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Steiner K, Bermel W, Soong R, Lysak DH, Jenne A, Downey K, Wolff WW, Costa PM, Ronda K, Moxley-Paquette V, Pellizzari J, Simpson AJ. A simple 1H ( 12C/ 13C) filtered experiment to quantify and trace isotope enrichment in complex environmental and biological samples. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2024; 361:107653. [PMID: 38471414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2024.107653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) based 13C tracing has broad applications across medical and environmental research. As many biological and environmental samples are heterogeneous, they experience considerable spectral overlap and relatively low signal. Here a 1D 1H-12C/13C is introduced that uses "in-phase/opposite-phase" encoding to simultaneously detect and discriminate both protons attached to 12C and 13C at full 1H sensitivity in every scan. Unlike traditional approaches that focus on the 12C/13C satellite ratios in a 1H spectrum, this approach creates separate sub-spectra for the 12C and 13C bound protons. These spectra can be used for both quantitative and qualitative analysis of complex samples with significant spectral overlap. Due to the presence of the 13C dipole, faster relaxation of the 1H-13C pairs results in slight underestimation compared to the 1H-12C pairs. However, this is easily compensated for, by collecting an additional reference spectrum, from which the absolute percentage of 13C can be calculated by difference. When combined with the result, 12C and 13C percent enrichment in both 1H-12C and 1H-13C fractions are obtained. As the approach uses isotope filtered 1H NMR for detection, it retains nearly the same sensitivity as a standard 1H spectrum. Here, a proof-of-concept is performed using simple mixtures of 12C and 13C glucose, followed by suspended algal cells with varying 12C /13C ratios representing a complex mixture. The results consistently return 12C/13C ratios that deviate less than 1 % on average from the expected. Finally, the sequence was used to monitor and quantify 13C% enrichment in Daphnia magna neonates which were fed a 13C diet over 1 week. The approach helped reveal how the organisms utilized the 12C lipids they are born with vs. the 13C lipids they assimilate from their diet during growth. Given the experiments simplicity, versatility, and sensitivity, we anticipate it should find broad application in a wide range of tracer studies, such as fluxomics, with applications spanning various disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Steiner
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Bermel
- Bruker Biospin GmbH, Rudolf-Plank-Str. 23, Ettlingen 76275, Germany
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Daniel H Lysak
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Amy Jenne
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Katelyn Downey
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - William W Wolff
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Peter M Costa
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kiera Ronda
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Vincent Moxley-Paquette
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jacob Pellizzari
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Andre J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Center, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Perozeni F, Pivato M, Angelini M, Maricchiolo E, Pompa A, Ballottari M. Towards microalga-based superfoods: heterologous expression of zeolin in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1184064. [PMID: 37229116 PMCID: PMC10203602 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1184064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are unicellular photosynthetic organisms that can be grown in artificial systems to capture CO2, release oxygen, use nitrogen- and phosphorus-rich wastes, and produce biomass and bioproducts of interest including edible biomass for space exploration. In the present study, we report a metabolic engineering strategy for the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to produce high-value proteins for nutritional purposes. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a species approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for human consumption, and its consumption has been reported to improve gastrointestinal health in both murine models and humans. By utilizing the biotechnological tools available for this green alga, we introduced a synthetic gene encoding a chimeric protein, zeolin, obtained by merging the γ-zein and phaseolin proteins, in the algal genome. Zein and phaseolin are major seed storage proteins of maize (Zea mays) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) that accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and storage vacuoles, respectively. Seed storage proteins have unbalanced amino acid content, and for this reason, need to be complemented with each other in the diet. The chimeric recombinant zeolin protein represents an amino acid storage strategy with a balanced amino acid profile. Zeolin protein was thus efficiently expressed in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; thus, we obtained strains that accumulate this recombinant protein in the endoplasmic reticulum, reaching a concentration up to 5.5 fg cell-1, or secrete it in the growth medium, with a titer value up to 82 µg/L, enabling the production of microalga-based super-food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perozeni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Pivato
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Margherita Angelini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Maricchiolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Andrea Pompa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Matteo Ballottari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
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Enhanced accumulation of oil through co-expression of fatty acid and ABC transporters in Chlamydomonas under standard growth conditions. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:54. [PMID: 35596223 PMCID: PMC9123788 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Chloroplast and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized fatty acid (FA) transporters have been reported to play important roles in oil (mainly triacylglycerols, TAG) biosynthesis. However, whether these FA transporters synergistically contribute to lipid accumulation, and their effect on lipid metabolism in microalgae are unknown.
Results
Here, we co-overexpressed two chloroplast-localized FA exporters (FAX1 and FAX2) and one ER-localized FA transporter (ABCA2) in Chlamydomonas. Under standard growth conditions, FAX1/FAX2/ABCA2 over-expression lines (OE) accumulated up to twofold more TAG than the parental strain UVM4, and the total amounts of major polyunsaturated FAs (PUFA) in TAG increased by 4.7-fold. In parallel, the total FA contents and major membrane lipids in FAX1/FAX2/ABCA2-OE also significantly increased compared with those in the control lines. Additionally, the total accumulation contribution ratio of PUFA, to total FA and TAG synthesis in FAX1/FAX2/ABCA2-OE, was 54% and 40% higher than that in UVM4, respectively. Consistently, the expression levels of genes directly involved in TAG synthesis, such as type-II diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGTT1, DGTT3 and DGTT5), and phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (PDAT1), significantly increased, and the expression of PGD1 (MGDG-specific lipase) was upregulated in FAX1/FAX2/ABCA2-OE compared to UVM4.
Conclusion
These results indicate that the increased expression of FAX1/FAX2/ABCA2 has an additive effect on enhancing TAG, total FA and membrane lipid accumulation and accelerates the PUFA remobilization from membrane lipids to TAG by fine-tuning the key genes involved in lipid metabolism under standard growth conditions. Overall, FAX1/FAX2/ABCA2-OE shows better traits for lipid accumulation than the parental line and previously reported individual FA transporter-OE. Our study provides a potential useful strategy to increase the production of FA-derived energy-rich and value-added compounds in microalgae.
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Zhuang XY, Zhang YH, Xiao AF, Zhang AH, Fang BS. Key Enzymes in Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway for Bioactive Lipids Biosynthesis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:851402. [PMID: 35284441 PMCID: PMC8905437 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.851402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary bioactive lipids, one of the three primary nutrients, is not only essential for growth and provides nutrients and energy for life's activities but can also help to guard against disease, such as Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases, which further strengthen the immune system and maintain many body functions. Many microorganisms, such as yeast, algae, and marine fungi, have been widely developed for dietary bioactive lipids production. These biosynthetic processes were not limited by the climate and ground, which are also responsible for superiority of shorter periods and high conversion rate. However, the production process was also exposed to the challenges of low stability, concentration, and productivity, which was derived from the limited knowledge about the critical enzyme in the metabolic pathway. Fortunately, the development of enzymatic research methods provides powerful tools to understand the catalytic process, including site-specific mutagenesis, protein dynamic simulation, and metabolic engineering technology. Thus, we review the characteristics of critical desaturase and elongase involved in the fatty acids' synthesis metabolic pathway, which aims to not only provide extensive data for enzyme rational design and modification but also provides a more profound and comprehensive understanding of the dietary bioactive lipids' synthetic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zhuang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yong-Hui Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - An-Feng Xiao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ai-Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- *Correspondence: Ai-Hui Zhang
| | - Bai-Shan Fang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Wu T, Yu L, Zhang Y, Liu J. Characterization of fatty acid desaturases reveals stress-induced synthesis of C18 unsaturated fatty acids enriched in triacylglycerol in the oleaginous alga Chromochloris zofingiensis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:184. [PMID: 34535156 PMCID: PMC8447527 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The green microalga Chromochloris zofingiensis is capable of producing high levels of triacylglycerol rich in C18 unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). FA desaturation degree is regulated by FA desaturases (FADs). Nevertheless, it remains largely unknown regarding what FADs are involved in FA desaturations and how these FADs collaborate to contribute to the high abundance of C18 UFAs in triacylglycerol in C. zofingiensis. RESULTS To address these issues, we firstly determined the transcription start sites of 11 putative membrane-bound FAD-coding genes (CzFADs) and updated their gene models. Functional validation of these CzFADs in yeast and cyanobacterial cells revealed that seven are bona fide FAD enzymes with distinct substrates. Combining the validated functions and predicted subcellular compartments of CzFADs and the FA profiles of C. zofingiensis, the FA desaturation pathways in this alga were reconstructed. Furthermore, a multifaceted lipidomic analysis by systematically integrating thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques was conducted, unraveling profiles of polar membrane lipids in C. zofingiensis and major desaturation steps occurring in these lipids. By correlating transcriptional patterns of CzFAD genes and changes of lipids upon abiotic stress conditions, our results highlighted collaboration of CzFADs for C18 UFA synthesis and supported that both de novo FA synthesis and membrane lipid remodeling contributed C18 UFAs to triacylglycerol for storage. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study for the first time elucidated the pathways of C18 FA desaturations and comprehensive profiles of polar membrane lipids in C. zofingiensis and shed light on collaboration of CzFADs for the synthesis and enrichment of C18 UFAs in triacylglycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Lihua Yu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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6
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Zhang Y, Ye Y, Bai F, Liu J. The oleaginous astaxanthin-producing alga Chromochloris zofingiensis: potential from production to an emerging model for studying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:119. [PMID: 33992124 PMCID: PMC8126118 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The algal lipids-based biodiesel, albeit having advantages over plant oils, still remains high in the production cost. Co-production of value-added products with lipids has the potential to add benefits and is thus believed to be a promising strategy to improve the production economics of algal biodiesel. Chromochloris zofingiensis, a unicellular green alga, has been considered as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production because of its robust growth and ability of accumulating high levels of triacylglycerol under multiple trophic conditions. This alga is also able to synthesize high-value keto-carotenoids and has been cited as a candidate producer of astaxanthin, the strongest antioxidant found in nature. The concurrent accumulation of triacylglycerol and astaxanthin enables C. zofingiensis an ideal cell factory for integrated production of the two compounds and has potential to improve algae-based production economics. Furthermore, with the advent of chromosome-level whole genome sequence and genetic tools, C. zofingiensis becomes an emerging model for studying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the production of triacylglycerol and astaxanthin by C. zofingiensis. We also update our understanding in the distinctive molecular mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism and carotenogenesis, with an emphasis on triacylglycerol and astaxanthin biosynthesis and crosstalk between the two pathways. Furthermore, strategies for trait improvements are discussed regarding triacylglycerol and astaxanthin synthesis in C. zofingiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology and Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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7
