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Datta R, Mandal K, Boro P, Sultana A, Chattopadhyay S. Glutathione imparts stress tolerance against Alternaria brassicicola infection via miRNA mediated gene regulation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2047352. [PMID: 36184871 PMCID: PMC9542981 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2047352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is well known to play a crucial role in imparting resistance against various pathogen invasions. Nevertheless, the role of GSH in regulating miRNA-mediated defense response is yet to be explored. To decipher the GSH-mediated regulation of miRNA expression during necrotrophic infection in Arabidopsis thaliana, wild-type Col-0 and AtECS1, the transgenic line exhibiting enhanced GSH content, were infected with necrotrophic pathogen Alternaria brassicicola. AtECS1 plants exhibited enhanced resistance as compared to wild-type. MiRNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed to compare the miRNA expression in Col-0 and AtECS1 leaves. Under control condition, differentially expressed 96 known miRNAs and 17 novel miRNAs viz. ath-miR8167f, ath-miR1886.3, ath-miR3932b-5p, etc. were identified. However, under infected condition, 73 known and 43 novel differentially expressed miRNAs viz. ath-miR5652, ath-miR160b, ath-miR865-5p, etc. were identified. Functional annotation and enrichment analysis revealed that several miRNAs that target defense-related genes like leucine-rich repeat protein kinase, MYB transcription factors, TCP8, etc. were down regulated in the AtECS1 line, which, in turn, relieves the repression of their target gene expression, leading to resistance against infection. Together, the present investigation suggests that GSH plays a decisive role in modulating the miRNA-mediated regulation of defense-related genes during pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi Datta
- Department of Botany, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Government College, Newtown, West Bengal, India
| | - Kajal Mandal
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, KolkataIndia
| | - Priyanka Boro
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, KolkataIndia
| | - Asma Sultana
- Department of Botany, J. K. College, Purulia, West Bengal, India
| | - Sharmila Chattopadhyay
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, KolkataIndia
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2
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Takahashi H. Sulfate transport systems in plants: functional diversity and molecular mechanisms underlying regulatory coordination. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4075-4087. [PMID: 30907420 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate transporters are integral membrane proteins controlling the flux of sulfate (SO42-) entering the cells and subcellular compartments across the membrane lipid bilayers. Sulfate uptake is a dynamic biological process that occurs in multiple cell layers and organs in plants. In vascular plants, sulfate ions are taken up from the soil environment to the outermost cell layers of roots and horizontally transferred to the vascular tissues for further distribution to distant organs. The amount of sulfate ions being metabolized in the cytosol and chloroplast/plastid or temporarily stored in the vacuole depends on expression levels and functionalities of sulfate transporters bound specifically to the plasma membrane, chloroplast/plastid envelopes, and tonoplast membrane. The entire system for sulfate homeostasis, therefore, requires different types of sulfate transporters to be expressed and coordinately regulated in specific organs, cell types, and subcellular compartments. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms control the expression levels and functions of sulfate transporters to optimize sulfate uptake and internal distribution in response to sulfate availability and demands for synthesis of organic sulfur metabolites. This review article provides an overview of sulfate transport systems and discusses their regulatory aspects investigated in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Kaya C, Ashraf M. The mechanism of hydrogen sulfide mitigation of iron deficiency-induced chlorosis in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) plants. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:371-382. [PMID: 30159606 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A study was carried out to assess the mitigation mechanism of exogenously applied sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) as a donor of H2S on strawberry seedlings under iron deficiency. The ameliorative effects of NaHS on oxidative damage, ion hemostasis and uptake, and availability of Fe were investigated by spraying solution of 0.2 mM NaHS or 0.2 mM NaHS plus 0.2 mM hypotaurine (HT), a scavenger of H2S to plant leaves. Iron deficiency was created using 0.1 mM FeSO4 instead of 0.1 mM EDTA-Fe in Hoagland's nutrient solution. After a 28-day treatment, strawberry plants exhibited leaf interveinal chlorosis under Fe deficiency, but these apparent symptoms of iron deficiency were overcome by foliar application of NaHS. Exogenously applied NaHS enhanced chlorophyll contents and available iron and Fe accumulation in young leaves, but application of H2S scavenger hypotaurine with NaHS did not change those parameters under Fe deficiency. This clearly shows that NaHS improved iron availability in the strawberry plants. Furthermore, exogenously applied NaHS increased endogenous H2S and iron levels in the roots and leaves. Moreover, NaHS enhanced the levels of zinc (Zn2+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) in both leaves and roots of the strawberry plants grown at Fe deficiency, except for Zn in roots which decreased significantly. This also suggests that NaHS maintains the levels of inorganic ions restricted by Fe deficiency. Fe deficiency increased electrolyte leakage (EL) and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in plant leaves. Exogenous NaHS reduced the accumulation of H2O2, MDA, and EL and upregulated the activities of key antioxidant enzymes. Overall, NaHS improved Fe uptake and activation by improving endogenous H2S, maintained balance of mineral nutrients and activities of the antioxidant enzymes, and reduced the generation of MDA and H2O2 as well as electrolyte leakage caused by Fe deficiency. So NaHS proved to be effective in ameliorating iron chlorosis caused by iron deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Kaya
- Agriculture Faculty, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
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Samuilov S, Rademacher N, Brilhaus D, Flachbart S, Arab L, Kopriva S, Weber APM, Mettler-Altmann T, Rennenberg H. Knock-Down of the Phosphoserine Phosphatase Gene Effects Rather N- Than S-Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1830. [PMID: 30619403 PMCID: PMC6297848 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of present study was to elucidate the significance of the phosphorylated pathway of Ser production for Cys biosynthesis in leaves at day and night and upon cadmium (Cd) exposure. For this purpose, Arabidopsis wildtype plants as control and its psp mutant knocked-down in phosphoserine phosphatase (PSP) were used to test if (i) photorespiratory Ser is the dominant precursor of Cys synthesis in autotrophic tissue in the light, (ii) the phosphorylated pathway of Ser production can take over Ser biosynthesis in leaves at night, and (iii) Cd exposure stimulates Cys and glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and effects the crosstalk of S and N metabolism, irrespective of the Ser source. Glycine (Gly) and Ser contents were not affected by reduction of the psp transcript level confirming that the photorespiratory pathway is the main route of Ser synthesis. The reduction of the PSP transcript level in the mutant did not affect day/night regulation of sulfur fluxes while day/night fluctuation of sulfur metabolite amounts were no longer observed, presumably due to slower turnover of sulfur metabolites in the mutant. Enhanced contents of non-protein thiols in both genotypes and of GSH only in the psp mutant were observed upon Cd treatment. Mutation of the phosphorylated pathway of Ser biosynthesis caused an accumulation of alanine, aspartate, lysine and a decrease of branched-chain amino acids. Knock-down of the PSP gene induced additional defense mechanisms against Cd toxicity that differ from those of WT plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sladjana Samuilov
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Rademacher
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dominik Brilhaus
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Samantha Flachbart
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Leila Arab
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas P. M. Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tabea Mettler-Altmann
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Samuilov S, Brilhaus D, Rademacher N, Flachbart S, Arab L, Alfarraj S, Kuhnert F, Kopriva S, Weber APM, Mettler-Altmann T, Rennenberg H. The Photorespiratory BOU Gene Mutation Alters Sulfur Assimilation and Its Crosstalk With Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1709. [PMID: 30559749 PMCID: PMC6284229 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at elucidating the significance of photorespiratory serine (Ser) production for cysteine (Cys) biosynthesis. For this purpose, sulfur (S) metabolism and its crosstalk with nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) metabolism were analyzed in wildtype Arabidopsis and its photorespiratory bou-2 mutant with impaired glycine decarboxylase (GDC) activity. Foliar glycine and Ser contents were enhanced in the mutant at day and night. The high Ser levels in the mutant cannot be explained by transcript abundances of genes of the photorespiratory pathway or two alternative pathways of Ser biosynthesis. Despite enhanced foliar Ser, reduced GDC activity mediated a decline in sulfur flux into major sulfur pools in the mutant, as a result of deregulation of genes of sulfur reduction and assimilation. Still, foliar Cys and glutathione contents in the mutant were enhanced. The use of Cys for methionine and glucosinolates synthesis was reduced in the mutant. Reduced GDC activity in the mutant downregulated Calvin Cycle and nitrogen assimilation genes, upregulated key enzymes of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) pathway and modified accumulation of sugars and TCA intermediates. Thus, photorespiratory Ser production can be replaced by other metabolic Ser sources, but this replacement deregulates the cross-talk between S, N, and C metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sladjana Samuilov
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Dominik Brilhaus
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nadine Rademacher
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Samantha Flachbart
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Leila Arab
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Saleh Alfarraj
- College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Franziska Kuhnert
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas P. M. Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tabea Mettler-Altmann
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Gerlich SC, Walker BJ, Krueger S, Kopriva S. Sulfate Metabolism in C 4 Flaveria Species Is Controlled by the Root and Connected to Serine Biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:565-582. [PMID: 30104256 PMCID: PMC6181035 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of C4 photosynthesis led to an increase in carbon assimilation rates and plant growth compared to C3 photosynthetic plants. This enhanced plant growth, in turn, affects the requirement for soil-derived mineral nutrients. However, mineral plant nutrition has scarcely been considered in connection with C4 photosynthesis. Sulfur is crucial for plant growth and development, and preliminary studies in the genus Flaveria suggested metabolic differences in sulfate assimilation along the C4 evolutionary trajectory. Here, we show that in controlled conditions, foliar accumulation of the reduced sulfur compounds Cys and glutathione (GSH) increased with progressing establishment of the C4 photosynthetic cycle in different Flaveria species. An enhanced demand for reduced sulfur in C4 Flaveria species is reflected in high rates of [35S]sulfate incorporation into GSH upon sulfate deprivation and increased GSH turnover as a reaction to the inhibition of GSH synthesis. Expression analyses indicate that the γ-glutamyl cycle is crucial for the recycling of GSH in C4 species. Sulfate reduction and GSH synthesis seems to be preferentially localized in the roots of C4 species, which might be linked to its colocalization with the phosphorylated pathway of Ser biosynthesis. Interspecies grafting experiments of F. robusta (C3) and F. bidentis (C4) revealed that the root system primarily controls sulfate acquisition, GSH synthesis, and sulfate and metabolite allocation in C3 and C4 plants. This study thus shows that evolution of C4 photosynthesis resulted in a wide range of adaptations of sulfur metabolism and points out the need for broader studies on importance of mineral nutrition for C4 plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke C Gerlich
- Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Berkley J Walker
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Krueger
- Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Botanical Institute, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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7
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Alcock TD, Havlickova L, He Z, Wilson L, Bancroft I, White PJ, Broadley MR, Graham NS. Species-Wide Variation in Shoot Nitrate Concentration, and Genetic Loci Controlling Nitrate, Phosphorus and Potassium Accumulation in Brassica napus L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1487. [PMID: 30386356 PMCID: PMC6198146 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Large nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer inputs are used in many crop systems. Identifying genetic loci controlling nutrient accumulation may be useful in crop breeding strategies to increase fertilizer use efficiency and reduce financial and environmental costs. Here, variation in leaf nitrate concentration across a diversity population of 383 genotypes of Brassica napus was characterized. Genetic loci controlling variation in leaf nitrate, phosphorus and potassium concentration were then identified through Associative Transcriptomics using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and gene expression markers (GEMs). Leaf nitrate concentration varied over 8-fold across the diversity population. A total of 455 SNP markers were associated with leaf nitrate concentration after false-discovery-rate (FDR) correction. In linkage disequilibrium of highly associated markers are a number of known nitrate transporters and sensors, including a gene thought to mediate expression of the major nitrate transporter NRT1.1. Several genes influencing root and root-hair development co-localize with chromosomal regions associated with leaf P concentration. Orthologs of three ABC-transporters involved in suberin synthesis in roots also co-localize with association peaks for both leaf nitrate and phosphorus. Allelic variation at nearby, highly associated SNPs confers large variation in leaf nitrate and phosphorus concentration. A total of five GEMs associated with leaf K concentration after FDR correction including a GEM that corresponds to an auxin-response family protein. Candidate loci, genes and favorable alleles identified here may prove useful in marker-assisted selection strategies to improve fertilizer use efficiency in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Alcock
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | | | - Zhesi He
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Lolita Wilson
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Bancroft
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. White
- The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin R. Broadley
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Neil S. Graham
- Plant and Crop Sciences Division, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Neil S. Graham
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Giaretta S, Prasad D, Forieri I, Vamerali T, Trentin AR, Wirtz M, Hell R, Masi A. Apoplastic gamma-glutamyl transferase activity encoded by GGT1 and GGT2 is important for vegetative and generative development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 115:44-56. [PMID: 28319794 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2) is the only enzyme capable of degrading glutathione (GSH) in extra-cytosolic spaces. In plant cells, the GGT1 and GGT2 isoforms are located in the apoplast, bound respectively to the cell wall and the plasma membrane. GGT1 is expressed throughout plants, mainly in the leaves and vascular system, while GGT2 is more specifically expressed in seeds and trichomes, and weakly in roots. Their role in plant physiology remains to be clarified, however. Obtaining the ggt1/ggt2 double mutant can offer more clues than the corresponding single mutants, and to prevent any compensatory expression between the two isoforms. In this work, ggt1/ggt2 RNAi (RNA interference) lines were generated and characterized in the tissues where both isoforms are expressed. The seed yield was lower in the ggt1/ggt2 RNAi plants due to the siliques being fewer in number and shorter in length, with no changes in thiols and sulfur compounds. Proline accumulation and delayed seed germination were seen in one line. There were also fewer trichomes (which contain high levels of GSH) in the RNAi lines than in the wild type, and the root elongation rate was slower. In conclusion, apoplastic GGT silencing induces a decrease in the number of organs with a high GSH demand (seeds and trichomes) as a result of resource reallocation to preserve integrity and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Giaretta
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Padova, Italy.
| | - Dinesh Prasad
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835215, India.
| | - Ilaria Forieri
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Teofilo Vamerali
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Padova, Italy.
| | - Anna Rita Trentin
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Padova, Italy.
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Antonio Masi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and the Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro 35020, Padova, Italy.
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Malcheska F, Ahmad A, Batool S, Müller HM, Ludwig-Müller J, Kreuzwieser J, Randewig D, Hänsch R, Mendel RR, Hell R, Wirtz M, Geiger D, Ache P, Hedrich R, Herschbach C, Rennenberg H. Drought-Enhanced Xylem Sap Sulfate Closes Stomata by Affecting ALMT12 and Guard Cell ABA Synthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:798-814. [PMID: 28446637 PMCID: PMC5462012 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Water limitation of plants causes stomatal closure to prevent water loss by transpiration. For this purpose, progressing soil water deficit is communicated from roots to shoots. Abscisic acid (ABA) is the key signal in stress-induced stomatal closure, but ABA as an early xylem-delivered signal is still a matter of debate. In this study, poplar plants (Populus × canescens) were exposed to water stress to investigate xylem sap sulfate and ABA, stomatal conductance, and sulfate transporter (SULTR) expression. In addition, stomatal behavior and expression of ABA receptors, drought-responsive genes, transcription factors, and NCED3 were studied after feeding sulfate and ABA to detached poplar leaves and epidermal peels of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The results show that increased xylem sap sulfate is achieved upon drought by reduced xylem unloading by PtaSULTR3;3a and PtaSULTR1;1, and by enhanced loading from parenchyma cells into the xylem via PtaALMT3b. Sulfate application caused stomatal closure in excised leaves and peeled epidermis. In the loss of sulfate-channel function mutant, Atalmt12, sulfate-triggered stomatal closure was impaired. The QUAC1/ALMT12 anion channel heterologous expressed in oocytes was gated open by extracellular sulfate. Sulfate up-regulated the expression of NCED3, a key step of ABA synthesis, in guard cells. In conclusion, xylem-derived sulfate seems to be a chemical signal of drought that induces stomatal closure via QUAC1/ALMT12 and/or guard cell ABA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frosina Malcheska
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany (F.M., J.K., D.R., C.H., H.R.)
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligrah Muslim University, Aligrah 202002, India (A.A.)
- Department IV Molecular Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (S.B., Rü.H., M.W.)
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-Maximulians-Universität Würzburg Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, 97082 Würzburg, Germany (H.M.M., D.G., P.A., Ra.H.)
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.)
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany (Ro.H., R.R.M.); and
- King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (H.R.)
| | - Altaf Ahmad
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany (F.M., J.K., D.R., C.H., H.R.)
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligrah Muslim University, Aligrah 202002, India (A.A.)
- Department IV Molecular Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (S.B., Rü.H., M.W.)
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-Maximulians-Universität Würzburg Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, 97082 Würzburg, Germany (H.M.M., D.G., P.A., Ra.H.)
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.)
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany (Ro.H., R.R.M.); and
- King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (H.R.)
| | - Sundas Batool
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany (F.M., J.K., D.R., C.H., H.R.)
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligrah Muslim University, Aligrah 202002, India (A.A.)
- Department IV Molecular Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (S.B., Rü.H., M.W.)
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-Maximulians-Universität Würzburg Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, 97082 Würzburg, Germany (H.M.M., D.G., P.A., Ra.H.)
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.)
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany (Ro.H., R.R.M.); and
- King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (H.R.)
| | - Heike M Müller
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany (F.M., J.K., D.R., C.H., H.R.)
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligrah Muslim University, Aligrah 202002, India (A.A.)
- Department IV Molecular Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (S.B., Rü.H., M.W.)
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-Maximulians-Universität Würzburg Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, 97082 Würzburg, Germany (H.M.M., D.G., P.A., Ra.H.)
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.)
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany (Ro.H., R.R.M.); and
- King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (H.R.)
| | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany (F.M., J.K., D.R., C.H., H.R.)
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligrah Muslim University, Aligrah 202002, India (A.A.)
- Department IV Molecular Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (S.B., Rü.H., M.W.)
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-Maximulians-Universität Würzburg Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, 97082 Würzburg, Germany (H.M.M., D.G., P.A., Ra.H.)
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.)
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany (Ro.H., R.R.M.); and
- King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (H.R.)
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany (F.M., J.K., D.R., C.H., H.R.)
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligrah Muslim University, Aligrah 202002, India (A.A.)
- Department IV Molecular Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (S.B., Rü.H., M.W.)
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-Maximulians-Universität Würzburg Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, 97082 Würzburg, Germany (H.M.M., D.G., P.A., Ra.H.)
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.)
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany (Ro.H., R.R.M.); and
- King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (H.R.)
| | - Dörte Randewig
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany (F.M., J.K., D.R., C.H., H.R.)
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligrah Muslim University, Aligrah 202002, India (A.A.)
- Department IV Molecular Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (S.B., Rü.H., M.W.)
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-Maximulians-Universität Würzburg Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, 97082 Würzburg, Germany (H.M.M., D.G., P.A., Ra.H.)
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.)
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany (Ro.H., R.R.M.); and
- King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (H.R.)
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany (F.M., J.K., D.R., C.H., H.R.)
