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000. RPL10 interacts with the RNA recognition motif protein and ribosomal proteins RPL30, RPL23, and RPS30 in the yeast two-hybrid assay. Silencing or mutants of genes encoding these RPL10-interacting proteins in N. benthamiana or Arabidopsis, respectively, also showed compromised disease resistance to nonhost pathogens. These results suggest that QM/RPL10 positively regulates the defence and translation-associated genes during nonhost pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vemanna S. Ramu
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
- Labortory of Plant Functional GenomicsRegional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadIndia
| | - Akashata Dawane
- Labortory of Plant Functional GenomicsRegional Centre for BiotechnologyFaridabadIndia
| | - Seonghee Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
- Present address:
Gulf Coast Research and Education CenterInstitute of Food and Agricultural ScienceUniversity of FloridaWimaumaFloridaUSA
| | - Sunhee Oh
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
| | | | - Liang Sun
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
| | - Muthappa Senthil‐Kumar
- Noble Research Institute, LLC.ArdmoreOklahomaUSA
- Present address:
National Institute of Plant Genome ResearchNew DelhiIndia
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Zhang J, Coaker G, Zhou JM, Dong X. Plant Immune Mechanisms: From Reductionistic to Holistic Points of View. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1358-1378. [PMID: 32916334 PMCID: PMC7541739 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
After three decades of the amazing progress made on molecular studies of plant-microbe interactions (MPMI), we have begun to ask ourselves "what are the major questions still remaining?" as if the puzzle has only a few pieces missing. Such an exercise has ultimately led to the realization that we still have many more questions than answers. Therefore, it would be an impossible task for us to project a coherent "big picture" of the MPMI field in a single review. Instead, we provide our opinions on where we would like to go in our research as an invitation to the community to join us in this exploration of new MPMI frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Advanced Agricutural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, College of Advanced Agricutural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, PO Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Pang Q, Zhang T, Zhang A, Lin C, Kong W, Chen S. Proteomics and phosphoproteomics revealed molecular networks of stomatal immune responses. PLANTA 2020; 252:66. [PMID: 32979085 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic protein and phosphoprotein profiles uncovered the overall regulation of stomata movement against pathogen invasion and phosphorylation states of proteins involved in ABA, SA, calcium and ROS signaling, which may modulate the stomatal immune response. Stomatal openings represent a major route of pathogen entry into the plant, and plants have evolved mechanisms to regulate stomatal aperture as innate immune response against bacterial invasion. However, the mechanisms underlying stomatal immunity are not fully understood. Taking advantage of high-throughput liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we performed label-free proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses of enriched guard cells in response to a bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. In total, 495 proteins and 1229 phosphoproteins were identified as differentially regulated. These proteins are involved in a variety of signaling pathways, including abscisic acid and salicylic acid hormone signaling, calcium and reactive oxygen species signaling. We also showed that dynamic changes of phosphoprotein WRKY transcription factors may play a crucial role in regulating stomata movement in plant immunity. The identified proteins/phosphoproteins and the pathways form interactive molecular networks to regulate stomatal immunity. This study has provided new insights into the multifaceted mechanisms of stomatal immunity. The differential proteins and phosphoproteins are potential targets for engineering or breeding of crops for enhanced pathogen defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuying Pang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aiqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Saline-Alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chuwei Lin
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wenwen Kong
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Nguyen NH, Trotel-Aziz P, Villaume S, Rabenoelina F, Schwarzenberg A, Nguema-Ona E, Clément C, Baillieul F, Aziz A. Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens Trigger Common and Distinct Systemic Immune Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana Depending on the Pathogen Lifestyle. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030503. [PMID: 32899695 PMCID: PMC7563191 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants harbor various beneficial bacteria that modulate their innate immunity, resulting in induced systemic resistance (ISR) against various pathogens. However, the immune mechanisms underlying ISR triggered by Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. against pathogens with different lifestyles are not yet clearly elucidated. Here, we show that root drenching of Arabidopsis plants with Pseudomonas fluorescensPTA-CT2 and Bacillus subtilis PTA-271 can induce ISR against the necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea and the hemibiotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae Pst DC3000. In the absence of pathogen infection, both beneficial bacteria do not induce any consistent change in systemic immune responses. However, ISR relies on priming faster and robust expression of marker genes for the salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways upon pathogen challenge. These responses are also associated with increased levels of SA, JA, and abscisic acid (ABA) in the leaves of bacterized plants after infection. The functional study also points at priming of the JA/ET and NPR1-dependent defenses as prioritized immune pathways in ISR induced by both beneficial bacteria against B. cinerea. However, B. subtilis-triggered ISR against Pst DC3000 is dependent on SA, JA/ET, and NPR1 pathways, whereas P. fluorescens-induced ISR requires JA/ET and NPR1 signaling pathways. The use of ABA-insensitive mutants also pointed out the crucial role of ABA signaling, but not ABA concentration, along with JA/ET signaling in primed systemic immunity by beneficial bacteria against Pst DC3000, but not against B. cinerea. These results clearly indicate that ISR is linked to priming plants for enhanced common and distinct immune pathways depending on the beneficial strain and the pathogen lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Huu Nguyen