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Calhoun S, Bell TAS, Dahlin LR, Kunde Y, LaButti K, Louie KB, Kuftin A, Treen D, Dilworth D, Mihaltcheva S, Daum C, Bowen BP, Northen TR, Guarnieri MT, Starkenburg SR, Grigoriev IV. A multi-omic characterization of temperature stress in a halotolerant Scenedesmus strain for algal biotechnology. Commun Biol 2021; 4:333. [PMID: 33712730 PMCID: PMC7955037 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01859-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae efficiently convert sunlight into lipids and carbohydrates, offering bio-based alternatives for energy and chemical production. Improving algal productivity and robustness against abiotic stress requires a systems level characterization enabled by functional genomics. Here, we characterize a halotolerant microalga Scenedesmus sp. NREL 46B-D3 demonstrating peak growth near 25 °C that reaches 30 g/m2/day and the highest biomass accumulation capacity post cell division reported to date for a halotolerant strain. Functional genomics analysis revealed that genes involved in lipid production, ion channels and antiporters are expanded and expressed. Exposure to temperature stress shifts fatty acid metabolism and increases amino acids synthesis. Co-expression analysis shows that many fatty acid biosynthesis genes are overexpressed with specific transcription factors under cold stress. These and other genes involved in the metabolic and regulatory response to temperature stress can be further explored for strain improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Calhoun
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tisza Ann Szeremy Bell
- Applied Genomics Team, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, Genome Core, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Lukas R Dahlin
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Yuliya Kunde
- Applied Genomics Team, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Kurt LaButti
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Katherine B Louie
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Kuftin
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Treen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David Dilworth
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sirma Mihaltcheva
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Daum
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin P Bowen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Trent R Northen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael T Guarnieri
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Shawn R Starkenburg
- Applied Genomics Team, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Degraeve-Guilbault C, Pankasem N, Gueirrero M, Lemoigne C, Domergue F, Kotajima T, Suzuki I, Joubès J, Corellou F. Temperature Acclimation of the Picoalga Ostreococcus tauri Triggers Early Fatty-Acid Variations and Involves a Plastidial ω3-Desaturase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:639330. [PMID: 33815446 PMCID: PMC8018280 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.639330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Alteration of fatty-acid unsaturation is a universal response to temperature changes. Marine microalgae display the largest diversity of polyunsaturated fatty-acid (PUFA) whose content notably varies according to temperature. The physiological relevance and the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes are however, still poorly understood. The ancestral green picoalga Ostreococcus tauri displays original lipidic features that combines PUFAs from two distinctive microalgal lineages (Chlorophyceae, Chromista kingdom). In this study, optimized conditions were implemented to unveil early fatty-acid and desaturase transcriptional variations upon chilling and warming. We further functionally characterized the O. tauri ω3-desaturase which is closely related to ω3-desaturases from Chromista species. Our results show that the overall omega-3 to omega-6 ratio is swiftly and reversibly regulated by temperature variations. The proportion of the peculiar 18:5 fatty-acid and temperature are highly and inversely correlated pinpointing the importance of 18:5 temperature-dependent variations across kingdoms. Chilling rapidly and sustainably up-regulated most desaturase genes. Desaturases involved in the regulation of the C18-PUFA pool as well as the Δ5-desaturase appear to be major transcriptional targets. The only ω3-desaturase candidate, related to ω3-desaturases from Chromista species, is localized at chloroplasts in Nicotiana benthamiana and efficiently performs ω3-desaturation of C18-PUFAs in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Overexpression in the native host further unveils a broad impact on plastidial and non-plastidial glycerolipids illustrated by the alteration of omega-3/omega-6 ratio in C16-PUFA and VLC-PUFA pools. Global glycerolipid features of the overexpressor recall those of chilling acclimated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nattiwong Pankasem
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Maurean Gueirrero
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse membranaire, UMR 5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Cécile Lemoigne
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse membranaire, UMR 5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Frédéric Domergue
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse membranaire, UMR 5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Tomonori Kotajima
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Iwane Suzuki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jérôme Joubès
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse membranaire, UMR 5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Florence Corellou
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse membranaire, UMR 5200, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- *Correspondence: Florence Corellou,
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Hernández ML, Sicardo MD, Belaj A, Martínez-Rivas JM. The Oleic/Linoleic Acid Ratio in Olive ( Olea europaea L.) Fruit Mesocarp Is Mainly Controlled by OeFAD2-2 and OeFAD2-5 Genes Together With the Different Specificity of Extraplastidial Acyltransferase Enzymes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:653997. [PMID: 33763103 PMCID: PMC7982730 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.653997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid composition of olive oil has an important effect on the oil quality to such an extent that oils with a high oleic and low linoleic acid contents are preferable from a nutritional and technological point of view. In the present work, we have first studied the diversity of the fatty acid composition in a set of eighty-nine olive cultivars from the Worldwide Olive Germplasm Bank of IFAPA Cordoba (WOGBC-IFAPA), and in a core collection (Core-36), which includes 28 olive cultivars from the previously mentioned set. Our results indicate that oleic and linoleic acid contents displayed the highest degree of variability of the different fatty acids present in the olive oil of the 89 cultivars under study. In addition, the independent study of the Core-36 revealed two olive cultivars, Klon-14 and Abou Kanani, with extremely low and high linoleic acid contents, respectively. Subsequently, these two cultivars were used to investigate the specific contribution of different fatty acid desaturases to the linoleic acid content of mesocarp tissue during olive fruit development and ripening. Fatty acid desaturase gene expression levels, together with lipid analysis, suggest that not only OeFAD2-2 and OeFAD2-5 but also the different specificities of extraplastidial acyltransferase enzymes are responsible for the variability of the oleic/linoleic acid ratio in olive cultivars. All this information allows for an advancement in the knowledge of the linoleic acid biosynthesis in different olive cultivars, which can impact olive breeding programs to improve olive oil quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Luisa Hernández
- Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- *Correspondence: M. Luisa Hernández,
| | - M. Dolores Sicardo
- Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | | | - José M. Martínez-Rivas
- Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- José M. Martínez-Rivas,
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Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Is a Potential Food Supplement with the Capacity to Outperform Chlorella and Spirulina. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a green microalgae used as a model organism associated with biotechnological applications, yet its nutritional value has not been assessed. This study investigates the nutritional capacity of C. reinhardtii as an additional value for this species beyond its known potential in biofuels and bio-products production. The composition of key nutrients in C. reinhardtii was compared with Chlorella and Spirulina, the species widely regarded as a superfood. The results revealed that the protein content of C. reinhardtii (46.9%) was comparable with that of Chlorella (45.3) and Spirulina (50.4%) on a dry weight basis. C. reinhardtii contained all the essential amino acids with good scores based on FAO/WHO values (0.9–1.9) as in Chlorella and Spirulina. Unsaturated fatty acids predominated the total fatty acids profile of C. reinhardtii were ~74 of which ~48% are n-3 fatty acids. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) content in C. reinhardtii (42.4%) was significantly higher than that of Chlorella (23.4) and Spirulina (0.12%). For minerals, Spirulina was rich in iron (3.73 mg/g DW) followed by Chlorella (1.34 mg/g DW) and C. reinhardtii (0.96 mg/g DW). C. reinhardtii, unlike the other two species, consisted of selenium (10 µg/g DW), and had a remarkably lower heavy metal load. Moreover, C. reinhardtii contained relatively high concentrations of chlorophyll (a + b) and total carotenoids (28.6 mg/g DW and 6.9 mg/g DW, respectively) compared with Chlorella (12.0 mg/g DW and 1.8 mg/g DW, respectively) and Spirulina (8.6 mg/g DW and 0.8 mg/g DW, respectively). This study confirms that, based on its nutrient credentials, C. reinhardtii has great potential as a new superfood or ingredient for a food supplement.
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11
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Degraeve-Guilbault C, Gomez RE, Lemoigne C, Pankansem N, Morin S, Tuphile K, Joubès J, Jouhet J, Gronnier J, Suzuki I, Coulon D, Domergue F, Corellou F. Plastidic Δ6 Fatty-Acid Desaturases with Distinctive Substrate Specificity Regulate the Pool of C18-PUFAs in the Ancestral Picoalga Ostreococcus tauri. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:82-96. [PMID: 32669420 PMCID: PMC7479901 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic Δ6-desaturases are microsomal enzymes that balance the synthesis of ω-3 and ω-6 C18-polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18-PUFAs) according to their specificity. In several microalgae, including Ostreococcus tauri, plastidic C18-PUFAs are strictly regulated by environmental cues suggesting an autonomous control of Δ6-desaturation of plastidic PUFAs. Here, we identified two putative front-end Δ6/Δ8-desaturases from O tauri that, together with putative homologs, cluster apart from other characterized Δ6-desaturases. Both were plastid-located and unambiguously displayed a Δ6-desaturation activity when overexpressed in the heterologous hosts Nicotiana benthamiana and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803, as in the native host. Detailed lipid analyses of overexpressing lines unveiled distinctive ω-class specificities, and most interestingly pointed to the importance of the lipid head-group and the nonsubstrate acyl-chain for the desaturase efficiency. One desaturase displayed a broad specificity for plastidic lipids and a preference for ω-3 substrates, while the other was more selective for ω-6 substrates and for lipid classes including phosphatidylglycerol as well as the peculiar 16:4-galactolipid species occurring in the native host. Overexpression of both Δ6-desaturases in O tauri prevented the regulation of C18-PUFA under phosphate deprivation and triggered glycerolipid fatty-acid remodeling, without causing any obvious alteration in growth or photosynthesis. Tracking fatty-acid modifications in eukaryotic hosts further suggested the export of plastidic lipids to extraplastidic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Degraeve-Guilbault
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Rodrigo E Gomez
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Cécile Lemoigne
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nattiwong Pankansem
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Soizic Morin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Unité de Recherche Ecosystèmes Aquatiques et Changements Globaux, 33612 Cestas, France
| | - Karine Tuphile
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jérôme Joubès
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Université Grenoble Alpes, Interdisciplinary Research Institute of Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Gronnier
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Iwane Suzuki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
| | - Denis Coulon
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Frédéric Domergue
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Florence Corellou
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université de Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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12