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligrah Muslim University, Aligrah 202002, India (A.A.)
- Department IV Molecular Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (S.B., Rü.H., M.W.)
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-Maximulians-Universität Würzburg Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, 97082 Würzburg, Germany (H.M.M., D.G., P.A., Ra.H.)
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.)
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany (Ro.H., R.R.M.); and
- King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (H.R.)
| | - Ralf R Mendel
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany (F.M., J.K., D.R., C.H., H.R.)
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligrah Muslim University, Aligrah 202002, India (A.A.)
- Department IV Molecular Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (S.B., Rü.H., M.W.)
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-Maximulians-Universität Würzburg Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, 97082 Würzburg, Germany (H.M.M., D.G., P.A., Ra.H.)
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.)
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany (Ro.H., R.R.M.); and
- King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (H.R.)
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany (F.M., J.K., D.R., C.H., H.R.)
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligrah Muslim University, Aligrah 202002, India (A.A.)
- Department IV Molecular Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (S.B., Rü.H., M.W.)
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-Maximulians-Universität Würzburg Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, 97082 Würzburg, Germany (H.M.M., D.G., P.A., Ra.H.)
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.)
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany (Ro.H., R.R.M.); and
- King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (H.R.)
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany (F.M., J.K., D.R., C.H., H.R.)
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligrah Muslim University, Aligrah 202002, India (A.A.)
- Department IV Molecular Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (S.B., Rü.H., M.W.)
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-Maximulians-Universität Würzburg Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, 97082 Würzburg, Germany (H.M.M., D.G., P.A., Ra.H.)
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.)
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany (Ro.H., R.R.M.); and
- King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (H.R.)
| | - Dietmar Geiger
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany (F.M., J.K., D.R., C.H., H.R.)
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligrah Muslim University, Aligrah 202002, India (A.A.)
- Department IV Molecular Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (S.B., Rü.H., M.W.)
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-Maximulians-Universität Würzburg Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, 97082 Würzburg, Germany (H.M.M., D.G., P.A., Ra.H.)
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.)
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany (Ro.H., R.R.M.); and
- King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (H.R.)
| | - Peter Ache
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany (F.M., J.K., D.R., C.H., H.R.)
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligrah Muslim University, Aligrah 202002, India (A.A.)
- Department IV Molecular Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (S.B., Rü.H., M.W.)
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-Maximulians-Universität Würzburg Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, 97082 Würzburg, Germany (H.M.M., D.G., P.A., Ra.H.)
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.)
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany (Ro.H., R.R.M.); and
- King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (H.R.)
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany (F.M., J.K., D.R., C.H., H.R.)
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligrah Muslim University, Aligrah 202002, India (A.A.)
- Department IV Molecular Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (S.B., Rü.H., M.W.)
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-Maximulians-Universität Würzburg Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, 97082 Würzburg, Germany (H.M.M., D.G., P.A., Ra.H.)
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.)
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany (Ro.H., R.R.M.); and
- King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (H.R.)
| | - Cornelia Herschbach
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany (F.M., J.K., D.R., C.H., H.R.);
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligrah Muslim University, Aligrah 202002, India (A.A.);
- Department IV Molecular Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (S.B., Rü.H., M.W.);
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-Maximulians-Universität Würzburg Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, 97082 Würzburg, Germany (H.M.M., D.G., P.A., Ra.H.);
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.);
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany (Ro.H., R.R.M.); and
- King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (H.R.)
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Professur für Baumphysiologie, Institut für Forstwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany (F.M., J.K., D.R., C.H., H.R.)
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligrah Muslim University, Aligrah 202002, India (A.A.)
- Department IV Molecular Biology of Plants, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (S.B., Rü.H., M.W.)
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Julius-Maximulians-Universität Würzburg Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, 97082 Würzburg, Germany (H.M.M., D.G., P.A., Ra.H.)
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany (J.L.-M.)
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany (Ro.H., R.R.M.); and
- King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia (H.R.)
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10
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Samuilov S, Lang F, Djukic M, Djunisijevic-Bojovic D, Rennenberg H. Lead uptake increases drought tolerance of wild type and transgenic poplar (Populus tremula x P. alba) overexpressing gsh 1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:773-785. [PMID: 27396669 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth and development of plants largely depends on their adaptation ability in a changing climate. This is particularly true on heavy metal contaminated soils, but the interaction of heavy metal stress and climate on plant performance has not been intensively investigated. The aim of the present study was to elucidate if transgenic poplars (Populus tremula x P. alba) with enhanced glutathione content possess an enhanced tolerance to drought and lead (Pb) exposure (single and in combination) and if they are good candidates for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil. Lead exposure reduced growth and biomass accumulation only in above-ground tissue of wild type poplar, although most of lead accumulated in the roots. Drought caused a decline of the water content rather than reduced biomass production, while Pb counteracted this decline in the combined exposure. Apparently, metals such as Pb possess a protective function against drought, because they interact with abscisic acid dependent stomatal closure. Lead exposure decreased while drought increased glutathione content in leaves of both plant types. Lead accumulation was higher in the roots of transgenic plants, presumably as a result of chelation by glutathione. Water deprivation enhanced Pb accumulation in the roots, but Pb was subject to leakage out of the roots after re-watering. Transgenic plants showed better adaptation under mild drought plus Pb exposure partially due to improved glutathione synthesis. However, the transgenic plants cannot be considered as a good candidate for phytoremediation of Pb, due to its small translocation to the shoots and its leakage out of the roots upon re-watering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sladjana Samuilov
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friedericke Lang
- Chair of Soil Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Bertoldstr. 17, 79098 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matilda Djukic
- Chair of Landscape Horticulture, Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Djunisijevic-Bojovic
- Chair of Landscape Horticulture, Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; King Saud University, P.O. Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Bohrer AS, Takahashi H. Compartmentalization and Regulation of Sulfate Assimilation Pathways in Plants. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 326:1-31. [PMID: 27572125 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plants utilize sulfate to synthesize primary and secondary sulfur-containing metabolites required for growth and survival in the environment. Sulfate is taken up into roots from the soil and distributed to various organs through the functions of membrane-bound sulfate transporters, while it is utilized as the primary substrate for synthesizing sulfur-containing metabolites in the sulfate assimilation pathways. Transporters and enzymes for the assimilative conversion of sulfate are regulated in highly organized manners depending on changes in sulfate supply from the environment and demand for biosynthesis of reduced sulfur compounds in the plant systems. Over the past few decades, the effect of sulfur nutrition on gene expression of sulfate transporters and assimilatory enzymes has been extensively studied with the aim of understanding the full landscape of regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-S Bohrer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - H Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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12
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Aghajanzadeh T, Kopriva S, Hawkesford MJ, Koprivova A, De Kok LJ. Atmospheric H2S and SO2 as sulfur source for Brassica juncea and Brassica rapa: impact on the glucosinolate composition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:924. [PMID: 26579170 PMCID: PMC4623504 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The impact of sulfate deprivation and atmospheric H2S and SO2 nutrition on the content and composition of glucosinolates was studied in Brassica juncea and B. rapa. Both species contained a number of aliphatic, aromatic and indolic glucosinolates. The total glucosinolate content was more than 5.5-fold higher in B. juncea than in B. rapa, which could solely be attributed to the presence of high levels of sinigrin, which was absent in the latter species. Sulfate deprivation resulted in a strong decrease in the content and an altered composition of the glucosinolates of both species. Despite the differences in patterns in foliarly uptake and metabolism, their exposure hardly affected the glucosinolate composition of the shoot, both at sulfate-sufficient and sulfate-deprived conditions. This indicated that the glucosinolate composition in the shoot was hardly affected by differences in sulfur source (viz., sulfate, sulfite and sulfide). Upon sulfate deprivation, where foliarly absorbed H2S and SO2 were the sole sulfur source for growth, the glucosinolate composition of roots differed from sulfate-sufficient B. juncea and B. rapa, notably the fraction of the indolic glucosinolates was lower than that observed in sulfur-sufficient roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Aghajanzadeh
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | | | - Anna Koprivova
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Cologne Biocenter, University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | - Luit J. De Kok
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
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13
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Pandurangan S, Sandercock M, Beyaert R, Conn KL, Hou A, Marsolais F. Differential response to sulfur nutrition of two common bean genotypes differing in storage protein composition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:92. [PMID: 25750649 PMCID: PMC4335288 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that the relatively low concentration of sulfur amino acids in legume seeds might be an ecological adaptation to nutrient poor, marginal soils. SARC1 and SMARC1N-PN1 are genetically related lines of common bean (dry bean, Phaseolus vulgaris) differing in seed storage protein composition. In SMARC1N-PN1, the lack of phaseolin and major lectins is compensated by increased levels of sulfur-rich proteins, resulting in an enhanced concentration of cysteine and methionine, mostly at the expense of the abundant non-protein amino acid, S-methylcysteine. To identify potential effects associated with an increased concentration of sulfur amino acids in the protein pool, the response of the two genotypes to low and high sulfur nutrition was evaluated under controlled conditions. Seed yield was increased by the high sulfate treatment in SMARC1N-PN1. The seed concentrations of sulfur, sulfate, and S-methylcysteine were altered by the sulfur treatment in both genotypes. The concentration of total cysteine and extractible globulins was increased specifically in SMARC1N-PN1. Proteomic analysis identified arcelin-like protein 4, lipoxygenase-3, albumin-2, and alpha amylase inhibitor beta chain as having increased levels under high sulfur conditions. Lipoxygenase-3 accumulation was sensitive to sulfur nutrition only in SMARC1N-PN1. Under field conditions, both SARC1 and SMARC1N-PN1 exhibited a slight increase in yield in response to sulfur treatment, typical for common bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Pandurangan
- Department of Biology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
- Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Sandercock
- Cereal Research Centre Morden, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaCanada, Morden, MB, Canada
| | - Ronald Beyaert
- Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth L. Conn
- Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Anfu Hou
- Cereal Research Centre Morden, Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaCanada, Morden, MB, Canada
| | - Frédéric Marsolais
- Department of Biology, University of Western OntarioLondon, ON, Canada
- Genomics and Biotechnology, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
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14
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Gyulai G, Bittsánszky A, Szabó Z, Waters L, Gullner G, Kampfl G, Heltai G, Komíves T. Phytoextraction potential of wild type and 35S-gshI transgenic poplar trees (Populus x Canescens) for environmental pollutants herbicide paraquat, salt sodium, zinc sulfate and nitric oxide in vitro. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2014; 16:379-396. [PMID: 24912238 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2013.783553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phytoextraction potentials of two transgenic (TR) poplar (Populus x canescens) clones TRggs11 and TRlgl6 were compared with that of wild-type (WT) following exposure to paraquat, zinc sulfate, common salt and nitric oxide (NO), using a leaf-disc system incubated for 21 days on EDTA-containing nutritive WPM media in vitro. Glutathione (GSH) contents of leaf discs of TRlgl6 and TRggs11 showed increments to 296% and 190%, respectively, compared with WT. NO exposure led to a twofold GSH content in TRlgl6, which was coupled with a significantly increased sulfate uptake when exposed to 10(-3) M ZnSO4. The highest mineral contents of Na, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Mo was observed in the TRggs11 clone. Salt-induced activity of catalase enzyme increased in both TR clones significantly compared with WT under NaCl (0.75% and 1.5%) exposure. The in silico sequence analyses of gsh1 genes revealed that P. x canadensis and Salix sachalinensis show the closest sequence similarity to that of P. x canescens, which predicted an active GSH production with high phytoextraction potentials of these species with indication for their use where P. x canescens can not be grown.
