1
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Uyehara AN, Diep BN, Allsman LA, Gayer SG, Martinez SE, Kim JJ, Agarwal S, Rasmussen CG. De Novo TANGLED1 Recruitment to Aberrant Cell Plate Fusion Sites in Maize. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.07.583939. [PMID: 38496554 PMCID: PMC10942460 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.07.583939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Division plane positioning is critical for proper growth and development in many organisms. In plants, the division plane is established before mitosis, by accumulation of a cytoskeletal structure called the preprophase band (PPB). The PPB is thought to be essential for recruitment of division site localized proteins, which remain at the division site after the PPB disassembles. Here, we show that a division site localized protein, TANGLED1 (TAN1), is recruited independently of the PPB to the cell cortex at sites, by the plant cytokinetic machinery, the phragmoplast. TAN1 recruitment to de novo sites on the cortex is partially dependent on intact actin filaments and the myosin XI motor protein OPAQUE1 (O1). These data imply a yet unknown role for TAN1 and possibly other division site localized proteins during the last stages of cell division when the phragmoplast touches the cell cortex to complete cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee N. Uyehara
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA 92521
| | - Beatrice N. Diep
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA 92521
- Current address: Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA 53706
| | - Lindy A. Allsman
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA 92521
| | - Sarah G. Gayer
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA 92521
| | - Stephanie E. Martinez
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA 92521
| | - Janice J. Kim
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA 92521
| | - Shreya Agarwal
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA 92521
| | - Carolyn G. Rasmussen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA 92521
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2
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Saffer AM, Baskin TI, Verma A, Stanislas T, Oldenbourg R, Irish VF. Cellulose assembles into helical bundles of uniform handedness in cell walls with abnormal pectin composition. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:855-870. [PMID: 37548081 PMCID: PMC10592269 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells and organs grow into a remarkable diversity of shapes, as directed by cell walls composed primarily of polysaccharides such as cellulose and multiple structurally distinct pectins. The properties of the cell wall that allow for precise control of morphogenesis are distinct from those of the individual polysaccharide components. For example, cellulose, the primary determinant of cell morphology, is a chiral macromolecule that can self-assemble in vitro into larger-scale structures of consistent chirality, and yet most plant cells do not display consistent chirality in their growth. One interesting exception is the Arabidopsis thaliana rhm1 mutant, which has decreased levels of the pectin rhamnogalacturonan-I and causes conical petal epidermal cells to grow with a left-handed helical twist. Here, we show that in rhm1 the cellulose is bundled into large macrofibrils, unlike the evenly distributed microfibrils of the wild type. This cellulose bundling becomes increasingly severe over time, consistent with cellulose being synthesized normally and then self-associating into macrofibrils. We also show that in the wild type, cellulose is oriented transversely, whereas in rhm1 mutants, the cellulose forms right-handed helices that can account for the helical morphology of the petal cells. Our results indicate that when the composition of pectin is altered, cellulose can form cellular-scale chiral structures in vivo, analogous to the helicoids formed in vitro by cellulose nano-crystals. We propose that an important emergent property of the interplay between rhamnogalacturonan-I and cellulose is to permit the assembly of nonbundled cellulose structures, providing plants flexibility to orient cellulose and direct morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Saffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Tobias I Baskin
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, 611 N. Pleasant St, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, USA
| | - Amitabh Verma
- Marine Biological Laboratories, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Thomas Stanislas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Rudolf Oldenbourg
- Marine Biological Laboratories, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 02543, USA
| | - Vivian F Irish
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
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3
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Zhang L, Lin X, Yang Z, Jiang L, Hou Q, Xie Z, Li Y, Pei H. The role of microtubules in microalgae: promotion of lipid accumulation and extraction. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:7. [PMID: 36635732 PMCID: PMC9837904 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microtubules in cells are closely related to the growth and metabolism of microalgae. To date, the study of microalgal microtubules has mainly concentrated on revealing the relationship between microtubule depolymerization and synthesis of precursors for flagellar regeneration. While information on the link between microtubule depolymerization and biosynthesis of precursors for complex organic matter (such as lipid, carbohydrate and protein), is still lacking, a better understanding of this could help to achieve a breakthrough in lipid regulation. With the aim of testing the assumption that microtubule disruption could regulate carbon precursors and redirect carbon flow to promote lipid accumulation, Chlorella sorokiniana SDEC-18 was pretreated with different concentrations of oryzalin. RESULTS Strikingly, microalgae that were pretreated with 1.5 mM oryzalin accumulated lipid contents of 41.06%, which was attributed to carbon redistribution induced by microtubule destruction. To promote the growth of microalgae, two-stage cultivation involving microtubule destruction was employed, which resulted in the lipid productivity being 1.44 times higher than that for microalgae with routine single-stage cultivation, as well as yielding a desirable biodiesel quality following from increases in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content. Furthermore, full extraction of lipid was achieved after only a single extraction step, because microtubule destruction caused removal of cellulose synthase and thereby blocked cellulose biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an important advance towards observation of microtubules in microalgae through immunocolloidal gold techniques combined with TEM. Moreover, the observation of efficient lipid accumulation and increased cell fragility engendered by microtubule destruction has expanded our knowledge of metabolic regulation by microtubules. Finally, two-stage cultivation involving microtubule destruction has established ideal growth, coupling enhanced lipid accumulation and efficient oil extraction; thus gaining advances in both applied and fundamental research in algal biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Xiao Lin
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS UK
| | - Zhigang Yang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Liqun Jiang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Qingjie Hou
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Zhen Xie
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Yizhen Li
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China
| | - Haiyan Pei
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China ,Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061 China
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4
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Pfaff SA, Wang X, Wagner ER, Wilson LA, Kiemle SN, Cosgrove DJ. Detecting the orientation of newly-deposited crystalline cellulose with fluorescent CBM3. Cell Surf 2022; 8:100089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2022.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Mills AM, Morris VH, Rasmussen CG. The localization of PHRAGMOPLAST ORIENTING KINESIN1 at the division site depends on the microtubule-binding proteins TANGLED1 and AUXIN-INDUCED IN ROOT CULTURES9 in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4583-4599. [PMID: 36005863 PMCID: PMC9614452 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Proper plant growth and development require spatial coordination of cell divisions. Two unrelated microtubule-binding proteins, TANGLED1 (TAN1) and AUXIN-INDUCED IN ROOT CULTURES9 (AIR9), are together required for normal growth and division plane orientation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The tan1 air9 double mutant has synthetic growth and division plane orientation defects, while single mutants lack obvious defects. Here we show that the division site-localized protein, PHRAGMOPLAST ORIENTING KINESIN1 (POK1), was aberrantly lost from the division site during metaphase and telophase in the tan1 air9 mutant. Since TAN1 and POK1 interact via the first 132 amino acids of TAN1 (TAN11-132), we assessed the localization and function of TAN11-132 in the tan1 air9 double mutant. TAN11-132 rescued tan1 air9 mutant phenotypes and localized to the division site during telophase. However, replacing six amino-acid residues within TAN11-132, which disrupted the POK1-TAN1 interaction in the yeast-two-hybrid system, caused loss of both rescue and division site localization of TAN11-132 in the tan1 air9 mutant. Full-length TAN1 with the same alanine substitutions had defects in phragmoplast guidance and reduced TAN1 and POK1 localization at the division site but rescued most tan1 air9 mutant phenotypes. Together, these data suggest that TAN1 and AIR9 are required for POK1 localization, and yet unknown proteins may stabilize TAN1-POK1 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Mills
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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6
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Chen Y, Liu X, Zhang W, Li J, Liu H, Yang L, Lei P, Zhang H, Yu F. MOR1/MAP215 acts synergistically with katanin to control cell division and anisotropic cell elongation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3006-3027. [PMID: 35579372 PMCID: PMC9373954 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The MAP215 family of microtubule (MT) polymerase/nucleation factors and the MT severing enzyme katanin are widely conserved MT-associated proteins (MAPs) across the plant and animal kingdoms. However, how these two essential MAPs coordinate to regulate plant MT dynamics and development remains unknown. Here, we identified novel hypomorphic alleles of MICROTUBULE ORGANIZATION 1 (MOR1), encoding the Arabidopsis thaliana homolog of MAP215, in genetic screens for mutants oversensitive to the MT-destabilizing drug propyzamide. Live imaging in planta revealed that MOR1-green fluorescent protein predominantly tracks the plus-ends of cortical MTs (cMTs) in interphase cells and labels preprophase band, spindle and phragmoplast MT arrays in dividing cells. Remarkably, MOR1 and KATANIN 1 (KTN1), the p60 subunit of Arabidopsis katanin, act synergistically to control the proper formation of plant-specific MT arrays, and consequently, cell division and anisotropic cell expansion. Moreover, MOR1 physically interacts with KTN1 and promotes KTN1-mediated severing of cMTs. Our work establishes the Arabidopsis MOR1-KTN1 interaction as a central functional node dictating MT dynamics and plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Haofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Pei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hongchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Author for correspondence:
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7
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Pei H, Zhang L, Betenbaugh MJ, Jiang L, Lin X, Ma C, Yang Z, Wang X, Chen S, Lin WF. Highly efficient harvesting and lipid extraction of limnetic Chlorella sorokiniana SDEC-18 grown in seawater for microalgal biofuel production. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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8
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A combination of scanning electron microscopy and broad argon ion beam milling provides intact structure of secondary tissues in woody plants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9152. [PMID: 35650388 PMCID: PMC9160224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The secondary tissues of woody plants consist of fragile cells and rigid cell walls. However, the structures are easily damaged during mechanical cross-sectioning for electron microscopy analysis. Broad argon ion beam (BIB) milling is commonly employed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of hard materials to generate a large and distortion-free cross-section. However, BIB milling has rarely been used in plant science. In the present study, SEM combined with BIB milling was validated as an accurate tool for structural observation of secondary woody tissues of two samples, living pine (Pinus densiflora) and high-density oak wood (Quercus phillyraeoides), and compared with classical microtome cross-sectioning. The BIB milling method does not require epoxy resin embedding because of prior chemical fixation and critical point drying of the sample, thus producing a three-dimensional image. The results showed that xylem structures were well-preserved in their natural state in the BIB-milled cross-section compared with the microtome cross-section. The observations using SEM combined with BIB milling were useful for wide-area imaging of both hard and soft plant tissues, which are difficult to observe with transmitted electron microscopy because it is difficult to obtain sections of such tissues, particularly those of fragile reaction woods.