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Jang S, Kong F, Lee J, Choi BY, Wang P, Gao P, Yamano T, Fukuzawa H, Kang BH, Lee Y. CrABCA2 Facilitates Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under Nitrogen Starvation. Mol Cells 2020; 43:48-57. [PMID: 31910336 PMCID: PMC6999713 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii accumulates triacylglycerols (TAGs) in lipid droplets under stress conditions, such as nitrogen starvation. TAG biosynthesis occurs mainly at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and requires fatty acid (FA) substrates supplied from chloroplasts. How FAs are transferred from chloroplast to ER in microalgae was unknown. We previously reported that an Arabidopsis thaliana ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, AtABCA9, facilitates FA transport at the ER during seed development. Here we identified a gene homologous to AtABCA9 in the C. reinhardtii genome, which we named CrABCA2. Under nitrogen deprivation conditions, CrABCA2 expression was upregulated, and the CrABCA2 protein level also increased. CrABCA2 knockdown lines accumulated less TAGs and CrABCA2 overexpression lines accumulated more TAGs than their untransformed parental lines. Transmission electron microscopy showed that CrABCA2 was localized in swollen ER. These results suggest that CrABCA2 transports substrates for TAG biosynthesis to the ER during nitrogen starvation . Our study provides a potential tool for increasing lipid production in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghoon Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673,
Korea
| | - Fantao Kong
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024,
China
| | - Jihyeon Lee
- Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673,
Korea
| | - Bae Young Choi
- Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673,
Korea
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077,
China
| | - Peng Gao
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077,
China
| | - Takashi Yamano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502,
Japan
| | - Hideya Fukuzawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502,
Japan
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077,
China
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673,
Korea
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13
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Anne-Marie K, Yee W, Loh SH, Aziz A, Cha TS. Influence of nitrogen availability on biomass, lipid production, fatty acid profile, and the expression of fatty acid desaturase genes in Messastrum gracile SE-MC4. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:17. [PMID: 31912247 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of limited and excess nitrate on biomass, lipid production, and fatty acid profile in Messastrum gracile SE-MC4 were determined. The expression of fatty acid desaturase genes, namely stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD), omega-6 fatty acid desaturase (ω-6 FAD), omega-3 fatty acid desaturase isoform 1 (ω-3 FADi1), and omega-3 fatty acid desaturase isoform 2 (ω-3 FADi2) was also assessed. It was found that nitrate limitation generally increased the total oil, α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3) and total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents in M. gracile. The reduction of nitrate concentration from 1.76 to 0.11 mM increased the total oil content significantly from 32.5 to 41.85% (dry weight). Palmitic (C16:0) and oleic (C18:1) acids as the predominant fatty acids in this microalgae constituted between 82 and 87% of the total oil content and were relatively consistent throughout all nitrate concentrations tested. The expression of SAD, ω-6 FAD, and ω-3 FADi2 genes increased under nitrate limitation, especially at 0.11 mM nitrate. The ω-3 FADi1 demonstrated a binary up-regulation pattern of expression under both nitrate-deficient (0.11 mM) and -excess (3.55 mM) conditions. Thus, findings from this study suggested that limited or excess nitrate could be used as part of a cultivation strategy to increase oil and PUFA content following media optimisation and more efficient culture methodology. Data obtained from the expression of desaturase genes would provide valuable insights into their roles under excess and limited nitrate conditions in M. gracile, potentially paving the way for future genetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaben Anne-Marie
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Willy Yee
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Saw Hong Loh
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Aziz
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Thye San Cha
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. .,Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
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14
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Qari HA, Oves M. Fatty acid synthesis by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in phosphorus limitation. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2020; 52:27-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-019-09813-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Riccio G, Lauritano C. Microalgae with Immunomodulatory Activities. Mar Drugs 2019; 18:E2. [PMID: 31861368 PMCID: PMC7024220 DOI: 10.3390/md18010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms adapted to live in very different environments and showing an enormous biochemical and genetic diversity, thus representing an excellent source of new natural products with possible applications in several biotechnological sectors. Microalgae-derived compounds have shown several properties, such as anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory. In the last decade, compounds stimulating the immune system, both innate immune response and adaptive immune response, have been used to prevent and fight various pathologies, including cancer (cancer immunotherapy). In this review we report the microalgae that have been shown to possess immunomodulatory properties, the cells and the cellular mediators involved in the mechanisms of action and the experimental models used to test immunostimulatory activities. We also report information on fractions or pure compounds from microalgae identified as having immunostimulatory activity. Given the increasing interest in microalgae as new eco-friendly source of bioactive compounds, we also discuss their possible role as source of new classes of promising drugs to treat human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Lauritano
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, CAP80121 Naples, Italy
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16
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Cecchin M, Marcolungo L, Rossato M, Girolomoni L, Cosentino E, Cuine S, Li‐Beisson Y, Delledonne M, Ballottari M. Chlorella vulgaris genome assembly and annotation reveals the molecular basis for metabolic acclimation to high light conditions. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:1289-1305. [PMID: 31437318 PMCID: PMC6972661 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorella vulgaris is a fast-growing fresh-water microalga cultivated on the industrial scale for applications ranging from food to biofuel production. To advance our understanding of its biology and to establish genetics tools for biotechnological manipulation, we sequenced the nuclear and organelle genomes of Chlorella vulgaris 211/11P by combining next generation sequencing and optical mapping of isolated DNA molecules. This hybrid approach allowed us to assemble the nuclear genome in 14 pseudo-molecules with an N50 of 2.8 Mb and 98.9% of scaffolded genome. The integration of RNA-seq data obtained at two different irradiances of growth (high light, HL versus low light, LL) enabled us to identify 10 724 nuclear genes, coding for 11 082 transcripts. Moreover, 121 and 48 genes, respectively, were found in the chloroplast and mitochondrial genome. Functional annotation and expression analysis of nuclear, chloroplast and mitochondrial genome sequences revealed particular features of Chlorella vulgaris. Evidence of horizontal gene transfers from chloroplast to mitochondrial genome was observed. Furthermore, comparative transcriptomic analyses of LL versus HL provided insights into the molecular basis for metabolic rearrangement under HL versus LL conditions leading to enhanced de novo fatty acid biosynthesis and triacylglycerol accumulation. The occurrence of a cytosolic fatty acid biosynthetic pathway could be predicted and its upregulation upon HL exposure was observed, consistent with the increased lipid amount under HL conditions. These data provide a rich genetic resource for future genome editing studies, and potential targets for biotechnological manipulation of Chlorella vulgaris or other microalgae species to improve biomass and lipid productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Cecchin
- Dipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità di VeronaStrada Le Grazie 1537134Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Marcolungo
- Dipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità di VeronaStrada Le Grazie 1537134Verona, Italy
| | - Marzia Rossato
- Dipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità di VeronaStrada Le Grazie 1537134Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Girolomoni
- Dipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità di VeronaStrada Le Grazie 1537134Verona, Italy
| | - Emanuela Cosentino
- Dipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità di VeronaStrada Le Grazie 1537134Verona, Italy
| | - Stephan Cuine
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Aix‐Marseille, UMR7265Aix‐Marseille UniversityCEACNRSCEA CadaracheSaint‐Paul‐lez DuranceF‐13108France
| | - Yonghua Li‐Beisson
- Institute of Biosciences and Biotechnologies of Aix‐Marseille, UMR7265Aix‐Marseille UniversityCEACNRSCEA CadaracheSaint‐Paul‐lez DuranceF‐13108France
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Dipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità di VeronaStrada Le Grazie 1537134Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Ballottari
- Dipartimento di BiotecnologieUniversità di VeronaStrada Le Grazie 1537134Verona, Italy
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17
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Torres-Romero I, Kong F, Légeret B, Beisson F, Peltier G, Li-Beisson Y. Chlamydomonas cell cycle mutant crcdc5 over-accumulates starch and oil. Biochimie 2019; 169:54-61. [PMID: 31563539 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of algal biomass for biofuel production requires improvements in both biomass productivity and its energy density. Green microalgae store starch and oil as two major forms of carbon reserves. Current strategies to increase the amount of carbon reserves often compromise algal growth. To better understand the cellular mechanisms connecting cell division to carbon storage, we examined starch and oil accumulation in two Chlamydomonas mutants deficient in a gene encoding a homolog of the Arabidopsis Cell Division Cycle 5 (CDC5), a MYB DNA binding protein known to be involved in cell cycle in higher plants. The two crcdc5 mutants (crcdc5-1 and crcdc5-2) were found to accumulate significantly higher amount of starch and oil than their corresponding parental lines. Flow cytometry analysis on synchronized cultures cultivated in a diurnal light/dark cycle revealed an abnormal division of the two mutants, characterized by a prolonged S/M phase, therefore demonstrating its implication in cell cycle in Chlamydomonas. Taken together, these results suggest that the energy saved by a slowdown in cell division is used for the synthesis of reserve compounds. This work highlights the importance in understanding the interplay between cell cycle and starch/oil homeostasis, which should have a critical impact on improving lipid/starch productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Torres-Romero
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Fantao Kong
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Bertrand Légeret
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Fred Beisson
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Gilles Peltier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, CEA Cadarache, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France.
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18
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Liang J, Iqbal S, Wen F, Tong M, Liu J. Phosphorus-Induced Lipid Class Alteration Revealed by Lipidomic and Transcriptomic Profiling in Oleaginous Microalga Nannochloropsis sp. PJ12. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17090519. [PMID: 31484443 PMCID: PMC6780086 DOI: 10.3390/md17090519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton are primary producers in the marine ecosystem, where phosphorus is often a limiting factor of their growth. Hence, they have evolved strategies to recycle phosphorus by replacing membrane phospholipids with phosphorus-free lipids. However, mechanisms for replacement of lipid classes remain poorly understood. To improve our understanding, we performed the lipidomic and transcriptomic profiling analyses of an oleaginous marine microalga Nannochloropsis sp. PJ12 in response to phosphorus depletion (PD) and replenishing. In this study, by using (liquid chromatography couple with tandem mass spectrometry) LC-MS/MS-based lipidomic analysis, we show that membrane phospholipid levels are significantly reduced upon PD, while phosphorus-free betaine lipid levels are increased. However, levels of phosphorus-free photosynthetic galactolipid and sulfolipid are not increased upon PD, consistent with the reduced photosynthetic activity. RNA-seq-based transcriptomic analysis indicates that enzymes involved in phospholipid recycling and phosphorus-free lipid synthesis are upregulated, supporting the lipidomic analysis. Furthermore, enzymes involved in FASII (type II fatty acid synthesis) elongation cycle upon PD are transcriptionally downregulated. EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) level decrease upon PD is revealed by both GC-MS (gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry) and LC-MS/MS-based lipidomic analyses. PD-induced alteration is reversed after phosphorus replenishing. Taken together, our results suggest that the alteration of lipid classes upon environmental change of phosphorus is a result of remodeling rather than de novo synthesis in Nannochloropsis sp. PJ12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibei Liang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, China.
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
| | - Sunya Iqbal
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, China.
| | - Fang Wen
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, China.
| | - Mengmeng Tong
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, China.
| | - Jianhua Liu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China.