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15
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Malcheska F, Honsel A, Wildhagen H, Dürr J, Larisch C, Rennenberg H, Herschbach C. Differential expression of specific sulphate transporters underlies seasonal and spatial patterns of sulphate allocation in trees. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1285-95. [PMID: 23278135 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Sulphate uptake and its distribution within plants depend on the activity of different sulphate transporters (SULTR). In long-living deciduous plants such as trees, seasonal changes of spatial patterns add another layer of complexity to the question of how the interplay of different transporters adjusts S distribution within the plant to environmental changes. Poplar is an excellent model to address this question because its S metabolism is already well characterized. In the present study, the importance of SULTRs for seasonal sulphate storage and mobilization was examined in the wood of poplar (Populus tremula × P. alba) by analysing their gene expression in relation to sulphate contents in wood and xylem sap. According to these results, possible functions of the respective SULTRs for seasonal sulphate storage and mobilization in the wood are suggested. Together, the present results complement the previously published model for seasonal sulphate circulation between leaves and bark and provide information for future mechanistic modelling of whole tree sulphate fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Malcheska
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Professur für Baumphysiologie, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Honsel
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Professur für Baumphysiologie, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Wildhagen
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Professur für Baumphysiologie, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Dürr
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Professur für Baumphysiologie, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - C Larisch
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - H Rennenberg
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Professur für Baumphysiologie, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - C Herschbach
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Professur für Baumphysiologie, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53/54, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
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Varin S, Lemauviel-Lavenant S, Cliquet JB. Is white clover able to switch to atmospheric sulphur sources when sulphate availability decreases? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2511-2521. [PMID: 23645868 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulphur (S) is one of the very few nutrients that plants can absorb either through roots as sulphate or via leaves in a gas form such as SO2 or H2S. This study was realized in a non-S-enriched atmosphere and its purpose was to test whether clover plants can increase their ability to use atmospheric S when sulphate availability decreases. A novel methodology measuring the dilution of (34)S provided from a nutrient solution by atmospheric (32)S was developed to measure S acquisition by Trifolium repens L. Clones of white clover were grown for 140 d in a hydroponic system with three levels of sulphate concentrations. S concentration in plants decreased with S deficiency and plant age. In the experimental conditions used here, S derived from atmospheric deposition (Sdad) constituted from 36% to 100% of the total S. The allocation of S coming from atmospheric and pedospheric sources depends on organs and compounds. Nodules appeared as major sinks for sulphate. A greater proportion of atmospheric S was observed in buffer-soluble proteins than in the insoluble S fraction. Decreasing the S concentration in the nutrient solution resulted in an increase in the Sdad:leaf area ratio and in an increase in the leaf:stolon and root:shoot mass ratios, suggesting that a plasticity in the partitioning of resources to organs may allow a higher gain of S by both roots and leaves. This study shows that clover can increase its ability to use atmospheric S even at low concentration when pedospheric S availability decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Varin
- Université de Caen, UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale Agronomie et nutritions NCS, INRA/Université de Caen, Esplanade de la Paix, F-14032 Caen, France
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Honsel A, Kojima M, Haas R, Frank W, Sakakibara H, Herschbach C, Rennenberg H. Sulphur limitation and early sulphur deficiency responses in poplar: significance of gene expression, metabolites, and plant hormones. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1873-93. [PMID: 22162873 PMCID: PMC3295385 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The influence of sulphur (S) depletion on the expression of genes related to S metabolism, and on metabolite and plant hormone contents was analysed in young and mature leaves, fine roots, xylem sap, and phloem exudates of poplar (Populus tremula×Populus alba) with special focus on early consequences. S depletion was applied by a gradual decrease of sulphate availability. The observed changes were correlated with sulphate contents. Based on the decrease in sulphate contents, two phases of S depletion could be distinguished that were denominated as 'S limitation' and 'early S deficiency'. S limitation was characterized by improved sulphate uptake (enhanced root-specific sulphate transporter PtaSULTR1;2 expression) and reduction capacities (enhanced adenosine 5'-phosphosulphate (APS) reductase expression) and by enhanced remobilization of sulphate from the vacuole (enhanced putative vacuolar sulphate transporter PtaSULTR4;2 expression). During early S deficiency, whole plant distribution of S was impacted, as indicated by increasing expression of the phloem-localized sulphate transporter PtaSULTR1;1 and by decreasing glutathione contents in fine roots, young leaves, mature leaves, and phloem exudates. Furthermore, at 'early S deficiency', expression of microRNA395 (miR395), which targets transcripts of PtaATPS3/4 (ATP sulphurylase) for cleavage, increased. Changes in plant hormone contents were observed at 'early S deficiency' only. Thus, S depletion affects S and plant hormone metabolism of poplar during 'S limitation' and 'early S deficiency' in a time series of events. Despite these consequences, the impact of S depletion on growth of poplar plants appears to be less severe than in Brassicaceae such as Arabidopsis thaliana or Brassica sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Honsel
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- Riken Plant Science Centre, Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, Suehiro 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Richard Haas
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frank
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Plant Biotechnology, Schaenzlestr. 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Riken Plant Science Centre, Plant Productivity Systems Research Group, Suehiro 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Cornelia Herschbach
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
- King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Herschbach C, Gessler A, Rennenberg H. Long-Distance Transport and Plant Internal Cycling of N- and S-Compounds. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-22746-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Ivanova LA, Ronzhina DA, Ivanov LA, Stroukova LV, Peuke AD, Rennenberg H. Over-expression of gsh1 in the cytosol affects the photosynthetic apparatus and improves the performance of transgenic poplars on heavy metal-contaminated soil. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2011; 13:649-59. [PMID: 21668606 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies of transgenic poplars over-expressing the genes gsh1 and gsh2 encoding γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-ECS) and glutathione synthetase, respectively, provided detailed information on regulation of GSH synthesis, enzymes activities and mRNA expression. In this experiment, we studied quantitative parameters of leaves, assimilating tissues, cells and chloroplasts, mesophyll resistance for CO(2) diffusion, chlorophyll and carbohydrate content in wild-type poplar and transgenic plants over-expressing gsh1 in the cytosol after 3 years of growth in relatively clean (control) or heavy metal-contaminated soil in the field. Over-expression of gsh1 in the cytosol led to a twofold increase of intrafoliar GSH concentration and influenced the photosynthetic apparatus at different levels of organisation, i.e., leaves, photosynthetic cells and chloroplasts. At the control site, transgenic poplars had a twofold smaller total leaf area per plant and a 1.6-fold leaf area per leaf compared to wild-type controls. Annual aboveground biomass gain was reduced by 50% in the transgenic plants. The reduction of leaf area of the transformants was accompanied by a significant decline in total cell number per leaf, indicating suppression of cell division. Over-expression of γ-ECS in the cytosol also caused changes in mesophyll structure, i.e., a 20% decrease in cell and chloroplast number per leaf area, but also an enhanced volume share of chloroplasts and intercellular airspaces in the leaves. Transgenic and wild poplars did not exhibit differences in chlorophyll and carotenoid content of leaves, but transformants had 1.3-fold fewer soluble carbohydrates. Cultivation on contaminated soil caused a reduction of palisade cell volume and chloroplast number, both per cell and leaf area, in wild-type plants but not in transformants. Biomass accumulation of wild-type poplars decreased in contaminated soil by more than 30-fold, whereas transformants showed a twofold decrease compared to the control site. Thus, poplars over-expressing γ-ECS in the cytosol were more tolerant to heavy metal stress under field conditions than wild-type plants according to the parameters analysed. Correlation analysis revealed strong dependence of cell number per leaf area unit, chloroplast parameters and mesophyll resistance with the GSH level in poplar leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Ivanova
- Botanical Garden of Ural Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Marta 202a, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
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Ghanta S, Bhattacharyya D, Sinha R, Banerjee A, Chattopadhyay S. Nicotiana tabacum overexpressing γ-ECS exhibits biotic stress tolerance likely through NPR1-dependent salicylic acid-mediated pathway. PLANTA 2011; 233:895-910. [PMID: 21234598 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The elaborate networks and the crosstalk of established signaling molecules like salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), abscisic acid (ABA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) play key role in plant defense response. To obtain further insight into the mechanism through which GSH is involved in this crosstalk to mitigate biotic stress, transgenic Nicotiana tabacum overexpressing Lycopersicon esculentum gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (LeECS) gene (NtGB lines) were generated with enhanced level of GSH in comparison with wild-type plants exhibiting resistance to pathogenesis as well. The expression levels of non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 (NPR1)-dependent genes like pathogenesis-related gene 1 (NtPR1), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (NtMAPKK), glutamine synthetase (NtGLS) were significantly enhanced along with NtNPR1. However, the expression levels of NPR1-independent genes like NtPR2, NtPR5 and short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family protein (NtSDRLP) were either insignificant or were downregulated. Additionally, increase in expression of thioredoxin (NtTRXh), S-nitrosoglutathione reductase 1 (NtGSNOR1) and suppression of isochorismate synthase 1 (NtICS1) was noted. Comprehensive analysis of GSH-fed tobacco BY2 cell line in a time-dependent manner reciprocated the in planta results. Better tolerance of NtGB lines against biotrophic Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci was noted as compared to necrotrophic Alternaria alternata. Through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and image analysis, 48 differentially expressed spots were identified and through identification as well as functional categorization, ten proteins were found to be SA-related. Collectively, our results suggest GSH to be a member in cross-communication with other signaling molecules in mitigating biotic stress likely through NPR1-dependent SA-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijani Ghanta