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, University of Reims, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France; (N.H.N.); (P.T.-A.); (S.V.); (F.R.); (C.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Patricia Trotel-Aziz
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, University of Reims, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France; (N.H.N.); (P.T.-A.); (S.V.); (F.R.); (C.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Sandra Villaume
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, University of Reims, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France; (N.H.N.); (P.T.-A.); (S.V.); (F.R.); (C.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Fanja Rabenoelina
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, University of Reims, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France; (N.H.N.); (P.T.-A.); (S.V.); (F.R.); (C.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Adrian Schwarzenberg
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Groupe Roullier, 35401 Saint-Malo, France; (A.S.); (E.N.-O.)
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Groupe Roullier, 35401 Saint-Malo, France; (A.S.); (E.N.-O.)
| | - Christophe Clément
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, University of Reims, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France; (N.H.N.); (P.T.-A.); (S.V.); (F.R.); (C.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Fabienne Baillieul
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, University of Reims, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France; (N.H.N.); (P.T.-A.); (S.V.); (F.R.); (C.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Aziz Aziz
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, University of Reims, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France; (N.H.N.); (P.T.-A.); (S.V.); (F.R.); (C.C.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Caruana JC, Dhar N, Raina R. Overexpression of Arabidopsis microRNA167 induces salicylic acid-dependent defense against Pseudomonas syringae through the regulation of its targets ARF6 and ARF8. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00270. [PMID: 33005858 PMCID: PMC7510475 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
microRNAs are powerful regulators of growth, development, and stress responses in plants. The Arabidopsis thaliana microRNA miR167 was previously found to regulate diverse processes including flower development, root development, and response to osmotic stress by controlling the patterns of expression of its target genes AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 6 (ARF6), ARF8, and IAA-Ala RESISTANT 3. Here, we report that miR167 also modulates defense against pathogens through ARF6 and ARF8. miR167 is differentially expressed in response to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, and overexpression of miR167 confers very high levels of resistance. This resistance appears to be due to suppression of auxin responses and is partially dependent upon salicylic acid signaling, and also depends upon altered stomatal behavior in these plants. Closure of stomata upon the detection of P. syringae is an important aspect of the basal defense response, as it prevents bacterial cells from entering the leaf interior and causing infection. Plants overexpressing miR167 constitutively maintain small stomatal apertures, resulting in very high resistance when the pathogen is inoculated onto the leaf surface. Additionally, the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) response is severely compromised in plants overexpressing miR167, in agreement with previous work showing that the activation of SAR requires intact auxin signaling responses. This work highlights a new role for miR167, and also emphasizes the importance of hormonal balance in short- and long-term defense and of stomata as an initial barrier to pathogen entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C. Caruana
- Department of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseNYUSA
- Naval Research LaboratoryWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Nikhilesh Dhar
- Department of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseNYUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, SalinasCAUSA
| | - Ramesh Raina
- Department of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseNYUSA
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Guzman AR, Kim JG, Taylor KW, Lanver D, Mudgett MB. Tomato Atypical Receptor Kinase1 Is Involved in the Regulation of Preinvasion Defense. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:1306-1318. [PMID: 32385090 PMCID: PMC7333691 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tomato Atypical Receptor Kinase 1 (TARK1) is a pseudokinase required for postinvasion immunity. TARK1 was originally identified as a target of the Xanthomonas euvesicatoria effector protein Xanthomonas outer protein N (XopN), a suppressor of early defense signaling. How TARK1 participates in immune signal transduction is not well understood. To gain insight into TARK1's role in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) immunity, we used a proteomics approach to isolate and identify TARK1-associated immune complexes formed during infection. We found that TARK1 interacts with proteins predicted to be associated with stomatal movement. TARK1 CRISPR mutants and overexpression (OE) lines did not display differences in light-induced stomatal opening or abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure; however, they did show altered stomatal movement responses to bacteria and biotic elicitors. Notably, we found that TARK1 CRISPR plants were resistant to Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato strain DC3000-induced stomatal reopening, and TARK1 OE plants were insensitive to P syringae pathovar tomato strain DC3118 (coronatine deficit)-induced stomatal closure. We also found that TARK1 OE in leaves resulted in increased susceptibility to bacterial invasion. Collectively, our results indicate that TARK1 functions in stomatal movement only in response to biotic elicitors and support a model in which TARK1 regulates stomatal opening postelicitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Guzman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