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9
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Xu H, Giannetti A, Sugiyama Y, Zheng W, Schneider R, Watanabe Y, Oda Y, Persson S. Secondary cell wall patterning-connecting the dots, pits and helices. Open Biol 2022; 12:210208. [PMID: 35506204 PMCID: PMC9065968 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
All plant cells are encased in primary cell walls that determine plant morphology, but also protect the cells against the environment. Certain cells also produce a secondary wall that supports mechanically demanding processes, such as maintaining plant body stature and water transport inside plants. Both these walls are primarily composed of polysaccharides that are arranged in certain patterns to support cell functions. A key requisite for patterned cell walls is the arrangement of cortical microtubules that may direct the delivery of wall polymers and/or cell wall producing enzymes to certain plasma membrane locations. Microtubules also steer the synthesis of cellulose-the load-bearing structure in cell walls-at the plasma membrane. The organization and behaviour of the microtubule array are thus of fundamental importance to cell wall patterns. These aspects are controlled by the coordinated effort of small GTPases that probably coordinate a Turing's reaction-diffusion mechanism to drive microtubule patterns. Here, we give an overview on how wall patterns form in the water-transporting xylem vessels of plants. We discuss systems that have been used to dissect mechanisms that underpin the xylem wall patterns, emphasizing the VND6 and VND7 inducible systems, and outline challenges that lay ahead in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Xu
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alessandro Giannetti
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Yuki Sugiyama
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Wenna Zheng
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - René Schneider
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology Department, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yoichiro Watanabe
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Oda
- Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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10
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Liu S, Strauss S, Adibi M, Mosca G, Yoshida S, Dello Ioio R, Runions A, Andersen TG, Grossmann G, Huijser P, Smith RS, Tsiantis M. Cytokinin promotes growth cessation in the Arabidopsis root. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1974-1985.e3. [PMID: 35354067 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis root offers good opportunities to investigate how regulated cellular growth shapes different tissues and organs, a key question in developmental biology. Along the root's longitudinal axis, cells sequentially occupy different developmental states. Proliferative meristematic cells give rise to differentiating cells, which rapidly elongate in the elongation zone, then mature and stop growing in the differentiation zone. The phytohormone cytokinin contributes to this zonation by positioning the boundary between the meristem and the elongation zone, called the transition zone. However, the cellular growth profile underlying root zonation is not well understood, and the cellular mechanisms that mediate growth cessation remain unclear. By using time-lapse imaging, genetics, and computational analysis, we analyze the effect of cytokinin on root zonation and cellular growth. We found that cytokinin promotes growth cessation in the distal (shootward) elongation zone in conjunction with accelerating the transition from elongation to differentiation. We estimated cell-wall stiffness by using osmotic treatment experiments and found that cytokinin-mediated growth cessation is associated with cell-wall stiffening and requires the action of an auxin influx carrier, AUX1. Our measurement of growth and cell-wall mechanical properties at a cellular resolution reveal mechanisms via which cytokinin influences cell behavior to shape tissue patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanda Liu
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sören Strauss
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Milad Adibi
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriella Mosca
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany; Physics Department, Technical University Munich, James-Franck-Str. 1/I, 85748 Garching b. Munich, Germany
| | - Saiko Yoshida
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Raffaele Dello Ioio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Università di Roma, Sapienza, via dei Sardi, 70, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Adam Runions
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tonni Grube Andersen
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Institute for Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Huijser
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany; Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linne Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
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11
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Keynia S, Davis TC, Szymanski DB, Turner JA. Cell twisting during desiccation reveals axial asymmetry in wall organization. Biophys J 2022; 121:932-942. [PMID: 35151632 PMCID: PMC8943815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell size and shape are tuned to their function and specified primarily by cellulose microfibril (CMF) patterning of the cell wall. Arabidopsis thaliana leaf trichomes are unicellular structures that act as a physical defense to deter insect feeding. This highly polarized cell type employs a strongly anisotropic cellulose wall to extend and taper, generating sharply pointed branches. During elongation, the mechanisms by which shifts in fiber orientation generate cells with predictable sizes and shapes are unknown. Specifically, the axisymmetric growth of trichome branches is often thought to result from axisymmetric CMF patterning. Here, we analyzed the direction and degree of twist of branches after desiccation to reveal the presence of an asymmetric cell wall organization with a left-hand bias. CMF organization, quantified using computational modeling, suggests a limited reorientation of microfibrils during growth and a maximum branch length limited by the wall axial stiffness. The model provides a mechanism for CMF asymmetry, which occurs after the branch bending stiffness becomes low enough that ambient bending affects the principal stresses. After this stage, the CMF synthesis results in a constant bending stiffness for longer branches. The bending vibration natural frequencies of branches with respect to their length are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedighe Keynia
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Thomas C Davis
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Joseph A Turner
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska.
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12
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Wu H, Zhang H, Li X, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wang Q, Wan Y. Optimized synthesis of layered double hydroxide lactate nanosheets and their biological effects on Arabidopsis seedlings. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:17. [PMID: 35144635 PMCID: PMC8830088 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00850-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Layered double hydroxide lactate nanosheets (LDH-lactate-NS) are powerful carriers for delivering macro-molecules into intact plant cells. In the past few years, some studies have been carried out on DNA/RNA transformation and plant disease resistance, but little attention has been paid to these factors during LDH-lactate-NS synthesis and delamination, nor has their relationship to the DNA adsorption capacity or transformation efficiency of plant cells been considered. RESULTS Since the temperature during delamination alters particle sizes and zeta potentials of LDH-lactate-NS products, we compared the LDH-lactate-NS stability, DNA adsorption rate and delivery efficiency of fluorescein isothiocyanate isomer I (FITC) of them, found that the LDH-lactate-NS obtained at 25 °C has the best characters for delivering biomolecules into plant cell. To understand the potential side effects and cytotoxicity of LDH-lactate-NS to plants, we compared the root growth rate between the Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings grown in the culture medium with 1-300 μg/mL LDH-lactate-NS and equivalent raw material, Mg(lactate)2 and Al (lactate)3. Phenotypic analysis showed LDH in a range of 1-300 μg/mL can enhance the root elongation, whereas the same concentration of raw materials dramatically inhibited root elongation, suggesting the nanocrystallization has a dramatical de-toxic effect to Mg(lactate)2 and Al (lactate)3. Since enhancing of root elongation by LDH is an unexpected phenomenon, we further designed experiments to investigate influence of LDH to Arabidopsis seedlings. We further used the gravitropic bending test, qRT-PCR analysis of auxin transport proteins, non-invasive micro-test technology and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate the auxin transport and distribution in Arabidopsis root. Results indicated that LDH-lactate-NS affect root growth by increasing the polar auxin transport. CONCLUSIONS Optimal synthesized LDH-lactate-NS can delivery biomolecules into intact plant cells with high efficiency and low cytotoxity. The working solution of LDH-lactate-NS can promote root elongation via increase the polar auxin transport in Arabidopsis roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Wu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - He Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiankun Wang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Environment, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yinglang Wan
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China.
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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13
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Halat LS, Bali B, Wasteneys G. Cytoplasmic Linker Protein-Associating Protein at the Nexus of Hormone Signaling, Microtubule Organization, and the Transition From Division to Differentiation in Primary Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:883363. [PMID: 35574108 PMCID: PMC9096829 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.883363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The transition from cell division to differentiation in primary roots is dependent on precise gradients of phytohormones, including auxin, cytokinins and brassinosteroids. The reorganization of microtubules also plays a key role in determining whether a cell will enter another round of mitosis or begin to rapidly elongate as the first step in terminal differentiation. In the last few years, progress has been made to establish connections between signaling pathways at distinct locations within the root. This review focuses on the different factors that influence whether a root cell remains in the division zone or transitions to elongation and differentiation using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system. We highlight the role of the microtubule-associated protein CLASP as an intermediary between sustaining hormone signaling and controlling microtubule organization. We discuss new, innovative tools and methods, such as hormone sensors and computer modeling, that are allowing researchers to more accurately visualize the belowground growth dynamics of plants.