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics and Biotechnology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (A unit of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700-032, India
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21
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Destro T, Prasad D, Martignago D, Lliso Bernet I, Trentin AR, Renu IK, Ferretti M, Masi A. Compensatory expression and substrate inducibility of gamma-glutamyl transferase GGT2 isoform in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:805-14. [PMID: 20959624 PMCID: PMC3003821 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl transferases (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2) are glutathione-degrading enzymes that are represented in Arabidopsis thaliana by a small gene family of four members. Two isoforms, GGT1 and GGT2, are apoplastic, sharing broad similarities in their amino acid sequences, but they are differently expressed in the tissues: GGT1 is expressed in roots, leaves, and siliques, while GGT2 was thought to be expressed only in siliques. It is demonstrated here that GGT2 is also expressed in wild-type roots, albeit in very small amounts. GGT2 expression is enhanced in ggt1 knockout mutants, suggesting a compensatory effect to restore GGT activity in the root apoplast. Supplementation with 100 μM glutathione (GSH) resulted in the up-regulation of GGT2 gene expression in wild-type and ggt1 knockout roots, and of GGT1 gene expression in wild-type roots. Glutathione recovery was hampered by the GGT inhibitor serine/borate, suggesting a major role for apoplastic GGTs in this process. These findings can explain the ability of ggt1 knockout mutants to retrieve exogenously added glutathione from the growth medium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Masi
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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22
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Herschbach C, Teuber M, Eiblmeier M, Ehlting B, Ache P, Polle A, Schnitzler JP, Rennenberg H. Changes in sulphur metabolism of grey poplar (Populus x canescens) leaves during salt stress: a metabolic link to photorespiration. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 30:1161-1173. [PMID: 20516486 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpq041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The poplar hybrid Populus x canescens (syn. Populus tremula x Populus alba) was subjected to salt stress by applying 75 mM NaCl for 2 weeks in hydroponic cultures. Decreasing maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) indicated damage of photosystem II (PS II), which was more pronounced under nitrate compared with ammonium nutrition. In vivo staining with diaminobenzidine showed no accumulation of H(2)O(2) in the leaf lamina; moreover, staining intensity even decreased. But at the leaf margins, development of necrotic tissue was associated with a strong accumulation of H(2)O(2). Glutathione (GSH) contents increased in response to NaCl stress in leaves but not in roots, the primary site of salt exposure. The increasing leaf GSH concentrations correlated with stress-induced decreases in transpiration and net CO(2) assimilation rates at light saturation. Enhanced rates of photorespiration could also be involved in preventing reactive oxygen species formation in chloroplasts and, thus, in protecting PS II from damage. Accumulation of Gly and Ser in leaves indeed indicates increasing rates of photorespiration. Since Ser and Gly are both immediate precursors of GSH that can limit GSH synthesis, it is concluded that the salt-induced accumulation of leaf GSH results from enhanced photorespiration and is thus probably restricted to the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Herschbach
- Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Professur für Baumphysiologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
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23
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Peuke AD. Correlations in concentrations, xylem and phloem flows, and partitioning of elements and ions in intact plants. A summary and statistical re-evaluation of modelling experiments in Ricinus communis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:635-55. [PMID: 20032109 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Within the last two decades, a series of papers have dealt with the effects of nutrition and nutrient deficiency, as well as salt stress, on the long-distance transport and partitioning of nutrients in castor bean. Flows in xylem and phloem were modelled according to an empirically-based modelling technique that permits additional quantification of the uptake and incorporation into plant organs. In the present paper these data were statistically re-evaluated, and new correlations are presented. Numerous relationships between different compartments and transport processes for single elements, but also between elements, were detected. These correlations revealed different selectivities for ions in bulk net transport. Generally, increasing chemical concentration gradients for mineral nutrients from the rhizosphere to the root and from the xylem to leaf tissue were observed, while such gradients decreased from root tissue to the xylem and from leaves to the phloem. These studies showed that, for the partitioning of nutrients within a plant, the correlated interactions of uptake, xylem and phloem flow, as well as loading and unloading of solutes from transport systems, are of central importance. For essential nutrients, tight correlations between uptake, xylem and phloem flow, and the resulting partitioning of elements, were observed, which allows the stating of general models. For non-essential ions like Na(+) or Cl(-), a statistically significant dependence of xylem transport on uptake was not detected. The central role of the phloem for adjusting, but also signalling, of nutrition status is discussed, since strong correlations between leaf nutrient concentrations and those in phloem saps were observed. In addition, negative correlations between phloem sap sugar concentration and net-photosynthesis, growth, and uptake of nutrients were demonstrated. The question remains whether this is only a consequence of an insufficient use of carbohydrates in plants or a ubiquitous signal for stress in plants. In general, high sugar concentrations in phloem saps indicate (nutritional) stress, and high nutrient concentrations in phloem saps indicate nutritional sufficiency of leaf tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas D Peuke
- ADP International Plant Science Consulting, Talstrasse 8, D-79194 Gundelfingen-Wildtal, Germany.
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24
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Dürr J, Bücking H, Mult S, Wildhagen H, Palme K, Rennenberg H, Ditengou F, Herschbach C. Seasonal and cell type specific expression of sulfate transporters in the phloem of Populus reveals tree specific characteristics for SO(4)(2-) storage and mobilization. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 72:499-517. [PMID: 20087755 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-009-9587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The storage and mobilization of nutrients in wood and bark tissues is a typical feature of trees. Sulfur can be stored as sulfate, which is transported from source to sink tissues through the phloem. In the present study two transcripts encoding sulfate transporters (SULTR) were identified in the phloem of grey poplar (Populus tremula x P. alba). Their cell-specific expression was analyzed throughout poplar in source tissues, such as mature leaves, and in sink tissues, such as the wood and bark of the stem, roots and the shoot apex. PtaSULTR1;1 mRNA was detected in companion cells of the transport phloem, in the phloem of high-order leaf veins and in fine roots. PtaSULTR3;3a mRNA was found exclusively in the transport phloem and here in both, companion cells and sieve elements. Both sulfate transporter transcripts were located in xylem parenchyma cells indicating a role for PtaSULTR1;1 and PtaSULTR3;3a in xylem unloading. Changes in mRNA abundance of these and of the sulfate transporters PtaSULTR4;1 and PtaSULTR4;2 were analyzed over an entire growing season. The expression of PtaSULTR3;3a and of the putative vacuolar efflux transporter PtaSULTR4;2 correlated negatively with the sulfate content in the bark. Furthermore, the expression pattern of both PtaSULTR3;3a and PtaSULTR4;2 correlated significantly with temperature and day length. Thus both SULTRs seem to be involved in mobilization of sulfate during spring: PtaSULTR4;2 mediating efflux from the vacuole and PtaSULTR3;3a mediating loading into the transport phloem. In contrast, the abundance of PtaSULTR1;1 and PtaSULTR4;1 transcripts was not affected by environmental changes throughout the whole season. The transcript abundance of all tested sulfate transporters in leaves was independent of weather conditions. However, PtaSULTR1;1 abundance correlated negatively with sulfate content in leaves, supporting its function in phloem loading. Taken together, these findings indicate a transcriptional regulation of sulfate distribution in poplar trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Dürr
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Herschbach C, Scheerer U, Rennenberg H. Redox states of glutathione and ascorbate in root tips of poplar (Populus tremula X P. alba) depend on phloem transport from the shoot to the roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:1065-74. [PMID: 20022923 PMCID: PMC2826650 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (ASC) are important antioxidants that are involved in stress defence and cell proliferation of meristematic root cells. In principle, synthesis of ASC and GSH in the roots as well as ASC and GSH transport from the shoot to the roots by phloem mass flow is possible. However, it is not yet known whether the ASC and/or the GSH level in roots depends on the supply from the shoot. This was analysed by feeding mature leaves with [(14)C]ASC or [(35)S]GSH and subsequent detection of the radiolabel in different root fractions. Quantitative dependency of root ASC and GSH on shoot-derived ASC and GSH was investigated with poplar (Populus tremula X P. alba) trees interrupted in phloem transport. [(35)S]GSH is transported from mature leaves to the root tips, but is withdrawn from the phloem along the entire transport path. When phloem transport was interrupted, the GSH content in root tips halved within 3 d. [(14)C]ASC is also transported from mature leaves to the root tips but, in contrast to GSH, ASC is not removed from the phloem along the transport path. Accordingly, ASC accumulates in root tips. Interruption of phloem transport disturbed the level and the ASC redox state within the entire root system. Diminished total ASC levels were attributed mainly to a decline of dehydroascorbate (DHA). As the redox state of ASC is of particular significance for root growth and development, it is concluded that phloem transport of ASC may constitute a shoot to root signal to coordinate growth and development at the whole plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Herschbach
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany.