| | - Jung-Gun Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
| | - Kyle W Taylor
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
| | - Daniel Lanver
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
| | - Mary Beth Mudgett
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020
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Chan C, Panzeri D, Okuma E, Tõldsepp K, Wang YY, Louh GY, Chin TC, Yeh YH, Yeh HL, Yekondi S, Huang YH, Huang TY, Chiou TJ, Murata Y, Kollist H, Zimmerli L. STRESS INDUCED FACTOR 2 Regulates Arabidopsis Stomatal Immunity through Phosphorylation of the Anion Channel SLAC1. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2216-2236. [PMID: 32327536 PMCID: PMC7346559 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Upon recognition of microbes, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) activate pattern-triggered immunity. FLAGELLIN SENSING2 (FLS2) and BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1) form a typical PRR complex that senses bacteria. Here, we report that the kinase activity of the malectin-like receptor-like kinase STRESS INDUCED FACTOR 2 (SIF2) is critical for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resistance to bacteria by regulating stomatal immunity. SIF2 physically associates with the FLS2-BAK1 PRR complex and interacts with and phosphorylates the guard cell SLOW ANION CHANNEL1 (SLAC1), which is necessary for abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated stomatal closure. SIF2 is also required for the activation of ABA-induced S-type anion currents in Arabidopsis protoplasts, and SIF2 is sufficient to activate SLAC1 anion channels in Xenopus oocytes. SIF2-mediated activation of SLAC1 depends on specific phosphorylation of Ser 65. This work reveals that SIF2 functions between the FLS2-BAK1 initial immunity receptor complex and the final actuator SLAC1 in stomatal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Chan
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Dario Panzeri
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Eiji Okuma
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | | | - Ya-Yun Wang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yu Louh
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chuan Chin
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hung Yeh
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ling Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shweta Yekondi
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - You-Huei Huang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yuan Huang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Jen Chiou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | | | - Laurent Zimmerli
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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Wang HQ, Sun LP, Wang LX, Fang XW, Li ZQ, Zhang FF, Hu X, Qi C, He JM. Ethylene mediates salicylic-acid-induced stomatal closure by controlling reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 294:110464. [PMID: 32234220 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Both salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene induce stomatal closure and positively regulate stomatal immunity, but their interactions in guard cell signaling are unclear. Here, we observed that SA induced the expression of ethylene biosynthetic genes; the production of ethylene, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO); and stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, SA-induced stomatal closure was inhibited by an ethylene biosynthetic inhibitor and mutations in ethylene biosynthetic genes, ethylene-signaling genes [RESPONSE TO ANTAGONIST 1 (RAN1), ETHYLENE RESPONSE 1 (ETR1), ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2), EIN3 and ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 2 (ARR2)], NADPH oxidase genes [ATRBOHD and ATRBOHF], and nitrate reductase genes (NIA1 and NIA2). Furthermore, SA-triggered ROS production in guard cells was impaired in ran1, etr1, AtrbohD and AtrbohF, but not in ein2, ein3 or arr2. SA-triggered NO production was impaired in all ethylene-signaling mutants tested and in nia1 and nia2. The stomata of mutants for CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 (CTR1) showed constitutive ROS and NO production and closure. These results indicate that ethylene mediates SA-induced stomatal closure by activating ATRBOHD/F-mediated ROS synthesis in an RAN1-, ETR1- and CTR1-dependent manner. This in turn induces NIA1/2-mediated NO production and subsequent stomatal closure via the ETR1, EIN2, EIN3 and ARR2-dependent pathway(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Li-Ping Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Li-Xiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhong-Qi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Fang-Fang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xin Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Cheng Qi
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jun-Min He