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14
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OsFH3 Encodes a Type II Formin Required for Rice Morphogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413250. [PMID: 34948047 PMCID: PMC8706662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is crucial for plant morphogenesis, and organization of actin filaments (AF) is dynamically regulated by actin-binding proteins. However, the roles of actin-binding proteins, particularly type II formins, in this process remain poorly understood in plants. Here, we report that a type II formin in rice, Oryza sativa formin homolog 3 (OsFH3), acts as a major player to modulate AF dynamics and contributes to rice morphogenesis. osfh3 mutants were semi-dwarf with reduced size of seeds and unchanged responses to light or gravity compared with mutants of osfh5, another type II formin in rice. osfh3 osfh5 mutants were dwarf with more severe developmental defectiveness. Recombinant OsFH3 could nucleate actin, promote AF bundling, and cap the barbed end of AF to prevent elongation and depolymerization, but in the absence of profilin, OsFH3 could inhibit AF elongation. Different from other reported type II formins, OsFH3 could bind, but not bundle, microtubules directly. Furthermore, its N-terminal phosphatase and tensin homolog domain played a key role in modulating OsFH3 localization at intersections of AF and punctate structures of microtubules, which differed from other reported plant formins. Our results, thus, provide insights into the biological function of type II formins in modulating plant morphology by acting on AF dynamics.
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15
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Mahapatra K, Roy S. SOG1 transcription factor promotes the onset of endoreduplication under salinity stress in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11659. [PMID: 34079040 PMCID: PMC8172935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As like in mammalian system, the DNA damage responsive cell cycle checkpoint functions play crucial role for maintenance of genome stability in plants through repairing of damages in DNA and induction of programmed cell death or endoreduplication by extensive regulation of progression of cell cycle. ATM and ATR (ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA-MUTATED and -RAD3-RELATED) function as sensor kinases and play key role in the transmission of DNA damage signals to the downstream components of cell cycle regulatory network. The plant-specific NAC domain family transcription factor SOG1 (SUPPRESSOR OF GAMMA RESPONSE 1) plays crucial role in transducing signals from both ATM and ATR in presence of double strand breaks (DSBs) in the genome and found to play crucial role in the regulation of key genes involved in cell cycle progression, DNA damage repair, endoreduplication and programmed cell death. Here we report that Arabidopsis exposed to high salinity shows generation of oxidative stress induced DSBs along with the concomitant induction of endoreduplication, displaying increased cell size and DNA ploidy level without any change in chromosome number. These responses were significantly prominent in SOG1 overexpression line than wild-type Arabidopsis, while sog1 mutant lines showed much compromised induction of endoreduplication under salinity stress. We have found that both ATM-SOG1 and ATR-SOG1 pathways are involved in the salinity mediated induction of endoreduplication. SOG1was found to promote G2-M phase arrest in Arabidopsis under salinity stress by downregulating the expression of the key cell cycle regulators, including CDKB1;1, CDKB2;1, and CYCB1;1, while upregulating the expression of WEE1 kinase, CCS52A and E2Fa, which act as important regulators for induction of endoreduplication. Our results suggest that Arabidopsis undergoes endoreduplicative cycle in response to salinity induced DSBs, showcasing an adaptive response in plants under salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Mahapatra
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713 104, India
| | - Sujit Roy
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713 104, India.
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16
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Chakraborty J, Luo J, Dyson RJ. Lockhart with a twist: Modelling cellulose microfibril deposition and reorientation reveals twisting plant cell growth mechanisms. J Theor Biol 2021; 525:110736. [PMID: 33915144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant morphology emerges from cellular growth and structure. The turgor-driven diffuse growth of a cell can be highly anisotropic: significant longitudinally and negligible radially. Such anisotropy is ensured by cellulose microfibrils (CMF) reinforcing the cell wall in the hoop direction. To maintain the cell's integrity during growth, new wall material including CMF must be continually deposited. We develop a mathematical model representing the cell as a cylindrical pressure vessel and the cell wall as a fibre-reinforced viscous sheet, explicitly including the mechano-sensitive angle of CMF deposition. The model incorporates interactions between turgor, external forces, CMF reorientation during wall extension, and matrix stiffening. Using the model, we reinterpret some recent experimental findings, and reexamine the popular hypothesis of CMF/microtubule alignment. We explore how the handedness of twisting cell growth depends on external torque and intrinsic wall properties, and find that cells twist left-handedly 'by default' in some suitable sense. Overall, this study provides a unified mechanical framework for understanding left- and right-handed twist-growth as seen in many plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevanjyoti Chakraborty
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Mechanical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Jingxi Luo
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Rosemary J Dyson
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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17
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Lee WJ, Truong HA, Trịnh CS, Kim JH, Lee S, Hong SW, Lee H. NITROGEN RESPONSE DEFICIENCY 1-mediated CHL1 induction contributes to optimized growth performance during altered nitrate availability in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1382-1398. [PMID: 33048402 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants cannot fix nitrogen directly; they must absorb it from the soil through their roots, or in rare cases, form associations with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The efficiency of nitrogen use in most domesticated crops is low, and more than half of the available nitrogen in the soil can leach into the environment. Understanding the nitrogen signaling pathways is essential for maximizing the efficiency of nitrogen use in crops. In the present study, we characterized the Myeloblastosis (Myb)-like gene NITROGEN RESPONSE DEFICIENCY 1 (NID1). We observed that the growth performance of nid1 knockout (KO) mutant Arabidopsis plants was better than that of wild-type Col-0 plants under very low-nitrate conditions, leading to improved growth performance in the nid1 KO plants. The results of chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that NID1 binds to the promoter of the NITRATE TRANSPORTER (NRT)1.1 gene. Furthermore, nid1 KO plants exhibited similar growth performance to the nid1 KO/chl1-5 (nrt1.1 KO) double mutant and chl1-5 (nrt1.1 KO) plants in response to low-nitrate conditions. We suggest that NID1 plays a crucial role as a transcription factor in optimizing plant growth by modulating the transcript abundance of the nitrate transceptor CHL1, leading to enhanced ABA accumulation in low-nitrate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won J Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hai A Truong
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Cao S Trịnh
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun H Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjin Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Whan Hong
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Bioenergy Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojoung Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong 5-ga, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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18
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Ramachandran V, Tobimatsu Y, Masaomi Y, Sano R, Umezawa T, Demura T, Ohtani M. Plant-specific Dof transcription factors VASCULAR-RELATED DOF1 and VASCULAR-RELATED DOF2 regulate vascular cell differentiation and lignin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:263-281. [PMID: 32740898 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plant-specific Dof transcription factors VDOF1 and VDOF2 are novel regulators of vascular cell differentiation through the course of a lifetime in Arabidopsis, with shifting their transcriptional target genes. Vascular system is one of critical tissues for vascular plants to transport low-molecular compounds, such as water, minerals, and the photosynthetic product, sucrose. Here, we report the involvement of two Dof transcription factors, named VASCULAR-RELATED DOF1 (VDOF1)/VDOF4.6 and VDOF2/VDOF1.8, in vascular cell differentiation and lignin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. VDOF genes were expressed in vascular tissues, but the detailed expression sites were partly different between VDOF1 and VDOF2. Vein patterning and lignin analysis of VDOF overexpressors and double mutant vdof1 vdof2 suggested that VDOF1 and VDOF2 would function as negative regulators of vein formation in seedlings, and lignin deposition in inflorescence stems. Interestingly, effects of VDOF overexpression in lignin deposition were different by developmental stages of inflorescence stems, and total lignin contents were increased and decreased in VDOF1 and VDOF2 overexpressors, respectively. RNA-seq analysis of inducible VDOF overexpressors demonstrated that the genes for cell wall biosynthesis, including lignin biosynthetic genes, and the transcription factor genes related to stress response and brassinosteroid signaling were commonly affected by VDOF1 and VDOF2 overexpression. Taken together, we concluded that VDOF1 and VDOF2 are novel regulators of vascular cell differentiation through the course of a lifetime, with shifting their transcriptional target genes: in seedlings, the VDOF genes negatively regulate vein formation, while at reproductive stages, the VDOF proteins target lignin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasagi Ramachandran
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yamamura Masaomi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sano
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
- Research Unit for Development of Global Sustainability, Kyoto University, Uji, Gokasho, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Taku Demura
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
| | - Misato Ohtani
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8562, Japan.