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19
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Warakanont J, Li-Beisson Y, Benning C. LIP4 Is Involved in Triacylglycerol Degradation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1250-1259. [PMID: 30796452 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of the storage compound triacylglycerol (TAG) is a crucial process in response to environmental stimuli. In microalgae, this process is important for re-growth when conditions become favorable after cells have experienced stresses. Mobilization of TAG is initiated by actions of lipases causing the release of glycerol and free fatty acids, which can be further broken down for energy production or recycled to synthesize membrane lipids. Although key enzymes in the process, TAG lipases remain to be characterized in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Here, we describe the functional analysis of a putative TAG lipase, i.e. LIP4, which shares 44% amino acid identity with the major TAG lipase in Arabidopsis (SUGAR DEPENDENT1-SDP1). The LIP4 transcript level was downregulated during nitrogen deprivation when TAG accumulates, but was upregulated during nitrogen resupply (NR) when TAG was degraded. Both artificial microRNA and insertional mutants showed a delay in TAG mobilization during NR. The difference in TAG degradation was more pronounced when the cultures were incubated without acetate in the dark. Furthermore, the lip4 insertional mutants over-accumulated TAG during optimal growth conditions. Taken together, the results suggest to us that LIP4 likely acts as a TAG lipase and plays a role in TAG homeostasis in Chlamydomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaruswan Warakanont
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Lad Yao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, Marseille F, France
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, Marseille F, France
| | - Christoph Benning
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Plant Research Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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20
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Kugler A, Zorin B, Didi-Cohen S, Sibiryak M, Gorelova O, Ismagulova T, Kokabi K, Kumari P, Lukyanov A, Boussiba S, Solovchenko A, Khozin-Goldberg I. Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Green Microalga Lobosphaera incisa Contribute to Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1205-1223. [PMID: 30668793 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Lobosphaera incisa is a green microalga that accumulates high levels of the valuable omega-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) in triacylglycerols (TAG) under nitrogen (N) starvation. LC-PUFA accumulation is a rare trait in photosynthetic microalgae with insufficiently understood physiological significance. In this study, RNAi was attempted, for the first time in L. incisa, to produce knockdown lines for the Δ5 desaturase gene. Two lines, termed modified lines, which were isolated during screening for transgenic events, demonstrated alterations in their LC-PUFA profile, ARA-biosynthesis gene expression and lipid class distribution. In line M5-78, which appeared to carry a mutation in the Δ6 elongase gene, LC-PUFA were substituted by 18:3n-6 in all glycerolipids. Line M2-35, for which the exact genetic background has not been established, displayed a dramatic reduction in 20:4n-6, concomitant with an augmented proportion of 18:1n-9, in particular in the extraplastidial membrane lipids and TAG. The physiological responses of the modified lines to stressful conditions were compared with the wild type and the Δ5 desaturase mutant. In the N-replete cells of modified lines, the frequency of lipid droplets was reduced, while a number of starch grains increased, suggesting altered partitioning of assimilated carbon into reserve products. Furthermore, both lines exhibited reduced ability to accumulate TAG under N deprivation and recover from N starvation. Both lines demonstrated lower photosynthetic pigment contents, impairments in photosynthesis under a range of stressful conditions, and less efficient functioning of photoprotection under optimal conditions. Possible implications of fatty acids modifications in the stress response of L. incisa are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kugler
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology for Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Boris Zorin
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology for Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Shoshana Didi-Cohen
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology for Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Maria Sibiryak
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology for Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Olga Gorelova
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Bioengineering, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Ismagulova
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Bioengineering, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kamilya Kokabi
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology for Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Puja Kumari
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology for Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Alexander Lukyanov
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Bioengineering, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sammy Boussiba
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology for Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Alexei Solovchenko
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Bioengineering, Moscow State University, GSP-1, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Agriculture and Technology, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology for Drylands, The J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
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21
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Kong F, Yamaoka Y, Ohama T, Lee Y, Li-Beisson Y. Molecular Genetic Tools and Emerging Synthetic Biology Strategies to Increase Cellular Oil Content in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1184-1196. [PMID: 30715500 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae constitute a highly diverse group of eukaryotic and photosynthetic microorganisms that have developed extremely efficient systems for harvesting and transforming solar energy into energy-rich molecules such as lipids. Although microalgae are considered to be one of the most promising platforms for the sustainable production of liquid oil, the oil content of these organisms is naturally low, and algal oil production is currently not economically viable. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas) is an established algal model due to its fast growth, high transformation efficiency, and well-understood physiology and to the availability of detailed genome information and versatile molecular tools for this organism. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the development of genetic manipulation tools for Chlamydomonas, from gene delivery methods to state-of-the-art genome-editing technologies and fluorescent dye-based high-throughput mutant screening approaches. Furthermore, we discuss practical strategies and toolkits that enhance transgene expression, such as choice of expression vector and background strain. We then provide examples of how advanced genetic tools have been used to increase oil content in Chlamydomonas. Collectively, the current literature indicates that microalgal oil content can be increased by overexpressing key enzymes that catalyze lipid biosynthesis, blocking lipid degradation, silencing metabolic pathways that compete with lipid biosynthesis and modulating redox state. The tools and knowledge generated through metabolic engineering studies should pave the way for developing a synthetic biological approach to enhance lipid productivity in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fantao Kong
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yasuyo Yamaoka
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Takeshi Ohama
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kochi University of Technology (KUT), Tosayamada, Kochi, Japan
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F, France
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22
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Liang Y, Kong F, Torres-Romero I, Burlacot A, Cuine S, Légeret B, Billon E, Brotman Y, Alseekh S, Fernie AR, Beisson F, Peltier G, Li-Beisson Y. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Catabolism Impacts Triacylglycerol Homeostasis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1502-1514. [PMID: 30728273 PMCID: PMC6446750 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) starvation-induced triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, and its complex relationship with starch metabolism in algal cells, has been intensively studied; however, few studies have examined the interaction between amino acid metabolism and TAG biosynthesis. Here, via a forward genetic screen for TAG homeostasis, we isolated a Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) mutant (bkdE1α) that is deficient in the E1α subunit of the branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) complex. Metabolomics analysis revealed a defect in the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids in bkdE1α Furthermore, this mutant accumulated 30% less TAG than the parental strain during N starvation and was compromised in TAG remobilization upon N resupply. Intriguingly, the rate of mitochondrial respiration was 20% to 35% lower in bkdE1α compared with the parental strains. Three additional knockout mutants of the other components of the BCKDH complex exhibited phenotypes similar to that of bkdE1α Transcriptional responses of BCKDH to different N status were consistent with its role in TAG homeostasis. Collectively, these results indicate that branched-chain amino acid catabolism contributes to TAG metabolism by providing carbon precursors and ATP, thus highlighting the complex interplay between distinct subcellular metabolisms for oil storage in green microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxue Liang
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Fantao Kong
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Ismael Torres-Romero
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Adrien Burlacot
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Stéphan Cuine
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Bertrand Légeret
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Emmanuelle Billon
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Fred Beisson
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Gilles Peltier
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix-Marseille University, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France
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23
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Devadasu E, Chinthapalli DK, Chouhan N, Madireddi SK, Rasineni GK, Sripadi P, Subramanyam R. Changes in the photosynthetic apparatus and lipid droplet formation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under iron deficiency. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 139:253-266. [PMID: 30218258 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular photosynthetic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was propagated in iron deficiency medium and patterns of growth, photosynthetic efficiency, lipid accumulation, as well as the expression of lipid biosynthetic and photosynthesis-related proteins were analysed and compared with iron-sufficient growth conditions. As expected, the photosynthetic rate was reduced (maximally after 4 days of growth) as a result of increased non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Surprisingly, the stress-response protein LHCSR3 was expressed in conditions of iron deficiency that cause NPQ induction. In addition, the protein contents of both the PSI and PSII reaction centres were gradually reduced during growth in iron deficiency medium. Interestingly, the two generations of Fe deficiency cells could be able to recover the photosynthesis but the second generation cells recovered much slower as these cells were severely in shock. Analysis by flow cytometry with fluorescence-activated cell sorting and thin layer chromatography showed that iron deficiency also induced the accumulation of triacylglycerides (TAG), which resulted in the formation of lipid droplets. This was most significant between 48 and 72 h of growth. Dramatic increases in DGAT2A and PDAT1 levels were caused by iron starvation, which indicated that the biosynthesis of TAG had been increased. Analysis using gas chromatography mass spectrometry showed that levels of 16:0, 18:0, 18:2 and 18:3Δ9,12,15 fatty acids were significantly elevated. The results of this study highlight the genes/enzymes of Chlamydomonas that affect lipid synthesis through their influence on photosynthesis, and these represent potential targets of metabolic engineering to develop strains for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsinraju Devadasu
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chinthapalli
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
- Analytical Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India
| | - Nisha Chouhan
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Sai Kiran Madireddi
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Girish Kumar Rasineni
- Center for Excellence in Medical Services Pvt. Ltd., Kineta Towers, Road No. 3, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500034, India
| | - Prabhakar Sripadi
- Analytical Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India
| | - Rajagopal Subramanyam
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India.
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24
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Zuccaro G, Steyer JP, van Lis R. The algal trophic mode affects the interaction and oil production of a synergistic microalga-yeast consortium. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 273:608-617. [PMID: 30481660 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of non-food feedstocks to produce renewable microbial resources can limit our dependence on fossil fuels and lower CO2 emissions. Since microalgae display a virtuous CO2 and O2 exchange with heterotrophs, the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was combined with the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi, known for their production of oil, base material for biodiesel. The coupled growth was shown to be synergistic for biomass and lipid production. The species were truly symbiotic since synergistic growth occurred even when the alga cannot use the organic carbon in the feedstock and in absence of air, thus depending entirely on CO2-O2 exchange. Since addition of acetate as the algal carbon source lowered the performance of the consortium, the microbial system design should take into account algal mixotrophy. The mixed biomass was found be suitable for biodiesel production, and whereas lipid production increased in the consortium, yields should be improved in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zuccaro
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Napoli, Italy; LBE, INRA, Univ Montpellier, 102 avenue des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France
| | - J-P Steyer
- LBE, INRA, Univ Montpellier, 102 avenue des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France
| | - R van Lis
- LBE, INRA, Univ Montpellier, 102 avenue des Etangs, F-11100 Narbonne, France.
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25
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Li-Beisson Y, Thelen JJ, Fedosejevs E, Harwood JL. The lipid biochemistry of eukaryotic algae. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 74:31-68. [PMID: 30703388 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Algal lipid metabolism fascinates both scientists and entrepreneurs due to the large diversity of fatty acyl structures that algae produce. Algae have therefore long been studied as sources of genes for novel fatty acids; and, due to their superior biomass productivity, algae are also considered a potential feedstock for biofuels. However, a major issue in a commercially viable "algal oil-to-biofuel" industry is the high production cost, because most algal species only produce large amounts of oils after being exposed to stress conditions. Recent studies have therefore focused on the identification of factors involved in TAG metabolism, on the subcellular organization of lipid pathways, and on interactions between organelles. This has been accompanied by the development of genetic/genomic and synthetic biological tools not only for the reference green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii but also for Nannochloropsis spp. and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Advances in our understanding of enzymes and regulatory proteins of acyl lipid biosynthesis and turnover are described herein with a focus on carbon and energetic aspects. We also summarize how changes in environmental factors can impact lipid metabolism and describe present and potential industrial uses of algal lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez Durance F-13108, France.
| | - Jay J Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - Eric Fedosejevs
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
| | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
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26
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Concha E, Heipieper HJ, Wick LY, Ciudad GA, Navia R. Effects of limonene, n-decane and n-decanol on growth and membrane fatty acid composition of the microalga Botryococcus braunii. AMB Express 2018; 8:189. [PMID: 30488314 PMCID: PMC6262068 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0718-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Botryococcus braunii is a promising microalga for the production of biofuels and other chemicals because of its high content of internal lipids and external hydrocarbons. However, due to the very thick cell wall of B. braunii, traditional chemical/physical downstream processing very often is not as effective as expected and requires high amounts of energy. In this cases, the application of two-phase aqueous-organic solvent systems could be an alternative to cultivate microalgae allowing for a simultaneous extraction of the valuable compounds without significant negative effects on cell growth. Two-phase systems have been applied before, however, there are no studies so far on the mechanisms used by microalgae to survive in contact with solvents present as a second-phase. In this study, the effects of the solvents limonene, n-decane and n-decanol on growth of the microalga B. braunii as well as the adaptive cell response in terms of their phospholipid fatty acid contents were analized. A concentration-dependent negative effect of all three solvents on cell growth was observed. Effects were accompanied by changes of the membrane fatty acid composition of the alga as manifested by a decrease of the unsaturation . In addition, an association was found between the solvent hydrophobicity (given as log octanol–water partition coefficient (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\text {P}_{O-W}$$\end{document}PO-W) values) and their toxic effects, whereby n-decanol and n-decane emerged as the most and least toxic solvent respectively. Among the tested solvents, the latter promises to be the most suitable for a two-phase extraction system.