- School of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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Xue J, Gong BQ, Yao X, Huang X, Li JF. BAK1-mediated phosphorylation of canonical G protein alpha during flagellin signaling in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:690-701. [PMID: 31087771 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins consisting of Gα, Gβ and Gγ are conserved signaling hubs in eukaryotes. Without analogs to canonical animal G protein-coupled receptors, plant cells are thought to use RGS1 and a yet unknown mechanism to regulate the activity of Gα. Meanwhile, the exact role of canonical Gα in plant innate immunity remains controversial. Here, we report multiple immune deficiencies in the null allele of Arabidopsis Gα (GPA1) in response to bacterial flg22 elicitor, clarifying a positive regulatory role of GPA1 in flg22 signaling. We also detect overall increased phosphorylation of GPA1 but reduced phosphorylation at Thr19 upon flg22 elicitation. Interestingly, flg22 could not induce phosphorylation of GPA1T19A and GPA1T19D , suggesting that the dynamic Thr19 phosphorylation is required for GPA1 to respond to flg22. Moreover, flg22-induced GPA1 phosphorylation is largely abolished in the absence of BAK1 in vivo, and BAK1 could phosphorylate GPA1 but not GPA1T19A in vitro at the phosphorylation sites identified in vivo, suggesting BAK1 is likely the kinase for GPA1 phosphorylation in response to flg22. Furthermore, the T19A mutation could promote flg22-induced association, rather than dissociation, between GPA1 and RGS1. Taken together, our findings shed new insights into the function and regulation of GPA1 in Arabidopsis defense signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ben-Qiang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xinran Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiangjuan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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41
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Johnson N, Litt PK, Kniel KE, Bais H. Evasion of Plant Innate Defense Response by Salmonella on Lettuce. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:500. [PMID: 32318033 PMCID: PMC7147383 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To establish host association, the innate immune system, which is one of the first lines of defense against infectious disease, must be circumvented. Plants encounter enteric foodborne bacterial pathogens under both pre- and post-harvest conditions. Human enteric foodborne pathogens can use plants as temporary hosts. This unique interaction may result in recalls and illness outbreaks associated with raw agricultural commodities. The purpose of this study was to determine if Salmonella enterica Typhimurium applied to lettuce leaves can suppress the innate stomatal defense in lettuce and utilization of UD1022 as a biocontrol against this ingression. Lettuce leaves were spot inoculated with S. Typhimurium wild type and its mutants. Bacterial culture and confocal microscopy analysis of stomatal apertures were used to support findings of differences in S. Typhimurium mutants compared to wild type. The persistence and internalization of these strains on lettuce was compared over a 7-day trial. S. Typhimurium may bypass the innate stomatal closure defense response in lettuce. Interestingly, a few key T3SS components in S. Typhimurium were involved in overriding stomatal defense response in lettuce for ingression. We also show that the T3SS in S. Typhimurium plays a critical role in persistence of S. Typhimurium in planta. Salmonella populations were significantly reduced in all UD1022 groups by day 7 with the exception of fliB and invA mutants. Salmonella internalization was not detected in plants after UD1022 treatment and had significantly higher stomatal closure rates (aperture width = 2.34 μm) by day 1 compared to controls (8.5 μm). S. Typhimurium SPI1 and SPI2 mutants showed inability to reopen stomates in lettuce suggesting the involvement of key T3SS components in suppression of innate response in plants. These findings impact issues of contamination related to plant performance and innate defense responses for plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Johnson
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Pushpinder K. Litt
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Kalmia E. Kniel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Harsh Bais
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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Tian SN, Liu DD, Zhong CL, Xu HY, Yang S, Fang Y, Ran J, Liu JZ. Silencing GmFLS2 enhances the susceptibility of soybean to bacterial pathogen through attenuating the activation of GmMAPK signaling pathway. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110386. [PMID: 32005391 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM)-localized receptor-like kinases (RLKs) play important roles in pathogen defense. One of the first cloned RLKs is the Arabidopsis receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2), which specifically recognizes a conserved 22 amino acid N-terminal sequence of Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato DC3000 (Pst) flagellin protein (flg22). Although extensively studied in Arabidopsis, the functions of RLKs in crop plants remain largely uninvestigated. To understand the roles of RLKs in soybean (Glycine max), GmFLS2 was silenced via virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) mediated by Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV). No significant morphological differences were observed between GmFLS2-silenced plants and the vector control plants. However, silencing GmFLS2 significantly enhanced the susceptibility of the soybean plants to Pseudomonas syringae pv.glycinea (Psg). Kinase activity assay showed that silencing GmFLS2 significantly reduced the phosphorylation level of GmMPK6 in response to flg22 treatment. However, reduced phosphorylation level of both GmMPK3 and GmMPK6 in response to Psg infection was observed in GmFLS2-silenced plants, implying that defense response is likely transduced through activation of the downstream GmMAPK signaling pathway upon recognition of bacterial pathogen by GmFLS2. The core peptides of flg22 from Pst and Psg were highly conserved and only 4 amino acid differences were seen at their N-termini. Interestingly, it appeared that the Psg-flg22 was more effective in activating soybean MAPKs than activating Arabidopsis MAPKs, and conversely, Pst-flg22 was more effective in activating Arabidopsis MAPKs than activating soybean MAPKs, suggesting that the cognate recognition is more potent than heterologous recognition in activating downstream signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that the function of FLS2 is conserved in immunity against bacteria pathogens across different plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Tian
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Dan-Dan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Chen-Li Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Hui-Yang Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Jie Ran
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province, 321004, China.