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19
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Zhao F, Du F, Oliveri H, Zhou L, Ali O, Chen W, Feng S, Wang Q, Lü S, Long M, Schneider R, Sampathkumar A, Godin C, Traas J, Jiao Y. Microtubule-Mediated Wall Anisotropy Contributes to Leaf Blade Flattening. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3972-3985.e6. [PMID: 32916107 PMCID: PMC7575199 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant organs can adopt a wide range of shapes, resulting from highly directional cell growth and divisions. We focus here on leaves and leaf-like organs in Arabidopsis and tomato, characterized by the formation of thin, flat laminae. Combining experimental approaches with 3D mechanical modeling, we provide evidence that leaf shape depends on cortical microtubule mediated cellulose deposition along the main predicted stress orientations, in particular, along the adaxial-abaxial axis in internal cell walls. This behavior can be explained by a mechanical feedback and has the potential to sustain and even amplify a preexisting degree of flatness, which in turn depends on genes involved in the control of organ polarity and leaf margin formation. Microtubules and cellulose microfibrils align along the ad-abaxial direction Microtubule-mediated cell growth anisotropy contributes to leaf flattening Mechanical feedback accounts for microtubule alignments in the ad-abaxial direction Final organ shape depends on the degree of initial asymmetry of primordia
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Inria, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Fei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hadrien Oliveri
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Inria, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Lüwen Zhou
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Olivier Ali
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Inria, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Wenqian Chen
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Inria, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Shiliang Feng
- Smart Materials and Advanced Structure Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shouqin Lü
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mian Long
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), Center of Biomechanics and Bioengineering, and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - René Schneider
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christophe Godin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Inria, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Inria, 69342 Lyon, France.
| | - Yuling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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20
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Montesinos JC, Abuzeineh A, Kopf A, Juanes-Garcia A, Ötvös K, Petrášek J, Sixt M, Benková E. Phytohormone cytokinin guides microtubule dynamics during cell progression from proliferative to differentiated stage. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104238. [PMID: 32667089 PMCID: PMC7459425 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019104238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell production and differentiation for the acquisition of specific functions are key features of living systems. The dynamic network of cellular microtubules provides the necessary platform to accommodate processes associated with the transition of cells through the individual phases of cytogenesis. Here, we show that the plant hormone cytokinin fine‐tunes the activity of the microtubular cytoskeleton during cell differentiation and counteracts microtubular rearrangements driven by the hormone auxin. The endogenous upward gradient of cytokinin activity along the longitudinal growth axis in Arabidopsis thaliana roots correlates with robust rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton in epidermal cells progressing from the proliferative to the differentiation stage. Controlled increases in cytokinin activity result in premature re‐organization of the microtubule network from transversal to an oblique disposition in cells prior to their differentiation, whereas attenuated hormone perception delays cytoskeleton conversion into a configuration typical for differentiated cells. Intriguingly, cytokinin can interfere with microtubules also in animal cells, such as leukocytes, suggesting that a cytokinin‐sensitive control pathway for the microtubular cytoskeleton may be at least partially conserved between plant and animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anas Abuzeineh
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University and Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Gent, Belgium
| | - Aglaja Kopf
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alba Juanes-Garcia
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Krisztina Ötvös
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria.,Bioresources Unit, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Eva Benková
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
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21
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Hsiao AS, Wang K, Ho THD. An Intrinsically Disordered Protein Interacts with the Cytoskeleton for Adaptive Root Growth under Stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:570-587. [PMID: 32238442 PMCID: PMC7271773 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins function as flexible stress modulators in vivo through largely unknown mechanisms. Here, we elucidated the mechanistic role of an intrinsically disordered protein, REPETITIVE PRO-RICH PROTEIN (RePRP), in regulating rice (Oryza sativa) root growth under water deficit. With nearly 40% Pro, RePRP is induced by water deficit and abscisic acid (ABA) in the root elongation zone. RePRP is sufficient and necessary for repression of root development by water deficit or ABA. We showed that RePRP interacts with the highly ordered cytoskeleton components actin and tubulin both in vivo and in vitro. Binding of RePRP reduces the abundance of actin filaments, thus diminishing noncellulosic polysaccharide transport to the cell wall and increasing the enzyme activity of Suc synthase. RePRP also reorients the microtubule network, which leads to disordered cellulose microfibril organization in the cell wall. The cell wall modification suppresses root cell elongation, thereby generating short roots, whereas increased Suc synthase activity triggers starch accumulation in "heavy" roots. Intrinsically disordered proteins control cell elongation and carbon reserves via an order-by-disorder mechanism, regulating the highly ordered cytoskeleton for development of "short-but-heavy" roots as an adaptive response to water deficit in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Shan Hsiao
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kuan Wang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Tuan-Hua David Ho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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22
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Xin X, Lei L, Zheng Y, Zhang T, Pingali SV, O’Neill H, Cosgrove DJ, Li S, Gu Y. Cellulose synthase interactive1- and microtubule-dependent cell wall architecture is required for acid growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2982-2994. [PMID: 32016356 PMCID: PMC7260726 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Auxin-induced cell elongation relies in part on the acidification of the cell wall, a process known as acid growth that presumably triggers expansin-mediated wall loosening via altered interactions between cellulose microfibrils. Cellulose microfibrils are a major determinant for anisotropic growth and they provide the scaffold for cell wall assembly. Little is known about how acid growth depends on cell wall architecture. To explore the relationship between acid growth-mediated cell elongation and plant cell wall architecture, two mutants (jia1-1 and csi1-3) that are defective in cellulose biosynthesis and cellulose microfibril organization were analyzed. The study revealed that cell elongation is dependent on CSI1-mediated cell wall architecture but not on the overall crystalline cellulose content. We observed a correlation between loss of crossed-polylamellate walls and loss of auxin- and fusicoccin-induced cell growth in csi1-3. Furthermore, induced loss of crossed-polylamellate walls via disruption of cortical microtubules mimics the effect of csi1 in acid growth. We hypothesize that CSI1- and microtubule-dependent crossed-polylamellate walls are required for acid growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Xin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yunzhen Zheng
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Hugh O’Neill
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Shundai Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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23
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Kim A, Chen J, Khare D, Jin JY, Yamaoka Y, Maeshima M, Zhao Y, Martinoia E, Hwang JU, Lee Y. Non-intrinsic ATP-binding cassette proteins ABCI19, ABCI20 and ABCI21 modulate cytokinin response at the endoplasmic reticulum in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:473-487. [PMID: 32016506 PMCID: PMC7346704 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The non-intrinsic ABC proteins ABCI20 and ABCI21 are induced by light under HY5 regulation, localize to the ER, and ameliorate cytokinin-driven growth inhibition in young Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. The plant ATP-binding cassette (ABC) I subfamily (ABCIs) comprises heterogeneous proteins containing any of the domains found in other ABC proteins. Some ABCIs are known to function in basic metabolism and stress responses, but many remain functionally uncharacterized. ABCI19, ABCI20, and ABCI21 of Arabidopsis thaliana cluster together in a phylogenetic tree, and are suggested to be targets of the transcription factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5). Here, we reveal that these three ABCIs are involved in modulating cytokinin responses during early seedling development. The ABCI19, ABCI20 and ABCI21 promoters harbor HY5-binding motifs, and ABCI20 and ABCI21 expression was induced by light in a HY5-dependent manner. abci19 abci20 abci21 triple and abci20 abci21 double knockout mutants were hypersensitive to cytokinin in seedling growth retardation assays, but did not show phenotypic differences from the wild type in either control medium or auxin-, ABA-, GA-, ACC- or BR-containing media. ABCI19, ABCI20, and ABCI21 were expressed in young seedlings and the three proteins interacted with each other, forming a large protein complex at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. These results suggest that ABCI19, ABCI20, and ABCI21 fine-tune the cytokinin response at the ER under the control of HY5 at the young seedling stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areum Kim
- Department of Life Science, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jilin Chen
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Deepa Khare
- Department of Life Science, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Jun-Young Jin
- Department of Life Science, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yasuyo Yamaoka
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Masayoshi Maeshima
- Laboratory of Cell Dynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yunde Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ung Hwang
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Yilmaz N, Kodama Y, Numata K. Revealing the Architecture of the Cell Wall in Living Plant Cells by Bioimaging and Enzymatic Degradation. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:95-103. [PMID: 31496226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plant cell walls consist mostly of crystalline cellulose fibrils embedded in a matrix of complex polysaccharides, but information on their morphological features has generally been limited to that obtained from nonliving plant specimens. Here, we characterized the primary cell wall of a living plant cell (from the tobacco BY-2 suspension culture) at nanometer resolution using high-speed atomic force microscopy and at micrometer resolution using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Our results showed aligned and disordered cellulose fibrils coexisting in the outermost layer of the cell wall. We investigated the orientation of the aligned cellulose fibrils in the outer lamellae of the cell wall of living plant cells after removing cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin by enzymatic degradation to make the cellulose fibrils more visible and, accordingly, to reveal the structure of the nanoachitecture formed by these fibrils within the cell wall. We observed that the cellulose fibrils in the outermost layer were usually oriented close to the direction of cell growth, whereas the orientation of the cellulose fibrils in the successive lamellae further inward changed randomly. Such organization should be crucial to render the plant cell wall both rigid and flexible. This finding provides insight not only into the structure of the functional plant cell wall but also into its growth mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neval Yilmaz
- Biomacromolecules Research Team , RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science , Wako , Saitama , Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Biomacromolecules Research Team , RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science , Wako , Saitama , Japan