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27
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Krasovec M, Vancaester E, Rombauts S, Bucchini F, Yau S, Hemon C, Lebredonchel H, Grimsley N, Moreau H, Sanchez-Brosseau S, Vandepoele K, Piganeau G. Genome Analyses of the Microalga Picochlorum Provide Insights into the Evolution of Thermotolerance in the Green Lineage. Genome Biol Evol 2018; 10:2347-2365. [PMID: 30113623 PMCID: PMC6141220 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
While the molecular events involved in cell responses to heat stress have been extensively studied, our understanding of the genetic basis of basal thermotolerance, and particularly its evolution within the green lineage, remains limited. Here, we present the 13.3-Mb haploid genome and transcriptomes of a halotolerant and thermotolerant unicellular green alga, Picochlorum costavermella (Trebouxiophyceae) to investigate the evolution of the genomic basis of thermotolerance. Differential gene expression at high and standard temperatures revealed that more of the gene families containing up-regulated genes at high temperature were recently evolved, and less originated at the ancestor of green plants. Inversely, there was an excess of ancient gene families containing transcriptionally repressed genes. Interestingly, there is a striking overlap between the thermotolerance and halotolerance transcriptional rewiring, as more than one-third of the gene families up-regulated at 35 °C were also up-regulated under variable salt concentrations in Picochlorum SE3. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of the 9,304 protein coding genes revealed 26 genes of horizontally transferred origin in P. costavermella, of which five were differentially expressed at higher temperature. Altogether, these results provide new insights about how the genomic basis of adaptation to halo- and thermotolerance evolved in the green lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Krasovec
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Integrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
| | - Emmelien Vancaester
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephane Rombauts
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - François Bucchini
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sheree Yau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Integrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Claire Hemon
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Integrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Hugo Lebredonchel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Integrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Nigel Grimsley
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Integrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Hervé Moreau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Integrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Sophie Sanchez-Brosseau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Integrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Klaas Vandepoele
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium.,Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Gwenael Piganeau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Biologie Integrative des Organismes Marins, BIOM, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
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28
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Kong F, Burlacot A, Liang Y, Légeret B, Alseekh S, Brotman Y, Fernie AR, Krieger-Liszkay A, Beisson F, Peltier G, Li-Beisson Y. Interorganelle Communication: Peroxisomal MALATE DEHYDROGENASE2 Connects Lipid Catabolism to Photosynthesis through Redox Coupling in Chlamydomonas. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:1824-1847. [PMID: 29997239 PMCID: PMC6139685 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants and algae must tightly coordinate photosynthetic electron transport and metabolic activities given that they often face fluctuating light and nutrient conditions. The exchange of metabolites and signaling molecules between organelles is thought to be central to this regulation but evidence for this is still fragmentary. Here, we show that knocking out the peroxisome-located MALATE DEHYDROGENASE2 (MDH2) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii results in dramatic alterations not only in peroxisomal fatty acid breakdown but also in chloroplast starch metabolism and photosynthesis. mdh2 mutants accumulated 50% more storage lipid and 2-fold more starch than the wild type during nitrogen deprivation. In parallel, mdh2 showed increased photosystem II yield and photosynthetic CO2 fixation. Metabolite analyses revealed a >60% reduction in malate, together with increased levels of NADPH and H2O2 in mdh2 Similar phenotypes were found upon high light exposure. Furthermore, based on the lack of starch accumulation in a knockout mutant of the H2O2-producing peroxisomal ACYL-COA OXIDASE2 and on the effects of H2O2 supplementation, we propose that peroxisome-derived H2O2 acts as a regulator of chloroplast metabolism. We conclude that peroxisomal MDH2 helps photoautotrophs cope with nitrogen scarcity and high light by transmitting the redox state of the peroxisome to the chloroplast by means of malate shuttle- and H2O2-based redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fantao Kong
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Adrien Burlacot
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Yuanxue Liang
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Bertrand Légeret
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant System Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, CEA Saclay, CNRS, University Paris-Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Fred Beisson
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Gilles Peltier
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, F-13108 Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
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29
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Xing G, Yuan H, Yang J, Li J, Gao Q, Li W, Wang E. Integrated analyses of transcriptome, proteome and fatty acid profilings of the oleaginous microalga Auxenochlorella protothecoides UTEX 2341 reveal differential reprogramming of fatty acid metabolism in response to low and high temperatures. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Kong F, Romero IT, Warakanont J, Li-Beisson Y. Lipid catabolism in microalgae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1340-1348. [PMID: 29473650 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Lipid degradation processes are important in microalgae because survival and growth of microalgal cells under fluctuating environmental conditions require permanent remodeling or turnover of membrane lipids as well as rapid mobilization of storage lipids. Lipid catabolism comprises two major spatially and temporarily separated steps, namely lipolysis, which releases fatty acids and head groups and is catalyzed by lipases at membranes or lipid droplets, and degradation of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA, which occurs in peroxisomes through the β-oxidation pathway in green microalgae, and can sometimes occur in mitochondria in some other algal species. Here we review the current knowledge on the enzymes and regulatory proteins involved in lipolysis and peroxisomal β-oxidation and highlight gaps in our understanding of lipid degradation pathways in microalgae. Metabolic use of acetyl-CoA products via glyoxylate cycle and gluconeogenesis is also reviewed. We then present the implication of various cellular processes such as vesicle trafficking, cell cycle and autophagy on lipid turnover. Finally, physiological roles and the manipulation of lipid catabolism for biotechnological applications in microalgae are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fantao Kong
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, UMR7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix Marseille, 13108, Cadarache, France
| | - Ismael Torres Romero
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, UMR7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix Marseille, 13108, Cadarache, France
| | - Jaruswan Warakanont
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, UMR7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix Marseille, 13108, Cadarache, France
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Rd, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, UMR7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix Marseille, 13108, Cadarache, France
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Sun J, Chen M, Zhu M, Jiang Y, Meng J, Zhao D, Tao J. Cloning, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Three FAD8 Genes Encoding a Fatty Acid Desaturase from Seeds of Paeonia ostii. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040929. [PMID: 29673187 PMCID: PMC6017405 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The FAD8 gene catalyzes the conversion of diene fatty acids to triene fatty acids and is a key enzyme that determines the synthesis of alpha-linolenic acid. In this study, the full-length cDNAs of FAD8-1, FAD8-2, and FAD8-3 are cloned from Paeonia ostii T. Hong & J. X. Zhang and named as PoFAD8-1, PoFAD8-2, and PoFAD8-3. Their open reading frame is 1203 bp, 1152 bp, and 1353 bp which encoded 400, 371, and 450 amino acids. The molecular weights of the amino acids are 46 kDa, 43 kDa, and 51 kDa while the isoelectric points are 7.34, 8.74, and 9.23, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis shows that all three genes are hydrophobic-hydrophobic, PoFAD8-1 has three transmembrane domains, and PoFAD8-2 and PoFAD8-3 have two transmembrane domains. Multiple series alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that PoFAD8-1 and PoFAD8-2 are closely related while PoFAD8-3 is more closely related to Paeonia delavayi. Subcellular localization results showed that PoFAD8-1 was located on the ER membrane and PoFAD8-2 and PoFAD8-3 were located on the chloroplast membrane. The relative expression level of PoFAD8-1 in seeds is very high. PoFAD8-2 expressed more in the ovary than the other two genes. PoFAD8-3 was highly expressed in roots, stems, leaves, petals, and ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Mengyuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Yu Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Jiasong Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Daqiu Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Jun Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Ma R, Thomas-Hall SR, Chua ET, Alsenani F, Eltanahy E, Netzel ME, Netzel G, Lu Y, Schenk PM. Gene expression profiling of astaxanthin and fatty acid pathways in Haematococcus pluvialis in response to different LED lighting conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 250:591-602. [PMID: 29216572 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Haematococcus pluvialis is a green microalga of major interest to industry based on its ability to produce large amounts of astaxanthin. Biosynthesis of astaxanthin and its mono- and di-esters was significantly stimulated under 150 μmol m-2 s-1 of white LED (W-150) compared with lower light intensities, but the highest astaxanthin amounts were produced under 70 μmol m-2 s-1 of blue LED (B-70). Transcripts of astaxanthin biosynthesis genes psy, crtO, and bkt2 were upregulated under W-150, while psy, lcy, crtO, and crtR-B were upregulated by B-70. Total fatty acid content and biosynthesis genes fata and all dgat genes were induced under W-150, while C18:3n6 biosynthesis and dgat2a expression were specifically stimulated by B-70 which was correlated to astaxanthin ester biosynthesis. Nitrogen starvation, various LEDs and the identified upregulated genes may provide useful tools for future metabolic engineering to significantly increase free astaxanthin, its esters and fatty acid precursors in H. pluvialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Skye R Thomas-Hall
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Elvis T Chua
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Faisal Alsenani
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Eladl Eltanahy
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Phycology Laboratory, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Michael E Netzel
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, PO Box 156, Archerfield, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Gabriele Netzel
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, PO Box 156, Archerfield, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Yinghua Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Peer M Schenk
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Omega-3 fatty acid desaturase gene family from two ω-3 sources, Salvia hispanica and Perilla frutescens: Cloning, characterization and expression. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191432. [PMID: 29351555 PMCID: PMC5774782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acid desaturase (ω-3 FAD, D15D) is a key enzyme for α-linolenic acid (ALA) biosynthesis. Both chia (Salvia hispanica) and perilla (Perilla frutescens) contain high levels of ALA in seeds. In this study, the ω-3 FAD gene family was systematically and comparatively cloned from chia and perilla. Perilla FAD3, FAD7, FAD8 and chia FAD7 are encoded by single-copy (but heterozygous) genes, while chia FAD3 is encoded by 2 distinct genes. Only 1 chia FAD8 sequence was isolated. In these genes, there are 1 to 6 transcription start sites, 1 to 8 poly(A) tailing sites, and 7 introns. The 5'UTRs of PfFAD8a/b contain 1 to 2 purine-stretches and 2 pyrimidine-stretches. An alternative splice variant of ShFAD7a/b comprises a 5'UTR intron. Their encoded proteins harbor an FA_desaturase conserved domain together with 4 trans-membrane helices and 3 histidine boxes. Phylogenetic analysis validated their identity of dicot microsomal or plastidial ω-3 FAD proteins, and revealed some important evolutionary features of plant ω-3 FAD genes such as convergent evolution across different phylums, single-copy status in algae, and duplication events in certain taxa. The qRT-PCR assay showed that the ω-3 FAD genes of two species were expressed at different levels in various organs, and they also responded to multiple stress treatments. The functionality of the ShFAD3 and PfFAD3 enzymes was confirmed by yeast expression. The systemic molecular and functional features of the ω-3 FAD gene family from chia and perilla revealed in this study will facilitate their use in future studies on genetic improvement of ALA traits in oilseed crops.