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Scheerer U, Haensch R, Mendel RR, Kopriva S, Rennenberg H, Herschbach C. Sulphur flux through the sulphate assimilation pathway is differently controlled by adenosine 5'-phosphosulphate reductase under stress and in transgenic poplar plants overexpressing gamma-ECS, SO, or APR. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:609-22. [PMID: 19923196 PMCID: PMC2803220 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sulphate assimilation provides reduced sulphur for the synthesis of cysteine, methionine, and numerous other essential metabolites and secondary compounds. The key step in the pathway is the reduction of activated sulphate, adenosine 5'-phosphosulphate (APS), to sulphite catalysed by APS reductase (APR). In the present study, [(35)S]sulphur flux from external sulphate into glutathione (GSH) and proteins was analysed to check whether APR controls the flux through the sulphate assimilation pathway in poplar roots under some stress conditions and in transgenic poplars. (i) O-Acetylserine (OAS) induced APR activity and the sulphur flux into GSH. (ii) The herbicide Acetochlor induced APR activity and results in a decline of GSH. Thereby the sulphur flux into GSH or protein remained unaffected. (iii) Cd treatment increased APR activity without any changes in sulphur flux but lowered sulphate uptake. Several transgenic poplar plants that were manipulated in sulphur metabolism were also analysed. (i) Transgenic poplar plants that overexpressed the gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-ECS) gene, the enzyme catalysing the key step in GSH formation, showed an increase in sulphur flux into GSH and sulphate uptake when gamma-ECS was targeted to the cytosol, while no changes in sulphur flux were observed when gamma-ECS was targeted to plastids. (ii) No effect on sulphur flux was observed when the sulphite oxidase (SO) gene from Arabidopsis thaliana, which catalyses the back reaction of APR, that is the reaction from sulphite to sulphate, was overexpressed. (iii) When Lemna minor APR was overexpressed in poplar, APR activity increased as expected, but no changes in sulphur flux were observed. For all of these experiments the flux control coefficient for APR was calculated. APR as a controlling step in sulphate assimilation seems obvious under OAS treatment, in gamma-ECS and SO overexpressing poplars. A possible loss of control under certain conditions, that is Cd treatment, Acetochlor treatment, and in APR overexpressing poplar, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Scheerer
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Haensch
- Technical University Braunschweig, Institute of Plant Biology, Humboldtstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ralf R. Mendel
- Technical University Braunschweig, Institute of Plant Biology, Humboldtstraße 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herschbach
- Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Takahashi H. Regulation of Sulfate Transport and Assimilation in Plants. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 281:129-59. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(10)81004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jaeger C, Gessler A, Biller S, Rennenberg H, Kreuzwieser J. Differences in C metabolism of ash species and provenances as a consequence of root oxygen deprivation by waterlogging. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2009; 60:4335-4345. [PMID: 19717531 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erp268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The waterlogging tolerance and the physiological responses to this stress were tested in seedlings of Fraxinus angustifolia, an ash tree inhabiting riparian forests, and two provenances of the closely related Fraxinus excelsior, one derived from a riparian forest (FER) and one from a mountainous region (FEM). Besides visible damage, physiological parameters reflecting adaptations of plants to waterlogging such as net CO(2) assimilation, alcoholic fermentation, and the concentrations of metabolites related to flooding responses were studied. Consistent with the higher flooding tolerance of F. angustifolia and FER compared with FEM, net assimilation remained unaffected in F. angustifolia, was slightly reduced in FER, but was strongly affected in FEM. Altered carbohydrate concentrations in the roots of the seedlings suggest differences in the ability to supply alcoholic fermentation with substrate during prolonged periods of soil anoxia. Another difference between the seedlings was connected to the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt which resulted in alanine accumulation in the flooding-tolerant trees, but strong GABA accumulation in the more sensitive FEM seedlings. This finding indicates differences in GABA conversion into alanine which might result in an accumulation of phytotoxic levels of intermediates. Such provenance-specific differences in Common ash suggest that the selection of appropriate provenances is essential for forest management in flood-prone areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Jaeger
- Institut für Forstbotanik und Baumphysiologie, Professur für Baumphysiologie, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053, Freiburg i. B., Germany.
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Ivanova LA, Ronzhina DA, Ivanov LA, Stroukova LV, Peuke AD, Rennenberg H. Chloroplast parameters differ in wild type and transgenic poplars overexpressing gsh1 in the cytosol. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2009; 11:625-30. [PMID: 19538400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Poplar mutants overexpressing the bacterial genes gsh1 or gsh2 encoding the enzymes of glutathione biosynthesis are among the best-characterised transgenic plants. However, this characterisation originates exclusively from laboratory studies, and the performance of these mutants under field conditions is largely unknown. Here, we report a field experiment in which the wild-type poplar hybrid Populus tremula x P. alba and a transgenic line overexpressing the bacterial gene gsh1 encoding gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase in the cytosol were grown for 3 years at a relatively clean (control) field site and a field site contaminated with heavy metals. Aboveground biomass accumulation was slightly smaller in transgenic compared to wild-type plants; soil contamination significantly decreased biomass accumulation in both wild-type and transgenic plants by more than 40%. Chloroplasts parameters, i.e., maximal diameter, projection area and perimeter, surface area and volume, surface/volume ratio and a two-dimensional form coefficient, were found to depend on plant type, leaf tissue and soil contamination. The greatest differences between wild and transgenic poplars were observed at the control site. Under these conditions, chloroplast sizes in palisade tissue of transgenic poplar significantly exceeded those of the wild type. In contrast to the wild type, palisade chloroplast volume exceeded that of spongy chloroplasts in transgenic poplars at both field sites. Chlorophyll content per chloroplast was the same in wild and transgenic poplars. Apparently, the increase in chloroplast volume was not connected to changes in the photosynthetic centres. Chloroplasts of transgenic poplar at the control site were more elongated in palisade cells and close to spherical in spongy mesophyll chloroplasts. At the contaminated site, palisade and spongy cell chloroplasts of leaves from transgenic trees and the wild type were the same shape. Transgenic poplars also had a smaller chloroplast surface/volume ratio, both at the control and the contaminated site. Chloroplast number per cell did not differ between wild and transgenic poplars at the control site. Soil contamination led to suppression of chloroplast replication in wild-type plants. From these results, we assume that overexpressing the bacterial gsh1 gene in the cytosol interacts with processes in the chloroplast and that sequestration of heavy metal phytochelatin complexes into the vacuole may partially counteract this interaction in plants grown at heavy metal-contaminated field sites. Further experiments are required to test these assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Ivanova
- Botanical Garden of Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
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31
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Liu TY, Chang CY, Chiou TJ. The long-distance signaling of mineral macronutrients. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 12:312-9. [PMID: 19481493 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yin Liu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC
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Shabala S, Pang J, Zhou M, Shabala L, Cuin TA, Nick P, Wegner LH. Electrical signalling and cytokinins mediate effects of light and root cutting on ion uptake in intact plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:194-207. [PMID: 19021884 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01914.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient acquisition in the mature root zone is under systemic control by the shoot and the root tip. In maize, exposure of the shoot to light induces short-term (within 1-2 min) effects on net K+ and H+ transport at the root surface. H+ efflux decreased (from -18 to -12 nmol m(-2) s(-1)) and K+ uptake (approximately 2 nmol m(-2) s(-1)) reverted to efflux (approximately -3 nmol m(-2) s(-1)). Xylem probing revealed that the trans-root (electrical) potential drop between xylem vessels and an external electrode responded within seconds to a stepwise increase in light intensity; xylem pressure started to decrease after a approximately 3 min delay, favouring electrical as opposed to hydraulic signalling. Cutting of maize and barley roots at the base reduced H+ efflux and stopped K+ influx in low-salt medium; xylem pressure rapidly increased to atmospheric levels. With 100 mm NaCl added to the bath, the pressure jump upon cutting was more dramatic, but fluxes remained unaffected, providing further evidence against hydraulic regulation of ion uptake. Following excision of the apical part of barley roots, influx changed to large efflux (-50 nmol m(-2) s(-1)). Kinetin (2-4 microM), a synthetic cytokinin, reversed this effect. Regulation of ion transport by root-tip-synthesized cytokinins is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Shabala
- School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tas. 7001, Australia
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Barrelet T, Ulrich A, Rennenberg H, Zwicky CN, Krähenbühl U. Assessing the suitability of Norway spruce wood as an environmental archive for sulphur. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 156:1007-14. [PMID: 18534728 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of Norway spruces (Picea abies L. Karst.) as an environmental archive for sulphur. For this purpose spruce trees were sampled in two distinct regions of Switzerland: the Alps and the Swiss Plateau, which differ significantly with respect to S immission. Wood samples were measured using two methods: LASER Ablation high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-HR-ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) after acid digestion. Independently corroborated by previous measurements of sulphur in peat bogs, the rise and fall of sulphur dioxide pollution in Switzerland appears to be reflected in spruce wood sulphur content. While the wood sulphur content profile of trees sampled in the Alps is relatively flat, the profiles of trees located on the Swiss Plateau display a characteristic sulphur peak. This corresponds to air pollution data in the different regions and indicates that the trees reacted on the changing S supply and recorded a pollution signal in the wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Barrelet
- Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH), Schwarzenburgstrasse 165, CH-3003 Berne, Switzerland.