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education , Utsunomiya University , Tochigi , Japan
| | - Keiji Numata
- Biomacromolecules Research Team , RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science , Wako , Saitama , Japan
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25
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Buschmann H, Borchers A. Handedness in plant cell expansion: a mutant perspective on helical growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:53-69. [PMID: 31254400 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many plant mutants are known that exhibit some degree of helical growth. This 'twisted' phenotype has arisen frequently in mutant screens of model organisms, but it is also found in cultivars of ornamental plants, including trees. The phenomenon, in many cases, is based on defects in cell expansion symmetry. Any complete model which explains the anisotropy of plant cell growth must ultimately explain how helical cell expansion comes into existence - and how it is normally avoided. While the mutations observed in model plants mainly point to the microtubule system, additional affected components involve cell wall functions, auxin transport and more. Evaluation of published data suggests a two-way mechanism underlying the helical growth phenomenon: there is, apparently, a microtubular component that determines handedness, but there is also an influence arising in the cell wall that feeds back into the cytoplasm and affects cellular handedness. This idea is supported by recent reports demonstrating the involvement of the cell wall integrity pathway. In addition, there is mounting evidence that calcium is an important relayer of signals relating to the symmetry of cell expansion. These concepts suggest experimental approaches to untangle the phenomenon of helical cell expansion in plant mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Buschmann
- Botanical Institute, Biology and Chemistry Department, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Agnes Borchers
- Botanical Institute, Biology and Chemistry Department, University of Osnabrück, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
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26
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Falcioni R, Moriwaki T, Perez-Llorca M, Munné-Bosch S, Gibin MS, Sato F, Pelozo A, Pattaro MC, Giacomelli ME, Rüggeberg M, Antunes WC. Cell wall structure and composition is affected by light quality in tomato seedlings. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 203:111745. [PMID: 31931381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Light affects many aspects of cell development. Tomato seedlings growing at different light qualities (white, blue, green, red, far-red) and in the dark displayed alterations in cell wall structure and composition. A strong and negative correlation was found between cell wall thickness and hypocotyl growth. Cell walls was thicker under blue and white lights and thinner under far-red light and in the dark, while intermediate values was observed for red or green lights. Additionally, the inside layer surface of cell wall presented random deposited microfibrillae angles under far-red light and in the dark. However, longitudinal transmission electron microscopy indicates a high frequency of microfibrils close to parallels related to the elongation axis in the outer layer. This was confirmed by ultra-high resolution small angle X-ray scattering. These data suggest that cellulose microfibrils would be passively reoriented in the longitudinal direction. As the cell expands, the most recently deposited layers (inside) behave differentially oriented compared to older (outer) layers in the dark or under FR lights, agreeing with the multinet growth hypothesis. High Ca and pectin levels were found in the cell wall of seedlings growing under blue and white light, also contributing to the low extensibility of the cell wall. Low Ca and pectin contents were found in the dark and under far-red light. Auxins marginally stimulated growth in thin cell wall circumstances. Hypocotyl growth was stimulated by gibberellins under blue light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Falcioni
- Plant Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thaise Moriwaki
- Plant Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marina Perez-Llorca
- Antiox Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal, 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Antiox Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal, 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariana Sversut Gibin
- Optical Spectroscopy and Thermophysical Properties Research Group, Department of Physics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Francielle Sato
- Optical Spectroscopy and Thermophysical Properties Research Group, Department of Physics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andressa Pelozo
- Plant Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Plant Anatomy Laboratory, Department of Biology, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mariana Carmona Pattaro
- Plant Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marina Ellen Giacomelli
- Plant Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Wood Material Science, Institute for Building Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Schafmattstrasse 6, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Camargos Antunes
- Plant Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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27
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Martone PT, Janot K, Fujita M, Wasteneys G, Ruel K, Joseleau JP, Estevez JM. Cellulose-rich secondary walls in wave-swept red macroalgae fortify flexible tissues. PLANTA 2019; 250:1867-1879. [PMID: 31482328 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellulosic secondary walls evolved convergently in coralline red macroalgae, reinforcing tissues against wave-induced breakage, despite differences in cellulose abundance, microfibril orientation, and wall structure. Cellulose-enriched secondary cell walls are the hallmark of woody vascular plants, which develop thickened walls to support upright growth and resist toppling in terrestrial environments. Here we investigate the striking presence and convergent evolution of cellulosic secondary walls in coralline red algae, which reinforce thalli against forces applied by crashing waves. Despite ostensible similarities to secondary wall synthesis in land plants, we note several structural and mechanical differences. In coralline red algae, secondary walls contain three-times more cellulose (~ 22% w/w) than primary walls (~ 8% w/w), and their presence nearly doubles the total thickness of cell walls (~ 1.2 µm thick). Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that cellulose bundles are cylindrical and lack any predominant orientation in both primary and secondary walls. His-tagged recombinant carbohydrate-binding module differentiated crystalline and amorphous cellulose in planta, noting elevated levels of crystalline cellulose in secondary walls. With the addition of secondary cell walls, Calliarthron genicular tissues become significantly stronger and tougher, yet remain remarkably extensible, more than doubling in length before breaking under tension. Thus, the development of secondary walls contributes to the strong-yet-flexible genicular tissues that enable coralline red algae to survive along wave-battered coastlines throughout the NE Pacific. This study provides an important evolutionary perspective on the development and biomechanical significance of secondary cell walls in a non-model, non-vascular plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T Martone
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Kyra Janot
- Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Miki Fujita
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Wasteneys
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Katia Ruel
- E.I. LINK-Conseil, 349 rue du Mont-Blanc, 38570, Le Cheylas, France
| | | | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIBBA-CONICET), C1405BWE, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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28
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Liu X, Pomorski TG, Liesche J. Non-invasive Quantification of Cell Wall Porosity by Fluorescence Quenching Microscopy. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3344. [PMID: 33654847 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
All bacteria, fungi and plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall. This complex network of polysaccharides and glycoproteins provides mechanical support, defines cell shape, controls cell growth and influences the exchange of substances between the cell and its surroundings. Despite its name, the cell wall is a flexible, dynamic structure. However, due to the lack of non-invasive methods to probe the structure, relatively little is known about the synthesis and dynamic remodeling of cell walls. Here, we describe a non-invasive method that quantifies a key physiological parameter of cell walls, the porosity, i.e., the size of spaces between cell wall components. This method measures the porosity-dependent decrease of the plasma membrane-localized fluorescent dye FM4-64 in the presence of the extracellular quencher Trypan blue. This method is applied to bacteria, fungi and plant cell walls to detect dynamic changes of porosity in response to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Thomas Günther Pomorski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Johannes Liesche
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.,Biomass Energy Center for Arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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29
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Kirchhelle C, Garcia-Gonzalez D, Irani NG, Jérusalem A, Moore I. Two mechanisms regulate directional cell growth in Arabidopsis lateral roots. eLife 2019; 8:e47988. [PMID: 31355749 PMCID: PMC6748828 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogenesis in plants depends critically on directional (anisotropic) growth. This occurs principally perpendicular to the net orientation of cellulose microfibrils (CMFs), which is in turn controlled by cortical microtubules (CMTs). In young lateral roots of Arabidopsis thaliana, growth anisotropy also depends on RAB-A5c, a plant-specific small GTPase that specifies a membrane trafficking pathway to the geometric edges of cells. Here we investigate the functional relationship between structural anisotropy at faces and RAB-A5c activity at edges during lateral root development. We show that surprisingly, inhibition of RAB-A5c function is associated with increased CMT/CMF anisotropy. We present genetic, pharmacological, and modelling evidence that this increase in CMT/CMF anisotropy partially compensates for loss of an independent RAB-A5c-mediated mechanism that maintains anisotropic growth in meristematic cells. We show that RAB-A5c associates with CMTs at cell edges, indicating that CMTs act as an integration point for both mechanisms controlling cellular growth anisotropy in lateral roots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Garcia-Gonzalez
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of Continuum Mechanics and Structural AnalysisUniversity Carlos III of MadridMadridSpain
| | - Niloufer G Irani
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Antoine Jérusalem
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Ian Moore
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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30
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Sampathkumar A, Peaucelle A, Fujita M, Schuster C, Persson S, Wasteneys GO, Meyerowitz EM. Primary wall cellulose synthase regulates shoot apical meristem mechanics and growth. Development 2019; 146:dev.179036. [PMID: 31076488 DOI: 10.1242/dev.179036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
How organisms attain their specific shapes and modify their growth patterns in response to environmental and chemical signals has been the subject of many investigations. Plant cells are at high turgor pressure and are surrounded by a rigid yet flexible cell wall, which is the primary determinant of plant growth and morphogenesis. Cellulose microfibrils, synthesized by plasma membrane-localized cellulose synthase complexes, are major tension-bearing components of the cell wall that mediate directional growth. Despite advances in understanding the genetic and biophysical regulation of morphogenesis, direct studies of cellulose biosynthesis and its impact on morphogenesis of different cell and tissue types are largely lacking. In this study, we took advantage of mutants of three primary cellulose synthase (CESA) genes that are involved in primary wall cellulose synthesis. Using field emission scanning electron microscopy, live cell imaging and biophysical measurements, we aimed to understand how the primary wall CESA complex acts during shoot apical meristem development. Our results indicate that cellulose biosynthesis impacts the mechanics and growth of the shoot apical meristem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sampathkumar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexis Peaucelle
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Miki Fujita
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey O Wasteneys
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Elliot M Meyerowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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31