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Jüppner J, Mubeen U, Leisse A, Caldana C, Brust H, Steup M, Herrmann M, Steinhauser D, Giavalisco P. Dynamics of lipids and metabolites during the cell cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:331-343. [PMID: 28742931 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites and lipids are the final products of enzymatic processes, distinguishing the different cellular functions and activities of single cells or whole tissues. Understanding these cellular functions within a well-established model system requires a systemic collection of molecular and physiological information. In the current report, the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was selected to establish a comprehensive workflow for the detailed multi-omics analysis of a synchronously growing cell culture system. After implementation and benchmarking of the synchronous cell culture, a two-phase extraction method was adopted for the analysis of proteins, lipids, metabolites and starch from a single sample aliquot of as little as 10-15 million Chlamydomonas cells. In a proof of concept study, primary metabolites and lipids were sampled throughout the diurnal cell cycle. The results of these time-resolved measurements showed that single compounds were not only coordinated with each other in different pathways, but that these complex metabolic signatures have the potential to be used as biomarkers of various cellular processes. Taken together, the developed workflow, including the synchronized growth of the photoautotrophic cell culture, in combination with comprehensive extraction methods and detailed metabolic phenotyping has the potential for use in in-depth analysis of complex cellular processes, providing essential information for the understanding of complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Jüppner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Umarah Mubeen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Andrea Leisse
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Camila Caldana
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory/CNPEM, Rua Giuseppe Máximo Scolfano 10000, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Henrike Brust
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Martin Steup
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- University of Toronto c/o Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL 14.9420, 72 Elm St, Toronto, ON M561H3, Canada
| | - Marion Herrmann
- Institute for Human Genetics, Humboldt University Berlin, Charité, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Steinhauser
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Sayanova O, Mimouni V, Ulmann L, Morant-Manceau A, Pasquet V, Schoefs B, Napier JA. Modulation of lipid biosynthesis by stress in diatoms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160407. [PMID: 28717017 PMCID: PMC5516116 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are responsible for up to 40% of the carbon fixation in our oceans. The fixed carbon is moved through carbon metabolism towards the synthesis of organic molecules that are consumed through interlocking foodwebs, and this process is strongly impacted by the abiotic environment. However, it has become evident that diatoms can be used as 'platform' organisms for the production of high valuable bio-products such as lipids, pigments and carbohydrates where stress conditions can be used to direct carbon metabolism towards the commercial production of these compounds. In the first section of this review, some aspects of carbon metabolism in diatoms and how it is impacted by environmental factors are briefly described. The second section is focused on the biosynthesis of lipids and in particular omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and how low temperature stress impacts on the production of these compounds. In a third section, we review the recent advances in bioengineering for lipid production. Finally, we discuss new perspectives for designing strains for the sustainable production of high-value lipids.This article is part of the themed issue 'The peculiar carbon metabolism in diatoms'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sayanova
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Virginie Mimouni
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Lionel Ulmann
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Annick Morant-Manceau
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Virginie Pasquet
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
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36
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Zorin B, Pal-Nath D, Lukyanov A, Smolskaya S, Kolusheva S, Didi-Cohen S, Boussiba S, Cohen Z, Khozin-Goldberg I, Solovchenko A. Arachidonic acid is important for efficient use of light by the microalga Lobosphaera incisa under chilling stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:853-868. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Esquível MG, Matos A.R, Marques Silva J. Rubisco mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii display divergent photosynthetic parameters and lipid allocation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5569-5580. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kong F, Liang Y, Légeret B, Beyly-Adriano A, Blangy S, Haslam RP, Napier JA, Beisson F, Peltier G, Li-Beisson Y. Chlamydomonas carries out fatty acid β-oxidation in ancestral peroxisomes using a bona fide acyl-CoA oxidase. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:358-371. [PMID: 28142200 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are thought to have played a key role in the evolution of metabolic networks of photosynthetic organisms by connecting oxidative and biosynthetic routes operating in different compartments. While the various oxidative pathways operating in the peroxisomes of higher plants are fairly well characterized, the reactions present in the primitive peroxisomes (microbodies) of algae are poorly understood. Screening of a Chlamydomonas insertional mutant library identified a strain strongly impaired in oil remobilization and defective in Cre05.g232002 (CrACX2), a gene encoding a member of the acyl-CoA oxidase/dehydrogenase superfamily. The purified recombinant CrACX2 expressed in Escherichia coli catalyzed the oxidation of fatty acyl-CoAs into trans-2-enoyl-CoA and produced H2 O2 . This result demonstrated that CrACX2 is a genuine acyl-CoA oxidase, which is responsible for the first step of the peroxisomal fatty acid (FA) β-oxidation spiral. A fluorescent protein-tagging study pointed to a peroxisomal location of CrACX2. The importance of peroxisomal FA β-oxidation in algal physiology was shown by the impact of the mutation on FA turnover during day/night cycles. Moreover, under nitrogen depletion the mutant accumulated 20% more oil than the wild type, illustrating the potential of β-oxidation mutants for algal biotechnology. This study provides experimental evidence that a plant-type FA β-oxidation involving H2 O2 -producing acyl-CoA oxidation activity has already evolved in the microbodies of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fantao Kong
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, UMR7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix Marseille, 13108, Cadarache, France
| | - Yuanxue Liang
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, UMR7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix Marseille, 13108, Cadarache, France
| | - Bertrand Légeret
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, UMR7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix Marseille, 13108, Cadarache, France
| | - Audrey Beyly-Adriano
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, UMR7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix Marseille, 13108, Cadarache, France
| | - Stéphanie Blangy
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, UMR7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix Marseille, 13108, Cadarache, France
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Fred Beisson
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, UMR7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix Marseille, 13108, Cadarache, France
| | - Gilles Peltier
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, UMR7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix Marseille, 13108, Cadarache, France
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, UMR7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix Marseille, 13108, Cadarache, France
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Degraeve-Guilbault C, Bréhélin C, Haslam R, Sayanova O, Marie-Luce G, Jouhet J, Corellou F. Glycerolipid Characterization and Nutrient Deprivation-Associated Changes in the Green Picoalga Ostreococcus tauri. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:2060-2080. [PMID: 28235892 PMCID: PMC5373045 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The picoalga Ostreococcus tauri is a minimal photosynthetic eukaryote that has been used as a model system. O. tauri is known to efficiently produce docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We provide a comprehensive study of the glycerolipidome of O. tauri and validate this species as model for related picoeukaryotes. O. tauri lipids displayed unique features that combined traits from the green and the chromalveolate lineages. The betaine lipid diacylglyceryl-hydroxymethyl-trimethyl-β-alanine and phosphatidyldimethylpropanethiol, both hallmarks of chromalveolates, were identified as presumed extraplastidial lipids. DHA was confined to these lipids, while plastidial lipids of prokaryotic type were characterized by the overwhelming presence of ω-3 C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs), 18:5 being restricted to galactolipids. C16:4, an FA typical of green microalgae galactolipids, also was a major component of O. tauri extraplastidial lipids, while the 16:4-coenzyme A (CoA) species was not detected. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) displayed the complete panel of FAs, and many species exhibited combinations of FAs diagnostic for plastidial and extraplastidial lipids. Importantly, under nutrient deprivation, 16:4 and ω-3 C18 polyunsaturated FAs accumulated into de novo synthesized TAGs while DHA-TAG species remained rather stable, indicating an increased contribution of FAs of plastidial origin to TAG synthesis. Nutrient deprivation further severely down-regulated the conversion of 18:3 to 18:4, resulting in obvious inversion of the 18:3/18:4 ratio in plastidial lipids, TAGs, as well as acyl-CoAs. The fine-tuned and dynamic regulation of the 18:3/18:4 ratio suggested an important physiological role of these FAs in photosynthetic membranes. Acyl position in structural and storage lipids together with acyl-CoA analysis further help to determine mechanisms possibly involved in glycerolipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Degraeve-Guilbault
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux BP81, F-33882 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D.-G., C.B., G.M.-L., F.C.)
- Rothamsted Research, Biological, Chemistry, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., O.S.); and
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (J.J.)
| | - Claire Bréhélin
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux BP81, F-33882 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D.-G., C.B., G.M.-L., F.C.)
- Rothamsted Research, Biological, Chemistry, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., O.S.); and
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (J.J.)
| | - Richard Haslam
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux BP81, F-33882 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D.-G., C.B., G.M.-L., F.C.)
- Rothamsted Research, Biological, Chemistry, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., O.S.); and
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (J.J.)
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux BP81, F-33882 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D.-G., C.B., G.M.-L., F.C.)
- Rothamsted Research, Biological, Chemistry, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., O.S.); and
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (J.J.)
| | - Glawdys Marie-Luce
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux BP81, F-33882 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D.-G., C.B., G.M.-L., F.C.)
- Rothamsted Research, Biological, Chemistry, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., O.S.); and
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (J.J.)
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux BP81, F-33882 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D.-G., C.B., G.M.-L., F.C.)
- Rothamsted Research, Biological, Chemistry, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., O.S.); and
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (J.J.)
| | - Florence Corellou
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Bordeaux BP81, F-33882 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D.-G., C.B., G.M.-L., F.C.);
- Rothamsted Research, Biological, Chemistry, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom (R.H., O.S.); and
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5168, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Grenoble Alpes, BIG, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France (J.J.)