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Elicitor and Receptor Molecules: Orchestrators of Plant Defense and Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030963. [PMID: 32024003 PMCID: PMC7037962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules produced by microorganisms and insects in the event of infection, microbial priming, and insect predation. These molecules are then recognized by receptor molecules on or within the plant, which activates the defense signaling pathways, resulting in plant’s ability to overcome pathogenic invasion, induce systemic resistance, and protect against insect predation and damage. These small molecular motifs are conserved in all organisms. Fungi, bacteria, and insects have their own specific molecular patterns that induce defenses in plants. Most of the molecular patterns are either present as part of the pathogen’s structure or exudates (in bacteria and fungi), or insect saliva and honeydew. Since biotic stresses such as pathogens and insects can impair crop yield and production, understanding the interaction between these organisms and the host via the elicitor–receptor interaction is essential to equip us with the knowledge necessary to design durable resistance in plants. In addition, it is also important to look into the role played by beneficial microbes and synthetic elicitors in activating plants’ defense and protection against disease and predation. This review addresses receptors, elicitors, and the receptor–elicitor interactions where these components in fungi, bacteria, and insects will be elaborated, giving special emphasis to the molecules, responses, and mechanisms at play, variations between organisms where applicable, and applications and prospects.
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Prodhan Y, Issak M, Munemasa S, Nakamura Y, Murata Y. Salicylic acid receptor NPR1 is involved in guard cell chitosan signaling. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:963-969. [PMID: 31983298 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1718485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan (CHT) induces stomatal closure and thus plays a crucial role in plants to adapt to the adverse environments. Our previous results of a SA-deficient mutant nahG suggest that endogenous salicylic acid (SA) is involved in the CHT signaling in guard cells. Here in order to make the involvement definite, we examined stomatal responses to CHT of another SA-deficient mutant, sid2, and an SA receptor mutant, npr1-3. The sid2 mutation impaired CHT-induced stomatal closure and reactive oxygen species production and both impairments were complemented with exogenous SA application. Moreover, the CHT-induced stomatal closure is disrupted in the npr1-3 mutant. These results suggest that endogenous SA is involved in the CHT-induced stomatal closure via the SA receptor, NPR1.Abbreviations: SA: salicylic acid; ABA: abscisic acid; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NPR1: nonexpresser of pathogenesis-related genes1; CHT: chitosan; DAB: 3,3'-diaminobenzidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeasin Prodhan
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mohammad Issak
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Oblessuc PR, Matiolli CC, Melotto M. Novel molecular components involved in callose-mediated Arabidopsis defense against Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:16. [PMID: 31914927 PMCID: PMC6950905 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food contamination with Salmonella enterica and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli is among the leading causes of foodborne illnesses worldwide and crop plants are associated with > 50% of the disease outbreaks. However, the mechanisms underlying the interaction of these human pathogens with plants remain elusive. In this study, we have explored plant resistance mechanisms against these enterobacteria and the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3118, as an opportunity to improve food safety. RESULTS We found that S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (STm) transcriptionally modulates stress responses in Arabidopsis leaves, including induction of two hallmark processes of plant defense: ROS burst and cell wall modifications. Analyses of plants with a mutation in the potentially STm-induced gene EXO70H4 revealed that its encoded protein is required for stomatal defense against STm and E. coli O157:H7, but not against Pst DC3118. In the apoplast however, EXO70H4 is required for defense against STm and Pst DC3118, but not against E. coli O157:H7. Moreover, EXO70H4 is required for callose deposition, but had no function in ROS burst, triggered by all three bacteria. The salicylic acid (SA) signaling and biosynthesis proteins NPR1 and ICS1, respectively, were involved in stomatal and apoplastic defense, as well as callose deposition, against human and plant pathogens. CONCLUSIONS The results show that EXO70H4 is involved in stomatal and apoplastic defenses in Arabidopsis and suggest that EXO70H4-mediated defense play a distinct role in guard cells and leaf mesophyll cells in a bacteria-dependent manner. Nonetheless, EXO70H4 contributes to callose deposition in response to both human and plant pathogens. NPR1 and ICS1, two proteins involved in the SA signaling pathway, are important to inhibit leaf internalization and apoplastic persistence of enterobacteria and proliferation of phytopathogens. These findings highlight the existence of unique and shared plant genetic components to fight off diverse bacterial pathogens providing specific targets for the prevention of foodborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rodrigues Oblessuc