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Ma H, Liu M. The microtubule cytoskeleton acts as a sensor for stress response signaling in plants. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5603-5608. [PMID: 31098806 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04872-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Stress tolerance pathways are protective mechanisms that have evolved to protect plant growth and increase production under various environmental stress conditions. Enhancing stress tolerance in crop plants has become an area of intense study with aims of increasing crop production and enhancing economic benefits. A growing number of studies suggest that in addition to playing vital roles in mechanical architecture and cell division, microtubules are also involved the adaptation to severe environmental conditions in plants. However, the mechanisms that integrate microtubule regulation, cellular metabolism and cell signaling in plant stress responses remain unclear. Recent studies suggest that microtubules act as sensors for different abiotic stresses and maintain mechanical stability by forming bundles. Characterizing the diverse roles of plant microtubules is vital to furthering our understanding of stress tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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32
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Bauer N, Škiljaica A, Malenica N, Razdorov G, Klasić M, Juranić M, Močibob M, Sprunck S, Dresselhaus T, Leljak Levanić D. The MATH-BTB Protein TaMAB2 Accumulates in Ubiquitin-Containing Foci and Interacts With the Translation Initiation Machinery in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1469. [PMID: 31824527 PMCID: PMC6883508 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
MATH-BTB proteins are known to act as substrate-specific adaptors of CUL3-based E3 ligases in the ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Their BTB domain binds to CUL3 scaffold proteins and the less conserved MATH domain targets a highly diverse collection of substrate proteins to promote their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. In plants, a significant expansion of the MATH-BTB family occurred in the grasses. Here, we report analysis of TaMAB2, a MATH-BTB protein transiently expressed at the onset of embryogenesis in wheat. Due to difficulties in studying its role in zygotes and early embryos, we have overexpressed TaMAB2 in Arabidopsis to generate gain-of-function mutants and to elucidate interaction partners and substrates. Overexpression plants showed severe growth defects as well as disorganization of microtubule bundles indicating that TaMAB2 interacts with substrates in Arabidopsis. In tobacco BY-2 cells, TaMAB2 showed a microtubule and ubiquitin-associated cytoplasmic localization pattern in form of foci. Its direct interaction with CUL3 suggests functions in targeting specific substrates for ubiquitin-dependent degradation. Although direct interactions with tubulin could not be confimed, tandem affinity purification of TaMAB2 interactors point towards cytoskeletal proteins including tubulin and actin as well as the translation initiation machinery. The idenification of various subunits of eucaryotic translation initiation factors eIF3 and eIF4 as TaMAB2 interactors indicate regulation of translation initiation as a major function during onset of embryogenesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Bauer
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andreja Škiljaica
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nenad Malenica
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Marija Klasić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Juranić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Močibob
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stefanie Sprunck
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresselhaus
- Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dunja Leljak Levanić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- *Correspondence: Dunja Leljak Levanić,
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33
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Huang S, Makarem M, Kiemle SN, Zheng Y, He X, Ye D, Gomez EW, Gomez ED, Cosgrove DJ, Kim SH. Dehydration-induced physical strains of cellulose microfibrils in plant cell walls. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 197:337-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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34
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Molines AT, Marion J, Chabout S, Besse L, Dompierre JP, Mouille G, Coquelle FM. EB1 contributes to microtubule bundling and organization, along with root growth, in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.030510. [PMID: 29945874 PMCID: PMC6124560 DOI: 10.1242/bio.030510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are involved in plant development and adaptation to their environment, but the sustaining molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Microtubule-end-binding 1 (EB1) proteins participate in directional root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, a connection to the underlying microtubule array has not been established yet. We show here that EB1 proteins contribute to the organization of cortical microtubules in growing epidermal plant cells, without significant modulation of microtubule dynamics. Using super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and an original quantification approach, we also demonstrate a significant reduction of apparent microtubule bundling in cytoplasmic-EB1-deficient plants, suggesting a function for EB1 in the interaction between adjacent microtubules. Furthermore, we observed root growth defects in EB1-deficient plants, which are not related to cell division impairment. Altogether, our results support a role for EB1 proteins in root development, in part by maintaining the organization of cortical microtubules. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: EB1 proteins affect cortical-microtubule bundling and organization in Arabidopsis thaliana, without significant modulation of microtubule dynamics. They also participate in root growth, further linking microtubules to plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur T Molines
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jessica Marion
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Salem Chabout
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRA - AgroParisTech, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Laetitia Besse
- Light Microscopy Facility, Imagerie-Gif, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Jim P Dompierre
- Light Microscopy Facility, Imagerie-Gif, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRA - AgroParisTech, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric M Coquelle
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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35
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Angelini J, Vosolsobě S, Skůpa P, Ho AYY, Bellinvia E, Valentová O, Marc J. Phospholipase Dδ assists to cortical microtubule recovery after salt stress. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:1195-1204. [PMID: 29455366 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-018-1204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton plays fundamental roles in the growth and development of plants including regulation of their responses to environmental stress. Plants exposed to hyper-osmotic stress commonly acclimate, acquiring tolerance to variable stress levels. The underlying cellular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we show, for the first time, by in vivo imaging approach that linear patterns of phospholipase Dδ match the localization of microtubules in various biological systems, validating previously predicted connection between phospholipase Dδ and microtubules. Both the microtubule and linear phospholipase Dδ structures were disintegrated in a few minutes after treatment with oryzalin or salt. Moreover, by using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy of the cells in the root elongation zone of Arabidopsis, we have shown that the cortical microtubules rapidly depolymerized within 30 min of treatment with 150 or 200 mM NaCl. Within 5 h of treatment, the density of microtubule arrays was partially restored. A T-DNA insertional mutant lacking phospholipase Dδ showed poor recovery of microtubule arrays following salt exposition. The restoration of microtubules was significantly retarded as well as the rate of root growth, but roots of overexpressor GFP-PLDδ prepared in our lab, have grown slightly better compared to wild-type plants. Our results indicate that phospholipase Dδ is involved in salt stress tolerance, possibly by direct anchoring and stabilization of de novo emerging microtubules to the plasma membrane, providing novel insight into common molecular mechanism during various stress events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindřiška Angelini
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Skůpa
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 263, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Angela Yeuan Yen Ho
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erica Bellinvia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Valentová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Marc
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Cortical microtubule orientation in Arabidopsis thaliana root meristematic zone depends on cell division and requires severing by katanin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:12. [PMID: 29942798 PMCID: PMC6002977 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-018-0082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Transverse cortical microtubule orientation, critical for anisotropic cell expansion, is established in the meristematic root zone. Intending to elucidate the possible prerequisites for this establishment and factors that are involved, microtubule organization was studied in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana, wild-type and the p60-katanin mutants fra2, ktn1-2 and lue1. Transverse cortical microtubule orientation in the meristematic root zone has proven to persist under several regimes inhibiting root elongation. This persistence was attributed to the constant moderate elongation of meristematic cells, prior to mitotic division. Therefore, A. thaliana wild-type seedlings were treated with aphidicolin, in order to prevent mitosis and inhibit premitotic cell elongation. Results In roots treated with aphidicolin for 12 h, cell divisions still occurred and microtubules were transverse. After 24 and 48 h of treatment, meristematic cell divisions and the prerequisite elongation ceased, while microtubule orientation became random. In meristematic cells of the p60-katanin mutants, apart from a general transverse microtubule pattern, cortical microtubules with random orientation were observed, also converging at several cortical sites, in contrast to the uniform transverse pattern of wild-type cells. Conclusion Taken together, these observations reveal that transverse cortical microtubule orientation in the meristematic zone of A. thaliana root is cell division-dependent and requires severing by katanin.
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Barnes WJ, Anderson CT. Cytosolic invertases contribute to cellulose biosynthesis and influence carbon partitioning in seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:956-974. [PMID: 29569779 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In plants, UDP-glucose is the direct precursor for cellulose biosynthesis, and can be converted into other NDP-sugars required for the biosynthesis of wall matrix polysaccharides. UDP-glucose is generated from sucrose by two distinct metabolic pathways. The first pathway is the direct conversion of sucrose to UDP-glucose and fructose by sucrose synthase. The second pathway involves sucrose hydrolysis by cytosolic invertase (CINV), conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate, and UDP-glucose generation by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP). Previously, Barratt et al. (Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 2009 and 13124) have found that an Arabidopsis double mutant lacking CINV1 and CINV2 displayed drastically reduced growth. Whether this reduced growth is due to deficient cell wall production caused by limited UDP-glucose supply, pleiotropic effects, or both, remained unresolved. Here, we present results indicating that the CINV/UGP pathway contributes to anisotropic growth and cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Biochemical and imaging data demonstrate that cinv1 cinv2 seedlings are deficient in UDP-glucose production, exhibit abnormal cellulose biosynthesis and microtubule properties, and have altered cellulose organization without substantial changes to matrix polysaccharide composition, suggesting that the CINV/UGP pathway is a key metabolic route to UDP-glucose synthesis in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, differential responses of cinv1 cinv2 seedlings to exogenous sugar supplementation support a function of CINVs in influencing carbon partitioning in Arabidopsis. From these data and those of previous studies, we conclude that CINVs serve central roles in cellulose biosynthesis and carbon allocation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Barnes
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Voiniciuc C, Pauly M, Usadel B. Monitoring Polysaccharide Dynamics in the Plant Cell Wall. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:2590-2600. [PMID: 29487120 PMCID: PMC5884611 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