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34
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Ulrich A, Barrelet T, Figi R, Rennenberg H, Krähenbühl U. Time resolved sulphur and nutrient distribution in Norway spruce drill cores using ICP-OES. Mikrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-008-0101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Struis RPWJ, Ludwig C, Barrelet T, Krähenbühl U, Rennenberg H. Studying sulfur functional groups in Norway spruce year rings using S L-edge total electron yield spectroscopy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 403:196-206. [PMID: 18617221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Profiles of the major sulfur functional groups in mature Norway spruce wood tissue have been established for the first time. The big challenge was the development of a method suitable for sulfur speciation in samples with very low sulfur content (<100 ppm). This became possible by synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the sulfur L-edge in total electron yield (TEY) detection mode with thin gold-coated wood slices. Functional groups were identified using sulfur compound spectra as fingerprints. Latewood of single year rings revealed metabolic plausible sulfur forms, particularly inorganic sulfide, organic disulfide, methylthiol, and highly oxidized sulfur. Form-specific profiles with Norway spruces from three different Swiss forest sites revealed high, but hitherto little-noticed, sulfur intensities attributable to natural heartwood formation and a common, but physiologically unexpected maximum around year ring 1986 with trees from the industrialized Swiss Plateau. It is hypothesized whether it may have resulted from the huge reduction in sulfur emissions after 1980 due to Swiss policy. Comparison with total S content profiles from optical emission spectroscopy underlined the more accurate and temporally better resolved TEY data with single wood year rings and it opened novel insights into the wood cell chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf P W J Struis
- Paul Scherrer Institute, General Energy Research Department, LEM, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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Hofer N, Alexou M, Heerdt C, Löw M, Werner H, Matyssek R, Rennenberg H, Haberer K. Seasonal differences and within-canopy variations of antioxidants in mature spruce (Picea abies) trees under elevated ozone in a free-air exposure system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 154:241-253. [PMID: 18031879 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The effect of free-air ozone fumigation and crown position on antioxidants were determined in old-growth spruce (Picea abies) trees in the seasonal course of two consecutive years (2003 and 2004). Levels of total ascorbate and its redox state in the apoplastic washing fluid (AWF) were increased under double ambient ozone concentrations (2xO3), whilst ascorbate concentrations in needle extracts were unchanged. Concentrations of apoplastic and symplastic ascorbate were significantly higher in 2003 compared to 2004 indicating a combined effect of the drought conditions in 2003 with enhanced ozone exposure. Elevated ozone had only weak effects on total glutathione levels in needle extracts, phloem exudates and xylem saps. Total and oxidised glutathione concentrations were higher in 2004 compared to 2003 and seemed to be more affected by enhanced ozone influx in the more humid year 2004 compared to the combined effect of elevated ozone and drought in 2003 as observed for ascorbate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Hofer
- Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Koralewska A, Stuiver CEE, Posthumus FS, Kopriva S, Hawkesford MJ, De Kok LJ. Regulation of sulfate uptake, expression of the sulfate transporters Sultr1;1 and Sultr1;2, and APS reductase in Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) as affected by atmospheric H 2S nutrition and sulfate deprivation. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2008; 35:318-327. [PMID: 32688787 DOI: 10.1071/fp07283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The activity and expression of sulfate transporters and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) reductase (APR) in plants are modulated by the plant sulfur status and the demand for growth. To elucidate regulatory mechanisms in Chinese cabbage [Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.], the interactions between atmospheric H2S and sulfate nutrition and the impact on the activity and expression of the Group 1 sulfate transporters and APR were studied. At an ample sulfate supply, H2S exposure of Chinese cabbage resulted in a partial decrease of the sulfate uptake capacity, and at concentrations ≥0.25 μL L-1 a decreased expression of Sultr1;2 in the root and APR in the root and shoot. Upon sulfate deprivation there was a more than 3-fold increase in the sulfate uptake capacity of the root, accompanied by an induced expression of Sultr1;1 and an enhanced expression of Sultr1;2 in the root, along with an induction of Sultr1;2 in the shoot. The enhanced sulfate uptake capacity, the expression of the sulfate transporters in the root and the altered shoot-to-root partitioning appearing during sulfate deprivation were not alleviated upon H2S exposure and not rapidly affected by sulfate re-supply. Expression of APR was strongly enhanced in the root and shoot of sulfate-deprived plants and decreased again upon H2S exposure and sulfate re-supply. The significance of shoot-to-root interaction and sulfate and thiols as regulating signals in the activity and expression of Sultr1;1 and 1;2 is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Koralewska
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - C Elisabeth E Stuiver
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Freek S Posthumus
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Malcolm J Hawkesford
- Plant Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Luit J De Kok
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Groningen, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
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Rouached H, Wirtz M, Alary R, Hell R, Arpat AB, Davidian JC, Fourcroy P, Berthomieu P. Differential regulation of the expression of two high-affinity sulfate transporters, SULTR1.1 and SULTR1.2, in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:897-911. [PMID: 18400935 PMCID: PMC2409035 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.118612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating the initial uptake of inorganic sulfate in plants are still largely unknown. The current model for the regulation of sulfate uptake and assimilation attributes positive and negative regulatory roles to O-acetyl-serine (O-acetyl-Ser) and glutathione, respectively. This model seems to suffer from exceptions and it has not yet been clearly validated whether intracellular O-acetyl-Ser and glutathione levels have impacts on regulation. The transcript level of the two high-affinity sulfate transporters SULTR1.1 and SULTR1.2 responsible for sulfate uptake from the soil solution was compared to the intracellular contents of O-acetyl-Ser, glutathione, and sulfate in roots of plants submitted to a wide diversity of experimental conditions. SULTR1.1 and SULTR1.2 were differentially expressed and neither of the genes was regulated in accordance with the current model. The SULTR1.1 transcript level was mainly altered in response to the sulfur-related treatments. Split-root experiments show that the expression of SULTR1.1 is locally regulated in response to sulfate starvation. In contrast, accumulation of SULTR1.2 transcripts appeared to be mainly related to metabolic demand and is controlled by photoperiod. On the basis of the new molecular insights provided in this study, we suggest that the expression of the two transporters depends on different regulatory networks. We hypothesize that interplay between SULTR1.1 and SULTR1.2 transporters could be an important mechanism to regulate sulfate content in the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Rouached
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes , Unité Mixte de Recherche, Montpellier SupAgro/CNRS/INRA, Université Montpellier II, 34060 Montpellier cedex 1, France.