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Maeli Melotto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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46
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Zeng L, Yang X, Zhou J. The xanthophyll cycle as an early pathogenic target to deregulate guard cells during Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2020; 15:1691704. [PMID: 31724459 PMCID: PMC7012177 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1691704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Stomata not only control the important balance between gaseous fluxes and water loss, but also act as a route of invading pathogen entry into the plant. Here, the stomatal opening was observed to be induced by a necrotrophic pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at the early stages of infection. In contrast to uninfected control, the stomatal pores were still opened in S. sclerotiorum-infected regions after dark adaption. Mutation of violaxanthin de-epoxidase, a key enzyme in the xanthophyll cycle, could partially restore the S. sclerotiorum-induced stomatal opening. Further studies showed that S. sclerotiorum invasion led to a decrease in electron transport rate, but a significant increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). The decay kinetics of NPQ revealed that zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP, also known as ABA1) was continuous deactivation in S. sclerotiorum-infected region. HPLC-MS/MS analysis showed a slight increase of jasmonate acid (JA), but a great decrease of abscisic acid (ABA) content in S. sclerotiorum-inoculated tissue. Exogenous application of ABA but not JA could rescue the abnormal stomatal opening. Together, these results suggested that the S. sclerotiorum-induced decrease of ABA biosynthesis reduced stomatal closing via dysfunction of the xanthophyll cycle during early pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhang Zeng
- Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangbo Yang
- School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Xiangbo Yang School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- CONTACT Jun Zhou MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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47
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Su X, Xia Y, Jiang W, Shen G, Pang Y. GbMYBR1 from Ginkgo biloba represses phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and trichome development in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2020; 252:68. [PMID: 32990805 PMCID: PMC7524859 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Main Conclusion GbMYBR1, a new type of R2R3-MYB repressor from Ginkgo biloba, displayed pleiotropic effects on plant growth, phenylpropanoid accumulation, by regulating multiple related genes at different levels. Abstract Ginkgo biloba is a typical gymnosperm that has been thriving on earth for millions of years. MYB transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in diverse processes in plants. However, the role of MYBs remains largely unknown in Ginkgo. Here, an MYB TF gene from Ginkgo, designated as GbMYBR1, was found to act as a repressor in multiple processes. GbMYBR1 was mainly expressed in the leaves of Ginkgo. Over-expression of GbMYBR1 in Arabidopsis thaliana led to growth retardation, decreases in lignin content, reduced trichome density, and remarkable reduction in anthocyanin and flavonol contents in leaves. Proanthocyanidin content was decreased in the seeds of transgenic Arabidopsis, which led to light-brown seed color. Both qPCR and transcriptome sequencing analyses demonstrated that the transcript levels of multiple genes related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, trichome formation, and pathogen resistance were down-regulated in the transgenic Arabidopsis. In particular, we found that GbMYBR1 directly interacts with the bHLH cofactor GL3 as revealed by yeast two-hybrid assays. Our work indicated that GbMYBR1 has pleiotropic effects on plant growth, phenylpropanoid accumulation, and trichome development, mediated by interaction with GL3 or direct suppression of key pathway genes. Thus, GbMYBR1 represents a novel type of R2R3 MYB repressor. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00425-020-03476-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Su
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yaying Xia
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Wenbo Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Guoan Shen
- The Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yongzhen Pang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