New technologies reveal the deposition and remodeling of plant cell wall polysaccharides and their impact on plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- Institute for Biology I, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Forschungszentum Jülich, IBG-2 Plant Sciences, 52428 Juelich, Germany
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Lampugnani ER, Khan GA, Somssich M, Persson S. Building a plant cell wall at a glance. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/2/jcs207373. [PMID: 29378834 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.207373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by a strong polysaccharide-rich cell wall that aids in determining the overall form, growth and development of the plant body. Indeed, the unique shapes of the 40-odd cell types in plants are determined by their walls, as removal of the cell wall results in spherical protoplasts that are amorphic. Hence, assembly and remodeling of the wall is essential in plant development. Most plant cell walls are composed of a framework of cellulose microfibrils that are cross-linked to each other by heteropolysaccharides. The cell walls are highly dynamic and adapt to the changing requirements of the plant during growth. However, despite the importance of plant cell walls for plant growth and for applications that we use in our daily life such as food, feed and fuel, comparatively little is known about how they are synthesized and modified. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we aim to illustrate the underpinning cell biology of the synthesis of wall carbohydrates, and their incorporation into the wall, in the model plant Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ghazanfar Abbas Khan
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marc Somssich
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 VIC, Melbourne, Australia
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Mir R, Morris VH, Buschmann H, Rasmussen CG. Division Plane Orientation Defects Revealed by a Synthetic Double Mutant Phenotype. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:418-431. [PMID: 29146775 PMCID: PMC5761783 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
TANGLED1 (TAN1) and AUXIN-INDUCED-IN-ROOTS9 (AIR9) are microtubule-binding proteins that localize to the division site in plants. Their function in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) remained unclear because neither tan1 nor air9 single mutants have a strong phenotype. We show that tan1 air9 double mutants have a synthetic phenotype consisting of short, twisted roots with disordered cortical microtubule arrays that are hypersensitive to a microtubule-depolymerizing drug. The tan1 air9 double mutants have significant defects in division plane orientation due to failures in placing the new cell wall at the correct division site. Full-length TAN1 fused to yellow fluorescent protein, TAN1-YFP, and several deletion constructs were transformed into the double mutant to assess which regions of TAN1 are required for its function in root growth, root twisting, and division plane orientation. TAN1-YFP expressed in tan1 air9 significantly rescued the double mutant phenotype in all three respects. Interestingly, TAN1 missing the first 126 amino acids, TAN1-ΔI-YFP, failed to rescue the double mutant phenotype, while TAN1 missing a conserved middle region, TAN1-ΔII-YFP, significantly rescued the mutant phenotype in terms of root growth and division plane orientation but not root twisting. We use the tan1 air9 double mutant to discover new functions for TAN1 and AIR9 during phragmoplast guidance and root morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Mir
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Victoria H Morris
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Henrik Buschmann
- Osnabrück University, Department of Biology and Chemistry, 49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Carolyn G Rasmussen
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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Tan TT, Endo H, Sano R, Kurata T, Yamaguchi M, Ohtani M, Demura T. Transcription Factors VND1-VND3 Contribute to Cotyledon Xylem Vessel Formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:773-789. [PMID: 29133368 PMCID: PMC5761765 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) VASCULAR-RELATED NAC-DOMAIN1 (VND1) to VND7 encode a group of NAC domain transcription factors that function as master regulators of xylem vessel element differentiation. These transcription factors activate the transcription of genes required for secondary cell wall formation and programmed cell death, key events in xylem vessel element differentiation. Because constitutive overexpression of VND6 and VND7 induces ectopic xylem vessel element differentiation, functional studies of VND proteins have largely focused on these two proteins. Here, we report the roles of VND1, VND2, and VND3 in xylem vessel formation in cotyledons. Using our newly established in vitro system in which excised Arabidopsis cotyledons are stimulated to undergo xylem cell differentiation by cytokinin, auxin, and brassinosteroid treatment, we found that ectopic xylem vessel element differentiation required VND1, VND2, and VND3 but not VND6 or VND7. The importance of VND1, VND2, and VND3 also was indicated in vivo; in the vnd1 vnd2 vnd3 seedlings, xylem vessel element differentiation of secondary veins in cotyledons was inhibited under dark conditions. Furthermore, the light responsiveness of VND gene expression was disturbed in the vnd1 vnd2 vnd3 mutant, and vnd1 vnd2 vnd3 failed to recover lateral root development in response to the change of light conditions. These findings suggest that VND1 to VND3 have specific molecular functions, possibly linking light conditions to xylem vessel formation, during seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian Tan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Endo
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sano
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kurata
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Strategic Research and Development, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Misato Ohtani
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Taku Demura
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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Xia X, Zhang HM, Offler CE, Patrick JW. A Structurally Specialized Uniform Wall Layer is Essential for Constructing Wall Ingrowth Papillae in Transfer Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2035. [PMID: 29259611 PMCID: PMC5723425 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Transfer cells are characterized by wall labyrinths with either a flange or reticulate architecture. A literature survey established that reticulate wall ingrowth papillae ubiquitously arise from a modified component of their wall labyrinth, termed the uniform wall layer; a structure absent from flange transfer cells. This finding sparked an investigation of the deposition characteristics and role of the uniform wall layer using a Vicia faba cotyledon culture system. On transfer of cotyledons to culture, their adaxial epidermal cells spontaneously trans-differentiate to a reticulate architecture comparable to their abaxial epidermal transfer cell counterparts formed in planta. Uniform wall layer construction commenced once adaxial epidermal cell expansion had ceased to overlay the original outer periclinal wall on its inner surface. In contrast to the dense ring-like lattice of cellulose microfibrils in the original primary wall, the uniform wall layer was characterized by a sparsely dispersed array of linear cellulose microfibrils. A re-modeled cortical microtubule array exerted no influence on uniform wall layer formation or on its cellulose microfibril organization. Surprisingly, formation of the uniform wall layer was not dependent upon depositing a cellulose scaffold. In contrast, uniform wall cellulose microfibrils were essential precursors for constructing wall ingrowth papillae. On converging to form wall ingrowth papillae, the cellulose microfibril diameters increased 3-fold. This event correlated with up-regulated differential, and transfer-cell specific, expression of VfCesA3B while transcript levels of other cellulose biosynthetic-related genes linked with primary wall construction were substantially down-regulated.
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Kuki H, Higaki T, Yokoyama R, Kuroha T, Shinohara N, Hasezawa S, Nishitani K. Quantitative confocal imaging method for analyzing cellulose dynamics during cell wall regeneration in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts. PLANT DIRECT 2017; 1:e00021. [PMID: 31245675 PMCID: PMC6508514 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The network structure of cellulose fibrils provides mechanical properties to the primary cell wall, thereby determining the shapes and growth patterns of plant cells. Despite intensive studies, the construction process of the network structure in muro remains largely unknown, mainly due to the lack of a robust, straightforward technique to evaluate network configuration. Here, we developed a quantitative confocal imaging method for general use in the study of cell wall dynamics in protoplasts derived from Arabidopsis leaf mesophyll cells. Confocal imaging of regenerating cell walls in protoplasts stained with Calcofluor allowed us to visualize the cellulose network, comprising strings of bundled cellulosic fibrils. Using image analysis techniques, we measured several metrics including total length, which is a measure of the spread of the cellulose network. The total length increased during cell wall regeneration. In a proof-of-concept experiment using microtubule-modifying agents, oryzalin, an inhibitor of microtubule polymerization, inhibited the increase in total length and caused abnormal orientation of the network, as shown by the decrease in the average angle of the cellulose with respect to the cell long axis. Taxol, a microtubule stabilizer, stimulated the bundling of cellulose fibrils, as shown by the increase in skewness in the fluorescence intensity distribution of Calcofluor, and inhibited the increase in total length. These results demonstrate the validity of this method for quantitative imaging of the cellulose network, providing an opportunity to gain insight into the dynamic aspects of cell wall regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kuki
- Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Takumi Higaki
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and TechnologyKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | | | - Takeshi Kuroha
- Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Naoki Shinohara
- Graduate School of Life SciencesTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated BiosciencesGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoKashiwanoha KashiwaChibaJapan
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Johnson CM, Subramanian A, Pattathil S, Correll MJ, Kiss JZ. Comparative transcriptomics indicate changes in cell wall organization and stress response in seedlings during spaceflight. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2017; 104:1219-1231. [PMID: 28827451 PMCID: PMC5821596 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1700079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Plants will play an important role in the future of space exploration as part of bioregenerative life support. Thus, it is important to understand the effects of microgravity and spaceflight on gene expression in plant development. METHODS We analyzed the transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana using the Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) hardware during Space Shuttle mission STS-131. The bioinformatics methods used included RMA (robust multi-array average), MAS5 (Microarray Suite 5.0), and PLIER (probe logarithmic intensity error estimation). Glycome profiling was used to analyze cell wall composition in the samples. In addition, our results were compared to those of two other groups using the same hardware on the same mission (BRIC-16). KEY RESULTS In our BRIC-16 experiments, we noted expression changes in genes involved in hypoxia and heat shock responses, DNA repair, and cell wall structure between spaceflight samples compared to the ground controls. In addition, glycome profiling supported our expression analyses in that there was a difference in cell wall components between ground control and spaceflight-grown plants. Comparing our studies to those of the other BRIC-16 experiments demonstrated that, even with the same hardware and similar biological materials, differences in results in gene expression were found among these spaceflight experiments. CONCLUSIONS A common theme from our BRIC-16 space experiments and those of the other two groups was the downregulation of water stress response genes in spaceflight. In addition, all three studies found differential regulation of genes associated with cell wall remodeling and stress responses between spaceflight-grown and ground control plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Johnson
- Miami University, Department of Biology 212 Pearson Hall, Oxford, Ohio 45056 USA
| | - Aswati Subramanian
- Miami University, Department of Biology 212 Pearson Hall, Oxford, Ohio 45056 USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- University of Georgia Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602 USA
- Mascoma, LLC (Lallemand Inc.) 67 Etna Road Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766 USA
| | - Melanie J. Correll
- University of Florida, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 209 Frazier Rogers Hall, Gainesville, Florida 32611 USA
| | - John Z. Kiss