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39
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Zhao FJ, Tausz M, De Kok LJ. Role of Sulfur for Plant Production in Agricultural and Natural Ecosystems. SULFUR METABOLISM IN PHOTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6863-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Takahashi H, Saito K. Molecular Biology and Functional Genomics for Identification of Regulatory Networks of Plant Sulfate Uptake and Assimilatory Metabolism. SULFUR METABOLISM IN PHOTOTROPHIC ORGANISMS 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6863-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Rennenberg H, Herschbach C, Haberer K, Kopriva S. Sulfur metabolism in plants: are trees different? PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2007; 9:620-37. [PMID: 17853362 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-965248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur metabolite levels and sulfur metabolism have been studied in a significant number of herbaceous and woody plant species. However, only a limited number of datasets are comparable and can be used to identify similarities and differences between these two groups of plants. From these data, it appears that large differences in sulfur metabolite levels, as well as the genetic organization of sulfate assimilation and metabolism do not exist between herbaceous plants and trees. The general response of sulfur metabolism to internal and/or external stimuli, such as oxidative stress, seems to be conserved between the two groups of plants. Thus, it can be expected that, generally, the molecular mechanisms of regulation of sulfur metabolism will also be similar. However, significant differences have been found in fine tuning of the regulation of sulfur metabolism and in developmental regulation of sulfur metabolite levels. It seems that the homeostasis of sulfur metabolism in trees is more robust than in herbaceous plants and a greater change in conditions is necessary to initiate a response in trees. This view is consistent with the requirement for highly flexible defence strategies in woody plant species as a consequence of longevity. In addition, seasonal growth of perennial plants exerts changes in sulfur metabolite levels and regulation that currently are not understood. In this review, similarities and differences in sulfur metabolite levels, sulfur assimilation and its regulation are characterized and future areas of research are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rennenberg
- Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Chair of Tree Physiology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
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42
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Kruse J, Kopriva S, Hänsch R, Krauss GJ, Mendel RR, Rennenberg H. Interaction of sulfur and nitrogen nutrition in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants: significance of nitrogen source and root nitrate reductase. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2007; 9:638-46. [PMID: 17853363 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-965434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The significance of root nitrate reductase for sulfur assimilation was studied in tobacco (NICOTIANA TABACUM) plants. For this purpose, uptake, assimilation, and long-distance transport of sulfur were compared between wild-type tobacco and transformants lacking root nitrate reductase, cultivated either with nitrate or with ammonium nitrate. A recently developed empirical model of plant internal nitrogen cycling was adapted to sulfur and applied to characterise whole plant sulfur relations in wild-type tobacco and the transformant. Both transformation and nitrogen nutrition strongly affected sulfur pools and sulfur fluxes. Transformation decreased the rate of sulfate uptake in nitrate-grown plants and root sulfate and total sulfur contents in root biomass, irrespective of N nutrition. Nevertheless, glutathione levels were enhanced in the roots of transformed plants. This may be a consequence of enhanced APR activity in the leaves that also resulted in enhanced organic sulfur content in the leaves of the tranformants. The lack of nitrate reductase in the roots in the transformants caused regulatory changes in sulfur metabolism that resembled those observed under nitrogen deficiency. Nitrate nutrition reduced total sulfur content and all the major fractions analysed in the leaves, but not in the roots, compared to ammonium nitrate supply. The enhanced organic sulfur and glutathione levels in ammonium nitrate-fed plants corresponded well to elevated APR activity. But foliar sulfate contents also increased due to decreased re-allocation of sulfate into the phloem of ammonium nitrate-fed plants. Further studies will elucidate whether this decrease is achieved by downregulation of a specific sulfate transporter in vascular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kruse
- Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053/054, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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Koralewska A, Posthumus FS, Stuiver CEE, Buchner P, Hawkesford MJ, De Kok LJ. The characteristic high sulfate content in Brassica oleracea is controlled by the expression and activity of sulfate transporters. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2007; 9:654-61. [PMID: 17853365 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-965438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The uptake and distribution of sulfate in BRASSICA OLERACEA, a species characterised by its high sulfate content in root and shoot, are coordinated and adjusted to the sulfur requirement for growth, even at external sulfate concentrations close to the K (m) value of the high-affinity sulfate transporters. Plants were able to grow normally and maintain a high sulfur content when grown at 5 or 10 microM sulfate in the root environment. Abundance of mRNAs for the high affinity sulfate transporters, BolSultr1;1 and BolSultr1;2, were enhanced at <or= 25 microM sulfate, and this was accompanied with an up to three-fold increase in the sulfate uptake capacity, whereas sulfate, organic sulfur, and thiol contents were only slightly affected. Upon sulfate deprivation, there was a much greater induction of the sulfate transporters, BolSultr1;1, BolSultr1;2, BolSultr1;3, BolSultr2;1, and BolSultr4;1, whilst the sulfate uptake capacity was only increased up to four-fold. Plant growth and shoot to root biomass allocation were affected only upon sulfate-deprivation and not at low external sulfate concentrations. From the current results it is suggested that the internal sulfate concentration may act as a determining factor in the regulation of activity and expression of sulfate transporters, and of shoot to root biomass allocation in B. OLERACEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koralewska
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands
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Lang C, Popko J, Wirtz M, Hell R, Herschbach C, Kreuzwieser J, Rennenberg H, Mendel RR, Hänsch R. Sulphite oxidase as key enzyme for protecting plants against sulphur dioxide. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2007; 30:447-55. [PMID: 17324231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2006.01632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulphur dioxide (SO(2)) is known as a strongly damaging air pollutant. After conversion to sulphite in aqueous solution, it becomes a strong nucleophilic agent that attacks numerous compounds in the cell. Therefore, plants have developed a mechanism to control sulphite levels. Recently, we have cloned and characterized the enzyme sulphite oxidase (SO) from Arabidopsis thaliana. Yet, its physiological role remained unclear. Here, we describe results demonstrating that SO is essential for detoxifying excessive amounts of sulphite in the cell which is important for the survival of the plant. T-DNA-tagged A. thaliana plants lacking the enzyme showed a decrease in vitality during SO(2) fumigation and a change in their S-metabolites. The same was found with RNA-interference (RNAi) plants that were generated for tobacco. On the contrary, over-expression of SO helped the plant to survive SO(2) concentrations that are detrimental for non-transformed wild-type (WT) plants, as was shown with poplar plants which are known to be particularly sensitive to SO(2). Fumigation induced the expression of the enzyme as demonstrated by promoter-reporter gene fusion, by immunoblot analysis of SO-protein and by induction of enzyme activity. This implies that SO, as an otherwise constitutively expressed protein, is under additional control by SO(2) in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lang
- Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstrasse 1, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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47
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Liu F, Yoo BC, Lee JY, Pan W, Harmon AC. Calcium-regulated phosphorylation of soybean serine acetyltransferase in response to oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:27405-15. [PMID: 16854983 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604548200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine max serine acetyltransferase 2;1 (GmSerat2;1) is a member of a family of enzymes that catalyze the first reaction in the biosynthesis of cysteine from serine. It was identified by interaction cloning as a protein that binds to calcium-dependent protein kinase. In vitro phosphorylation assays showed that GmSerat2;1, but not GmSerat2;1 mutants (S378A or S378D), were phosphorylated by soybean calcium-dependent protein kinase isoforms. Recombinant GmSerat2;1 was also phosphorylated by soybean cell extract in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of recombinant GmSerat2;1 had no effect on its catalytic activity but rendered the enzyme insensitive to the feedback inhibition by cysteine. In transient expression analyses, fluorescently tagged GmSerat2;1 localized in the cytoplasm and with plastids. Phosphorylation state-specific antibodies showed that an increase in GmSerat2;1 phosphorylation occurred in vivo within 5 min of treatment of soybean cells with 0.5 mM hydrogen peroxide, whereas GmSerat2;1 protein synthesis was not significantly induced until 1 h after oxidant challenge. Internal Ca2+ was required in the induction of both GmSerat2;1 phosphorylation and synthesis. Treatment of cells with calcium antagonists showed that externally derived Ca2+ was important for retaining GmSerat2;1 at a basal level of phosphorylation but was not necessary for its hydrogen peroxide-induced synthesis. Protein phosphatase type 1, but not type 2A or alkaline phosphatase, dephosphorylated native GmSerat2;1 in vitro. These results support the hypothesis that GmSerat2;1 is regulated by calcium-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation in vivo and suggest that increased GmSerat2;1 synthesis and phosphorylation in response to active oxygen species could play a role in anti-oxidative stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglong Liu
- Program in Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology and the Department of Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8526, USA
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48
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Mansouri-Bauly H, Kruse J, Sýkorová Z, Scheerer U, Kopriva S. Sulfur uptake in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor S238N. MYCORRHIZA 2006; 16:421-427. [PMID: 16596384 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-006-0052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the ectomycorrhiza symbiosis for plant acquisition of phosphorus and nitrogen is well established whereas its contribution to sulfur nutrition is only marginally understood. In a first step to investigate the role of ectomycorrhiza in plant sulfur nutrition, we characterized sulfate and glutathione uptake in Laccaria bicolor. By studying the regulation of sulfate uptake in this ectomycorrhizal fungus, we found that in contrast to bacteria, yeast, and plants, sulfate uptake in L. bicolor was not feedback-inhibited by glutathione. On the other hand, sulfate uptake was increased by sulfur starvation as in other organisms. The activity of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase, the key enzyme of the assimilatory sulfate reduction pathway in fungi, was increased by sulfur starvation and decreased after treatment with glutathione revealing an uncoupling of sulfate uptake and reduction in the presence of reduced sulfur compounds. These results support the hypothesis that L. bicolor increases sulfate supply to the plant by extended sulfate uptake and the plant provides the ectomycorrhizal fungus with reduced sulfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hounayda Mansouri-Bauly
- Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Kruse
- Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- The School of Forest and Ecosystem Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zuzana Sýkorová
- Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Scheerer
- Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Institute of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georges-Köhler-Allee 053, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
- John Innes Institute, Norwich, UK.
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Cairns NG, Pasternak M, Wachter A, Cobbett CS, Meyer AJ. Maturation of arabidopsis seeds is dependent on glutathione biosynthesis within the embryo. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 141:446-55. [PMID: 16531482 PMCID: PMC1475471 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.077982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) has been implicated in maintaining the cell cycle within plant meristems and protecting proteins during seed dehydration. To assess the role of GSH during development of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana [L.] Heynh.) embryos, we characterized T-DNA insertion mutants of GSH1, encoding the first enzyme of GSH biosynthesis, gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase. These gsh1 mutants confer a recessive embryo-lethal phenotype, in contrast to the previously described GSH1 mutant, root meristemless 1(rml1), which is able to germinate, but is deficient in postembryonic root development. Homozygous mutant embryos show normal morphogenesis until the seed maturation stage. The only visible phenotype in comparison to wild type was progressive bleaching of the mutant embryos from the torpedo stage onward. Confocal imaging of GSH in isolated mutant and wild-type embryos after fluorescent labeling with monochlorobimane detected residual amounts of GSH in rml1 embryos. In contrast, gsh1 T-DNA insertion mutant embryos could not be labeled with monochlorobimane from the torpedo stage onward, indicating the absence of GSH. By using high-performance liquid chromatography, however, GSH was detected in extracts of mutant ovules and imaging of intact ovules revealed a high concentration of GSH in the funiculus, within the phloem unloading zone, and in the outer integument. The observation of high GSH in the funiculus is consistent with a high GSH1-promoterbeta-glucuronidase reporter activity in this tissue. Development of mutant embryos could be partially rescued by exogenous GSH in vitro. These data show that at least a small amount of GSH synthesized autonomously within the developing embryo is essential for embryo development and proper seed maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narelle G Cairns
- Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Takahashi H, Yoshimoto N, Saito K. Anionic nutrient transport in plants: the molecular basis of the sulfate transporter gene family. GENETIC ENGINEERING 2006; 27:67-80. [PMID: 16382872 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-25856-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Takahashi
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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