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40
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Shin H, Hong SJ, Yoo C, Han MA, Lee H, Choi HK, Cho S, Lee CG, Cho BK. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis revealed organelle specific responses to temperature variations in algae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37770. [PMID: 27883062 PMCID: PMC5121895 DOI: 10.1038/srep37770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature is a critical environmental factor that affects microalgal growth. However, microalgal coping mechanisms for temperature variations are unclear. Here, we determined changes in transcriptome, total carbohydrate, total fatty acid methyl ester, and fatty acid composition of Tetraselmis sp. KCTC12432BP, a strain with a broad temperature tolerance range, to elucidate the tolerance mechanisms in response to large temperature variations. Owing to unavailability of genome sequence information, de novo transcriptome assembly coupled with BLAST analysis was performed using strand specific RNA-seq data. This resulted in 26,245 protein-coding transcripts, of which 83.7% could be annotated to putative functions. We identified more than 681 genes differentially expressed, suggesting an organelle-specific response to temperature variation. Among these, the genes related to the photosynthetic electron transfer chain, which are localized in the plastid thylakoid membrane, were upregulated at low temperature. However, the transcripts related to the electron transport chain and biosynthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine localized in mitochondria were upregulated at high temperature. These results show that the low energy uptake by repressed photosynthesis under low and high temperature conditions is compensated by different mechanisms, including photosystem I and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, respectively. This study illustrates that microalgae tolerate different temperature conditions through organelle specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyeonSeok Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea advanced institute of Science and Technology, Daejon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Joo Hong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea advanced institute of Science and Technology, Daejon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Han
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Hookeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kyoon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyung Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea advanced institute of Science and Technology, Daejon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Choul-Gyun Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kwan Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea advanced institute of Science and Technology, Daejon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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41
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Yamaoka Y, Achard D, Jang S, Legéret B, Kamisuki S, Ko D, Schulz-Raffelt M, Kim Y, Song WY, Nishida I, Li-Beisson Y, Lee Y. Identification of a Chlamydomonas plastidial 2-lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase and its use to engineer microalgae with increased oil content. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:2158-2167. [PMID: 27133096 PMCID: PMC5096022 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite a strong interest in microalgal oil production, our understanding of the biosynthetic pathways that produce algal lipids and the genes involved in the biosynthetic processes remains incomplete. Here, we report that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Cre09.g398289 encodes a plastid-targeted 2-lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (CrLPAAT1) that acylates the sn-2 position of a 2-lysophosphatidic acid to form phosphatidic acid, the first common precursor of membrane and storage lipids. In vitro enzyme assays showed that CrLPAAT1 prefers 16:0-CoA to 18:1-CoA as an acyl donor. Fluorescent protein-tagged CrLPAAT1 was localized to the plastid membrane in C. reinhardtii cells. Furthermore, expression of CrLPAAT1 in plastids led to a > 20% increase in oil content under nitrogen-deficient conditions. Taken together, these results demonstrate that CrLPAAT1 is an authentic plastid-targeted LPAAT in C. reinhardtii, and that it may be used as a molecular tool to genetically increase oil content in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyo Yamaoka
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Dorine Achard
- Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Sunghoon Jang
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Bertrand Legéret
- Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Shogo Kamisuki
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-Ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Donghwi Ko
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Miriam Schulz-Raffelt
- Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Yeongho Kim
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Won-Yong Song
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Ikuo Nishida
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Sakura-Ku, Saitama, Japan
- JST, CREST, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea.
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea.
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42
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Goold HD, Cuiné S, Légeret B, Liang Y, Brugière S, Auroy P, Javot H, Tardif M, Jones B, Beisson F, Peltier G, Li-Beisson Y. Saturating Light Induces Sustained Accumulation of Oil in Plastidal Lipid Droplets in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:2406-17. [PMID: 27297678 PMCID: PMC4972293 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Enriching algal biomass in energy density is an important goal in algal biotechnology. Nitrogen (N) starvation is considered the most potent trigger of oil accumulation in microalgae and has been thoroughly investigated. However, N starvation causes the slow down and eventually the arrest of biomass growth. In this study, we show that exposing a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii culture to saturating light (SL) under a nonlimiting CO2 concentration in turbidostatic photobioreactors induces a sustained accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs) without compromising growth, which results in much higher oil productivity than N starvation. We also show that the polar membrane lipid fraction of SL-induced LDs is rich in plastidial lipids (approximately 70%), in contrast to N starvation-induced LDs, which contain approximately 60% lipids of endoplasmic reticulum origin. Proteomic analysis of LDs isolated from SL-exposed cells identified more than 200 proteins, including known proteins of lipid metabolism, as well as 74 proteins uniquely present in SL-induced LDs. LDs induced by SL and N depletion thus differ in protein and lipid contents. Taken together, lipidomic and proteomic data thus show that a large part of the sustained oil accumulation occurring under SL is likely due to the formation of plastidial LDs. We discuss our data in relation to the different metabolic routes used by microalgae to accumulate oil reserves depending on cultivation conditions. Finally, we propose a model in which oil accumulation is governed by an imbalance between photosynthesis and growth, which can be achieved by impairing growth or by boosting photosynthetic carbon fixation, with the latter resulting in higher oil productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Douglas Goold
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Aix Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, Cadarache 13108, France (H.D.G., S.C., B.L., Y.L., P.A., H.J., F.B., G.P., Y.L.-B.);Faculty of Agriculture and the Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia (H.D.G., B.J.); andCommissariat à l'Energie Atomique, INSERM, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble 38000, France (S.B., M.T.)
| | - Stéphan Cuiné
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Aix Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, Cadarache 13108, France (H.D.G., S.C., B.L., Y.L., P.A., H.J., F.B., G.P., Y.L.-B.);Faculty of Agriculture and the Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia (H.D.G., B.J.); andCommissariat à l'Energie Atomique, INSERM, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble 38000, France (S.B., M.T.)
| | - Bertrand Légeret
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Aix Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, Cadarache 13108, France (H.D.G., S.C., B.L., Y.L., P.A., H.J., F.B., G.P., Y.L.-B.);Faculty of Agriculture and the Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia (H.D.G., B.J.); andCommissariat à l'Energie Atomique, INSERM, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble 38000, France (S.B., M.T.)
| | - Yuanxue Liang
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Aix Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, Cadarache 13108, France (H.D.G., S.C., B.L., Y.L., P.A., H.J., F.B., G.P., Y.L.-B.);Faculty of Agriculture and the Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia (H.D.G., B.J.); andCommissariat à l'Energie Atomique, INSERM, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble 38000, France (S.B., M.T.)
| | - Sabine Brugière
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Aix Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, Cadarache 13108, France (H.D.G., S.C., B.L., Y.L., P.A., H.J., F.B., G.P., Y.L.-B.);Faculty of Agriculture and the Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia (H.D.G., B.J.); andCommissariat à l'Energie Atomique, INSERM, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble 38000, France (S.B., M.T.)
| | - Pascaline Auroy
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Aix Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, Cadarache 13108, France (H.D.G., S.C., B.L., Y.L., P.A., H.J., F.B., G.P., Y.L.-B.);Faculty of Agriculture and the Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia (H.D.G., B.J.); andCommissariat à l'Energie Atomique, INSERM, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble 38000, France (S.B., M.T.)
| | - Hélène Javot
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Aix Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, Cadarache 13108, France (H.D.G., S.C., B.L., Y.L., P.A., H.J., F.B., G.P., Y.L.-B.);Faculty of Agriculture and the Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia (H.D.G., B.J.); andCommissariat à l'Energie Atomique, INSERM, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble 38000, France (S.B., M.T.)
| | - Marianne Tardif
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Aix Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, Cadarache 13108, France (H.D.G., S.C., B.L., Y.L., P.A., H.J., F.B., G.P., Y.L.-B.);Faculty of Agriculture and the Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia (H.D.G., B.J.); andCommissariat à l'Energie Atomique, INSERM, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble 38000, France (S.B., M.T.)
| | - Brian Jones
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Aix Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, Cadarache 13108, France (H.D.G., S.C., B.L., Y.L., P.A., H.J., F.B., G.P., Y.L.-B.);Faculty of Agriculture and the Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia (H.D.G., B.J.); andCommissariat à l'Energie Atomique, INSERM, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble 38000, France (S.B., M.T.)
| | - Fred Beisson
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Aix Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, Cadarache 13108, France (H.D.G., S.C., B.L., Y.L., P.A., H.J., F.B., G.P., Y.L.-B.);Faculty of Agriculture and the Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia (H.D.G., B.J.); andCommissariat à l'Energie Atomique, INSERM, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble 38000, France (S.B., M.T.)
| | - Gilles Peltier
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Aix Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, Cadarache 13108, France (H.D.G., S.C., B.L., Y.L., P.A., H.J., F.B., G.P., Y.L.-B.);Faculty of Agriculture and the Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia (H.D.G., B.J.); andCommissariat à l'Energie Atomique, INSERM, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble 38000, France (S.B., M.T.)
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Aix Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies, Cadarache 13108, France (H.D.G., S.C., B.L., Y.L., P.A., H.J., F.B., G.P., Y.L.-B.);Faculty of Agriculture and the Environment, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia (H.D.G., B.J.); andCommissariat à l'Energie Atomique, INSERM, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies de Grenoble, Grenoble 38000, France (S.B., M.T.)