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Biology, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412 USA
- Author for correspondence ()
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Roy R, Bassham DC. TNO1, a TGN-localized SNARE-interacting protein, modulates root skewing in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:73. [PMID: 28399805 PMCID: PMC5387210 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The movement of plant roots within the soil is key to their ability to interact with the environment and maximize anchorage and nutrient acquisition. Directional growth of roots occurs by a combination of sensing external cues, hormonal signaling and cytoskeletal changes in the root cells. Roots growing on slanted, impenetrable growth medium display a characteristic waving and skewing, and mutants with deviations in these phenotypes assist in identifying genes required for root movement. Our study identifies a role for a trans-Golgi network-localized protein in root skewing. RESULTS We found that Arabidopsis thaliana TNO1 (TGN-localized SYP41-interacting protein), a putative tethering factor localized at the trans-Golgi network, affects root skewing. tno1 knockout mutants display enhanced root skewing and epidermal cell file rotation. Skewing of tno1 roots increases upon microtubule stabilization, but is insensitive to microtubule destabilization. Microtubule destabilization leads to severe defects in cell morphology in tno1 seedlings. Microtubule array orientation is unaffected in the mutant roots, suggesting that the increase in cell file rotation is independent of the orientation of microtubule arrays. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that TNO1 modulates root skewing in a mechanism that is dependent on microtubules but is not linked to disruption of the orientation of microtubule arrays. In addition, TNO1 is required for maintenance of cell morphology in mature regions of roots and the base of hypocotyls. The TGN-localized SNARE machinery might therefore be important for appropriate epidermal cell file rotation and cell expansion during root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Roy
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, 1035B Roy J Carver Co-Lab, 1111 WOI Rd, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
- Interdepartmental Genetics Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
- Current Address: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108 USA
| | - Diane C. Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, 1035B Roy J Carver Co-Lab, 1111 WOI Rd, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
- Interdepartmental Genetics Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
- Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA USA
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The Impact of Microfibril Orientations on the Biomechanics of Plant Cell Walls and Tissues. Bull Math Biol 2016; 78:2135-2164. [PMID: 27761699 PMCID: PMC5090020 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-016-0207-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The microscopic structure and anisotropy of plant cell walls greatly influence the mechanical properties, morphogenesis, and growth of plant cells and tissues. The microscopic structure and properties of cell walls are determined by the orientation and mechanical properties of the cellulose microfibrils and the mechanical properties of the cell wall matrix. Viewing the shape of a plant cell as a square prism with the axis aligning with the primary direction of expansion and growth, the orientation of the microfibrils within the side walls, i.e. the parts of the cell walls on the sides of the cells, is known. However, not much is known about their orientation at the upper and lower ends of the cell. Here we investigate the impact of the orientation of cellulose microfibrils within the upper and lower parts of the plant cell walls by solving the equations of linear elasticity numerically. Three different scenarios for the orientation of the microfibrils are considered. We also distinguish between the microstructure in the side walls given by microfibrils perpendicular to the main direction of the expansion and the situation where the microfibrils are rotated through the wall thickness. The macroscopic elastic properties of the cell wall are obtained using homogenization theory from the microscopic description of the elastic properties of the cell wall microfibrils and wall matrix. It is found that the orientation of the microfibrils in the upper and lower parts of the cell walls affects the expansion of the cell in the lateral directions and is particularly important in the case of forces acting on plant cell walls and tissues.
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Celler K, Fujita M, Kawamura E, Ambrose C, Herburger K, Holzinger A, Wasteneys GO. Microtubules in Plant Cells: Strategies and Methods for Immunofluorescence, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Live Cell Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1365:155-84. [PMID: 26498784 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3124-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are required throughout plant development for a wide variety of processes, and different strategies have evolved to visualize and analyze them. This chapter provides specific methods that can be used to analyze microtubule organization and dynamic properties in plant systems and summarizes the advantages and limitations for each technique. We outline basic methods for preparing samples for immunofluorescence labeling, including an enzyme-based permeabilization method, and a freeze-shattering method, which generates microfractures in the cell wall to provide antibodies access to cells in cuticle-laden aerial organs such as leaves. We discuss current options for live cell imaging of MTs with fluorescently tagged proteins (FPs), and provide chemical fixation, high-pressure freezing/freeze substitution, and post-fixation staining protocols for preserving MTs for transmission electron microscopy and tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Celler
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Miki Fujita
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eiko Kawamura
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Chris Ambrose
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Klaus Herburger
- Functional Plant Biology, Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Functional Plant Biology, Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Juraniec M, Heyman J, Schubert V, Salis P, De Veylder L, Verbruggen N. Arabidopsis COPPER MODIFIED RESISTANCE1/PATRONUS1 is essential for growth adaptation to stress and required for mitotic onset control. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:177-91. [PMID: 26261921 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The mitotic checkpoint (MC) guards faithful sister chromatid segregation by monitoring the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochores. When chromosome attachment errors are detected, MC delays the metaphase-to-anaphase transition through the inhibition of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) ubiquitin ligase. In contrast to yeast and mammals, our knowledge on the proteins involved in MC in plants is scarce. Transient synchronization of root tips as well as promoter-reporter gene fusions were performed to analyze temporal and spatial expression of COPPER MODIFIED RESISTANCE1/PATRONUS1 (CMR1/PANS1) in developing Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Functional analysis of the gene was carried out, including CYCB1;2 stability in CMR1/PANS1 knockout and overexpressor background as well as metaphase-anaphase chromosome status. CMR1/PANS1 is transcriptionally active during M phase. Its deficiency provokes premature cell cycle exit and in consequence a rapid consumption of the number of meristematic cells in particular under stress conditions that are known to affect spindle microtubules. Root growth impairment is correlated with a failure to delay the onset of anaphase, resulting in anaphase bridges and chromosome missegregation. CMR1/PANS1 overexpression stabilizes the mitotic CYCB1;2 protein. Likely, CMR1/PANS1 coordinates mitotic cell cycle progression by acting as an APC/C inhibitor and plays a key role in growth adaptation to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Juraniec
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jefri Heyman
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Veit Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Pietrino Salis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Verbruggen
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
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Zhang T, Zheng Y, Cosgrove DJ. Spatial organization of cellulose microfibrils and matrix polysaccharides in primary plant cell walls as imaged by multichannel atomic force microscopy. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:179-92. [PMID: 26676644 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We used atomic force microscopy (AFM), complemented with electron microscopy, to characterize the nanoscale and mesoscale structure of the outer (periclinal) cell wall of onion scale epidermis - a model system for relating wall structure to cell wall mechanics. The epidermal wall contains ~100 lamellae, each ~40 nm thick, containing 3.5-nm wide cellulose microfibrils oriented in a common direction within a lamella but varying by ~30 to 90° between adjacent lamellae. The wall thus has a crossed polylamellate, not helicoidal, wall structure. Montages of high-resolution AFM images of the newly deposited wall surface showed that single microfibrils merge into and out of short regions of microfibril bundles, thereby forming a reticulated network. Microfibril direction within a lamella did not change gradually or abruptly across the whole face of the cell, indicating continuity of the lamella across the outer wall. A layer of pectin at the wall surface obscured the underlying cellulose microfibrils when imaged by FESEM, but not by AFM. The AFM thus preferentially detects cellulose microfibrils by probing through the soft matrix in these hydrated walls. AFM-based nanomechanical maps revealed significant heterogeneity in cell wall stiffness and adhesiveness at the nm scale. By color coding and merging these maps, the spatial distribution of soft and rigid matrix polymers could be visualized in the context of the stiffer microfibrils. Without chemical extraction and dehydration, our results provide multiscale structural details of the primary cell wall in its near-native state, with implications for microfibrils motions in different lamellae during uniaxial and biaxial extensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Penn State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yunzhen Zheng
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Penn State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Penn State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Luesse DR, Wilson ME, Haswell ES. RNA Sequencing Analysis of the msl2msl3, crl, and ggps1 Mutants Indicates that Diverse Sources of Plastid Dysfunction Do Not Alter Leaf Morphology Through a Common Signaling Pathway. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1148. [PMID: 26734046 PMCID: PMC4686620 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Determining whether individual genes function in the same or in different pathways is an important aspect of genetic analysis. As an alternative to the construction of higher-order mutants, we used contemporary expression profiling methods to perform pathway analysis on several Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, including the mscS-like (msl)2msl3 double mutant. MSL2 and MSL3 are implicated in plastid ion homeostasis, and msl2msl3 double mutants exhibit leaves with a lobed periphery, a rumpled surface, and disturbed mesophyll cell organization. Similar developmental phenotypes are also observed in other mutants with defects in a range of other chloroplast or mitochondrial functions, including biogenesis, gene expression, and metabolism. We wished to test the hypothesis that the common leaf morphology phenotypes of these mutants are the result of a characteristic nuclear expression pattern that is generated in response to organelle dysfunction. RNA-Sequencing was performed on aerial tissue of msl2msl3 geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 1 (ggps1), and crumpled leaf (crl) mutants. While large groups of co-expressed genes were identified in pairwise comparisons between genotypes, we were only able to identify a small set of genes that showed similar expression profiles in all three genotypes. Subsequent comparison to the previously published gene expression profiles of two other mutants, yellow variegated 2 (var2) and scabra3 (sca3), failed to reveal a common pattern of gene expression associated with superficially similar leaf morphology defects. Nor did we observe overlap between genes differentially expressed in msl2msl3, crl, and ggps1 and a previously identified retrograde core response module. These data suggest that a common retrograde signaling pathway initiated by organelle dysfunction either does not exist in these mutants or cannot be identified through transcriptomic methods. Instead, the leaf developmental defects observed in these mutants may be achieved through a number of independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darron R. Luesse
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University EdwardsvilleEdwardsville, IL, USA
| | - Margaret E. Wilson
- Department of Biology, Washington University in Saint LouisSaint Louis, MO, USA
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