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Yan J, Yu H, Li B, Fan A, Melkonian J, Wang X, Zhou T, Hua J. Cell autonomous and non-autonomous functions of plant intracellular immune receptors in stomatal defense and apoplastic defense. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008094. [PMID: 31652291 PMCID: PMC6834285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomatal closure defense and apoplastic defense are two major immunity mechanisms restricting the entry and propagation of microbe pathogens in plants. Surprisingly, activation of plant intracellular immune receptor NLR genes, while enhancing whole plant disease resistance, was sometimes linked to a defective stomatal defense in autoimmune mutants. Here we report the use of high temperature and genetic chimera to investigate the inter-dependence of stomatal and apoplastic defenses in autoimmunity. High temperature inhibits both stomatal and apoplastic defenses in the wild type, suppresses constitutive apoplastic defense responses and rescues the deficiency of stomatal closure response in autoimmune mutants. Chimeric plants have been generated to activate NLR only in guard cells or the non-guard cells. NLR activation in guard cells inhibits stomatal closure defense response in a cell autonomous manner likely through repressing ABA responses. At the same time, it leads to increased whole plant resistance accompanied by a slight increase in apoplastic defense. In addition, NLR activation in both guard and non-guard cells affects stomatal aperture and water potential. This study thus reveals that NLR activation has a differential effect on immunity in a cell type specific matter, which adds another layer of immune regulation with spatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapei Yan
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Huiyun Yu
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.,Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Applied Physics and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Anqi Fan
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America.,State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jeffrey Melkonian
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Xiue Wang
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Hua
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
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49
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Wahlig TA, Bixler BJ, Valdés-López O, Mysore KS, Wen J, Ané JM, Kaspar CW. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028S is tolerant to plant defenses triggered by the flagellin receptor FLS2. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5270731. [PMID: 30601977 PMCID: PMC6420342 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis outbreaks associated with sprouted legumes have been a food safety concern for over two decades. Despite evidence that Salmonella enterica triggers biotic plant defense pathways, it has remained unclear how plant defenses impact Salmonella growth on sprouted legumes. We used Medicago truncatula mutants in which the gene for the flagellin receptor FLS2 was disrupted to demonstrate that plant defenses triggered by FLS2 elicitation do not impact the growth of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028S. As a control, we tested the growth of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2, which has a defect in rpoS that increases its sensitivity to reactive oxygen species. LT2 displayed enhanced growth on M. truncatula FLS2 mutants in comparison to wild-type M. truncatula. We hypothesize that these growth differences are primarily due to differences in 14028S and LT2 reactive oxygen species sensitivity. Results from this study show that FLS2-mediated plant defenses are ineffective in inhibiting growth of Salmonella entrica 14028S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Wahlig
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Brianna J Bixler
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Oswaldo Valdés-López
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Jiangqi Wen
- Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Charle W Kaspar
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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50
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Deng Y, Chen H, Li C, Xu J, Qi Q, Xu Y, Zhu Y, Zheng J, Peng D, Ruan L, Sun M. Endophyte Bacillus subtilis evade plant defense by producing lantibiotic subtilomycin to mask self-produced flagellin. Commun Biol 2019; 2:368. [PMID: 31633059 PMCID: PMC6787100 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0614-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes can enter into healthy plants as endophytes and confer beneficial functions. The entry of commensal microbes into plants involves penetrating plant defense. Most mechanisms about overcoming plant defense are focused on adapted pathogens, while the mechanism involved in beneficial endophyte evades plant defense to achieve harmonious commensalism is unclear. Here, we discover a mechanism that an endophyte bacterium Bacillus subtilis BSn5 reduce to stimulate the plant defensive response by producing lantibiotic subtilomycin to bind self-produced flagellin. Subtilomycin bind with flagellin and affect flg22-induced plant defense, by which means promotes the endophytic colonization in A. thaliana. Subtilomycin also promotes the BSn5 colonization in a distinct plant, Amorphophallus konjac, where the BSn5 was isolated. Our investigation shows more independent subtilomycin/-like producers are isolated from distinct plants. Our work unveils a common strategy that is used for bacterial endophytic colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Hanqiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Congzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Jianyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Qingdong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Yiguang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Jinshui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Donghai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Lifang Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
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