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43
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Goold HD, Nguyen HM, Kong F, Beyly-Adriano A, Légeret B, Billon E, Cuiné S, Beisson F, Peltier G, Li-Beisson Y. Whole Genome Re-Sequencing Identifies a Quantitative Trait Locus Repressing Carbon Reserve Accumulation during Optimal Growth in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25209. [PMID: 27141848 PMCID: PMC4855234 DOI: 10.1038/srep25209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have emerged as a promising source for biofuel production. Massive oil and starch accumulation in microalgae is possible, but occurs mostly when biomass growth is impaired. The molecular networks underlying the negative correlation between growth and reserve formation are not known. Thus isolation of strains capable of accumulating carbon reserves during optimal growth would be highly desirable. To this end, we screened an insertional mutant library of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for alterations in oil content. A mutant accumulating five times more oil and twice more starch than wild-type during optimal growth was isolated and named constitutive oil accumulator 1 (coa1). Growth in photobioreactors under highly controlled conditions revealed that the increase in oil and starch content in coa1 was dependent on light intensity. Genetic analysis and DNA hybridization pointed to a single insertional event responsible for the phenotype. Whole genome re-sequencing identified in coa1 a >200 kb deletion on chromosome 14 containing 41 genes. This study demonstrates that, 1), the generation of algal strains accumulating higher reserve amount without compromising biomass accumulation is feasible; 2), light is an important parameter in phenotypic analysis; and 3), a chromosomal region (Quantitative Trait Locus) acts as suppressor of carbon reserve accumulation during optimal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Douglas Goold
- CEA, BIAM, Lab Bioenerget Biotechnol Bacteries &Microalgues, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,CNRS, UMR 7265 Biol Veget &Microbiol Environ, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,Aix Marseille Université, BVME UMR7265, Marseille, 13284, France.,Faculty of Agriculture and the Environment, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Hoa Mai Nguyen
- CEA, BIAM, Lab Bioenerget Biotechnol Bacteries &Microalgues, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,CNRS, UMR 7265 Biol Veget &Microbiol Environ, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,Aix Marseille Université, BVME UMR7265, Marseille, 13284, France
| | - Fantao Kong
- CEA, BIAM, Lab Bioenerget Biotechnol Bacteries &Microalgues, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,CNRS, UMR 7265 Biol Veget &Microbiol Environ, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,Aix Marseille Université, BVME UMR7265, Marseille, 13284, France
| | - Audrey Beyly-Adriano
- CEA, BIAM, Lab Bioenerget Biotechnol Bacteries &Microalgues, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,CNRS, UMR 7265 Biol Veget &Microbiol Environ, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,Aix Marseille Université, BVME UMR7265, Marseille, 13284, France
| | - Bertrand Légeret
- CEA, BIAM, Lab Bioenerget Biotechnol Bacteries &Microalgues, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,CNRS, UMR 7265 Biol Veget &Microbiol Environ, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,Aix Marseille Université, BVME UMR7265, Marseille, 13284, France
| | - Emmanuelle Billon
- CEA, BIAM, Lab Bioenerget Biotechnol Bacteries &Microalgues, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,CNRS, UMR 7265 Biol Veget &Microbiol Environ, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,Aix Marseille Université, BVME UMR7265, Marseille, 13284, France
| | - Stéphan Cuiné
- CEA, BIAM, Lab Bioenerget Biotechnol Bacteries &Microalgues, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,CNRS, UMR 7265 Biol Veget &Microbiol Environ, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,Aix Marseille Université, BVME UMR7265, Marseille, 13284, France
| | - Fred Beisson
- CEA, BIAM, Lab Bioenerget Biotechnol Bacteries &Microalgues, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,CNRS, UMR 7265 Biol Veget &Microbiol Environ, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,Aix Marseille Université, BVME UMR7265, Marseille, 13284, France
| | - Gilles Peltier
- CEA, BIAM, Lab Bioenerget Biotechnol Bacteries &Microalgues, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,CNRS, UMR 7265 Biol Veget &Microbiol Environ, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,Aix Marseille Université, BVME UMR7265, Marseille, 13284, France
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- CEA, BIAM, Lab Bioenerget Biotechnol Bacteries &Microalgues, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,CNRS, UMR 7265 Biol Veget &Microbiol Environ, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.,Aix Marseille Université, BVME UMR7265, Marseille, 13284, France
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44
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Légeret B, Schulz-Raffelt M, Nguyen HM, Auroy P, Beisson F, Peltier G, Blanc G, Li-Beisson Y. Lipidomic and transcriptomic analyses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under heat stress unveil a direct route for the conversion of membrane lipids into storage lipids. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:834-47. [PMID: 26477535 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Studying how photosynthetic cells modify membrane lipids in response to heat stress is important to understand how plants and microalgae adapt to daily fluctuations in temperature and to investigate new lipid pathways. Here, we investigate changes occurring in lipid molecular species and lipid metabolism genes during early response to heat stress in the model photosynthetic microorganism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Lipid molecular species analyses revealed that, after 60 min at 42 °C, a strong decrease in specific polyunsaturated membrane lipids was observed together with an increase in polyunsaturated triacylglycerols (TAGs) and diacylglycerols (DAGs). The fact that decrease in the major chloroplastic monogalactosyldiacylglycerol sn1-18:3/sn2-16:4 was mirrored by an accumulation of DAG sn1-18:3/sn2-16:4 and TAG sn1-18:3/sn2-16:4/sn3-18:3 indicated that newly accumulated TAGs were formed via direct conversion of monogalactosyldiacylglycerols to DAGs then TAGs. Lipidomic analyses showed that the third fatty acid of a TAG likely originated from a phosphatidylethanolamine or a diacylglyceryl-O-4'-(N,N,N,-trimethyl)-homoserine betaine lipid species. Candidate genes for this TAG synthesis pathway were provided through comparative transcriptomic analysis and included a phospholipase A2 homolog and the DAG acyltransferase DGTT1. This study gives insights into the molecular events underlying changes in membrane lipids during heat stress and reveals an alternative route for TAG synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Légeret
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7265, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7265, Marseille, France
| | - M Schulz-Raffelt
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7265, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7265, Marseille, France
| | - H M Nguyen
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7265, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7265, Marseille, France
| | - P Auroy
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7265, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7265, Marseille, France
| | - F Beisson
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7265, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7265, Marseille, France
| | - G Peltier
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7265, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7265, Marseille, France
| | - G Blanc
- Laboratoire Information Génomique & Structurale, UMR7256 (IMM FR3479) CNRS Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Y Li-Beisson
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7265, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7265, Marseille, France
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Li N, Xu C, Li-Beisson Y, Philippar K. Fatty Acid and Lipid Transport in Plant Cells. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:145-158. [PMID: 26616197 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) and lipids are essential - not only as membrane constituents but also for growth and development. In plants and algae, FAs are synthesized in plastids and to a large extent transported to the endoplasmic reticulum for modification and lipid assembly. Subsequently, lipophilic compounds are distributed within the cell, and thus are transported across most membrane systems. Membrane-intrinsic transporters and proteins for cellular FA/lipid transfer therefore represent key components for delivery and dissemination. In addition to highlighting their role in lipid homeostasis and plant performance, different transport mechanisms for land plants and green algae - in the model systems Arabidopsis thaliana, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii - are compared, thereby providing a current perspective on protein-mediated FA and lipid trafficking in photosynthetic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Li
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation (RCBB), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Changcheng Xu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 50 Bell Avenue, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
| | - Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Institute of Environmental Biology and Biotechnology, The French Atomic and Alternative Energy Commission, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA) Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Katrin Philippar
- Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Li-Beisson Y, Nakamura Y, Harwood J. Lipids: From Chemical Structures, Biosynthesis, and Analyses to Industrial Applications. Subcell Biochem 2016; 86:1-18. [PMID: 27023229 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25979-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are one of the major subcellular components, and play numerous essential functions. As well as their physiological roles, oils stored in biomass are useful commodities for a variety of biotechnological applications including food, chemical feedstocks, and fuel. Due to their agronomic as well as economic and societal importance, lipids have historically been subjected to intensive studies. Major current efforts are to increase the energy density of cell biomass, and/or create designer oils suitable for specific applications. This chapter covers some basic aspects of what one needs to know about lipids: definition, structure, function, metabolism and focus is also given on the development of modern lipid analytical tools and major current engineering approaches for biotechnological applications. This introductory chapter is intended to serve as a primer for all subsequent chapters in this book outlining current development in specific areas of lipids and their metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Li-Beisson
- Institut de Biologie Environnementale et Biotechnologie, UMR 7265 CEA - CNRS - Université Aix Marseille, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13108, France.
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - John Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
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Abstract
Microalgae present a huge and still insufficiently tapped resource of very long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA) for human nutrition and medicinal applications. This chapter describes the diversity of unicellular eukaryotic microalgae in respect to VLC-PUFA biosynthesis. Then, we outline the major biosynthetic pathways mediating the formation of VLC-PUFA by sequential desaturation and elongation of C18-PUFA acyl groups. We address the aspects of spatial localization of those pathways and elaborate on the role for VLC-PUFA in microalgal cells. Recent progress in microalgal genetic transformation and molecular engineering has opened the way to increased production efficiencies for VLC-PUFA. The perspectives of photobiotechnology and metabolic engineering of microalgae for altered or enhanced VLC-PUFA production are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel.
| | - Stefan Leu
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
| | - Sammy Boussiba
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, J. Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel
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Li X, Jonikas MC. High-Throughput Genetics Strategies for Identifying New Components of Lipid Metabolism in the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Subcell Biochem 2016; 86:223-247. [PMID: 27023238 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25979-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal lipid metabolism is of broad interest because microalgae accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerols (TAGs) that can be used for biodiesel production (Durrett et al Plant J 54(4):593-607, 2008; Hu et al Plant J 54(4):621-639, 2008). Additionally, green algae are close relatives of land plants and serve as models to understand conserved lipid metabolism pathways in the green lineage. The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas hereafter) is a powerful model organism for understanding algal lipid metabolism. Various methods have been used to screen Chlamydomonas mutants for lipid amount or composition, and for identification of the mutated loci in mutants of interest. In this chapter, we summarize the advantages and caveats for each of these methods with a focus on screens for mutants with perturbed TAG content. We also discuss technical opportunities and new tools that are becoming available for screens of mutants altered in TAG content or perturbed in other processes in Chlamydomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Martin C Jonikas
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Toyoshima M, Sato N. High-Level Accumulation of Triacylglycerol and Starch in Photoautotrophically Grown Chlamydomonas debaryana NIES-2212. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:2447-2456. [PMID: 26542110 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have the potential to produce triacylglycerol (TAG) and starch, which provide alternative sources of biofuel. A problem in using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model for TAG production has been that this alga lacks phosphatidylcholine (PC), which is thought to be important for TAG synthesis in plants. We found that C. debaryana is one of the rare species of Chlamydomonas having PC. Here we show that this strain, grown under complete photoautotrophic conditions, accumulated TAG and starch up to 20 and 250 pg per cell, respectively, during the stationary phase without nutrient deprivation. Addition of nutrients in this state did not cause loss of TAG, which was found in dilution with fresh medium. The photosynthetically produced TAG contained a high level of monounsaturated fatty acids, which is a preferred property as a material for biodiesel. The oil bodies were present in the cytoplasm, either between the cytoplasmic membrane and the chloroplast or between the chloroplast and the nucleus, whereas the starch granules were present within the chloroplast. Oil bodies were also deposited as a broad layer in the peripheral space of the cytoplasm outside the chloroplast, and might be easily released from the cells by genetic, chemical or mechanical manipulation. These results suggest that C. debaryana is a promising seed organism for developing a good biofuel producer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Toyoshima
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Science, The University of Tokyo, and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Sato
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Science, The University of Tokyo, and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
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Critical role of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ferredoxin-5 in maintaining membrane structure and dark metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14978-83. [PMID: 26627249 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1515240112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic microorganisms typically have multiple isoforms of the electron transfer protein ferredoxin, although we know little about their exact functions. Surprisingly, a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant null for the ferredoxin-5 gene (FDX5) completely ceased growth in the dark, with both photosynthetic and respiratory functions severely compromised; growth in the light was unaffected. Thylakoid membranes in dark-maintained fdx5 mutant cells became severely disorganized concomitant with a marked decrease in the ratio of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol to digalactosyldiacylglycerol, major lipids in photosynthetic membranes, and the accumulation of triacylglycerol. Furthermore, FDX5 was shown to physically interact with the fatty acid desaturases CrΔ4FAD and CrFAD6, likely donating electrons for the desaturation of fatty acids that stabilize monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. Our results suggest that in photosynthetic organisms, specific redox reactions sustain dark metabolism, with little impact on daytime growth, likely reflecting the tailoring of electron carriers to unique intracellular metabolic circuits under these two very distinct redox conditions.
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